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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fezzan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فزان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فزان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez%C3%A1n" title="Fezán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fezán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99zzan" title="Fəzzan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəzzan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фецан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фецан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фезан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фезан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezan" title="Fezan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fezan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezz%C3%A1n" title="Fezzán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fezzán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fessan" title="Fessan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fessan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Φεζάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεζάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez%C3%A1n" title="Fezán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fezán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezano" title="Fezano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fezano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فزان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فزان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EC%9E%94" title="페잔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페잔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ֆեցցան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆեցցան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezan" title="Fezan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fezan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פזאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פזאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფეცანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფეცანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesanas" title="Fesanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fesanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фезан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фезан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="フェザーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェザーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetssan" title="Fetssan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fetssan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazzan" title="Fazzan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fazzan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez%C3%A3" title="Fezã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fezã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Феццан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Феццан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Феццан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феццан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezan" title="Fezan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fezan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezan" title="Fezan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fezan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фезан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фезан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezan" title="Fezan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fezan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizan" title="Fizan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fizan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Феццан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Феццан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فزان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فزان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fezzan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizan" title="Fizan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fizan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E8%B5%9E" title="费赞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="费赞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fezzan&params=26.3328_N_13.4253_E_type:landmark_source:enwiki-googlemaplink"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°19′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°25′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.3328°N 13.4253°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.3328; 13.4253</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Libya</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fezzan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fezzan (disambiguation)">Fezzan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in Libya</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Fezzan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Berber languages collective text"><span lang="ber">ⴼⵣⵣⴰⵏ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَزَّان</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_(Tripolitania)_in_1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Northern_Africa_and_the_Mediterranean_-_Geographicus_-_NorthernAfrica-pinkerton-1818_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fezzan region (shown in pink), at the beginning of the 19th century"><img alt="The Fezzan region (shown in pink), at the beginning of the 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Libya_%28Tripolitania%29_in_1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Northern_Africa_and_the_Mediterranean_-_Geographicus_-_NorthernAfrica-pinkerton-1818_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Libya_%28Tripolitania%29_in_1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Northern_Africa_and_the_Mediterranean_-_Geographicus_-_NorthernAfrica-pinkerton-1818_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Libya_%28Tripolitania%29_in_1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Northern_Africa_and_the_Mediterranean_-_Geographicus_-_NorthernAfrica-pinkerton-1818_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Libya_%28Tripolitania%29_in_1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Northern_Africa_and_the_Mediterranean_-_Geographicus_-_NorthernAfrica-pinkerton-1818_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Libya_%28Tripolitania%29_in_1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Northern_Africa_and_the_Mediterranean_-_Geographicus_-_NorthernAfrica-pinkerton-1818_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Libya_%28Tripolitania%29_in_1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Northern_Africa_and_the_Mediterranean_-_Geographicus_-_NorthernAfrica-pinkerton-1818_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The Fezzan region (shown in pink), at the beginning of the 19th century</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sabha,_Libya" title="Sabha, Libya">Sabha</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fezzan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">fez-<span style="font-size:90%">AHN</span></i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">fez-<span style="font-size:90%">AN</span>, fə-<span style="font-size:90%">ZAN</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>: <span lang="ber">ⴼⵣⵣⴰⵏ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Berber languages romanization"><i lang="ber-Latn">Fezzan</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">‏<span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:فزان">فَزَّان</a></span>‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fazzān</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[fazˈzaːn]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Phazania</i>) is the southwestern region of modern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. It is largely <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, but broken by mountains, uplands, and dry river valleys (<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a>) in the north, where oases enable ancient towns and villages to survive deep in the otherwise inhospitable <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>. The term originally applied to the land beyond the coastal strip of <a href="/wiki/Africa_proconsularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa proconsularis">Africa proconsularis</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Nafusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafusa">Nafusa</a> and extending west of modern Libya over <a href="/wiki/Ouargla_Province" title="Ouargla Province">Ouargla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illizi_Province" title="Illizi Province">Illizi</a>. As these <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> areas came to be associated with the regions of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, the name was increasingly applied to the arid areas south of <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>. </p><p>After the 1934 formation of Libya, the <a href="/wiki/Fezzan_province" title="Fezzan province">Fezzan province</a> was designated as one of the three primary <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Libya" title="Provinces of Libya">provinces of the country</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolitania (region)">Tripolitania province</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica_province" title="Cyrenaica province">Cyrenaica province</a> to the northeast. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fezzan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>, <i>Fezzan</i> (or <i>ifezzan</i>) means "rough rocks".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fezzan</i> could also be a derivation from the region's Greek name <i>Phasania</i> or <i>Phazania</i>, which may mean "the country of the <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fezzan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_5210_Wan_Caza_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Libya_5210_Wan_Caza_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/220px-Libya_5210_Wan_Caza_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Libya_5210_Wan_Caza_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/330px-Libya_5210_Wan_Caza_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Libya_5210_Wan_Caza_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/440px-Libya_5210_Wan_Caza_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Wan Caza dunes in the Sahara Desert of Fezzan</figcaption></figure> <p>Fezzan is crossed in the north by the ash-Shati Valley (<i>Wadi Al Shatii</i>) and in the west by the Wadi Irawan. These two areas, along with portions of the <a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a> crossing the <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chadian</a> border and a sprinkling of remote oases and border posts, are the only parts of the Fezzan able to support settled populations. The large dune seas known as <a href="/wiki/Erg_(landform)" title="Erg (landform)">ergs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Idehan_Ubari" title="Idehan Ubari">Idehan Ubari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Idehan_Murzuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Idehan Murzuq">Idehan Murzuq</a> cover much of the remaining land of Fezzan. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fezzan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fezzan" title="Special:EditPage/Fezzan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fezzan%22">"Fezzan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fezzan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fezzan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fezzan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fezzan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fezzan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE, Fezzan was home to the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a>, who operated the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a> routes successively between <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in North Africa and <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> states of west and central Africa. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_BMNG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Libya_BMNG.png/220px-Libya_BMNG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Libya_BMNG.png/330px-Libya_BMNG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Libya_BMNG.png/440px-Libya_BMNG.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Libya, with Fezzan on the lower left half, showing the large desert</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman generals Septimus Flaccus in 19 BCE and <a href="/wiki/Suetonius_Paulinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Suetonius Paulinus">Suetonius Paulinus</a> in 50 CE led small-scale <a href="/wiki/Roman_expeditions_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman expeditions to Sub-Saharan Africa">military expeditions into the northern reaches of the Sahara</a>, and the Roman explorer Julius Maternus traveled there in early 1st century CE. Paulinus reached Fezzan and went further south.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the end of the Roman Empire<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the following commercial crisis, Fezzan began to lose importance. The population was greatly reduced due to the <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> process of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Fezzan became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem Empire</a>, which extended as far as <a href="/wiki/Zella,_Libya" title="Zella, Libya">Zella, Libya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wars against the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> in the early sixteenth century led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Awlad_Muhammad" title="Awlad Muhammad">Awlad Muhammad</a> dynasty, with <a href="/wiki/Murzuk" title="Murzuk">Murzuk</a> becoming the capital of Fezzan. Around 1565 it was ruled by Muhammad ibn al-Muntasir. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rulers of North Africa asserted their control over the region in the 17th century. In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abdulhamid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulhamid II">Abdulhamid II</a> (1876–1909) Fezzan was used as a place of political exile for <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> because it was the most remote province from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1911, Fezzan was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italy</a>. However, Italy's control of the region was precarious until at least 1923, with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. The Italians were resisted in their early attempts at conquest by tribal Arab adherents to the militant <a href="/wiki/Sanusiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanusiya">Sanusiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> religious order. The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> clans of the region were only pacified by European expansion shortly before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, and some of them collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Royal Italian Army during World War II">Italian Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="French_administration"></span> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> troops occupied <a href="/wiki/Murzuk" title="Murzuk">Murzuk</a>, a chief town of Fezzan, on 16 January 1943, and proceeded to administer Fezzan with a staff stationed in <a href="/wiki/Sabha,_Libya" title="Sabha, Libya">Sabha</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Fezzan-Ghadames_(French_Administration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)">Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French administration was largely exercised through Fezzan notables of the family of Sayf Al Nasr. Disquieting to the tribes in western Fezzan was the administrative attachment of <a href="/wiki/Ghat,_Libya" title="Ghat, Libya">Ghat</a>, and its surrounding area, to French-ruled <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the French military control ceased in 1951, all of Fezzan became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fezzan was a stronghold for Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> through much of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">2011 Libyan Civil War</a>, though starting in July, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gaddafi_forces" title="Anti-Gaddafi forces">anti-Gaddafi forces</a> began to <a href="/wiki/Fezzan_campaign" title="Fezzan campaign">gain ground</a>, taking control of the region's largest city of Sabha in mid-to-late September.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LF country code (.lf) was reserved "on behalf" of Libya Fezzan (for an "indeterminate period of time") by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are oil wells in Fezzan capable of producing 400,000 barrels per day, but oil companies fly in staff from northern Libya. The local tribes are not getting any money from the oil trade, and so have turned to smuggling migrants from other parts of Africa, which is feeding the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> and is a $1 billion per year industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fezzan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Fezzan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Fezzan">List of colonial heads of Fezzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Fezzan_and_Ghadames" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Fezzan and Ghadames">Postage stamps and postal history of Fezzan and Ghadames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">List of French possessions and colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_Museum" title="Germa Museum">Germa Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezzan-Ghadames_(French_Administration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)">Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazzan_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazzan Basin">Fazzan Basin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fezzan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Collins-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fezzan">"Fezzan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Fezzan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ffezzan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFezzan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Fezzan">"Fezzan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fezzan&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FFezzan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFezzan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Reference-AHD-Fezzan" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Fezzan">"Fezzan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fezzan&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DFezzan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFezzan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrais,_Jakob2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Krais, Jakob (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27080">"Fazzān"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> (3rd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fazz%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Krais%2C+Jakob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFezzan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Arabic Amazigh dictionary / 3 volumes/ published by the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco. 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Accessed 31 August 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&dq=Septimus+Flaccus+Julius+Maternus+Suetonius+Paulinus&pg=PA26">deGraft-Johnson (1954) African Glory</a>, pg. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodchild1952" class="citation journal cs1">Goodchild, R. G. (June 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1791944">"Mapping Roman Libya"</a>. <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>118</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1791944">10.2307/1791944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1791944">1791944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Mapping+Roman+Libya&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1952-06&rft.issn=0016-7398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1791944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1791944&rft.aulast=Goodchild&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1791944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFezzan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corpus of early Arabic sources for west African history pg. 259–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/tarih/jon-turkklerin-surgun-yeri-fizan.htm">Jön Türklerin Korkulu Rüyası: Fizan denen şu yer! (tr)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915090836/http://karalahana.com/makaleler/tarih/jon-turkklerin-surgun-yeri-fizan.htm">Archived</a> 15 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan, Eileen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8QF910V/download">"Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931</a>, academiccommons.columbia.edu. Accessed 31 August 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berry-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berry_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berry_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berry, LaVerle Bennette "Chapter 1 – Historical Setting -World War II and Independence – Allied Administration" <i>Area Handbook for Libya</i> (1987 edition) Federal Research Division, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Washington, D.C.; available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/lytoc.html">A Country Study: Libya</a>, accessed 17 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcstamps.com/fezzan-french-occupation-1949-1951/">Fezzan: French occupation</a>, dcstamps.com. Accessed 31 August 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWedeman2011" class="citation news cs1">Wedeman, Ben (20 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/20/world/africa/libya-sabha/index.html?hpt=wo_c2">"Government forces enter Libya's Sabha, to cheers"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Government+forces+enter+Libya%27s+Sabha%2C+to+cheers&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.aulast=Wedeman&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2F09%2F20%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Flibya-sabha%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dwo_c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFezzan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/country_codes/iso-3166-1_decoding_table.htm">"ISO 3166-1 Decoding Table"</a>. ISO. 2012. <q>LF – Libya Fezzan – indeterminately reserved</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+3166-1+Decoding+Table&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstandards%2Fcountry_codes%2Fiso-3166-1_decoding_table.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFezzan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21728687-one-reason-smugglers-make-more-money-shipping-petrol-why-number">"Why the number of migrants crossing the Mediterranean is falling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+the+number+of+migrants+crossing+the+Mediterranean+is+falling&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21728687-one-reason-smugglers-make-more-money-shipping-petrol-why-number&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFezzan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fezzan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fezzan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fezzan">Fezzan</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&om=1&z=7&ll=26.332807,13.425293&spn=4.597098,7.404785">Map from Google showing a large area of Fezzan and its important cities.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Libya.htm#Fezzan">Worldstatesmen.org's History and list of rulers of Fezzan.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813060134/http://www.hostkingdom.net/noafrica.html#Fezzan">Hostkingdom.net's History and list of rulers of Fezzan.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/fezzan.htm">Lexiorient.com's article on Fezzan.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Libya" title="Template:Regions of Libya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Libya" title="Template talk:Regions of Libya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Libya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_of_Libya217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Provinces_Of_Present_day_Libya.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing historical regions of Libya"><img alt="Map showing historical regions of Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ottoman_Provinces_Of_Present_day_Libya.png/30px-Ottoman_Provinces_Of_Present_day_Libya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ottoman_Provinces_Of_Present_day_Libya.png/45px-Ottoman_Provinces_Of_Present_day_Libya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ottoman_Provinces_Of_Present_day_Libya.png/60px-Ottoman_Provinces_Of_Present_day_Libya.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fezzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing historical regions and districts of Libya"><img alt="Map showing historical regions and districts of Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg/30px-Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg/45px-Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg/60px-Libia_regions_with_numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2023" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="4"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Libya" title="Subdivisions of Libya">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Libya" title="Provinces of Libya">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Libya" title="Governorates of Libya">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Libya" title="Districts of Libya">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladiyat_of_Libya" title="Baladiyat of Libya">Baladiyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fezzan&params=26.3328_N_13.4253_E_type:landmark_source:enwiki-googlemaplink"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°19′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°25′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.3328°N 13.4253°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.3328; 13.4253</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata870" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188258#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531250905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344458">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046233">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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