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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Chart in Unicode and XHTML/CSS
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!-- International Phonetic Alphabet Chart in Unicode and XHTML/CSS Copyright (C) 2004-2009 Weston Ruter <http://weston.ruter.net/projects/ipa-chart/view/> This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will core useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. --> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Chart in Unicode and XHTML/CSS</title> <meta name="author" content="Weston Ruter" /> <meta name="description" content="Standards compliant and open source edition of the IPA chart in Unicode." /> <meta name="keywords" content="linguistics, phonetics, phonology, xhtml, css, international phonetic alphabet, ipa, chart" /> <link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='all.css?5' /> <!--[if lt IE 7]> <style type="text/css">#keyboardLink { position:absolute; } </style> <![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript" src="chart.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="chart"> <h1 id="title">The International Phonetic Alphabet <span id="alphabetRevision">(revised to 2005)</span></h1> <div><a target="_top" href="./keyboard/" id="keyboardLink">IPA Chart Keyboard</a></div> <p id="chartIntro"> This IPA chart is composed of Unicode characters and is written in valid XHTML/CSS; it is open source software released under the GPL. <span id="keyboardRefHead">To easily copy/enter/input/insert/type the IPA characters/symbols/letters/glyphs and diacritics, found in this chart, use the <a href="keyboard/" target="_top">IPA Unicode “Keyboard”</a>, which is built off of this document.</span> </p> <p>If you are a screen reader user, you may want to use <a href="./accessiblechart.html"> a more accessible version of the chart</a> </p> <!--[if !IE]><!--> <button id="loadFontBtn" type="button" onclick="loadFontStylesheet(); return false;" title="If don't have a font installed that can display all of the symbols in the IPA, click this button to load and immediately apply a font that does. Please be patient... it takes a moment to download.">Missing some symbols? Apply Doulos SIL font</button> <!--<![endif]--> <div id="pulmonicConsonants"> <h2>Consonants (Pulmonic)</h2> <table> <!--<caption>Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</caption>--> <colgroup width="0*" /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <colgroup /> <thead> <tr> <th></th> <th class="place">Bilabial</th> <th class="place">Labiodental</th> <th class="place">Dental</th> <th class="place">Alveolar</th> <th class="place">Postalveolar</th> <th class="place">Retroflex</th> <th class="place">Palatal</th> <th class="place"> Velar </th> <!-- Note: spaces to prevent MSIE from wrapping some symbols --> <th class="place">Uvular</th> <th class="place">Pharyngeal</th> <th class="place">Glottal</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th class="manner">Plosive</th> <td> <span title="U+0070: LATIN SMALL LETTER P" class='voiceless'>p</span> <span title="U+0062: LATIN SMALL LETTER B" class='voiced'>b</span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+0074: LATIN SMALL LETTER T" class='voiceless'>t</span> <span title="U+0064: LATIN SMALL LETTER D" class='voiced'>d</span> </td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+0288: LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH RETROFLEX HOOK" class='voiceless'>ʈ</span> <span title="U+0256: LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL" class='voiced'>ɖ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0063: LATIN SMALL LETTER C" class='voiceless'>c</span> <span title="U+025F: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE" class='voiced'>ɟ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+006B: LATIN SMALL LETTER K" class='voiceless'>k</span> <span title="U+0261: LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G" class='voiced'>ɡ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0071: LATIN SMALL LETTER Q" class='voiceless'>q</span> <span title="U+0262: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G" class='voiced'>ɢ</span> </td> <td> <span class='voiceless'></span> <span class='voiced impossible'> </span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0294: LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP" class='voiceless'>ʔ</span> <span class='voiced impossible'> </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th class="manner">Nasal</th> <td> <span title="U+006D: LATIN SMALL LETTER M" class='voiced'>m</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0271: LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH HOOK" class='voiced'>ɱ</span> </td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+006E: LATIN SMALL LETTER N" class='voiced'>n</span> </td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+0273: LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH RETROFLEX HOOK" class='voiced'>ɳ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0272: LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK" class='voiced'>ɲ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+014B: LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG" class='voiced'>ŋ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0274: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N" class='voiced'>ɴ</span> </td> <td class="impossible"></td> <td class="impossible"></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="manner">Trill</th> <td> <span title="U+0299: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B" class='voiced'>ʙ</span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+0072: LATIN SMALL LETTER R" class='voiced'>r</span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td class="impossible"></td> <td> <span title="U+0280: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R" class='voiced'>ʀ</span> </td> <td></td> <td class="impossible"></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="manner">Tap or Flap</th> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+2C71: LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH RIGHT HOOK" class='voiced'>ⱱ</span> </td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+027E: LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK" class='voiced'>ɾ</span> </td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+027D: LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH TAIL" class='voiced'>ɽ</span> </td> <td></td> <td class="impossible"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td class="impossible"></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="manner">Fricative</th> <td> <span title="U+0278: LATIN SMALL LETTER PHI" class='voiceless'>ɸ</span> <span title="U+03B2: GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA" class='voiced'>β</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0066: LATIN SMALL LETTER F" class='voiceless'>f</span> <span title="U+0076: LATIN SMALL LETTER V" class='voiced'>v</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+03B8: GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA" class='voiceless'>θ</span> <span title="U+00F0: LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH" class='voiced'>ð</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0073: LATIN SMALL LETTER S" class='voiceless'>s</span> <span title="U+007A: LATIN SMALL LETTER Z" class='voiced'>z</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0283: LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH" class='voiceless'>ʃ</span> <span title="U+0292: LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH" class='voiced'>ʒ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0282: LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH HOOK" class='voiceless'>ʂ</span> <span title="U+0290: LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH RETROFLEX HOOK" class='voiced'>ʐ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+00E7: LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA" class='voiceless'>ç</span> <span title="U+029D: LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CROSSED-TAIL" class='voiced'>ʝ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0078: LATIN SMALL LETTER X" class='voiceless'>x</span> <span title="U+0263: LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA" class='voiced'>ɣ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+03C7: GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI" class='voiceless'>χ</span> <span title="U+0281: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R" class='voiced'>ʁ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0127: LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE" class='voiceless'>ħ</span> <span title="U+0295: LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE" class='voiced'>ʕ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0068: LATIN SMALL LETTER H" class='voiceless'>h</span> <span title="U+0266: LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH HOOK" class='voiced'>ɦ</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th class="manner">Lateral fricative</th> <td class="impossible"></td> <td class="impossible"></td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+026C: LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT" class='voiceless'>ɬ</span> <span title="U+026E: LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH" class='voiced'>ɮ</span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td class="impossible"></td> <td class="impossible"></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="manner">Approximant</th> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+028B: LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK" class='voiced'>ʋ</span> </td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+0279: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R" class='voiced'>ɹ</span> </td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+027B: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH HOOK" class='voiced'>ɻ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+006A: LATIN SMALL LETTER J" class='voiced'>j</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+0270: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M WITH LONG LEG" class='voiced'>ɰ</span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td class="impossible"></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="manner">Lateral approximant</th> <td class="impossible"></td> <td class="impossible"></td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+006C: LATIN SMALL LETTER L" class='voiced'>l</span> </td> <td></td> <td> <span title="U+026D: LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK" class='voiced'>ɭ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+028E: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y" class='voiced'>ʎ</span> </td> <td> <span title="U+029F: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L" class='voiced'>ʟ</span> </td> <td></td> <td class="impossible"></td> <td class="impossible"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</p> </div> <div id="nonPulmonicConsonants"> <h2>Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)</h2> <table> <colgroup span="2" /> <colgroup span="2" /> <colgroup span="2" /> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="2">Clicks</th> <th colspan="2">Voiced implosives</th> <th colspan="2">Ejectives</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td title="U+0298: LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK">ʘ</td> <th>Bilabial</th> <td title="U+0253: LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK">ɓ</td> <th>Bilabial</th> <!--<td title="U+2019: RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK">’</td>--> <td title="U+02BC: MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE">ʼ</td><!-- thanks Dan McCloy: http://students.washington.edu/drmccloy/ --> <th>Examples:</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+01C0: LATIN LETTER DENTAL CLICK">ǀ</td> <th>Dental</th> <td title="U+0257: LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK">ɗ</td> <th>Dental/alveolar</th> <td>pʼ<!--’--></td> <th>Bilabal</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+01C3: LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK">ǃ</td> <th>(Post)alveolar</th> <td title="U+0284: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE AND HOOK">ʄ</td> <th>Palatal</th> <td>tʼ<!--’--></td> <th>Dental/alveolar</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+01C2: LATIN LETTER ALVEOLAR CLICK">ǂ</td> <th>Palatoalveolar</th> <td title="U+0260: LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK">ɠ</td> <th>Velar</th> <td>kʼ<!--’--></td> <th>Velar</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+01C1: LATIN LETTER LATERAL CLICK">ǁ</td> <th>Alveolar lateral</th> <td title="U+029B: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G WITH HOOK">ʛ</td> <th>Uvular</th> <td>sʼ<!--’--></td> <th>Alveolar fricative</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div id="vowels"> <h2>Vowels</h2> <div id="vowelQuadrilateral"> <img id="vowelBackground" src="vowelBackground.png" alt="Vowel Quadrilateral" /> <!--<embed src="vowelQuadrilateral.svg" type="image/svg+xml" pluginspage="http://www.adobe.com/svg/viewer/install/" />--> <div id="vowelLabels"> <span style="right:76%; top:0">Front</span> <span style="right:40.5%; top:0">Central</span> <span style="right:3.5%; top:0">Back</span> <span style="left:0; top:11.2087912087912%">Close</span> <span style="left:0; top:36.4835164835165%">Close-mid</span> <span style="left:0; top:62.8571428571429%">Open-mid</span> <span style="left:0; top:89.2307692307692%">Open</span> </div> <div id="vowelSymbols"> <div id="closeVowels"> <span title="U+0069: LATIN SMALL LETTER I" style="right:82.31%; top:6.81%;">i</span> <span title="U+0079: LATIN SMALL LETTER Y" style="right:70.77%; top:6.81%">y</span> <span title="U+0268: LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE" style="right:45.85%; top:6.81%">ɨ</span> <span title="U+0289: LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR" style="right:35.85%; top:6.81%">ʉ</span> <span title="U+026F: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M" style="right:10.00%; top:6.81%">ɯ</span> <span title="U+0075: LATIN SMALL LETTER U" style="right:0.15%; top:6.81%">u</span> </div> <div id="closeLaxVowels"> <span title="U+026A: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I" style="right:64.15%; top:18.90%">ɪ</span> <span title="U+028F: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Y" style="right:58.46%; top:18.90%">ʏ</span> <span title="U+028A: LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON" style="right:16.62%; top:18.90%">ʊ</span> </div> <div id="close-midVowels"> <span title="U+0065: LATIN SMALL LETTER E" style="right:69.85%; top:32.53%">e</span> <span title="U+00F8: LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE" style="right:59.85%; top:32.53%">ø</span> <span title="U+0258: LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E" style="right:39.23%; top:32.53%">ɘ</span> <span title="U+0275: LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O" style="right:30.77%; top:32.53%">ɵ</span> <span title="U+0264: LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN" style="right:10.00%; top:32.53%">ɤ</span> <span title="U+006F: LATIN SMALL LETTER O" style="right:0.15%; top:32.53%">o</span> </div> <div id="middleVowels"> <span title="U+0259: LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA" style="right:32.00%; top:45.27%">ə</span> </div> <div id="open-midVowels"> <span title="U+025B: LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E" style="right:58.15%; top:58.90%">ɛ</span> <span title="U+0153: LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE" style="right:46.77%; top:58.90%">œ</span> <span title="U+025C: LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E" style="right:33.08%; top:58.90%">ɜ</span> <span title="U+025E: LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E" style="right:24.15%; top:58.90%">ɞ</span> <span title="U+028C: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED V" style="right:9.54%; top:58.90%">ʌ</span> <span title="U+0254: LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O" style="right:0.46%; top:58.90%">ɔ</span> </div> <div id="openLaxVowels"> <span title="U+00E6: LATIN SMALL LETTER AE" style="right:51.23%; top:73.41%">æ</span> <span title="U+0250: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A" style="right:26.00%; top:71.65%">ɐ</span> </div> <div id="openVowels"> <span title="U+0061: LATIN SMALL LETTER A" style="right:45.23%; top:84.84%">a</span> <span title="U+0276: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OE" style="right:35.38%; top:84.84%">ɶ</span> <span title="U+0251: LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA" style="right:9.23%; top:84.84%">ɑ</span> <span title="U+0252: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA" style="right:0.15%; top:84.84%">ɒ</span> </div> </div> </div> <p class='caption'>Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.</p> </div> <div id="otherSymbols"> <h2>Other Symbols</h2> <table> <colgroup> <col width="0*" /> <col width="1*" /> </colgroup> <colgroup> <col width="0*" /> <col width="1*" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td title="U+028D: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W">ʍ</td> <th>Voiceless labial-velar fricative</th> <td title="U+0255: LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CURL" class="firstOfTwoExamples">ɕ</td> <td title="U+0291: LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CURL" class="secondOfTwoExamples">ʑ</td> <th>Alveolo-palatal fricatives</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0077: LATIN SMALL LETTER W">w</td> <th>Voiced labial-velar approximant</th> <td title="U+027A: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH LONG LEG" colspan="2">ɺ</td> <th>Alveolar lateral flap</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0265: LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H">ɥ</td> <th>Voiced labial-palatal approximant</th> <td title="U+0267: LATIN SMALL LETTER HENG WITH HOOK" colspan="2">ɧ</td> <th>Simultaneous <span title="U+0283: LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH" class="ipa">ʃ</span> and <span title="U+0078: LATIN SMALL LETTER X" class="ipa">x</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+029C: LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL H">ʜ</td> <th>Voiceless epiglottal fricative</th> <!-- <th rowspan="3" colspan="2"> <span id="tiebarExample" class="ipa"> kp͡ ts͡ </span> <p id="tiebarNote">Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. <em>Note: Unicode does not support tie bars underneath.</em></p> </th> <td>k͡p</td> <td>ts͡</td> --> <th rowspan="3" colspan="3" id='tiebar'> <span id="tiebarExample"> <span class='ipa'>k͡p</span> <span class='ipa'>t͜s</span><br /> <span class='ipa' title="U+0361: COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE">◌͡◌</span> <span class='ipa' title="U+035C: COMBINING DOUBLE BREVE BELOW">◌͜◌</span> </span> <p>Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. <!--<em>Note: Unicode does not support tie bars underneath.</em>--></p> </th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+02A2: LATIN LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE">ʢ</td> <th>Voiced epiglottal fricative</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+02A1: LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE">ʡ</td> <th>Epiglottal plosive</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div id="suprasegmentals"> <h2>Suprasegmentals</h2> <table> <col width="0*" /> <col /> <col width="0*" /> <tbody> <tr> <td title="U+02C8: MODIFIER LETTER VERTICAL LINE" class="symbol">ˈ</td> <th colspan="2">Primary stress</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+02CC: MODIFIER LETTER LOW VERTICAL LINE" class="symbol">ˌ</td> <th colspan="2">Secondary stress</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" id="stressExample">ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+02D0: MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON" class="symbol">ː</td> <th>Long</th> <td class="example">eː</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+02D1: MODIFIER LETTER HALF TRIANGULAR COLON" class="symbol">ˑ</td> <th>Half-long</th> <td class="example">eˑ</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0306: COMBINING BREVE" class="symbol">◌̆</td> <th>Extra short</th> <td class="example">ĕ</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+007C: VERTICAL LINE" class="symbol">|</td> <th colspan="2">Minor (foot) group</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+2016: DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE" class="symbol">‖</td> <th colspan="2">Major (intonation) group</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+002E: FULL STOP" class="symbol">.</td> <th>Syllable break</th> <td class="example">ɹi.ækt</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+203F: UNDERTIE" class="symbol">‿</td> <th colspan="2">Linking (absence of a break)</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div id="diacritics"> <h2>Diacritics</h2> <p>Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. <span class="ipa">ŋ̊</span></p> <table> <colgroup span="4"> <col width="0*" /> <col /> <col width="0*" /> <col width="0*" /> </colgroup> <colgroup span="4"> <col width="0*" /> <col /> <col width="0*" /> <col width="0*" /> </colgroup> <colgroup span="4"> <col width="0*" /> <col /> <col width="0*" /> <col width="0*" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td title="U+0325: COMBINING RING BELOW">◌̥</td> <th>Voiceless</th> <td class="leftExample">n̥</td> <td class="rightExample">d̥</td> <td title="U+0324: COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW">◌̤</td> <th>Breathy voiced</th> <td class="leftExample">b̤</td> <td class="rightExample">a̤</td> <td title="U+032A: COMBINING BRIDGE BELOW">◌̪</td> <th>Dental</th> <td class="leftExample">t̪</td> <td class="rightExample">d̪</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+032C: COMBINING CARON BELOW">◌̬</td> <th>Voiced</th> <td class="leftExample">s̬</td> <td class="rightExample">t̬</td> <td title="U+0330: COMBINING TILDE BELOW">◌̰</td> <th>Creaky voiced</th> <td class="leftExample">b̰</td> <td class="rightExample">a̰</td> <td title="U+033A: COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW">◌̺</td> <th>Apical</th> <td class="leftExample">t̺</td> <td class="rightExample">d̺</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+02B0: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H">ʰ</td> <th>Aspirated</th> <td class="leftExample">tʰ</td> <td class="rightExample">dʰ</td> <td title="U+033C: COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW">◌̼</td> <th>Linguolabial</th> <td class="leftExample">t̼</td> <td class="rightExample">d̼</td> <td title="U+033B: COMBINING SQUARE BELOW">◌̻</td> <th>Laminal</th> <td class="leftExample">t̻</td> <td class="rightExample">d̻</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0339: COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW">◌̹</td> <th>More rounded</th> <td class="leftExample">ɔ̹</td> <td class="rightExample"></td> <td title="U+02B7: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL W">ʷ</td> <th>Labalized</th> <td class="leftExample">tʷ</td> <td class="rightExample">dʷ</td> <td title="U+0303: COMBINING TILDE">◌̃</td> <th colspan="2">Nasalized</th> <td class="rightExample">ẽ</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+031C: COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW">◌̜</td> <th>Less rounded</th> <td class="leftExample">ɔ̜</td> <td class="rightExample"></td> <td title="U+02B2: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J">ʲ</td> <th>Palatalized</th> <td class="leftExample">tʲ</td> <td class="rightExample">dʲ</td> <td title="U+207F: SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER N">ⁿ</td> <th colspan="2">Nasal release</th> <td class="rightExample">dⁿ</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+031F: COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW">◌̟</td> <th>Advanced</th> <td class="leftExample">u̟</td> <td class="rightExample"></td> <td title="U+02E0: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GAMMA">ˠ</td> <th>Velarized</th> <td class="leftExample">tˠ</td> <td class="rightExample">dˠ</td> <td title="U+02E1: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L">ˡ</td> <th colspan="2">Lateral release</th> <td class="rightExample">dˡ</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0320: COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW">◌̠</td> <th>Retracted</th> <td class="leftExample">e̠</td> <td class="rightExample"></td> <td title="U+02E4: MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP">ˤ</td> <th>Pharyngealized</th> <td class="leftExample">tˤ</td> <td class="rightExample">dˤ</td> <td title="U+031A: COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE">◌̚</td> <th colspan="2">No audible release</th> <td class="rightExample">d̚</td> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0308: COMBINING DIAERESIS">◌̈</td> <th>Centralized</th> <td class="leftExample">ë</td> <td class="rightExample"></td> <td title="U+0334: COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY">◌̴<!--~--></td> <th colspan="2">Velarized or pharyngealized</th> <td title="U+026B: LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE" class="wideCell" colspan="5">ɫ</td> <!--<th colspan="4"></th>--> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+033D: COMBINING X ABOVE">◌̽</td> <th>Mid-centralized</th> <td class="leftExample">e̽</td> <td class="rightExample"></td> <td title="U+031D: COMBINING UP TACK BELOW">◌̝</td> <th>Raised</th> <td class="leftExample">e̝</td> <th colspan="5" class="wideCell">(<span class="ipa">ɹ̝</span> = voiced alveolar fricative)</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0329: COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW">◌̩</td> <th>Syllabic</th> <td class="leftExample">n̩</td> <td class="rightExample"></td> <td title="U+031E: COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW">◌̞</td> <th>Lowered</th> <td class="leftExample">e̞</td> <th colspan="5" class="wideCell">(<span class="ipa">β̞</span> = voiced bilabial approximant)</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+032F: COMBINING INVERTED BREVE BELOW">◌̯</td> <th>Non-syllabic</th> <td class="leftExample">e̯</td> <td class="rightExample"></td> <td title="U+0318: COMBINING LEFT TACK BELOW">◌̘</td> <th colspan="2">Advanced Tongue Root</th> <td class="wideCell" colspan="5">e̘</td> <!--<th colspan="4"></th>--> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+02DE: MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK">˞</td> <th>Rhoticity</th> <!--<td class="leftExample">ə˞</td>--> <td class="leftExample" title="U+025A: LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH HOOK">ɚ</td> <td class="rightExample">a˞</td> <td title="U+0319: COMBINING RIGHT TACK BELOW">◌̙</td> <th colspan="2">Retracted Tongue Root</th> <td class="wideCell" colspan="5">e̙</td> <!--<th colspan="4"></th>--> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div id="tonesAndWordAccents"> <h2>Tones and Word Accents</h2> <table> <colgroup span="4"> <col /> <col width="0*" /> <col /> <col /> </colgroup> <colgroup span="3" width="0*" /> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="4">Level</th> <th colspan="4">Contour</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <!-- Though Doulos SIL supports the diacritics for contour-tones, it is Unicode 4.1 unofficial (the codes are in the PUA). It is going to be in Unicode 5.0: 1. U+030C COMBINING CARON 2. U+0302 COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 3. U+1DC4 COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE 4. U+1DC5 COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON 5. U+1DC8 COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE * U+1DC4 COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE * U+1DC5 COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON * U+1DC6 COMBINING MACRON-GRAVE * U+1DC7 COMBINING ACUTE-MACRON * U+1DC8 COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE * U+1DC9 COMBINING ACUTE-GRAVE-ACUTE You might want to include these as a precursor to the upcoming new standard. Update this chart to correspond to: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/IPA_chart_2005.png --> <tr> <td title="U+030B: COMBINING DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT">e̋</td> <th class="or">or</th> <td title="U+02E5: MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR">˥</td> <th>Extra high</th> <td title="U+030C: COMBINING CARON">ě</td> <th class="or">or</th> <td title="U+02E9 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR, U+02E5 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR">˩˥</td> <th>Rising</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0301: COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT">é</td> <th class="or"></th> <td title="U+02E6 MODIFIER LETTER HIGH TONE BAR" >˦</td> <th>High</th> <td title="U+0302: COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT">ê</td> <th class="or"></th> <td title="U+02E5 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR, U+02E9 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR">˥˩</td> <th>Falling</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0304: COMBINING MACRON">ē</td> <th class="or"></th> <td title="U+02E7: MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR">˧</td> <th>Mid</th> <td title="U+1DC4: COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE">e᷄</td> <th class="or"></th> <td title="U+02E6 MODIFIER LETTER HIGH TONE BAR, U+02E5 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR">˦˥</td> <th>High rising</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+0300: COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT">è</td> <th class="or"></th> <td title="U+02E8: MODIFIER LETTER LOW TONE BAR">˨</td> <th>Low</th> <td title="U+1DC5: COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON">e᷅</td> <th class="or"></th> <td title="U+02E9 MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR, U+02E8 MODIFIER LETTER LOW TONE BAR">˩˨</td> <th>Low rising</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+030F: COMBINING DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT">ȅ</td> <th class="or"></th> <td title="U+02E9: MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR">˩</td> <th>Extra low</th> <td title="U+1DC8: COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE">e᷈</td> <th class="or"></th> <td title="U+02E7 MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR, U+02E6 MODIFIER LETTER HIGH TONE BAR, U+02E7 MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR">˧˦˧</td> <th>Rising-falling</th> </tr> <!-- Note: there are more tone contour letters than displayed on the official chart --> <tr> <td title="U+2193: DOWNWARDS ARROW">↓</td> <th colspan="3">Downstep</th> <td title="U+2197: NORTH EAST ARROW">↗</td> <th colspan="3">Global rise</th> </tr> <tr> <td title="U+2191: UPWARDS ARROW">↑</td> <th colspan="3">Upstep</th> <td title="U+2198: SOUTH EAST ARROW">↘</td> <th colspan="3">Global fall</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!--<p>Note: these last four are not tech</p>--> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> <hr /> <p> <a id='shirtLink' target="_top" href="http://www.cafepress.com/linguiste/"><img id='shirtFront' src="ipashirt_front.jpg" alt="IPA Chart T-shirt front" /><img id='shirtBack' src="ipashirt_back.jpg" alt="IPA Chart T-shirt back" /></a> This chart requires a Unicode font; for best results, use the <a target="_top" href="http://scripts.sil.org/CharisSILfont">Charis SIL</a>, <a target="_top" href="http://scripts.sil.org/DoulosSILfont">Doulos SIL</a>, or <a target="_top" href="http://scripts.sil.org/Gentium">Gentium</a> Unicode fonts. <!--This chart is coded to standards defined by the W3C and therefore a standards-complaint browser will yield the best results, especially <a target="_top" href="http://www.getfirefox.com/">Mozilla Firefox</a> or <a target="_top" href="http://opera.com/">Opera 9+</a>.--> <!--A mimimum screen resolution of 1024×768 is also required. --> <span id="keyboardRefFoot">To easily copy and type the IPA symbols and characters found in this chart, use the <a href="keyboard/">IPA Unicode “Keyboard”</a>, which is built off of this document.</span> </p> <p> You can support this work by purchasing an IPA chart shirt on <a target="_top" href="http://www.cafepress.com/linguiste/">CafePress</a> or <a target="_top" href="http://zazzle.com/westonmr*">Zazzle</a> (shown left), or better yet by donating via <strong>PayPal</strong> (see link below). </p> <p> To see recent changes, visit the <a href="https://github.com/westonruter/ipa-chart/" target="_top">GitHub repo</a>. If you have corrections or suggestions, please see the <a href="https://github.com/westonruter/ipa-chart/issues" target="_top">issues</a>. Please feel free to fork the repo to implement the changes yourself and then issue a pull request back to me. </p> <div id='footerBoilerplate'> <address> <a target="_top" rel="author" href="http://westonruter.github.com/">Weston Ruter</a><br /> 2009-10-20 </address> <div id='copyright'>The <!--<a href="http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html">-->International Phonetic Association<!--</a>--> is the copyright owner of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA chart. The code is copyright © 2004-2009, Weston Ruter.</div> </div> </div> </body> </html>