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进步时代 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-政治改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>政治改革</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治改革-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政治改革子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-揭露貪腐" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#揭露貪腐"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>揭露貪腐</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-揭露貪腐-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-修宪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#修宪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>修宪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-修宪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>经济政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工会政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工会政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>工会政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工会政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-移民政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#移民政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>移民政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-移民政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-提倡女權" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#提倡女權"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>提倡女權</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-提倡女權-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关提倡女權子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-提倡女權-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-女性投票权利" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#女性投票权利"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>女性投票权利</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-女性投票权利-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>社会改革</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-社会改革-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关社会改革子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-社会改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-教育改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>教育改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-医学与法律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#医学与法律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>医学与法律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-医学与法律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会科学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会科学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>社会科学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会科学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-慈善事業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#慈善事業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>慈善事業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-慈善事業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-家庭与食物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#家庭与食物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>家庭与食物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-家庭与食物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-优生学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#优生学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>优生学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-优生学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-禁酒令" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#禁酒令"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>禁酒令</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-禁酒令-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結束" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結束"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>結束</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-結束-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关結束子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-結束-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-確切時間點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#確切時間點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>確切時間點</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-確切時間點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-二十世纪二十年代商业进步主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#二十世纪二十年代商业进步主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>二十世纪二十年代商业进步主义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-二十世纪二十年代商业进步主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考來源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关延伸閱讀子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-总览" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#总览"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>总览</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-总览-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-总统与政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#总统与政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>总统与政治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-总统与政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-州、地方、性别、种族、商业、劳工、宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#州、地方、性别、种族、商业、劳工、宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>州、地方、性别、种族、商业、劳工、宗教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-州、地方、性别、种族、商业、劳工、宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">进步时代</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proqressiv_d%C3%B6vr" title="Proqressiv dövr – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proqressiv dövr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_periode" title="Progressive periode – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Progressive periode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Progressive Era" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Progressive Era" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progresisma_Erao" title="Progresisma Erao – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Progresisma Erao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_progresista" title="Era progresista – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Era progresista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progresseerumise_ajastu" title="Progresseerumise ajastu – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Progresseerumise ajastu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="عصر ترقی‌خواهی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصر ترقی‌خواهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressiivisuuden_kausi" title="Progressiivisuuden kausi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Progressiivisuuden kausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88re_progressiste" title="Ère progressiste – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ère progressiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99" title="העידן הפרוגרסיבי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העידן הפרוגרסיבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razvojno_doba" title="Razvojno doba – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Razvojno doba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frams%C3%B3knart%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Framsóknartímabilið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Framsóknartímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_progressista" title="Era progressista – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Era progressista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="革新主義時代 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="革新主義時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EB%B3%B4_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="진보 시대 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진보 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_progressive_periode" title="Den progressive periode – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den progressive periode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_post%C4%99powa" title="Era postępowa – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Era postępowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="پرمختلونکی پير – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پرمختلونکی پير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Progressiva" title="Era Progressiva – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Era Progressiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Эра прогрессивизма – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эра прогрессивизма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රගතිශීලී යුගය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රගතිශීලී යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Progressive Era" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressiva_eran" title="Progressiva eran – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Progressiva eran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lerici_D%C3%B6nem" title="İlerici Dönem – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlerici Dönem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="Category:進步主義">系列</a>条目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="進步主義">進步主義</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5" title="社会进步">历史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="核子時代">核子時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Industrial Age" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Industrial Age"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Age&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial Age(页面不存在)">工业时代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Industrial Age"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Industrial Age</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="信息时代">信息时代</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喷气时代" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jet Age"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%B7%E6%B0%94%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="喷气时代(页面不存在)">喷气时代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Jet Age"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jet Age</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Machine Age" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Machine Age"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_Age&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine Age(页面不存在)">机器时代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Machine Age"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Machine Age</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">进步时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="太空时代">太空时代</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">思想</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="公民自由">公民自由</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化自由主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultural liberalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="文化自由主义(页面不存在)">文化自由主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural liberalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultural liberalism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95" title="經濟發展">經濟發展</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="经济发展中的广泛措施" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Broad measures of economic progress"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%BF%E6%B3%9B%E6%8E%AA%E6%96%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="经济发展中的广泛措施(页面不存在)">广泛措施</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" class="extiw" title="en:Broad measures of economic progress"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Broad measures of economic progress</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF" title="经济增长">经济增长</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE" title="经验证据">经验证据</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="直接民主制">直接民主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%81%E5%BE%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="迁徙自由">迁徙自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%BA" title="人类增强">人类增强</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="解放神學">解放神學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">线性历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7" title="現代性">現代性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="元哲学">哲学进步</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5" title="社会进步">进步主义哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="进步主义教育">进步主义教育</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉丁美洲的全纳教育" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inclusive education in Latin America"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A8%E7%BA%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁美洲的全纳教育(页面不存在)">拉丁美洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America" class="extiw" title="en:Inclusive education in Latin America"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inclusive education in Latin America</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="改革运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reform movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="改革运动(页面不存在)">改革运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Reform movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reform movement</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="社會正義">社會正義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="平等主義">平等主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94_(%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="組織 (社會科學)">社会组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5" title="社会进步">社会进步</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="各国社会进步指数列表">各国社会进步指数列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科学进步" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scientific progress"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="科学进步(页面不存在)">科学进步</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="extiw" title="en:Scientific progress"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scientific progress</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%98%E8%BF%81" title="社会变迁">社会变迁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="永續設計">永續設計</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生態工程">生態工程</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA" title="民族自決">自決</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="科学管理">科学管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科学方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="可持续发展">可持续发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0" title="技术革新">技术革新</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科技进步主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Techno-progressivism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="科技进步主义(页面不存在)">科技进步主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" class="extiw" title="en:Techno-progressivism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Techno-progressivism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9" title="社会福利">社会福利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%83%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="女性參政權">女性參政權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="现代货币理论">现代货币理论</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自由主义理论家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of liberal theorists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="自由主义理论家列表(页面不存在)">人物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" class="extiw" title="en:List of liberal theorists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of liberal theorists</span></a></span>)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊迪丝·阿博特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edith Abbott"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%BF%AA%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊迪丝·阿博特(页面不存在)">伊迪丝·阿博特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Abbott" class="extiw" title="en:Edith Abbott"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edith Abbott</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格雷斯·阿博特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grace Abbott"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="格雷斯·阿博特(页面不存在)">格雷斯·阿博特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Abbott" class="extiw" title="en:Grace Abbott"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grace Abbott</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%E6%96%AF" title="珍·亞當斯">亞當斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%91%E8%BE%9B%E9%81%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E6%81%A9" title="傑辛達·阿德恩">阿德恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克">阿塔图尔克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷奥那多·博夫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leonardo Boff"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E5%A5%A5%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="雷奥那多·博夫(页面不存在)">博夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Boff" class="extiw" title="en:Leonardo Boff"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leonardo Boff</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF" title="路易斯·布蘭迪斯">布蘭迪斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="索福尼斯巴·布雷肯里奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sophonisba Breckinridge"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E8%82%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="索福尼斯巴·布雷肯里奇(页面不存在)">布雷肯里奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" class="extiw" title="en:Sophonisba Breckinridge"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sophonisba Breckinridge</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%AE%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9" title="威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩">布莱恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A1%9E%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="孔多塞侯爵">孔多塞侯爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·道格拉斯">道格拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" title="斯特凡·埃塞爾">埃塞爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·埃文斯·休斯">休斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%A6%8F%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9" title="罗伯特·拉福莱特">拉福莱特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="保羅·克魯曼">克魯曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">密尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A8%85%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5-%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF" title="亚历山德里娅·奥卡西奥-科尔特斯">奥卡西奥-科尔特斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97" title="何塞·路易斯·罗德里格斯·萨帕特罗">罗德里格斯·萨帕特罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福">富兰克林·罗斯福</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E4%BA%91" title="龙云">龙云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="西奥多·罗斯福">西奥多·罗斯福</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97" title="何塞·路易斯·桑佩德罗">桑佩德罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7E%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="艾尔弗雷德·E·史密斯">史密斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E8%84%B1" title="威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱">塔夫脱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="伍德罗·威尔逊">威尔逊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%C2%B7%E8%8F%AF%E5%80%AB" title="伊莉莎白·華倫">華倫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="伯尼·桑德斯">桑德斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%9A" title="賈斯汀·杜魯多">杜魯多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E" title="山本太郎">山本太郎</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">按地区划分</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="进步主义基督教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Progressive Christianity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="进步主义基督教(页面不存在)">基督教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" class="extiw" title="en:Progressive Christianity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Progressive Christianity</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯兰教中的自由主义和进步主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯兰教中的自由主义和进步主义(页面不存在)">伊斯兰世界</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Liberalism and progressivism within Islam"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liberalism and progressivism within Islam</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="韩国的进步主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Progressivism in South Korea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="韩国的进步主义(页面不存在)">韩国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" class="extiw" title="en:Progressivism in South Korea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Progressivism in South Korea</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="台湾的自由主义和进步主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liberalism and progressivism in Taiwan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="台湾的自由主义和进步主义(页面不存在)">台湾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_in_Taiwan" class="extiw" title="en:Liberalism and progressivism in Taiwan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liberalism and progressivism in Taiwan</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的进步主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Progressivism in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的进步主义(页面不存在)">美国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Progressivism in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Progressivism in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">相关</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自由意志社會主義">自由意志社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="左翼自由意志主义">左翼自由意志主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="左翼民粹主義">左翼民粹主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="民主社会主义">民主社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社會民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" 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href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家统治</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:哲学">哲学主题</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主题</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressivism" title="Template:Progressivism"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism" title="Template talk:Progressivism"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Progressivism" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Progressivism"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>进步时代</b>(英語:<span lang="en">Progressive Era</span>)是指1890-1920年年間,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國歷史">美國歷史</a>上一個大幅進行社會政治改革現代化的時代。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>這段時期的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="美國政府">美國政府</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="共和黨 (美國)">共和黨</a>長期執政,在36年間主政達28年之久。當時主要的美國<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6" title="政治家">政治家</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="共和黨 (美國)">共和黨</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西奧多·羅斯福">西奧多·羅斯福</a>,老罗伯特·M·拉福利特和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·埃文斯·休斯">查爾斯·埃文斯·休斯</a>,以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="民主黨 (美國)">民主黨</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%AE%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9" title="威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩">威廉·詹寧斯·布萊恩</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="伍德羅·威爾遜">伍德羅·威爾遜</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7E%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="艾爾弗雷德·E·史密斯">艾爾弗雷德·E·史密斯</a>等。美國此期的<b>進步運動</b>改革,與同期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="德雷福斯事件">法國因德雷福斯案帶起的改革</a>(1898-1914年)、英國「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會自由主義">新政自由主義</a>」的社福改造運動(1906-1914年),都屬於20世紀初歐美「進步派」社會改造運動中,三項較受矚目且較知名的改革浪潮。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="進步運動">進步運動</a>的主要目標是以揭露及削弱政治豪強及其利益集團的方式淨化<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="美國政府">美國政府</a>內部的腐敗,同時進一步建立直接民主的參政方式。進步派也試圖通過<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%A3%9F%E6%96%B7%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="反壟斷法">反壟斷法</a>監管擁有壟斷權力的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="托拉斯">托拉斯</a>集團,以促進公平競爭及保障消費者權益。大部分進步派同時亦支持美國<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E9%85%92%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="禁酒令">禁酒令</a>以求摧毀地方豪強的政治力量基礎來源<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。這一時期,為了政治領域有「更純潔的」的女性投票,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A6%87%E5%A5%B3%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%9D%83" title="美国妇女选举权">美國婦女選舉權</a>也得到大幅增長<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>進步時代政治改革的核心精神來自由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" title="弗雷德里克·温斯洛·泰勒">弗雷德里克·温斯洛·泰勒</a>所創制的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="科學管理">科學管理</a>理論,以科學、醫學和工程學等現代化的學術來替代老舊過時的管理體系,從而啟發了大批社會活動家聯手改革地方政府、公共教育、醫療、財政、保險、工業、鐵路和教會以及其他各種領域。在社會科學,特別是歷史學、經濟學和政治學內部,也有進步運動者推行學科轉變和專業化以使其符合科學體系標準。業餘作家不再主導學術領域,取而代之的是專業學者透過新創立的學術期刊或大學出版社所發布的論文。 </p><p>運動起始于地方層面,不久擴散至州級和全美。進步派大多都是热心的现代化者,他们相信科学、技术、专业以及特别是教育是社會問題唯一有效的解决方案。进步主义特征包括倾向城市工业化社会,相信人类有改善环境和生存状况的能力及干预经济和社会问题的责任,相信专家的能力以及政府干预的效率<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;律師、教師、醫師、神職人員和商人等城市中產階層為進步派的中堅<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,他們因深感舊社政體系的浪費和低效,因而熱切尋求「一個更好的體制」<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,因而強烈支持將科學方法運用於經濟、政府、工業、財政、醫療、學校教育、神學、教育甚至家庭。他們緊貼西歐當時的最新社會發展并引入多項類似政策,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>例如在1913年創建<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%84%B2%E5%82%99%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="聯邦儲備系統">聯邦儲備系統</a>就是銀行系統的一項重大轉變。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治改革"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>政治改革</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:政治改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>因深受<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%80%E9%87%91%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="镀金时代">鍍金時代</a>的浪費、低效、頑固和腐敗困擾,進步派人士致力於改良與革新國家、社會和經濟的方方面面。國家層面發生的巨大轉變包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%9D%A1%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美利坚合众国宪法第十六条修正案">第十六修正案</a>的征收<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E5%BE%97%E7%A8%85" title="所得稅">所得稅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%9D%A1%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美利坚合众国宪法第十七条修正案">第十七修正案</a>的參議員直接選舉、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%9D%A1%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美利坚合众国宪法第十八条修正案">第十八修正案</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E9%85%92%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="禁酒令">禁酒令</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%9D%A1%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美利坚合众国宪法第十九条修正案">第十九修正案</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A6%87%E5%A5%B3%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%9D%83" title="美国妇女选举权">美國婦女選舉權</a>。 </p><p>中产阶级支持改革的选民、学术专家和改革家对十九世纪九十年代的政治机器感到厌烦,在美国城市进行了一系列改革,旨在降低浪费、低效率和腐败。实施科学方式、义务教育和管理创新。密歇根的底特律市成為了改革先驅,共和党市长哈真·S·平格里首先将这些改革付诸实施<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。许多城市建立起地方咨询局,研究地方政府预算和管理结构。 </p><p>进步派市长在许多关键城市起了领导作用<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,如俄亥俄州克利夫兰市(特别是市长汤姆·约翰逊)、俄亥俄州托兰多市<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、新泽西州泽西城<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、洛杉矶<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、田纳西州孟菲斯<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、肯塔基州路易斯维尔<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>等许多其他城市,特别是西部州郡。在伊利诺伊州,州长弗兰克·劳登对州政府进行了重大重组<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在威斯康辛州,罗伯特·拉福利特在他的据点将威斯康辛思想付诸实施,即利用州立大学作为思想和专业的主要来源加以协助<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>进步人士希望公民能够繞過政客更加直接地参与选举。由于平民黨籍的俄勒冈州众议员威廉·西门·尤列恩和他的直选联盟的推动,俄勒冈以压倒性多数通过1902年选举法,为公民参与州宪法提供更多的主动权和公决,直接参与州宪法的立法活动中去,使得俄勒冈成为采用这一系统的第一个州。尤列恩也推动通过了1908年修正案,给予投票人召回官员的权利,并进一步建立机制,在州层面上公选参议员,在美国尚属首次。1911年,加利福尼亚州长海勒姆·约翰逊采纳了“自发、公决、召回”的俄勒冈系统,应用在加州,认为这是公民对抗大公司在州立法上的历史性进步<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。进步改革很快被其他州采纳,包括爱达荷州、华盛顿州和威斯康辛州,在今天,美国几乎有半数州郡在州宪法中设立自发、公决和召回机制<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>约有16个州开始使用初选来削弱政客和體制的弊端<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1913年,宪法第十七号修正案要求所有参议员需要经过人民选举(之前,他们由州立法院任命)。动机主要是削弱政客的個人力量。此前如果政客能成功掌控州議會,就能同時控制参议院席位。根据政治科学家亨利·琼斯·福特的说法,美国参议院成了党派政客的盘中餐,肆意妄为地滥用权利,出于特殊利益而谋取官职<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="揭露貪腐"><span id=".E6.8F.AD.E9.9C.B2.E8.B2.AA.E8.85.90"></span>揭露貪腐</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:揭露貪腐"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%99%E7%B2%AA%E8%AE%B0%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="耙粪记者">耙粪记者</a>專職揭露浪費、腐敗和醜聞,并發表在有高度影響力的國家級雜誌的新媒體上,如麥克盧爾和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="時代 (雜誌)">時代雜誌</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Stannard_Baker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Stannard Baker(页面不存在)">雷·斯坦納德·貝克</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Creel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Creel(页面不存在)">喬治·奎爾</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brand_Whitlock&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brand Whitlock(页面不存在)">布蘭德·維特洛克</a>都是活躍于州和地方層面的記者,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E6%96%AF" title="林肯·斯蒂芬斯">林肯·斯蒂芬斯</a>則揭露了不少大城市的政治腐敗。艾达·塔贝尔跟踪了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%8F%B2%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·戴维森·洛克菲勒">约翰·戴维森·洛克菲勒</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="标准石油">标准石油</a>公司。山姆·霍普金斯·亚当斯在1905年揭露了许多药品专利的造假行为,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1" title="厄普顿·辛克莱">厄普顿·辛克莱</a>1906年的小说<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E5%A0%B4_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA)" title="屠場 (小說)">屠场</a>,揭示了肉类是如何在肮脏恶心的环境下包装成的,同样,在1906年,大卫·格拉哈姆·菲利普斯则猛烈抨击美国参议院。罗斯福将这些记者赋予了昵称,称他们在扒粪<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="修宪"><span id=".E4.BF.AE.E5.AE.AA"></span>修宪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:修宪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>进步主义者试图通过美國宪法第16至19修正案第来将改革以法律形式确立下来。第16修正案将收入征税合法化(根据宪法第一条第九款的要求,直接按人口比例征税需要每十年普查一次)。进步人士也努力通过第17修正案和参议院直选来反腐。在一战期间反德狂热中最激进最富争议的修正案是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第十八修正案">第18修正案</a>,帮助进步主义者推行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E9%85%92%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="禁酒令">禁酒令</a>(当进步主义者失势后,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美利坚合众国宪法第二十一条修正案">第21修正案</a>在1933年推翻了第18修正案)。最后的进步修正案是第19修正案和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%83%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="女性參政權">女性参政权</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经济政策"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>经济政策</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:经济政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodrow_Wilson_Priming_the_Prosperity_Pump,_1914_political_cartoon_by_Berryman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Woodrow_Wilson_Priming_the_Prosperity_Pump%2C_1914_political_cartoon_by_Berryman.jpg/220px-Woodrow_Wilson_Priming_the_Prosperity_Pump%2C_1914_political_cartoon_by_Berryman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Woodrow_Wilson_Priming_the_Prosperity_Pump%2C_1914_political_cartoon_by_Berryman.jpg/330px-Woodrow_Wilson_Priming_the_Prosperity_Pump%2C_1914_political_cartoon_by_Berryman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Woodrow_Wilson_Priming_the_Prosperity_Pump%2C_1914_political_cartoon_by_Berryman.jpg/440px-Woodrow_Wilson_Priming_the_Prosperity_Pump%2C_1914_political_cartoon_by_Berryman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="伍德罗·威尔逊">伍德罗·威尔逊</a>总统使用关税、汇率和反托拉斯法来驱动经济运转。</figcaption></figure> <p>1893年恐慌是一场严重的经济衰退,于1897年结束。之后的进步时代则是一场重要繁荣时期。1907年恐慌为期较短,对金融业影响最大。然而,坎贝尔(2005)关注了1907-1914年的经济弱点,将公众需求与进步主义干预联系在一起。1907年恐慌导致實際工资下降、失业率增多,两者一直延续到一战为止。坎贝尔强调公共财政压力和对威尔逊政府的影响。经济弱势和政府持续赤字导致货币政策改变,包括联邦对商业和个人收税,建立美联储系统<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;政府机构也进行改革,以便增进行政效率<sup id="cite_ref-Harold_U._Faulkner_1951_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harold_U._Faulkner_1951-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在镀金时代(十九世纪末),政党不愿意联邦政府过问私营部门,铁路和关税除外。总体上来看,他们持放任资本主义理念,即除了法律和秩序以外,政府不应该干预经济。当1893年恐慌后,小微企业、农业和工会都呼吁政府介入,保护他们的利益<sup id="cite_ref-Harold_U._Faulkner_1951_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harold_U._Faulkner_1951-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>到了二十世纪初,由于商业成功、农业和工人政治激进运动,中产阶级壮大。进步主义者呼吁政府对商业进行监管,保障竞争和自由。1887年,国会通过法案,对铁路进行监管(州际商贸法案),以及在1890年反对大企业控制单一行业的的法案(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%9B%BC%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="休曼法案">休曼反托拉斯法案</a>)。这些法案并没有得到严格执行。在1900-1920年间,共和党总统西奥多·罗斯福(1901–1909)、民主党总统伍德罗·威尔逊(1913–1921)和其他持进步主义观点的总统上台。美国今天许多监管机构是在当时建立的,包括美国州际商务委员会和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="联邦贸易委员会">联邦贸易委员会</a>。耙粪记者则号召读者对商业多个心眼。厄普顿·辛克莱的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E5%A0%B4_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA)" title="屠場 (小說)">屠场</a>》(1906)大为风行,揭批了芝加哥屠场的丑恶。作为对小说和尼尔·雷诺德报告的回应,联邦政府成立了新的监管机构,即<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="美国食品药品监督管理局">食品药品管理局</a>。艾达·M·塔贝尔写了一系列文章攻击标准石油,指责其垄断。这对政府和公共改革家产生了重大影响。在塔贝尔和其他人的批评和公众的拥护,最高法院在1911年判决拆分该公司<sup id="cite_ref-Harold_U._Faulkner_1951_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harold_U._Faulkner_1951-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1912年,当民主党伍德罗·威尔逊当选总统,民主党赢得国会后,他设立了一系列的经济进步政策。1913年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十六修正案">美國宪法第十六修正案</a>通过,高收入者被征收小额赋税。民主党在1913年通过安德伍德关税法,降低了关税,不过后者的效用被1914年爆发的战争掩盖。威尔逊通过谴责巨头说客成功地赢得民心,用雄辩的言辞在国会慷慨激昂,并在法案签字时举办了盛大仪式<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。威尔逊用1914年克莱顿反托拉斯法案终结了旷日持久的争斗。他在货币问题上说服立法者,在1913年成立美联储——这是个复杂的政府/商业混合体,在今天统治金融世界<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在1913年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="亨利·福特">亨利·福特</a>利用流水线戏剧性地提高了工厂效率,即每个工人在汽车生产中只从事单一任务。通过强调效率,福特将工资翻倍(将劳动时间从每天9小时缩短到8小时),收拢了最佳的工人、极大地减少了劳工流失和旷工率。雇工们能够购买汽车,通过将Model T价格打折,美国和其他主要发达国家的千万消费者都开上了车。福特的利润飙升,他的公司雄踞汽车工业鳌头。亨利·福特成为誉满世界的高工资、高利润先知<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="工会政策"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E4.BC.9A.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>工会政策</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:工会政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>工会,特别是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="美国劳工联合会">美国劳工联合会</a>在二十世纪早期飞速成长,也进入了进步日程表。工会在二十世纪早期曾经尝试与全国公民联盟合作,在1906年后转而与民主党结盟。这对于大工业城市来说尤为重要。工会会限制法官,特别是在劳资纠纷中偏袒资方的法官。他们最后在1932年达成诺里斯·拉瓜迪亚法案<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="移民政策"><span id=".E7.A7.BB.E6.B0.91.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>移民政策</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:移民政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1896年后,移民数量持续增长,许多缺乏技术的移民从东欧和南欧涌入,在钢厂、屠场和工地干活。1914年一战爆发时,大多数国际活动陡然停滞,直到1919年后才重新启动。从十九世纪八十年代起,工会积极倡导对移民的限制,特别是对来自中国和亚洲移民的限制<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。最大的恐惧在于大量缺乏技术的廉价劳工会打击工会集体协商的努力<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。其他组织,如禁酒主义者反对移民,因为后者是沙龙力量的根基。在1890年后,许多移民是城市天主教徒和犹太人,乡村新教徒对他们不信任<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。另外,工业的迅速发展需要大量新生劳动力,因此大企业反对限制移民。到了二十世纪二十年代,根据共识,移民总量被限制,一系列相关法案被通过<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。一些优生政策鼓励移民限制<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。移民限制成为全美政策,直到二战结束以后。 </p><p>在一战期间,进步主义者全力推荐美国本土化项目,即将新移民归化成为标准的美国公民,削弱对宗祖国的忠诚<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。这些项目常常与公立学校系统相配合,后者得到了大幅扩张<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="提倡女權"><span id=".E6.8F.90.E5.80.A1.E5.A5.B3.E6.AC.8A"></span>提倡女權</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:提倡女權"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在全美范围内,中产阶级妇女在进步时代组织各种团体来促进社会改革。她们特别关注禁酒令、投票权、学校问题和公共卫生。 </p><p>中产阶级妇女成立了地方俱乐部,在1890年后转变成为联邦妇女俱乐部。历史学家佩奇·梅尔茨将联邦妇女俱乐部列入进步运动的大纲内,称其政治观为: </p> <dl><dd>建立在进步时代地方管家策略上。在进步时代,女性积极分子使用传统的女性观念,即所有女性是母亲和管家,来对她们参与社会活动辩护:作为“地方管家”,她们会清理政治、城市,照顾邻里的健康和生活。套上母性的斗篷,女性积极分子细心地研究社区的需求,利用她们“女性”专长来游说、建立、保障自己在新兴国家福利当局的一席之地,最佳的榜样可能是俱乐部女性茱莉亚·莱思罗普在美国儿童局中的领导能力。作为这一女性积极分子的传统,进步时代的联合总会支持了一系列活动,包括与公众健康及妇女儿童息息相关的食品药品安全,废除童工制,并与国家合作维护社会公正<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="女性投票权利"><span id=".E5.A5.B3.E6.80.A7.E6.8A.95.E7.A5.A8.E6.9D.83.E5.88.A9"></span>女性投票权利</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:女性投票权利"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%BE%8E%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="全美女性参政协会(页面不存在)">全美女性参政协会</a>(NAWSA)是美国女性权利组织,在1890年5月由全国女性参政协会和美国女性参政协会合并而成。全美女性参政协会在地方和州郡级别建立了数以百计的组织,争取在州郡地方推行女性参政权。协会是美国最大的,也是最重要的参政组织,是女性投票权利的主要推动者。凯莉·查普曼卡特是二十世纪早期的关键领袖。和之前的全国女性参政协会及美国女性参政协会一样,全美女性参政协会主张用修宪的方式来争取女性投票权利,并在1920年成功赢得<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第十九修正案">宪法第19号修正案</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。另一组织全国女性党则由爱丽丝·保罗控制,采取英国激进参政方式,即使用暴力来得到公众支持,推进参政权。保罗的成员们将自己绑在白宫的护栏上,以便被逮捕,或是用绝食的方式来吸引眼球。当英国女性参政主义者在1914年停止抗议,转而支援战争时,保罗在1917年开始了她的运动,因无视战争、吸引激进和反战元素而备受批评<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社会改革"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>社会改革</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:社会改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="教育改革"><span id=".E6.95.99.E8.82.B2.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>教育改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:教育改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>进步主义者努力对地方学校进行改革和现代化。该时代最为显著的是学校和学生数量爆炸,特别是飞速成长的城市区域。在1910年后,小镇开始兴建高中。到了1940年,50%的青年人获得了高中文凭。结果是有教育的中产阶级爆炸,成为进步主义的草根支持者<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在进步时代,许多州郡通过了义务教育法<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,学校卫生和健康得到了重视,体育和健康教育变得更加重要、更加普及<sup id="cite_ref-ProgHealthA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProgHealthA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="医学与法律"><span id=".E5.8C.BB.E5.AD.A6.E4.B8.8E.E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B"></span>医学与法律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:医学与法律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根据卡内基基金赞助的1910年《弗莱克斯纳报告》,美国医学通过抛弃许多地方性小医学院,将国家资金集中在大型、富有声望的大学专业医学院来进行专业化<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。著名领袖包括马约兄弟以及他们在明尼苏达州罗切斯特的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%BA%A6%E8%AF%8A%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="马约诊所">马约诊所</a>,后者因手术创新而闻名世界<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在法律专业中,美国律师协会在1900年建立了美国法学院协会。为法学院提供全美标准,将旧系统中青年跟随老师傅替换为在获得承认的法学院就读深造<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社会科学"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.A6"></span>社会科学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:社会科学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>进步学者在新兴研究院,如哈佛大学、哥伦比亚大学、约翰·霍普金斯大学、芝加哥大学、密歇根大学、威斯康辛大学和加利福尼亚大学等将他们的学术现代化。业余研究让位给研究型教授,后者出版新的学术杂志和刊物。他们的目标明确,就是专业化,将社会科学“科学化”,特别是历史学<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Hofstadter_1968_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Hofstadter_1968-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、经济学<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和政治科学<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_Karl_1975_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_Karl_1975-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。专业化意味着为大学创建新的事业路线,雇佣并支持国际学术模型。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="慈善事業"><span id=".E6.85.88.E5.96.84.E4.BA.8B.E6.A5.AD"></span>慈善事業</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:慈善事業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>富裕家庭数量呈爆炸性增长,在十九世纪七十年代有100家左右百万富翁,在1892年为4000家,在1916年为16,000家。许多人支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%86%85%E5%9F%BA" title="安德鲁·卡内基">安德鲁·卡内基</a>的《财富福音》,称他们有义务资助社会,呼吁为大学、医院、研究、图书馆、宗教和社会进步出资出力<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在二十世纪早期,美国慈善事业成熟,洛克菲勒和卡内基建立起各种大型显眼的私人基金会。最大的基金会孵化了现代化、高效、商业模式运作的(与“施舍”不同)组织,推动社会进步,而不是单单发票子。他们与当地商业社区建立起关系,成为“社区胸脯”运动<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。美国红十字会重组并专业化<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。几个大型基金会帮助南方黑人,遵守布克·T·华盛顿的劝导。与之相反,欧洲和亚洲的基金会甚少。这导致卡内基和洛克菲勒的基金会能在全球范围内产生重大影响<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="家庭与食物"><span id=".E5.AE.B6.E5.BA.AD.E4.B8.8E.E9.A3.9F.E7.89.A9"></span>家庭与食物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:家庭与食物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lindsey_ben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lindsey_ben.jpg/220px-Lindsey_ben.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lindsey_ben.jpg/330px-Lindsey_ben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Lindsey_ben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>科罗拉多法官本·林德赛是建立未成年人法庭系统的先锋。</figcaption></figure> <p>进步人士认为家庭是美国社会的基石,政府,特别是地方政府必须努力优化家庭<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。地方公共协助项目得到改革,以帮助并维护家庭团结。在丹佛法官本·林德塞的启发下,城市建立了未成年人法庭,帮助调停未成年人纠纷,避免将他们送入成人监狱<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>卫生的食物、牛奶和饮用水是城市的首要关注事项。在州和国家层面,新食品药品法案强化了城市对食品健康系统的保障。1906年联邦卫生食品药品法案在药品公司和医药服务商的推动下出台,将没有得到科学验证的药品下架<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由于标准工作时间缩短,城市家庭有了更多闲暇时间。很多人在电影院打发时光。进步主义者呼吁对电影进行审查,认为观众(特别是儿童)在黑暗、肮脏、有潜在安全威胁的电影院,看描述犯罪、暴力、性的节目会带来负面影响。进步主义在全美各大城市都影响着政府改革,建立许多公园,因为他们认为儿童和家庭应该在健康、自然的环境中度过闲暇时光,有助于建立良好的道德,成为优秀公民<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="优生学"><span id=".E4.BC.98.E7.94.9F.E5.AD.A6"></span>优生学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:优生学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一些进步人士,特别是经济学家们支持用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="优生学">优生学</a>作为解决过大或不良家庭的集体主义解决方案,希望避孕节育会帮助家庭少生优生<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_C._Leonard_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_C._Leonard-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。然而,没有主要国家、州郡或地方计划支持或认可优生学。进步领导人如赫伯特·克罗利和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%BC" title="沃尔特·李普曼">沃尔特·李普曼</a>表达了他们经典的自由性顾虑,担心个人受到<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="集体主义">集体主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="國家主義">国家主义</a>的束缚<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。天主教虽然支持集体主义,但反对优生学节育<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="禁酒令"><span id=".E7.A6.81.E9.85.92.E4.BB.A4"></span>禁酒令</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:禁酒令"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>禁酒令将制造、贩卖、运送酒精饮料列为非法。在整个进步时代中,这是进步主义在地方、州郡、全国范围内的重要目标,但是就进步主义全面支持形形色色。进步主义在乡村社区的兴起与公众对禁酒运动的觉悟有关,在1917年末,该运动在全国范围内得势,通过了宪法第18号修正案,并在1919年得到四分之三的州的批准。禁酒令从根本上是宗教运动,由循道宗、浸礼宗、公理宗、斯堪的纳维亚路德宗和其他福音派推动而成。积极分子成立了高效的反沙龙联盟<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。汀布莱克(1963)认为应该打破酒店托拉斯、削弱基于城市机器的酒吧、增强工业效率、减少妇女虐待、儿童虐待、以及由酗酒导致的贫困<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在十九世纪四十年代,禁酒运动得到第二次大觉醒的推动,福音派对酗酒展开十字军式征讨<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。福音派在十九世纪八十年代推动第二波禁酒立法,旨在对地方和州郡层面立法禁酒。在十八世纪八十年代,公投在州郡层面举行,以便将禁酒令纳入修正案。这期间,两个重要的团体成立了:1874年妇女基督教戒酒联合会<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,以及1893年反沙龙联盟成立,将各个不同的宗教团体积极分子联合起来<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1907年兴起了第三波禁酒立法运动,当佐治亚州通过了全州禁酒法案时,禁酒在全美范围内达到最高峰。到了1917年,三分之二的州郡都设立了一定程度的禁酒法。在1913年,反沙龙联盟第一次公开要求推行禁酒令修正案,他们希望能够通过修宪的方式来在全美禁酒,虽然这的确难了些。当美国加入一战时,征兵法要求在军事基地附近周围禁止售酒<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1917年8月,食品燃料控制法将战时蒸馏酒生产列为非法。1918年11月的战争禁酒令禁止生产和销售致醉酒类饮料(含酒精超过2.75%的饮料),直到复原后为止。 </p><p>积极分子努力争取国会两院三分之二的支持以及四分之三的州的拥护,以便修宪。这需要36个州的批准,组织在48个州巡游拉票。到了1917年末,国会通过了第18号修正案;1919年,修正案通过了州的批准,在1920年1月生效。修正案将在美国国内制造、销售、贩卖、进口、出口致醉酒类饮料列为非法。1919年,沃尔斯特法案将致醉酒类饮料定义为含有酒精量大于0.5%的饮料,并在法案中定义联邦执行机制。州郡则可以自由执行禁酒令,或是放任,而大多数州郡睁一只眼闭一只眼<sup id="cite_ref-David_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>然而,消费需求使得各种非法私酒不断,特别是从加拿大和其他国家偷运过来的私酒。对法案的遵守程度难以统计,当时的媒体将法案描绘为废纸一张;虽然这没有消灭酒类饮料,但法案的确降低了酗酒尺度。1933年,宪法第21号修正案通过,推翻了第18号修正案;这应归功于天主教会(强调自由)和商人(强调税收下降)<sup id="cite_ref-David_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="結束"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.9D.9F"></span>結束</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:結束"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="確切時間點"><span id=".E7.A2.BA.E5.88.87.E6.99.82.E9.96.93.E9.BB.9E"></span>確切時間點</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:確切時間點"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>虽然四十年代的历史学家通常将进步时代定为1901年左右(西奥多·罗斯福成为总统)到一战爆发(1914年,或1917年美国参战)的时期<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但当代学者普遍认为进步改革可追溯至十九世纪九十年代在地方和州郡政府发起开始<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。然而,进步时代的结束时间难以盖棺定论。一些民权自由人士在一战期间抱怨他们遭受的压制,认为战争背离了进步政策<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。一些持强烈反战观点的著名进步人士,如<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="简·亚当斯">简·亚当斯</a>(后获诺贝尔和平奖,或许是进步时代最令人瞩目的改革家)在1916年威尔逊连任后遭受压制,尽管后者在竞选时的口号是“他让我们脱离战争”<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。次年4月6日,威尔逊一反进步支持者们的期望,在国会上要求对德宣战。参议院以82-6票赞同,众议院以373-50赞同。一些历史学家认为,“消灭所有战争的战争”的口号是美国进步运动的一种国际宣示,而威尔逊所倡议的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="国际联盟">国际联盟</a>是进步运动的高潮<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>至二十世纪二十年代,工会和反企业力量已在政治上失势,许多学者认为这些转变标志了进步时代的结束。一些学者谴责禁酒令的道德主义,以及进步时期美国本土主义的泛滥和3K党的复活。例如,<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="理查德·霍夫施塔特">理查德·霍夫施塔特</a>在1955写道,禁酒令“是假改革,是痛苦的教区替代品”;“将乡村福音派病毒散布全美国”<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。然而,阿瑟·S·灵克斯指出,进步主义并没有完全消亡,而是在二十年代进一步延续<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。灵克斯的这一论点引出了后续关于进步主义延续的诸多研究。帕尔梅以乔治·诺里斯等政治领袖为例,指出“进步主义虽然暂时在政治上失势,却依然在许多西部州广为流传,并影响了华盛顿在哈定和柯立芝时期的政策”<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。郭士纳和柯茨认为,进步主义实是一种“精神”或“热情”,而不是拥有共同目标的明确政治力量,而这种精神所创造的革新的政治环境一直延续到了二十世纪二十年代<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="二十世纪二十年代商业进步主义"><span id=".E4.BA.8C.E5.8D.81.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA.E4.BA.8C.E5.8D.81.E5.B9.B4.E4.BB.A3.E5.95.86.E4.B8.9A.E8.BF.9B.E6.AD.A5.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>二十世纪二十年代商业进步主义</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:二十世纪二十年代商业进步主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>历史学家所述的“商业进步主义”,焦点置于亨利·福特和赫伯特·胡佛对效率的专注,并在<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>二十年代达到最高处。例如,维克认为福特“就美国乡村技术和机械化基本上是启蒙的、进步的,并常常超过了他的时代”<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>廷得尔认为,二十世纪南方进步主义的持久,要义在于加强民主、加强政府效率、企业监管、社会正义、政府公共服务<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。威廉·灵克斯发现,政治进步主义在二十世纪统治南方<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,也影响着中西部地区<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>研究妇女儿童的历史学家则强调了二十世纪进步力量<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。女性在运动中获得了参政权,加入维护世界和平<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、优秀政府、妇女保护(1921年谢泼德-特纳法案)的队伍中<sup id="cite_ref-in_JSTOR_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_JSTOR-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,支持地方教育和公共卫生<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。这些事业虽然没有像妇女参政权斗阵那样精彩,但是妇女们投票<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>并安静地行动着,润物细无声。保罗·法斯就青少年话题发言称:“进步主义是天使的视野,是对社会问题的积极作为,生机蓬勃。”<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>推动改革的国际影响也一直延续到二十世纪二十年代,美国的现代主义观点开始传入欧洲<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>进步时代通常被认为在1932年告终,标志是余下的主要进步人士开始反对新政<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1" title="厄普顿·辛克莱">厄普顿·辛克莱</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E5%A0%B4_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA)" title="屠場 (小說)">屠场</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="乔治主义">乔治主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="竞争法">竞争法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="進步黨 (美國, 1912)">進步黨</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考來源"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90"></span>參考來源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:參考來源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Buenker, John C. Burnham, and Robert M. Crunden, <i>Progressivism</i>(1986)pp 3–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="霍布斯邦">霍布斯邦</a>,《帝國的年代:1875-1914》,北京:國際文化出版,2006,第四章、十一章</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James H. Timberlake, <i>Prohibition and the progressive movement, 1900–1920</i>(1970)pp 1–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On purification, see David W. Southern, <i>The Malignant Heritage: Yankee Progressives and the Negro Question, 1900–1915,</i>(1968); Southern, <i>The Progressive Era And Race: Reaction And Reform 1900–1917</i>(2005); Norman H. Clark, <i>Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition</i>(1976)p 170; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aileen_Kraditor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aileen Kraditor(页面不存在)">Aileen Kraditor</a>, <i>The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement: 1890–1920</i>(1967). 134–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Buenker, and Robert M. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132020/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-036/?action=more_essay">存档</a>于2015-04-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;rft.btitle=Progressivism+and+the+Wisconsin+Idea&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fturningpoints%2Ftp-036%2F%3Faction%3Dmore_essay&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Allswang, <i>The initiative and referendum in California, 1898–1998,</i>(2000)ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211180917/http://www.iandrinstitute.org/statewide_i%26r.htm">State Initiative and Referendum Summary</a>. State Initiative &amp; Referendum Institute at USC. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2006&#93;</span>. 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Infobase. 2005: 403 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-04-06</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780816051595" title="Special:网络书源/9780816051595"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780816051595</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617230719/http://books.google.com/books?id=6yLQ2NsC9wIC&amp;pg=PA403">存档</a>于2014-06-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;rft.au=Faith+Jaycox&amp;rft.btitle=The+Progressive+Era%3A+Eyewitness+History&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780816051595&amp;rft.pages=403&amp;rft.pub=Infobase&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yLQ2NsC9wIC%26pg%3DPA403&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julie Greene, <i>Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881–1917</i>(1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert D. 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Graham, <i>An Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal</i>(1968)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="总览"><span id=".E6.80.BB.E8.A7.88"></span>总览</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:总览"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Buenker, John D., John C. Burnham, and Robert M. Crunden. <i>Progressivism</i>(1986)</li> <li>Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, Eds. <i>Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.</i> Sharpe Reference, 2005. xxxii + 1256 pp. in three volumes. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0765680513" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7656-8051-3</a>. 900 articles by 200 scholars</li> <li>Buenker, John D., ed. <i>Dictionary of the Progressive Era</i>(1980)</li> <li>Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era</i>(2009)</li> <li>Diner, Steven J. <i>A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era</i>(1998)</li> <li>Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," <i>Journal of American History,</i> Vol. 53, No. 1.(June 1966), pp.&#160;75–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/1893931">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1914"(2000)</i></li> <li>Gould Lewis L. ed., <i>The Progressive Era</i>(1974)</li> <li>Hays, Samuel D. <i>The Response to Industrialization, 1885–1914</i>(1957),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter, Richard</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Age_of_Reform&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Age of Reform(页面不存在)">The Age of Reform</a></i>(1954), Pulitzer Prize</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, <i>Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000</i>(U of Kansas Press, 2001)pp 149–180; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/~rjensen/rj0025.htm">online version</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805235051/http://www.uic.edu/~rjensen/rj0025.htm">存檔</a>,存档日期2012-08-05</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_M._Kennedy_(historian)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)(页面不存在)">Kennedy, David M</a>. ed., <i>Progressivism: The Critical Issues</i>(1971), readings</li> <li>Lasch, Christopher. <i>The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics</i>(1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Leuchtenburg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Leuchtenburg(页面不存在)">Leuchtenburg, William E.</a> "Progressivism and Imperialism: The Progressive Movement and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1916," <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mississippi_Valley_Historical_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mississippi Valley Historical Review(页面不存在)">The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</a>,</i> Vol. 39, No. 3.(Dec., 1952), pp.&#160;483–504. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/1895006">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Mann, Arthur. ed., <i>The Progressive Era</i>(1975)</li> <li>McGerr, Michael. <i>A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920</i>(2003)</li> <li>Mowry, George. <i>The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912.</i>(1954)general survey of era</li> <li>Burl Noggle, "The Twenties: A New Historiographical Frontier," <i>The Journal of American History,</i> Vol. 53, No. 2.(Sep., 1966), pp.&#160;299–314. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/1894201">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Pease, Otis, ed. <i>The Progressive Years: The Spirit and Achievement of American Reform</i>(1962), primary documents</li> <li>Rodgers, Daniel T. <i>Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age</i>(2000). stresses links with Europe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00064.0001.001">online edition</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150502223719/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00064.0001.001">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li>Thelen, David P. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism," <i>Journal of American History</i> 56 (1969), 323–341 online at JSTOR</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wiebe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Wiebe(页面不存在)">Wiebe, Robert</a>. <i>The Search For Order, 1877–1920</i>(1967)。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="总统与政治"><span id=".E6.80.BB.E7.BB.9F.E4.B8.8E.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>总统与政治</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="编辑章节:总统与政治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_K._Beale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard K. Beale(页面不存在)">Beale Howard K.</a> <i>Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power.</i>(1956)。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Morton_Blum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Morton Blum(页面不存在)">Blum, John Morton.</a> <i>The Republican Roosevelt.</i>(1954). Series of essays that examine how TR did politics</li> <li>Brands, H.W. <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i>(2001)。</li> <li>Clements, Kendrick A. <i>The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson</i>(1992)。</li> <li>Coletta, Paolo. <i>The Presidency of William Howard Taft</i>(1990)。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper,_John_Milton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooper, John Milton(页面不存在)">Cooper, John Milton</a> <i>The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.</i>(1983)。</li> <li>Cooper, John Milton <i>Woodrow Wilson: A Biography</i>(2009)</li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt</i>(1991)。</li> <li>Harbaugh, William Henry. <i>The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt.</i>(1963)。</li> <li>Harrison, Robert. <i>Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State</i>(2004)。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter, Richard</a>. <i>The American Political Tradition</i>(1948), ch. 8–9–10.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKolko1963" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Kolko(页面不存在)">Kolko, Gabriel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofconserv0000kolk">The Triumph of Conservatism</a>. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;rft.aufirst=Gabriel&amp;rft.aulast=Kolko&amp;rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Conservatism&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphofconserv0000kolk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_S._Link&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur S. Link(页面不存在)">Link, Arthur Stanley</a>. <i>Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917</i>(1954)。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Morris_(writer)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Morris (writer)(页面不存在)">Morris, Edmund</a> <i>Theodore Rex</i>.(2001), biography of T. Roosevelt covers 1901–1909</li> <li>Mowry, George E. <i>Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement</i>.(2001)。</li> <li>Pestritto, R.J. "Woodrow Wilson and the Roots of Modern Liberalism."(2005)。</li> <li>Sanders, Elizabeth. <i>Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877–1917</i>(1999)。</li> <li>Wilson, Joan Hoff. <i>Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive</i>(1965)。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="州、地方、性别、种族、商业、劳工、宗教"><span id=".E5.B7.9E.E3.80.81.E5.9C.B0.E6.96.B9.E3.80.81.E6.80.A7.E5.88.AB.E3.80.81.E7.A7.8D.E6.97.8F.E3.80.81.E5.95.86.E4.B8.9A.E3.80.81.E5.8A.B3.E5.B7.A5.E3.80.81.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span>州、地方、性别、种族、商业、劳工、宗教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="编辑章节:州、地方、性别、种族、商业、劳工、宗教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abell, Aaron I. <i>American Catholicism and Social Action: A Search for Social Justice, 1865–1950</i>(1960)。</li> <li>Bruce, Kyle and Chris Nyland. "Scientific Management, Institutionalism, and Business Stabilization: 1903–1923" <i>Journal of Economic Issues</i>, Vol. 35, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/4227725">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Buenker, John D. <i>Urban Liberalism and Progressive Reform</i>(1973)。</li> <li>Buenker, John D. <i>The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 4: The Progressive Era, 1893–1914</i>(1998)。</li> <li>Feffer, Andrew. <i>The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism</i>(1993)。</li> <li>Frankel, Noralee and Nancy S. Dye, eds. <i>Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era</i>(1991)。</li> <li>Hahn, Steven. <i>A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration</i>(2003)。</li> <li>Huthmacher, J. Joseph. "Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform" <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> 49 (1962): 231–241, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/1888628">in JSTOR</a>; emphasized urban, ethnic, working class support for reform</li> <li>Link, William A. <i>The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880–1930</i>(1992)。</li> <li>Montgomery, David. <i>The Fall of the House of Labor: The workplace, the state, and American labor activism, 1865–1925</i>(1987)。</li> <li>Muncy, Robyn. <i>Creating A Feminine Dominion in American Reform, 1890–1935</i>(1991)。</li> <li>Lubove, Roy. <i>The Progressives and the Slums: Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1890–1917</i> Greenwood Press: 1974.</li> <li>Recchiuti, John Louis. <i>Civic Engagement: Social Science and Progressive-Era Reform in New York City</i>(2007)。</li> <li>Stromquist, Shelton. <i>Reinventing 'The People': The Progressive Movement, the Class Problem, and the Origins of Modern Liberalism,</i>(U. of Illinois Press, 2006). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0252072693" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-252-07269-3</a>.</li> <li>Thelen, David. <i>The New Citizenship, Origins of Progressivism in Wisconsin, 1885–1900</i>(1972)。</li> <li>Wesser, Robert F. <i>Charles Evans Hughes: politics and reform in New York, 1905–1910</i>(1967)。</li> <li>Wiebe, Robert. "Business Disunity and the Progressive Movement, 1901–1914," <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,</i> Vol. 44, No. 4.(Mar., 1958), pp.&#160;664–685. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/1886602">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国"><img alt="美国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> 美利坚合众国索引</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国大纲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国大纲(页面不存在)">大纲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国相关条目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of United States-related articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国相关条目索引(页面不存在)">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_United_States-related_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of United States-related articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of United States-related articles</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="美国历史">历史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">事件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="前哥倫布時期">前哥倫布時期</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国殖民地时期历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Colonial history of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国殖民地时期历史(页面不存在)">殖民地时期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Colonial history of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Colonial history of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="十三殖民地">十三殖民地</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国殖民地时期军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Colonial American military history"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国殖民地时期军事史(页面不存在)">殖民地军事</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" class="extiw" title="en:Colonial American military history"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Colonial American military history</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%83%E5%8B%8B" title="美国开国元勋">开国元勋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="大陆会议">大陆会议</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大陆盟约" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Continental Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E7%9B%9F%E7%BA%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大陆盟约(页面不存在)">大陆盟约</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Continental Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Continental Association</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0%E6%96%87" title="李氏決議文">李氏決議文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="美國獨立宣言">独立宣言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="美國革命">美國革命</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美國獨立戰爭">独立战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1783%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎條約 (1783年)">巴黎条约</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B" title="邦联条例">邦联条例</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国邦联时期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Confederation Period"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国邦联时期(页面不存在)">邦联时期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_Period" class="extiw" title="en:Confederation Period"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Confederation Period</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8" title="美國舊西部">美國舊西部</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8" title="美國舊西部">西进时期</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国宪法起草及批准时间线" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E8%B5%B7%E8%8D%89%E5%8F%8A%E6%89%B9%E5%87%86%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国宪法起草及批准时间线(页面不存在)">美国宪法的起草和批准</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="美国权利法案">权利法案</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="联邦党时期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federalist Era"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%9A%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="联邦党时期(页面不存在)">联邦党时期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Era" class="extiw" title="en:Federalist Era"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federalist Era</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1812年战争">1812年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5" title="美國領土擴張">领土扩张</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7" title="美國領土變遷">领土变迁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%A2%A8%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美墨戰爭">美墨戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="南北战争">南北战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="美國重建時期">重建时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="北美印第安战争">印第安战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%80%E9%87%91%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="镀金时代">镀金时代</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">进步时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A6%87%E5%A5%B3%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%9D%83" title="美国妇女选举权">妇女选举权</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国民权运动 (1865年-1896年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8_(1865%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1896%E5%B9%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国民权运动 (1865年-1896年)(页面不存在)">民权运动 1865年-1896年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" class="extiw" title="en:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</span></a></span>)</span></span>&#160;/&#32;<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国民权运动 (1896年-1954年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8_(1896%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1954%E5%B9%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国民权运动 (1896年-1954年)(页面不存在)">1896年-1954年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" class="extiw" title="en:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Civil rights movement (1896–1954)</span></a></span>)</span></span>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="非裔美國人民權運動">1954年-1968年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="美西战争">美西战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="美帝國主義">帝国主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2_(1865%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941918%E5%B9%B4)#一战" title="美国历史 (1865年—1918年)">第一次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%86%E5%93%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="咆哮的二十年代">咆哮的二十年代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E6%83%98%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3" title="迷惘的一代">迷惘的一代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="大萧条">经济大萧条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="黑色风暴事件">黑色风暴事件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二战时期美国军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military history of the United States during World War II"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%98%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="二战时期美国军事史(页面不存在)">第二次世界大战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of the United States during World War II"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military history of the United States during World War II</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二战时期美国后方" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="United States home front during World War II"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%98%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8E%E6%96%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="二战时期美国后方(页面不存在)">后方</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" class="extiw" title="en:United States home front during World War II"><span lang="en" dir="auto">United States home front during World War II</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%AE%E6%8E%89%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3" title="垮掉的一代">垮掉的一代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="美國世紀">美國世紀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="朝鲜战争">朝鲜战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD" title="太空競賽">太空競賽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="第二波女性主義">女权运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越南战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="經濟大穩健" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Great Moderation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%A4%A7%E7%A9%A9%E5%81%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="經濟大穩健(页面不存在)">經濟大穩健</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moderation" class="extiw" title="en:Great Moderation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Great Moderation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="經濟大退化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Great Regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="經濟大退化(页面不存在)">經濟大退化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Regression" class="extiw" title="en:Great Regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Great Regression</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2_(1991%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942008%E5%B9%B4)" title="美國歷史 (1991年—2008年)">后冷战时期 1991年-2008年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="反恐战争">反恐战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(2001%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942021%E5%B9%B4)" title="阿富汗戰爭 (2001年—2021年)">阿富汗战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="伊拉克战争">伊拉克战争</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80" title="经济大衰退">经济大衰退</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国历史 (2008年迄今)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the United States (2008–present)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2_(2008%E5%B9%B4%E8%BF%84%E4%BB%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国历史 (2008年迄今)(页面不存在)">当代美国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="extiw" title="en:History of the United States (2008–present)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the United States (2008–present)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="第二次冷战">第二次冷战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85" title="2019冠狀病毒病美國疫情">COVID-19疫情</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国大纲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国大纲(页面不存在)">美国大纲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="美国人口史">人口史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国科学发现时间表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of United States discoveries"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国科学发现时间表(页面不存在)">发现</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of United States discoveries"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of United States discoveries</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2" title="美國經濟史">经济</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%80%BA%E5%8A%A1%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%90%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="美国债务上限历史">债务上限</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国科学发明时间表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of United States inventions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国科学发明时间表(页面不存在)">发明</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of United States inventions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of United States inventions</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国科学发明时间表 (1890年之前)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8_(1890%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国科学发明时间表 (1890年之前)(页面不存在)">1890年之前</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890)" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国科学发明时间表 (1890年-1945年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8_(1890%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1945%E5%B9%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国科学发明时间表 (1890年-1945年)(页面不存在)">1890年-1945年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945)" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国科学发明时间表 (1946年-1991年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8_(1946%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1991%E5%B9%B4)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国科学发明时间表 (1946年-1991年)(页面不存在)">1946年-1991年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1946%E2%80%931991)" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国科学发明时间表 (1991年之后)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8_(1991%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国科学发明时间表 (1991年之后)(页面不存在)">1991年之后</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991)" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="美國軍事史">军事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%83%B5%E7%A5%A8" title="美國郵票">邮政</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国技术与产业史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Technological and industrial history of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国技术与产业史(页面不存在)">技术与产业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Technological and industrial history of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Technological and industrial history of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="美国地理">地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国国土" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="United States territory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国国土(页面不存在)">国土</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_territory" class="extiw" title="en:United States territory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">United States territory</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F" title="美國本土">本土</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F" title="美國本土">大陆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BF_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="县 (美国)">县</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="华盛顿哥伦比亚特区">联邦特区</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国联邦飞地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federal enclave"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%A3%9E%E5%9C%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国联邦飞地(页面不存在)">联邦飞地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_enclave" class="extiw" title="en:Federal enclave"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federal enclave</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E5%9C%B0" title="印第安保留地">印第安保留地</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%A0%82_(%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E8%8D%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E5%9C%B0)" title="會堂 (納瓦荷保留地)">會堂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="島嶼地區">岛屿地区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E5%A4%96%E5%B0%8F%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF" title="美国本土外小岛屿">本土外小岛屿</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国人口稠密地区列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lists of populated places in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%A8%A0%E5%AF%86%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国人口稠密地区列表(页面不存在)">人口稠密地区</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Lists of populated places in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lists of populated places in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%9E%E4%BB%BD" title="美国州份">州</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美國地震列表">地震</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国地理极点列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of extreme points of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E6%9E%81%E7%82%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国地理极点列表(页面不存在)">地理极点</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:List of extreme points of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of extreme points of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国岛屿列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国岛屿列表(页面不存在)">岛屿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国高山列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of mountains of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国高山列表(页面不存在)">高山</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:List of mountains of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of mountains of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国山峰列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of mountain peaks of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B1%B1%E5%B3%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国山峰列表(页面不存在)">山峰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:List of mountain peaks of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of mountain peaks of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8#美洲" title="山脉列表">山脉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%9A%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="阿巴拉契亚山脉">阿巴拉契亚山脉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E7%A3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="洛磯山脈">落基山脉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家公园管理局">国家公园管理局</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="归属美国国家公园体系的地区列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of areas in the United States National Park System"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%92%E5%B1%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="归属美国国家公园体系的地区列表(页面不存在)">国家公园</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" class="extiw" title="en:List of areas in the United States National Park System"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of areas in the United States National Park System</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="美國地區">地区</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%B2%B8" title="美國東岸">东岸区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%B8" title="美國西岸">西岸区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="北美大平原">大平原区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%81%A3%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="美國墨西哥灣沿岸地區">湾区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%B7%9E%E4%BB%BD" title="中大西洋州份">中大西洋区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8" title="美國中西部">中西部区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="新英格蘭">新英格兰区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="美國太平洋沿岸地區">太平洋沿岸区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8" title="美国中部">中部区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8" title="美國東部">美东区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國北部">北部区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國東北部">东北区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國西北部">西北区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國南部">南部区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國東南部">东南区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國西南部">西南区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8" title="美國西部">美西区</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美国河流列表">河流</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E8%89%B2%E6%B2%B3" title="阿肯色河">阿肯色河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%B3" title="科羅拉多河">科罗拉多河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%B2%B3" title="哥倫比亞河">哥伦比亚河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%B2%B3" title="密西西比河">密西西比河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%B3" title="密苏里河">密苏里河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3_(%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%B2%B3)" title="红河 (密西西比河)">红河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%B3" title="格蘭德河">格兰德河&#160;/&#32;北布拉沃河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%B2%E7%A9%BA%E6%B2%B3" title="育空河">育空河</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E5%8D%80" title="美國時區">时区</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国饮用水供应和卫生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%A5%AE%E7%94%A8%E6%B0%B4%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国饮用水供应和卫生(页面不存在)">水供应和卫生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美国世界遗产列表">世界遗产</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="美国政治">政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="联邦" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="美國聯邦政府">联邦</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">行政机构</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" title="美国内阁">内阁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8A%A1%E5%91%98" title="美国联邦公务员">公务员</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E9%97%A8" title="美国联邦行政部门">行政部门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="美国总统行政办公室">行政办公室</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="美國政府獨立機構">独立机构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E9%96%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美國聯邦執法部門列表">执法部门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="美国总统">总统</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国总统的权力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Powers of the President of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国总统的权力(页面不存在)">权力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Powers of the President of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Powers of the President of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国公共政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Public policy of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国公共政策(页面不存在)">公共政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Public policy of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Public policy of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A" title="美国国会">立法机构</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%97%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="美国众议院">众议院</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国众议员列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%97%E8%AE%AE%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国众议员列表(页面不存在)">现任联邦众议员</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="extiw" title="en:List of members of the United States House of Representatives"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of members of the United States House of Representatives</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%9C%BE%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E8%AD%B0%E9%95%B7" title="美國眾議院議長">众议长</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="美国参议院">参议院</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%BB%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="现任美国联邦参议员列表">现任联邦参议员</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E8%AD%B0%E9%95%B7" title="美國參議院臨時議長">临时参议长</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="美国副总统">副总统兼参议长</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="美国联邦司法机构">司法机构</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%8A%E8%AF%89%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="美国联邦上诉法院">上诉法院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="美国联邦地区法院">地区法院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="美国最高法院">最高法院</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="美国法律">法律</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="美国权利法案">权利法案</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的公民自由" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Civil liberties in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的公民自由(页面不存在)">公民自由</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Civil liberties in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Civil liberties in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8" title="聯邦規則彙編">联邦规则汇编</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="美国宪法">宪法</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的联邦制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federalism in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的联邦制(页面不存在)">联邦制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Federalism in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federalism in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E6%9D%83" title="联邦优先权">联邦优先权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" title="美國憲法中的權力分立">分权</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的公民权" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Civil rights in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的公民权(页面不存在)">民权</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Civil rights in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Civil rights in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国联邦法院判例报告" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federal Reporter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国联邦法院判例报告(页面不存在)">联邦报告</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reporter" class="extiw" title="en:Federal Reporter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federal Reporter</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="美国法典">美国法典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">最高法判例报告</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="美國情報體系">情报单位</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80" title="中央情报局">中央情报局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="美國國防情報局">国防情报局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title="联邦调查局">联邦调查局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="美國國家地理空間情報局">国家地理空间情报局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BE%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家侦察局">国家侦查局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家安全局">国家安全局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%A3" title="國家情報總監">国家情报总监办公室</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B6%E6%9C%8D%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="美国制服部队">制服单位</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="美国武装部队">武装力量</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B" title="美国陆军">陆军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E9%99%86%E6%88%98%E9%98%9F" title="美国海军陆战队">陆战队</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="美國海軍">海军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" title="美国空军">空军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="美國太空軍">太空軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E8%AD%A6%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="美国海岸警卫队">海岸警卫队</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%A6%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A" title="美國國民警衛隊">国民警卫队</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%9A%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%BD%B2%E8%BB%8D%E5%AE%98%E5%9C%98" title="美國國家海洋暨大氣總署軍官團">海洋大气管理局军官团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%86%9B%E5%AE%98%E5%9B%A2" title="美国公共卫生服务军官团">公共卫生服务军官团</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%AC%AC51%E5%B7%9E" title="美國第51州">第51州</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波多黎各的政治地位" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political status of Puerto Rico"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波多黎各的政治地位(页面不存在)">波多黎各的政治地位</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="en:Political status of Puerto Rico"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political status of Puerto Rico</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="波多黎各建州運動">波多黎各建州運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="華盛頓特區建州運動">華盛頓特區建州運動</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="美國選舉">选举</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%98%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="美國選舉人團制度">选举人团</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E4%BF%A1%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E4%BA%BA" title="失信选举人">失信选举人</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="政治行動委員會">政治行動委員會</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="美国外交">外交</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="美国外交政策">外交政策</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="夏威夷主权运动">夏威夷主权运动</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国政治思潮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political ideologies in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%80%9D%E6%BD%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国政治思潮(页面不存在)">政治思潮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Political ideologies in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political ideologies in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%BE%8E" title="反美">反美主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%8B%E5%A4%96%E8%AB%96" title="美國例外論">例外主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="美国民族主义">民族主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="美国地方政府">地方政府</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="政府委員會">政府委員會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="參事委員會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Board of supervisors"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%83%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="參事委員會(页面不存在)">參事委員會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_supervisors" class="extiw" title="en:Board of supervisors"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Board of supervisors</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遴選委員會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Board of selectmen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B4%E9%81%B8%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="遴選委員會(页面不存在)">遴選委員會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_selectmen" class="extiw" title="en:Board of selectmen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Board of selectmen</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8" title="美國政黨">政党</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="民主党 (美国)">民主党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="共和黨 (美國)">共和党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%9A_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="第三党 (美国)">第三党</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%9E%E8%88%87%E8%97%8D%E5%B7%9E" title="紅州與藍州">紅州與藍州</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%B7%9E_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="紫州 (美国)">紫色州</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国联邦政治丑闻列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of federal political scandals in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%91%E9%97%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国联邦政治丑闻列表(页面不存在)">丑闻</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:List of federal political scandals in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of federal political scandals in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="美国州政府">州政府</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9E%E9%95%B7_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="州長 (美國)">州长</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="州立法机关 (美国)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="State legislature (United States)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="州立法机关 (美国)(页面不存在)">州立法机关</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="en:State legislature (United States)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">State legislature (United States)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%84%E5%B7%9E%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="美国各州法院系统">州法院</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="帝王总统">帝王总统</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的腐败问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Corruption in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%85%90%E8%B4%A5%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的腐败问题(页面不存在)">腐败</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Corruption in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Corruption in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%AF%94%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9" title="薩克斯比修復">薩克斯比修復</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="美國經濟">经济</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="按类别划分的美国经济" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economy of the United States by sector"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%89%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%AB%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="按类别划分的美国经济(页面不存在)">门类</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of the United States by sector"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economy of the United States by sector</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="美国农业">农业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国银行业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Banking in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国银行业(页面不存在)">银行</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Banking in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Banking in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国传播业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Communications in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国传播业(页面不存在)">传播</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Communications in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Communications in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国能源业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国能源业(页面不存在)">能源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Energy in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国保险业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Insurance in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%A9%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国保险业(页面不存在)">保险</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Insurance in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Insurance in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E6%A5%AD" title="美國製造業">制造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%BF%E4%BA%A7%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="美国矿产资源">矿业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="美国科技">科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89" title="美國觀光">旅游</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国对外贸易" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Foreign trade of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国对外贸易(页面不存在)">外贸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Foreign trade of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Foreign trade of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国各州公司列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of companies of the United States by state"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%84%E5%B7%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国各州公司列表(页面不存在)">州别</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" class="extiw" title="en:List of companies of the United States by state"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of companies of the United States by state</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83" title="美元">货币</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國雕刻和印刷局" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%95%E5%88%BB%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E5%B1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美國雕刻和印刷局(页面不存在)">雕刻和印刷局</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" class="extiw" title="en:Bureau of Engraving and Printing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%91%84%E5%B9%A3%E5%B1%80" title="美國鑄幣局">鑄幣局</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%9F%8E%E9%93%B8%E5%B8%81%E5%B1%80" title="费城铸币局">費城</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E9%93%B8%E5%B8%81%E5%B1%80" title="丹佛铸币局">丹佛</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%BB%9E%E9%91%84%E5%B9%A3%E5%B1%80" title="西點鑄幣局">西點</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1%E9%93%B8%E5%B8%81%E5%B1%80" title="旧金山铸币局">舊金山</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国出口贸易列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of exports of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国出口贸易列表(页面不存在)">出口</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:List of exports of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of exports of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国联邦预算" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="United States federal budget"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%A2%84%E7%AE%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国联邦预算(页面不存在)">联邦预算</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" class="extiw" title="en:United States federal budget"><span lang="en" dir="auto">United States federal budget</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%82%A8%E5%A4%87%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="联邦储备系统">联邦储备系统</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国财务状况" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Financial position of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%A2%E5%8A%A1%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国财务状况(页面不存在)">财务状况</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Financial position of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Financial position of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%83" title="美國工會">工会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B5" title="美國國債">国债</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国社会事业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social programs in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国社会事业(页面不存在)">社会福利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Social programs in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social programs in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国税收" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taxation in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A8%8E%E6%94%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国税收(页面不存在)">税收</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Taxation in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taxation in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国失业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Unemployment in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%B1%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国失业(页面不存在)">失业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Unemployment in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Unemployment in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%B0%94%E8%A1%97" title="华尔街">华尔街</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="美國社會">社会</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="美国文化">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国特色" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Americana"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国特色(页面不存在)">特色</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana" class="extiw" title="en:Americana"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Americana</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="美国国旗">国旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81" title="美国国家象征">国家象征</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="哥伦比亚 (美国)">哥伦比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E%E5%83%8F" title="自由女神像">自由女神像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%94" title="山姆大叔">山姆大叔</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国民俗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Folklore of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国民俗(页面不存在)">民俗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Folklore of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Folklore of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%8A%82%E6%97%A5" title="美国节日">节日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="美国文学">文学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="偉大美國小說">偉大美國小說</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="美國建築">建筑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="美国电影">电影</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国戏剧" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theater in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国戏剧(页面不存在)">戏剧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Theater in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theater in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%A7%E9%9B%86" title="美国剧集">剧集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="美国音乐">音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="美國飲食">饮食</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="美国宗教">宗教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="美國哲學">哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:American philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的政治意识形态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political ideologies in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的政治意识形态(页面不存在)">政治意识形态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Political ideologies in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political ideologies in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%8F%8A%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="美国种族及民族">种族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="美國人">人民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="美国人口">人口</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="美國人口普查">人口普查</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="美国家庭结构">家庭结构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="美国教育">教育</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的受教育程度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Educational attainment in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%97%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的受教育程度(页面不存在)">受教育程度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Educational attainment in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Educational attainment in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美国的语言">语言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="美国英语">美国英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="美洲原住民語言">原住民语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="美國手語">手语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="美国黑人手语">黑人手语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="夏威夷手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hawai&#39;i Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="夏威夷手语(页面不存在)">夏威夷手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Hawai&#39;i Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hawai'i Sign Language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="平原印第安人手语">平原印第安人手语</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的阿拉伯语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arabic language in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的阿拉伯语(页面不存在)">阿拉伯语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Arabic language in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arabic language in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" title="美國漢語變體">汉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="美國的法語">法语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的德语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German language in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的德语(页面不存在)">德语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:German language in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German language in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的意大利语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italian language in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的意大利语(页面不存在)">意大利语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Italian language in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italian language in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的俄语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian language in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的俄语(页面不存在)">俄语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Russian language in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian language in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="美國的西班牙語">西班牙语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93" title="美国媒体">媒体</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国新闻史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of American journalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国新闻史(页面不存在)">新闻</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" class="extiw" title="en:History of American journalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of American journalism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国互联网" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internet in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国互联网(页面不存在)">互联网</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Internet in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internet in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国报业史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of American newspapers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国报业史(页面不存在)">报刊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" class="extiw" title="en:History of American newspapers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of American newspapers</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="美国电台">电台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="美國電視">电视</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%A7%93%E5%90%8D%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" title="美國的姓名規範">姓名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%A7%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="美国性文化">性</a>&#160;/&#32;<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国青少年的性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adolescent sexuality in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%80%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国青少年的性(页面不存在)">青少年的性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Adolescent sexuality in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adolescent sexuality in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2" title="美国体育">体育</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国舞蹈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dance in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国舞蹈(页面不存在)">舞蹈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Dance in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dance in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国时尚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fashion in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E5%B0%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国时尚(页面不存在)">时尚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Fashion in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fashion in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国电子游戏" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Video gaming in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国电子游戏(页面不存在)">电子游戏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gaming_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Video gaming in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Video gaming in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国视觉艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Visual art of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国视觉艺术(页面不存在)">视觉艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Visual art of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Visual art of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="美國社會階層">阶层</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%A6" title="美国梦">美国梦</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国中产阶级" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American middle class"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国中产阶级(页面不存在)">中产阶级</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class" class="extiw" title="en:American middle class"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American middle class</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国富裕阶层" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Affluence in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%8C%E8%A3%95%E9%98%B6%E5%B1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国富裕阶层(页面不存在)">富裕阶层</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Affluence in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Affluence in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国家庭收入" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Household income in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国家庭收入(页面不存在)">家庭收入</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Household income in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Household income in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国个人收入" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Personal income in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国个人收入(页面不存在)">个人收入</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Personal income in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Personal income in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国收入不平等问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Income inequality in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国收入不平等问题(页面不存在)">收入不平等</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Income inequality in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Income inequality in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%AB%E5%9B%B0%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="美国贫困问题">贫困</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国生活标准" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Standard of living in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国生活标准(页面不存在)">生活标准</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Standard of living in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Standard of living in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国学历" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Educational attainment in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国学历(页面不存在)">学历</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Educational attainment in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Educational attainment in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%BF%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%A2%E8%87%AA%E6%9C%89%E7%8E%87" title="房地產自有率">自置居所</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的无家可归者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Homelessness in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%AF%E5%BD%92%E8%80%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的无家可归者(页面不存在)">无家可归</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Homelessness in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Homelessness in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的驱逐情况" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eviction in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%B1%E9%80%90%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的驱逐情况(页面不存在)">驱逐</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Eviction in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eviction in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%83" title="美國工會">工会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="美國交通">交通</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%93" title="美國國道">美國國道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9E%E9%9A%9B%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="州際公路系統">州际公路系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="美國鐵路運輸">铁路</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="美國鐵路運輸史">历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="美国国铁">美国国铁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B5%E5%AE%A2%E8%BB%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美國國鐵客車列表">客车</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国航空业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aviation in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国航空业(页面不存在)">美国航空业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Aviation in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aviation in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">议题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的健康问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的健康问题(页面不存在)">健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Health in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5" title="美國醫療保健">医疗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="美國醫療保險">医保</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%82%A5%E8%83%96%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="美国的肥胖问题">肥胖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的吸烟问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tobacco in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%B8%E7%83%9F%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的吸烟问题(页面不存在)">吸烟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Tobacco in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tobacco in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的饥饿问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hunger in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E9%A5%A5%E9%A5%BF%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的饥饿问题(页面不存在)">饥饿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Hunger in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hunger in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的堕胎问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abortion in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%A0%95%E8%83%8E%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的堕胎问题(页面不存在)">堕胎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Abortion in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abortion in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8C%E6%84%8F%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84" title="美国同意年龄">同意年龄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="美國人權">人权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8BLGBT%E6%AC%8A%E7%9B%8A" title="美國LGBT權益">LGBT权利</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="美国同性婚姻">同性婚姻</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的双性人权利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intersex rights in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8C%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的双性人权利(页面不存在)">双性人权利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Intersex rights in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intersex rights in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的歧视问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Discrimination in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的歧视问题(页面不存在)">歧视</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Discrimination in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Discrimination in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E6%9D%83%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美国的平权法案">平权法案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="美国种族主义">种族主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的反犹太主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antisemitism in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的反犹太主义(页面不存在)">反犹太主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Antisemitism in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antisemitism in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的伊斯兰恐惧" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamophobia in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的伊斯兰恐惧(页面不存在)">伊斯兰恐惧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Islamophobia in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamophobia in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="美国的犯罪问题">犯罪</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9B%91%E7%A6%81%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="美国监禁制度">监禁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="美国死刑制度">死刑</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="对美国政府的批评" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Criticism of the United States government"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="对美国政府的批评(页面不存在)">批评</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" class="extiw" title="en:Criticism of the United States government"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Criticism of the United States government</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%A7%8D%E6%94%AF%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="美國槍支政策">枪支政策</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国联邦毒品政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federal drug policy of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国联邦毒品政策(页面不存在)">毒品政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Federal drug policy of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federal drug policy of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国能源政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy policy of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国能源政策(页面不存在)">能源政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Energy policy of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy policy of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国环境保护运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental movement in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国环境保护运动(页面不存在)">环保运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental movement in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental movement in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的移民问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immigration to the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的移民问题(页面不存在)">移民</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration to the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immigration to the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的非法移民" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Illegal immigration to the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的非法移民(页面不存在)">非法移民</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Illegal immigration to the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Illegal immigration to the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的国际排名" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International rankings of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的国际排名(页面不存在)">美国的国际排名</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:International rankings of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International rankings of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的国家安全" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National security of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的国家安全(页面不存在)">国家安全</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:National security of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National security of the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E7%9B%91%E6%8E%A7" title="美国的大规模监控">大规模监控</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的恐怖主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Terrorism in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的恐怖主义(页面不存在)">恐怖主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Terrorism in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Terrorism in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国的政教分离" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Separation of church and state in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的政教分离(页面不存在)">政教分离</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Separation of church and state in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Separation of church and state in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="美国公民宗教">美国公民宗教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="Category:美国">分类</a></b></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="Portal:美國">主题</a></b></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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