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the 17th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_the_17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding charter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Susquehannock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Susquehannock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Relations with the Susquehannock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Susquehannock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Border disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>With Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>With Pennsylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>With New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Lords_Baltimore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lords_Baltimore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Lords Baltimore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lords_Baltimore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietarial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietarial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Proprietarial rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietarial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Protestant_Revolution_of_1689" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Protestant_Revolution_of_1689"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Protestant Revolution of 1689</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Protestant_Revolution_of_1689-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plantations_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantations_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Plantations and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plantations_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The 18th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_18th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The 18th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>The American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Province of Maryland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Maryland" title="Provincia de Maryland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia de Maryland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_du_Maryland" title="Province du Maryland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Province du Maryland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%B4%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A7%80" title="메릴랜드 식민지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메릴랜드 식민지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4_(%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Մերիլենդ (պրովինցիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մերիլենդ (պրովինցիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Maryland" title="Provinsi Maryland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Provinsi Maryland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_del_Maryland" title="Provincia del Maryland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Provincia del Maryland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="פרובינציית מרילנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרובינציית מרילנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="メリーランド植民地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メリーランド植民地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Maryland" title="Província de Maryland – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Província de Maryland" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowincja_Maryland" title="Prowincja Maryland – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prowincja Maryland" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Maryland" title="Província de Maryland – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Província de Maryland" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Maryland" title="Provincia Maryland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Provincia Maryland" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Мэриленд (провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мэриленд (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Province of Maryland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylandin_provinssi" title="Marylandin provinssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marylandin provinssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsen_Maryland" title="Provinsen Maryland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Provinsen Maryland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Kolonisi" title="Maryland Kolonisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maryland Kolonisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Меріленд (провінція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Меріленд (провінція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="صوبہ میری لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صوبہ میری لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%89nh_Maryland" title="Tỉnh Maryland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tỉnh Maryland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E7%9C%81" title="马里兰省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马里兰省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2452027#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Maryland Palatinate<br />Province of Maryland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1632–1776</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvert_family_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Maryland"><img alt="Flag of Maryland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Calvert_family_banner.svg/125px-Calvert_family_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Calvert_family_banner.svg/188px-Calvert_family_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Calvert_family_banner.svg/250px-Calvert_family_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg/125px-English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg/188px-English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg/250px-English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div>Top: <b>Maryland Palatinate</b><br /><span class="nowrap">(1632-1654)</span><br />Bottom: <b>Province of Maryland</b><br /><span class="nowrap">(1634-1776)</span></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Cecil_Calvert.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Maryland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Maryland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Cecil_Calvert.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Cecil_Calvert.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Cecil_Calvert.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Cecil_Calvert.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Cecil_Calvert.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Cecil_Calvert.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Maryland"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_maryland_counties_Fredrick,Baltimore_(7th_RGT).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Province of Maryland in 1776; Many Palatines settled in Western Maryland"><img alt="Map of the Province of Maryland in 1776; Many Palatines settled in Western Maryland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_maryland_counties_Fredrick%2CBaltimore_%287th_RGT%29.PNG/250px-Map_of_maryland_counties_Fredrick%2CBaltimore_%287th_RGT%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_maryland_counties_Fredrick%2CBaltimore_%287th_RGT%29.PNG/375px-Map_of_maryland_counties_Fredrick%2CBaltimore_%287th_RGT%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_maryland_counties_Fredrick%2CBaltimore_%287th_RGT%29.PNG/500px-Map_of_maryland_counties_Fredrick%2CBaltimore_%287th_RGT%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="436" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the Province of Maryland in 1776; Many <a href="/wiki/Palatines" title="Palatines">Palatines</a> settled in Western Maryland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary Palatinate</a> (1632–1654)<br />Colony of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (1634–1707)<br />Colony of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (1707–1776)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_City,_Maryland" title="St. Mary's City, Maryland">St. Mary's City</a> <small>(1634–1695)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a> <small>(from 1695)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English, <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_dialects" title="Palatine German dialects">Palatine German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piscataway_language" title="Piscataway language">Piscataway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Maryland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary colony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Royal Proprietor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1634–1675 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore">Lord Baltimore, 2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1751–1776 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore">Lord Baltimore, 6th</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proprietary Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1634–1647 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Leonard Calvert</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1769–1776 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Eden,_1st_Baronet,_of_Maryland" title="Sir Robert Eden, 1st Baronet, of Maryland">Robert Eden</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">General Assembly</a><br />(1634-1774)<br /><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1774%E2%80%931776)" title="Annapolis Convention (1774–1776)">Annapolis Convention</a><br />(1774-1776)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1632</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1776</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maryland_pound" title="Maryland pound">Maryland pound</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/20px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/30px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/40px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Province of Maryland</b><sup id="cite_ref-charter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> and later <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> from 1634<sup id="cite_ref-sudiedoggettwike_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sudiedoggettwike-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1776, when the province was one of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> that joined in supporting the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. In 1781, Maryland was the 13th signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>. The province's first settlement and capital was in <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_City,_Maryland" title="St. Mary's City, Maryland">St. Mary's City</a>, located at the southern end of <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_County,_Maryland" title="St. Mary's County, Maryland">St. Mary's County</a>, a peninsula in the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> bordered by four tidal rivers. </p><p>The province began in 1632 as the <b>Maryland Palatinate</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-claytoncolmanhall_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claytoncolmanhall-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary palatinate</a> granted to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore">Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore</a>, whose father, George, had long sought to found a colony in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> to serve as a refuge for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palatines" title="Palatines">Palatines</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> also immigrated to Maryland, with many settling in <a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland" title="Frederick County, Maryland">Fredrick County</a>, with <b>Maryland Palatines</b> (<a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine German</a>: <i lang="pfl">Marylandisch Pälzer</i>) reaching a population of 50,000 by 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-marylandpalatines_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marylandpalatines-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Provincial Maryland served as an early pioneer of religious toleration in the English colonies. However, religious strife among <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, Catholics, and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> was common in the early years and Puritan rebels briefly seized control of the province. Later, in 1689, the year following the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/John_Coode_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="John Coode (Governor of Maryland)">John Coode</a> led a rebellion that removed Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, from power in Maryland. That power was restored to the Baltimore family in 1715 after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore</a>, declared in public that he was a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>. </p><p>Despite early competition with the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia colony">colony of Virginia</a> to its south, and the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland Dutch">Holland Dutch</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> to its north, the province of Maryland developed along similar lines to Virginia. Its early settlements and population centers tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay, and, like Virginia, Maryland's economy quickly became centered on the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> for sale in Europe. </p><p>However, after tobacco prices collapsed, the need for cheap labor to accommodate the mixed farming economy that followed led to a rapid expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade#Atlantic_triangular_slave_trade" title="Triangular trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> and the concomitant <a href="/wiki/American_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="American slavery">American enslavement of Africans</a>—as well as the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> and British <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation#Great_Britain_and_the_British_Empire" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a>. Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maryland was an active participant in the events leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, echoing events in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> by establishing <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of correspondence">committees of correspondence</a> and hosting its own <a href="/wiki/Chestertown_Tea_Party" title="Chestertown Tea Party">tea party</a> similar to the one that <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">took place in Boston</a>. By 1776 the old order had been overthrown as Maryland's colonial representatives signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, presaging the end of British colonial rule. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_in_the_17th_century">Origins in the 17th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins in the 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">History of Maryland</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Maryland" title="Category:Years in Maryland">By year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Maryland" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Maryland">Pre-statehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">U.S. Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland#1865.E2.80.931920" title="History of Maryland">Post-Civil War</a></li> <li>Topics: <i><a href="/wiki/Category:Maritime_history_of_Maryland" title="Category:Maritime history of Maryland">Maritime history</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maryland" title="Portal:Maryland">Maryland portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of Maryland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of Maryland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Maryland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Maryland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_charter">Founding charter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding charter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenriettaYoung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/HenriettaYoung.jpg/170px-HenriettaYoung.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/HenriettaYoung.jpg/255px-HenriettaYoung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/HenriettaYoung.jpg/340px-HenriettaYoung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Henrietta Maria, the English queen after whom the colony was named</figcaption></figure> <p>The Catholic <a href="/wiki/George_Calvert,_1st_Baron_Baltimore" title="George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore">George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore</a> (1579–1632), former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a> to King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a>, wished to create a haven for <a href="/wiki/English_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="English Catholics">English Catholics</a> in the New World. After having visited the Americas and founded a colony in the future <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Avalon_(Newfoundland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalon (Newfoundland)">Avalon</a>", he convinced the King to grant him a second territory in more southern, temperate climes. Upon Baltimore's death in 1632 the grant was transferred to his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore">Cecil</a>, the 2nd Baron Baltimore. </p><p>On June 20, 1632, Charles granted the original charter for <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a> of about twelve million acres (49,000 km<sup>2</sup>), to the 2nd Baron Baltimore. Some historians view this grant as a form of compensation for the 2nd Lord Baltimore's father's having been stripped of his title of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> upon announcing his <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholicism</a> in 1625. <sup id="cite_ref-sparky_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparky-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever the reason for granting the colony specifically to Lord Baltimore, however, the King had practical reasons to create a colony north of the Potomac in 1632. The colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> begun by England's great imperial rival in this era, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a>, specifically claimed the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> valley and was vague about its border with Virginia. Charles rejected all the Dutch claims on the Atlantic seaboard, but was anxious to bolster English claims by formally occupying the territory. The new colony was named after the devoutly Catholic Queen <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Maria">Henrietta Maria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by an agreement between the 1st Lord Baltimore and King Charles I.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonial Maryland was considerably larger than the present-day State of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. The original charter granted the Calverts a province with a boundary line that started "from the promontory or headland, called Watkin's Point, situate upon the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">bay aforesaid</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Pocomoke_River" title="Pocomoke River">river Wighco</a> on the West, unto the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">main ocean</a> on the east; and between that boundary on the south, unto that part of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">bay of Delaware</a> on the north, which lyeth under the <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40th degree of north latitude</a> from the aequinoctial, where New England is terminated."<sup id="cite_ref-portrait_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portrait-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p. 116</sup> The boundary line would then continue westward along the fortieth parallel "unto the true meridian of the first fountain of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">river Pattowmack</a>". From there, the boundary continued south to the southern bank of the Potomac River, continue along the southern river bank to the Chesapeake Bay, and "thence by the shortest line unto the aforesaid promontory, or place, called Watkin's Point."<sup id="cite_ref-portrait_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portrait-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p. 38.</sup> Based on this deceptively imprecise description of the boundary, the land may have comprised up to 18,750 square miles (48,600 km<sup>2</sup>), 50% larger than today's State.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Province_of_Maryland" title="Special:EditPage/Province of Maryland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Province+of+Maryland%22">"Province of Maryland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Province+of+Maryland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Province+of+Maryland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Province+of+Maryland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Province+of+Maryland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Province+of+Maryland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryland_Dove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maryland_Dove.jpg/160px-Maryland_Dove.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maryland_Dove.jpg/240px-Maryland_Dove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maryland_Dove.jpg/320px-Maryland_Dove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>1975 reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Dove" title="Maryland Dove">Maryland Dove</a></i> at St. Mary's City</figcaption></figure> <p>In Maryland, Baltimore sought to create a haven for English Catholics and to demonstrate that Catholics and Protestants could live together peacefully, even issuing the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Toleration_Act" title="Maryland Toleration Act">Act Concerning Religion</a> in matters of religion. The 1st Lord Baltimore was himself a convert to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, a considerable political setback for a nobleman in 17th-century England, where Catholics could easily be considered enemies of the crown and potential traitors to their country. Like other aristocratic proprietors, he also hoped to turn a profit on the new colony. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Marys_City_Historic_District_Catholic_Church_Jul_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St_Marys_City_Historic_District_Catholic_Church_Jul_09.JPG/200px-St_Marys_City_Historic_District_Catholic_Church_Jul_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St_Marys_City_Historic_District_Catholic_Church_Jul_09.JPG/300px-St_Marys_City_Historic_District_Catholic_Church_Jul_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St_Marys_City_Historic_District_Catholic_Church_Jul_09.JPG/400px-St_Marys_City_Historic_District_Catholic_Church_Jul_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Catholic church at St Mary's City</figcaption></figure> <p>The Calvert family recruited Catholic aristocrats and Protestant settlers for Maryland, luring them with generous land grants and a policy of religious toleration. To try to gain settlers, Maryland used what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Headright_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Headright system">headright system</a>, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>. Settlers were given 50 acres (20 ha) of land for each person they brought into the colony, whether as settler, <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servant</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave</a>. </p><p>Of the 200 or so initial settlers who traveled to Maryland on the ships <i>Ark</i> and <i>Dove,</i> the majority were Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-Knott_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knott-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 22, 1633, Lord Baltimore sent the first settlers to the new colony, and after a long voyage with a stopover to resupply in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ark_(ship)" title="The Ark (ship)">Ark</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Dove" title="Maryland Dove">Dove</a></i> landed on March 25, 1634 (thereafter celebrated as "<a href="/wiki/Maryland_Day" title="Maryland Day">Maryland Day</a>"), at <a href="/wiki/Blackistone_Island_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackistone Island Light">Blackistone Island</a>, thereafter known as <a href="/wiki/St._Clement%27s_Island_State_Park" title="St. Clement's Island State Park">St. Clement's Island</a>, off the northern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, upstream from its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point_Lookout_State_Park" title="Point Lookout State Park">Point Lookout</a>. The new settlers were led by Lord Baltimore's younger brother the Honorable <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Calvert" title="Leonard Calvert">Leonard Calvert</a>, whom Baltimore had delegated to serve as governor of the new colony.<sup id="cite_ref-Knott_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knott-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> The Native Americans in Maryland were a peaceful people who welcomed the English. At the time of the founding of the Maryland colony, approximately forty tribes consisting of 8,000 – 10,000 people lived in the area. They were fearful of the colonists' guns, but welcomed trade for metal tools. The Native Americans who were living in the location where the colonists first settled were called the Yaocomico Indians. The colonists gave the Yaocomico Indians cloth, hatchets, and hoes in exchange for the right to settle on the land. The Yaocomico Indians allowed the English settlers to live in their houses, a type of longhouse called a witchott. The Indians also taught the colonists how to plant corn, beans, and squash, as well as where to find food such as clams and oysters.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Here at <a href="/wiki/St._Clement%27s_Island_State_Park" title="St. Clement's Island State Park">St. Clement's Island</a> they raised a large cross, and led by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_White_(missionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew White (missionary)">Father Andrew White</a> celebrated Mass. The new settlement was called "<a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_City,_Maryland" title="St. Mary's City, Maryland">St. Mary's City</a>" and it became the first capital of Maryland. It remained so for sixty years until 1695 when the colony's capital was moved north to the more central, newly established "Anne Arundel's Town (also briefly known as "Providence") and later renamed as "<a href="/wiki/Annapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis">Annapolis</a>". </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relics_of_Maryland_Palatines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Relics_of_Maryland_Palatines.jpg/200px-Relics_of_Maryland_Palatines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Relics_of_Maryland_Palatines.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palatines" title="Palatines">Maryland Palatine</a> relics</figcaption></figure> <p>More settlers soon followed. The tobacco crops that they had planted from the outset were very successful and quickly made the new colony profitable. However, given the incidence of malaria and typhoid, life expectancy in Maryland was about 10 years less than in New England.<sup id="cite_ref-iha_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iha-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Historic St. Mary's City" (a historic preservationist/tourism agency) has been established to protect what is left of the ruins of the original 17th-century village, and several reconstructed, government buildings, little of which remained intact. With the exception of several periods of rebellion by early Protestants and later colonists, the colony/province remained under the control of the several Lords Baltimore until 1775–1776, when it joined with other colonies in <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">rebellion</a> against Great Britain and eventually became the independent and sovereign <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Susquehannock">Relations with the Susquehannock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relations with the Susquehannock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The establishment of the Province of Maryland disrupted the trade relationship between Virginia colonists and the <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a>, an Iroquoian-speaking tribe that lived in the lower Susquehanna River valley. Following a raid on a <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> mission in 1641, the Governor of Maryland declared the Susquehannock "enemies of the province." A few attempts were made to organize a military campaign, however, it was not until 1643 that an ill-fated expedition was mounted. The Susquehannock inflicted numerous casualties on the English and captured two cannon. 15 prisoners were taken and afterwards tortured to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennings_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennings-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_Herrman_1670_Map_Virginia_Maryland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Augustine_Herrman_1670_Map_Virginia_Maryland.jpg/220px-Augustine_Herrman_1670_Map_Virginia_Maryland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Augustine_Herrman_1670_Map_Virginia_Maryland.jpg/330px-Augustine_Herrman_1670_Map_Virginia_Maryland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Augustine_Herrman_1670_Map_Virginia_Maryland.jpg/440px-Augustine_Herrman_1670_Map_Virginia_Maryland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3202" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption>Augustine Herrman's 1670 Map of Virginia and Maryland. The Susquehannock village appears at the far right of the map.</figcaption></figure><p> Raids on Maryland continued intermittently until 1652. In the winter of 1652, the Susquehannock were attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> (Iroquois), and although the attack was repulsed, it led to the Susquehannock negotiating the <a href="/wiki/1652_Articles_of_Peace_and_Friendship" title="1652 Articles of Peace and Friendship">Articles of Peace and Friendship</a> with Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennings_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennings-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Susquehannock relinquished their claim to territory on either side of Chesapeake Bay, and reestablished a trading relationship with the English.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Haudenosaunee raid in 1660 led Maryland to expand its treaty with the Susquehannock into an alliance. The Maryland assembly authorized armed assistance, and described the Susquehannock as "a Bullwarke and Security of the Northern Parts of this Province." A detachment of 50 soldiers was sent to help defend the Susquehannock town against Haudenosaunee attacks. Despite suffering a smallpox epidemic in 1661, the Susquehannock easily withstood a siege in 1663, and destroyed a Haudenosaunee war party in 1666.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennings_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennings-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1675, epidemics and years of war had taken their toll on the Susquehannock. They abandoned their village on the Susquehanna River and moved south into Maryland. Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_3rd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore">Charles Calvert</a> invited them to settle on the Potomac River above the <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_(Potomac_River)" title="Great Falls (Potomac River)">Great Falls</a>, however, the Susquehannock instead chose to occupy a site on <a href="/wiki/Piscataway_Creek" title="Piscataway Creek">Piscataway Creek</a> where they erected a palisaded fort. In July 1675, a group of Virginians chasing <a href="/wiki/Doeg_people" title="Doeg people">Doeg</a> raiders crossed the Potomac into Maryland and mistakenly killed several Susquehannock. Subsequent raids in Virginia and Maryland were blamed on the tribe. In September 1675, a thousand-man expedition against the Susquehannock was mounted by militia from Virginia and Maryland led by <a href="/wiki/John_Washington" title="John Washington">John Washington</a> and Thomas Truman. After arriving at the Susquehannock town, Truman and Washington summoned five sachems to a parley, but then had them summarily executed. Sorties during the ensuing six-week siege resulted in 50 English deaths. In early November, the Susquehannock escaped the siege under cover of darkness, killing ten of the militia as they slept.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Susquehannock crossed the Potomac and took refuge in the Piedmont of Virginia. Two encampments were established on the <a href="/wiki/Meherrin_River" title="Meherrin River">Meherrin River</a> near the village of the Siouan-speaking <a href="/wiki/Occaneechi" title="Occaneechi">Occaneechi</a>. In January 1676, the Susquehannock raided plantations in Virginia, killing 36 colonists. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bacon_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Nathaniel Bacon (Virginia colonist)">Nathaniel Bacon</a>, unhappy with Governor Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">William Berkeley</a>'s response to the raids, organized a volunteer militia to hunt down the Susquehannock. Bacon persuaded the Occaneechi to attack the closest Susquehannock encampment. After the Occaneechi returned with Susquehannock prisoners, Bacon turned on his allies and indiscriminately massacred Occaneechi men, women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Susquehannock refugees fled to hunting camps on the North Branch of the Potomac or took refuge with the Lenape. Some refugees returned to the Susquehanna River in 1676 and established a palisaded village near the site of their previous village. This village was also abandoned when the inhabitants merged with the Haudenosaunee a few years later.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_disputes">Border disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Border disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_new_map_of_Virginia,_Maryland,_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg/495px-A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg/660px-A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6709" data-file-height="5889" /></a><figcaption><i>A new map of Virginia, Maryland, and the improved parts of Pennsylvania & New Jersey</i> by Christopher Browne, 1685</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="With_Virginia">With Virginia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: With Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1629, <a href="/wiki/George_Calvert,_1st_Lord_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore">George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore</a>, "driven by 'the sacred duty of finding a refuge for his Catholic brethren'",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> applied to <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> for a royal charter to establish a colony south of Virginia. He also wanted a share of the fortunes being made in <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> in Virginia, and hoped to recoup some of the financial losses he had sustained in his earlier colonial venture in Newfoundland.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_1967_42–43_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart_1967_42–43-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1631, <a href="/wiki/William_Claiborne" title="William Claiborne">William Claiborne</a>, a Puritan from Virginia, received a royal trading commission granting him the right to trade with the natives in all lands in the mid-Atlantic where there was not already a patent in effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claiborne established a trading post on <a href="/wiki/Kent_Island,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent Island, Maryland">Kent Island</a> on May 28, 1631. </p><p>Meanwhile, back in London, the Privy Council persuaded Lord Baltimore to accept instead a charter for lands north of the Virginia colony, in order to put pressure on the Dutch settlements further north along the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson Rivers</a>. Calvert agreed, but died in 1632 before the charter was formally signed by King Charles I. The Royal Grant and Charter for the new colony of Maryland was then granted to his son, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore">Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore</a>, on June 20, 1632.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This placed Claiborne on Calvert land. Claiborne refused to recognize Lord Baltimore's charter and rights, or the authority of his brother Leonard as governor. </p><p>Following the arrest of one of his agents for trading in Maryland waters without a license in 1635, Claiborne fitted out an armed ship. There ensued a naval battle on April 23, 1635, by the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Pocomoke_River" title="Pocomoke River">Pocomoke River</a> during which three Virginians were killed. Following this battle, Leonard Calvert captured Kent Island by force in February 1638.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1644, during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, Claiborne led an uprising of Protestants in what came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Plundering_Time" title="Plundering Time">Plundering Time</a>, also known as "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion", and retook Kent Island. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ingle" title="Richard Ingle">Richard Ingle</a> (Claiborne's co-commander) seized control of <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_City,_Maryland" title="St. Mary's City, Maryland">St. Mary's City</a>, the capital of the Maryland colony. Catholic Governor Calvert escaped to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Colony">Virginia Colony</a> which remained nominally loyal to the crown until 1652.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protestant pirates began plundering the property of anyone who did not swear allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, mainly Catholics. The rebellion was put down in 1647 by Governor Calvert. </p><p>The victory of Parliament in England renewed old tensions. This led to the 1655 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Severn" title="Battle of the Severn">Battle of the Severn</a>, at the settlement of "Providence" (present-day <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>). Moderate Protestants and Catholics loyal to Lord Baltimore, under the command of <a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(Maryland_governor)" title="William Stone (Maryland governor)">William Stone</a>, met Puritans loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> from Providence under the command of Captain William Fuller. 17 of Stone's men and two Puritans were killed, resulting in victory for the Puritans. </p><p>The issue of the ongoing Claiborne grievance was finally settled by an agreement reached in 1657. Lord Baltimore gave Claiborne amnesty for all of his offenses, Virginia laid aside any claim it had to Maryland territory, and Claiborne was indemnified with extensive land grants in Virginia for his loss of Kent Island.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiske_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiske-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Multiple colonial charters, two negotiated settlements by the states in 1785 and 1958, an arbitrated agreement in 1877, and several Supreme Court decisions have defined how Maryland and Virginia would deal with the Potomac River as a boundary line, and shaped the boundary on the Eastern Shore (separating <a href="/wiki/Accomack_County,_Virginia" title="Accomack County, Virginia">Accomack County, Virginia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Maryland" title="Worcester County, Maryland">Worcester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerset_County,_Maryland" title="Somerset County, Maryland">Somerset counties</a> in Maryland)."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="With_Pennsylvania">With Pennsylvania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: With Pennsylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penn%E2%80%93Calvert_boundary_dispute" title="Penn–Calvert boundary dispute">Penn–Calvert boundary dispute</a></div> <p>The border dispute with Pennsylvania continued and led to <a href="/wiki/Cresap%27s_War" title="Cresap's War">Cresap's War</a>, a conflict between settlers from Pennsylvania and Maryland fought in the 1730s. Hostilities erupted in 1730 with a series of violent incidents prompted by disputes over property rights and law enforcement, and escalated through the first half of the decade, culminating in the deployment of military forces by Maryland in 1736 and by Pennsylvania in 1737. The armed phase of the conflict ended in May 1738 with the intervention of King George II, who compelled the negotiation of a cease-fire. A provisional agreement had been established in 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-hubbard_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hubbard-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maryland lost some of its original territory to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in the 1660s when <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> granted the Penn family, owners of Pennsylvania, a tract that overlapped the Calvert family's Maryland grant. For 80 years the powerful Penn and Calvert families had <a href="/wiki/Penn%E2%80%93Calvert_Boundary_Dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn–Calvert Boundary Dispute">feuded over overlapping Royal grants</a>. Surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon mapped the Maryland-Pennsylvania border in 1767, setting out the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="With_New_York">With New York</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: With New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1672, Lord Baltimore declared that Maryland included the settlement of Whorekills on the west shore of the Delaware Bay, an area under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a> (as the British had renamed New Netherland after taking possession in 1664). A force was dispatched which attacked and captured this settlement. New York could not immediately respond because New York was soon recaptured by the Dutch. This settlement was restored to the Province of New York when New York was recaptured from the Dutch in November, 1674.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lords_Baltimore">The Lords Baltimore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Lords Baltimore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calvert_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvert family">Calvert family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_George_Calvert_by_Daniel_Mytens_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baron_George_Calvert_by_Daniel_Mytens_I.jpg/220px-Baron_George_Calvert_by_Daniel_Mytens_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baron_George_Calvert_by_Daniel_Mytens_I.jpg/330px-Baron_George_Calvert_by_Daniel_Mytens_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baron_George_Calvert_by_Daniel_Mytens_I.jpg/440px-Baron_George_Calvert_by_Daniel_Mytens_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Calvert,_1st_Baron_Baltimore" title="George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore">George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore</a> (1579–1631), Secretary of State under King James I, applied in 1629 for a charter to establish a colony in the Mid-Atlantic area of North America, but died five weeks before it was issued.<sup id="cite_ref-Browne_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browne-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore">Caecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore</a> (1605–1675), inherited both his father's title and his charter, which was granted in 1632. He was named for <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Sir Robert Cecil, first Earl of Salisbury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-browne4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browne4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> principal <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a>, whom Calvert had met during an extended trip to Europe between 1601 and 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-Browne_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browne-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than go to the colony himself, Baltimore stayed behind in England to deal with the political opposition raised by supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia Colony</a> and sent his next younger brother <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Calvert" title="Leonard Calvert">Leonard</a> in his stead. Caecilius never travelled to Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_3rd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore">Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore</a> (1637–1715), sailed to Maryland in 1661 as a young man of 24, becoming the first member of the Calvert family to take personal charge of the colony. He was appointed deputy governor by his father and, when the 2nd Lord Baltimore died in 1675, Charles inherited Maryland, becoming governor in his own right. During his tenure the price of tobacco began to decline, causing economic hardship especially among the poor. A hurricane in 1667 devastated the tobacco crop.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1684, the 3rd Lord Baltimore traveled to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in regard to a border dispute with <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>. He never returned to Maryland. In his absence the Protestant Revolution of 1689 took control of the colony. That year the family's royal charter was also withdrawn, and Maryland became a Royal Colony.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedict_Leonard_Calvert,_4th_Baron_Baltimore_(1715).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Benedict_Leonard_Calvert%2C_4th_Baron_Baltimore_%281715%29.jpg/220px-Benedict_Leonard_Calvert%2C_4th_Baron_Baltimore_%281715%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Benedict_Leonard_Calvert%2C_4th_Baron_Baltimore_%281715%29.jpg/330px-Benedict_Leonard_Calvert%2C_4th_Baron_Baltimore_%281715%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Benedict_Leonard_Calvert%2C_4th_Baron_Baltimore_%281715%29.jpg/440px-Benedict_Leonard_Calvert%2C_4th_Baron_Baltimore_%281715%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Calvert,_4th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore">Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Calvert,_4th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore">Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore</a> (1679–1715) understood that the chief impediment to the restoration of his family's title to Maryland was the question of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_p.79_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman_p.79-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1713 he converted to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, despite his father cutting off his support. He also withdrew his son Charles from a Jesuit school, largely for political reasons. Henceforth father and son would worship within the Church of England, much to the disgust of his father Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, who maintained his Catholic faith despite the political drawbacks, until his death in February 1715.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_p.79_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman_p.79-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict became the Fourth Lord Baltimore upon his father's death in February 1715 and immediately petitioned <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George I</a> to reinstate the family's charter. However, the 4th Lord Baltimore survived his father by only two months, dying himself in April 1715.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore</a> (1699–1751) was the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> through his maternal grandmother, Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield, the illegitimate daughter of the king's mistress, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Palmer,_1st_Duchess_of_Cleveland" title="Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland">Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland</a>. The Province of Maryland was restored to the control of the <a href="/wiki/Calvert_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvert family">Calvert family</a> by King George I when around 1715 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore</a>, swore publicly that he was a Protestant and had embraced the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> faith.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore,_by_Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_(1750).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frederick_Calvert%2C_6th_Baron_Baltimore%2C_by_Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_%281750%29.jpg/220px-Frederick_Calvert%2C_6th_Baron_Baltimore%2C_by_Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_%281750%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frederick_Calvert%2C_6th_Baron_Baltimore%2C_by_Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_%281750%29.jpg/330px-Frederick_Calvert%2C_6th_Baron_Baltimore%2C_by_Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_%281750%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frederick_Calvert%2C_6th_Baron_Baltimore%2C_by_Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_%281750%29.jpg/440px-Frederick_Calvert%2C_6th_Baron_Baltimore%2C_by_Johann_Ludwig_Tietz_%281750%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Frederick Calvert, 6th and last Baron Baltimore, "conceited, frivolous, and dissipated"<sup id="cite_ref-epsom_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsom-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore">Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore</a> (1731–1771) inherited from his father the title Baron Baltimore and the <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary Governor">Proprietary Governorship</a> of the Province of Maryland in 1751. The 6th Lord Baltimore wielded immense power in Maryland, which <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">was then a colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, administered directly by the Calverts.<sup id="cite_ref-famouspeople_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-famouspeople-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick's inheritance coincided with a period of rising discontent in Maryland, amid growing demands by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assembly" title="Legislative assembly">legislative assembly</a> for an end to his family's authoritarian rule. Frederick, however, remained aloof from the colony and never set foot in it in his lifetime. He lived a life of leisure, writing verse and regarding the Province of Maryland as little more than a source of revenue. The colony was ruled through governors appointed by the 6th Lord Baltimore. His frequent travels made him difficult to contact and meant that Maryland was largely ruled without him. His personal life was extremely scandalous by the standards of the time, and this contributed to growing unrest in his colony. In 1758, his wife "died from a hurt she received by a fall out of a <a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)" title="Phaeton (carriage)">Phaeton carriage</a>" while accompanied by her husband. Although Frederick was suspected of foul play, no charges were ever brought.<sup id="cite_ref-epsom_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsom-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Frederick died in 1771, by which time relations between Britain and her American colonies were fast deteriorating. In his will, Frederick left his proprietary Palatinate of Maryland to his eldest illegitimate son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harford" title="Henry Harford">Henry Harford</a>, then aged just 13. The colony, perhaps grateful to be rid of Frederick at last, recognized Harford as Calvert's heir. However, the will was challenged by the family of Frederick's sister, Louisa Calvert Browning, who did not recognize Harford's inheritance. Before the case could grind its way through the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a>, Maryland had become engulfed by the American Revolution and by 1776 was at war with Britain. Henry Harford would ultimately lose almost all his colonial possessions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietarial_rule">Proprietarial rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proprietarial rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lord Baltimore held all the land directly from the King for the payment of "two Indian arrowheads annually and one fifth of all gold and silver found in the colony."<sup id="cite_ref-charter_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maryland's foundation charter was drafted in feudal terms and based on the practices of the ancient <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham" title="County Palatine of Durham">County Palatine of Durham</a>, which existed until 1646. He was given the rights and privileges of a <a href="/wiki/Palatine_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine lord">Palatine lord</a>, and the extensive authority that went with it. The Proprietor had the right and power to establish courts and appoint judges and magistrates, to enforce all laws, to grant titles, to erect towns, to pardon all offenses, to found churches, to call out the fighting population and wage war, to impose martial law, to convey or lease the land, and to levy duties and tolls.<sup id="cite_ref-charter_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as elsewhere in English North America, English political institutions were re-created in the colonies, and the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</a> fulfilled much the same function as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews,_p.70_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews,_p.70-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An act was passed providing that: </p> <dl><dd>"from henceforth and for ever everyone being of the council of the Province and any other gentleman of able judgement summoned by writ (and the Lord of every Manor within this Province after Manors be erected) shall and may have his voice, seat, and place in every General Assembly. together with two or more able and sufficient men for the hundred as the said freedmen or the major part of them ... shall think good".</dd></dl> <p>In addition, the Lord Proprietor could summon any delegates whom he was pleased to select.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some ways the General Assembly was an improvement upon the institutions of the mother country. In 1639, noting that Parliament had not been summoned in England for a decade, the free men of Maryland passed an act to the effect that "assemblies were to be called once in every three years at the least," ensuring that their voices would be regularly heard.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews,_p.70_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews,_p.70-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to immigration, by 1660 the population of the Province had gradually become predominantly Protestant. Political power remained concentrated in the hands of the largely Catholic elite. Most councilors were Catholics and many were related by blood or marriage to the Calverts, enjoying political patronage and often lucrative offices such as commands in the militia or sinecures in the Land Office.<sup id="cite_ref-Brugger_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brugger-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_conflict">Religious conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_Broadside_on_the_Maryland_Toleration_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Large_Broadside_on_the_Maryland_Toleration_Act.jpg/400px-Large_Broadside_on_the_Maryland_Toleration_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Large_Broadside_on_the_Maryland_Toleration_Act.jpg/600px-Large_Broadside_on_the_Maryland_Toleration_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Large_Broadside_on_the_Maryland_Toleration_Act.jpg/800px-Large_Broadside_on_the_Maryland_Toleration_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Toleration_Act" title="Maryland Toleration Act">Maryland Toleration Act</a>, passed in 1649</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Maryland was an early pioneer of religious toleration in the British colonies, religious strife among <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Catholics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> was common in the early years, and Puritan rebels briefly seized control of the province. In 1644 the dispute with William Claiborne led to armed conflict. Claiborne seized Kent Island while his associate, the pro-Parliament Puritan Richard Ingle, took over St. Mary's.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both used religion as a tool to gain popular support. From 1644 to 1646, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Plundering_Time" title="Plundering Time">Plundering Time</a>" was a period of civil unrest aggravated by the tensions of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1641–1651). Leonard Calvert returned from exile with troops, recaptured St. Mary's City, and eventually restored order.<sup id="cite_ref-Knott_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knott-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1649 Maryland passed the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Toleration_Act" title="Maryland Toleration Act">Maryland Toleration Act</a>, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians. Passed on September 21, 1649, by the assembly of the Maryland Colony, it was the first law requiring religious tolerance in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> North American colonies. In 1654, after the <a href="/wiki/Third_English_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third English Civil War">Third English Civil War</a> (1649–1651), Parliamentary (<a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a>) forces assumed control of Maryland for a time. </p><p>When dissidents pressed for an established church, Caecilius Calvert's noted that Maryland settlers were "<a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, those of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Romish</a> being the fewest ... it would be a most difficult task to draw such persons to consent unto a Law which shall compel them to maintaine ministers of a contrary perswasion to themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-Brugger_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brugger-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1650, Maryland had 10 churches with <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">regular services</a> which included all 5 Catholic churches in the colonies at the time, 4 <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Anglican</a> churches, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregational</a> church.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> (1730–1755), the number of regular places of worship in Maryland grew to 94 in 1750 (50 Anglican, 18 <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">Presbyterian</a>, 15 Catholic, 4 <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptist</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Dutch Reformed</a>, and 3 <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the colony gaining an additional 110 regular places of worship to a total of 204 by 1776 (51 Episcopal, 30 Catholic, 29 Presbyterian, 26 <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Friends</a>, 21 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">Methodism</a>, 16 <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Reformed Church in the United States">German Reformed</a>, 16 Lutheran, 5 Baptist, 5 <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">German Baptist Brethren</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Dutch Reformed</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church_in_North_America" title="Moravian Church in North America">Moravian</a>, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Church_(1683%E2%80%932002)" title="Mennonite Church (1683–2002)">Mennonite</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Protestant_Revolution_of_1689">The Protestant Revolution of 1689</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Protestant Revolution of 1689"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Revolution_(Maryland)" title="Protestant Revolution (Maryland)">Protestant Revolution (Maryland)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Darnall_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Henry_Darnall_I.JPG/150px-Henry_Darnall_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Henry_Darnall_I.JPG/225px-Henry_Darnall_I.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Henry_Darnall_I.JPG 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Col. Henry Darnall, Deputy Governor of Maryland and a Catholic</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1689, Maryland <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, by now a substantial majority in the colony, revolted against the <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary Governor">proprietary government</a>, in part because of the apparent preferment of Catholics like Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_Darnall" title="Henry Darnall">Henry Darnall</a> to official positions of power. Led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Coode_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="John Coode (Governor of Maryland)">John Coode</a>, an army of 700 Puritans defeated a proprietarial army led by Colonel Darnall.<sup id="cite_ref-roarke_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roarke-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darnall later wrote: "Wee being in this condition and no hope left of quieting the people thus enraged, to prevent effusion of blood, capitulated and surrendered." The victorious Coode and his Puritans set up a new government that outlawed <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, and Darnall was deprived of all his official roles.<sup id="cite_ref-roarke_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roarke-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coode's government was, however, unpopular; and <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> installed a Crown-appointed governor in 1692. This was <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Copley" title="Lionel Copley">Lionel Copley</a> who governed Maryland until his death in 1694 and was replaced by Francis Nicholson.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this "<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Revolution_(Maryland)" title="Protestant Revolution (Maryland)">Protestant Revolution</a>" in Maryland, Darnall was forced, like many other Catholics, to maintain a secret chapel in his home in order to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mass">Catholic Mass</a>. In 1704, an Act was passed "to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province", preventing Catholics from holding political office.<sup id="cite_ref-roarke_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roarke-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full religious toleration would not be restored in Maryland until the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, when Darnall's great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a>, arguably the wealthiest Catholic in Maryland, signed the <a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American Declaration of Independence">American Declaration of Independence</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plantations_and_economy">Plantations and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plantations and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Maryland" title="History of slavery in Maryland">History of slavery in Maryland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1640</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">583</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1650</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,504</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+672.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1660</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,426</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+87.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1670</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,226</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+57.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1680</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">17,904</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+35.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1690</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,024</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,604</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1710</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">42,741</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1720</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">66,133</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1730</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">91,113</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+37.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1740</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">116,093</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1750</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">141,073</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1760</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">162,267</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1770</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">202,599</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1780</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">245,474</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: 1640–1760;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1770–1780<sup id="cite_ref-Colonial_and_Pre-Federal_Statistics_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonial_and_Pre-Federal_Statistics-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobacco_cultivation_(Virginia,_ca._1670).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tobacco_cultivation_%28Virginia%2C_ca._1670%29.jpg/300px-Tobacco_cultivation_%28Virginia%2C_ca._1670%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tobacco_cultivation_%28Virginia%2C_ca._1670%29.jpg/450px-Tobacco_cultivation_%28Virginia%2C_ca._1670%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tobacco_cultivation_%28Virginia%2C_ca._1670%29.jpg/600px-Tobacco_cultivation_%28Virginia%2C_ca._1670%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco was the main export crop in the colonial era and involved much hand labor, usually by slaves. 1670 painting from Virginia</figcaption></figure> <p>Early settlements and population centers tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. In the 17th century, most Marylanders lived in rough conditions on small farms. While they raised a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, and livestock, the main cash crop was <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, which soon dominated the province's economy. </p><p>The Province of Maryland developed along lines very similar to those of Virginia. Tobacco was used as money, and the colonial legislature was obliged to pass a law requiring tobacco planters to raise a certain amount of corn as well, in order to ensure that the colonists would not go hungry. Like Virginia, Maryland's economy quickly became centered around the farming of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> for sale in Europe. The need for cheap labor to help with the growth of tobacco, and later with the mixed farming economy that developed when tobacco prices collapsed, led to a rapid expansion of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> and, later, forcible immigration and <a href="/wiki/American_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="American slavery">enslavement of Africans</a>. </p><p>By 1730 there were public tobacco warehouses every fourteen miles. Bonded at £1,000 sterling, each inspector received from £25 to £60 as annual salary. Four hogsheads of 950 pounds were considered a ton for London shipment. Ships from English ports did not need port cities; they called at the wharves of warehouses or plantations along the rivers for tobacco and the next year returned with goods the planters had ordered from the shops of London.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the plantations, much land was operated by independent farmers who rented from the proprietors, or owned it outright. They emphasized subsistence farming to grow food for their large families. Many of the Irish and Scottish immigrants specialized in rye-whiskey making, which they sold to obtain cash.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_18th_century">The 18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryland_Laws_1727.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maryland_Laws_1727.jpg/200px-Maryland_Laws_1727.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maryland_Laws_1727.jpg/299px-Maryland_Laws_1727.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Maryland_Laws_1727.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Maryland Laws 1727</figcaption></figure> <p>Maryland developed into a <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> colony by the 18th century. In 1700 there were about 25,000 people and by 1750 that had grown more than 5 times to 130,000. By 1755, about 40% of Maryland's population was black.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maryland planters also made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servants">indentured servants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal labor">penal labor</a>. An extensive system of <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> facilitated the movement of produce from inland plantations and farms to the Atlantic coast for export. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, on the Patapsco River, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, was the second-most important port in the 18th-century South, after <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(Maryland_doctor)" title="Alexander Hamilton (Maryland doctor)">Dr. Alexander Hamilton</a> (1712–1756) was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis. Leo Lemay says his 1744 travel diary <i>Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton</i> is "the best single portrait of men and manners, of rural and urban life, of the wide range of society and scenery in colonial America."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Abbé Claude C. Robin, a chaplain in the army of <a href="/wiki/General_Rochambeau" class="mw-redirect" title="General Rochambeau">General Rochambeau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who travelled through Maryland during the Revolutionary War, described the lifestyle enjoyed by families of wealth and status in the colony: </p> <dl><dd>[Maryland houses] are large and spacious habitations, widely separated, composed of a number of buildings and surrounded by plantations extending farther than the eye can reach, cultivated ... by unhappy black men whom European avarice brings hither. ...Their furniture is of the most costly wood, and rarest marbles, enriched by skilful and artistic work. Their elegant and light carriages are drawn by finely bred horses, and driven by richly apparelled slaves."<sup id="cite_ref-Yentsch_p.265_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yentsch_p.265-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The first printing press was introduced to the Province of Maryland in 1765 by a German immigrant, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hasselbach_(printer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Hasselbach (printer)">Nicholas Hasselbach</a>, whose equipment was later used in the printing of Baltimore's first newspapers, <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Maryland#Defunct" title="List of newspapers in Maryland"><i>The Maryland Journal</i> and <i>The Baltimore Advertiser</i></a>, first published by <a href="/wiki/William_Goddard_(publisher)" title="William Goddard (publisher)">William Goddard</a> in 1773.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wroth1938-41_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wroth1938-41-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late colonial period, the southern and eastern portions of the Province continued in their tobacco economy, but as the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> approached, northern and central Maryland increasingly became centers of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> production. This helped drive the expansion of interior farming towns like <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick</a> and Maryland's major port city of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_American_Revolution">The American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland in the American Revolution</a></div> <p>Up to the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the Province of Maryland was one of two colonies that remained an <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> being the other.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> in 1776, with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Thomas Stone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (United States)">Declaration of Independence</a> for the colony. In the 1776–77 debates over the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, Maryland delegates led the party that insisted that states with western land claims cede them to the Confederation government, and in 1781 Maryland became the last state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. It accepted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> more readily, ratifying it on April 28, 1788. </p><p>Maryland also gave up some territory to create the new <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maryland" title="Portal:Maryland">Maryland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of colonial governors of Maryland">List of colonial governors of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_families_of_Maryland" title="Colonial families of Maryland">Colonial families of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">History of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Maryland" title="History of slavery in Maryland">History of slavery in Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cresap" title="Thomas Cresap">Thomas Cresap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Baltimore_penny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord Baltimore penny (page does not exist)">Lord Baltimore penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colonial_Maryland" title="Economic history of Colonial Maryland">Economic history of Colonial Maryland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-charter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charter_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charter_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charter_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ma01.asp">"The Charter of Maryland : 1632"</a>. <i>avalon.law.yale.edu</i>. December 18, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=The+Charter+of+Maryland+%3A+1632&rft.date=1998-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F17th_century%2Fma01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sudiedoggettwike-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sudiedoggettwike_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudie_Doggett_Wike2022" class="citation book cs1">Sudie Doggett Wike (2022). <i>German Footprints in America, Four Centuries of Immigration and Cultural Influence</i>. McFarland Incorporated Publishers. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Footprints+in+America%2C+Four+Centuries+of+Immigration+and+Cultural+Influence&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=McFarland+Incorporated+Publishers&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Sudie+Doggett+Wike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-claytoncolmanhall-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-claytoncolmanhall_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton_Colman_Hall1902" class="citation book cs1">Clayton Colman Hall (1902). <i>The Lords Baltimore and the Maryland Palatinate, Six Lectures on Maryland Colonial History Delivered Before the Johns Hopkins University in the Year 1902</i>. J. Murphy Company. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lords+Baltimore+and+the+Maryland+Palatinate%2C+Six+Lectures+on+Maryland+Colonial+History+Delivered+Before+the+Johns+Hopkins+University+in+the+Year+1902&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=J.+Murphy+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Clayton+Colman+Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marylandpalatines-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marylandpalatines_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Robertson_Jones1904" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Robertson Jones (1904). <i>The Colonization of the Middle States and Maryland</i>. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonization+of+the+Middle+States+and+Maryland&rft.pages=205&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Frederick+Robertson+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1896" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, James Davie (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1262177">"British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 12–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1833611">10.2307/1833611</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833611">1833611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=British+Convicts+Shipped+to+American+Colonies&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-33&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1833611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1833611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=James+Davie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1262177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sparky-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sparky_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks1846" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Jared (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RBsNAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Library of American Biography: George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore</i></a>. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RBsNAAAAIAAJ/page/n30">16</a>–. <q>Leonard Calvert.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+American+Biography%3A+George+Calvert%2C+the+first+Lord+Baltimore&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Little+and+James+Brown&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_RBsNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/name.html">"Maryland's Name & Queen Henrietta Maria"</a>. <i>Mdarchives.state.md.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mdarchives.state.md.us&rft.atitle=Maryland%27s+Name+%26+Queen+Henrietta+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdarchives.state.md.us%2Fmsa%2Fmdmanual%2F01glance%2Fhtml%2Fname.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Copeland Stickles, <i>A Crown for Henrietta Maria: Maryland's Namesake Queen</i> (1988), p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-portrait-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portrait_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-portrait_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dozer, Donald Marquand. <i>Portrait of The Free State: A History of Maryland</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Virginia+and+Her+Neighbours&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+company&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Foldvirginiaandh01fiskgoog%23page%2Fn414%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiaplaces.org/boundaries/mdboundary.html">"Virginia-Maryland Boundary"</a>, Virginia Places, accessed October 13, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hubbard-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hubbard_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2009" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Bill Jr. (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanboundari00jrbi"><i>American Boundaries: the Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanboundari00jrbi/page/n35">21</a>–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35591-7"><bdi>978-0-226-35591-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Boundaries%3A+the+Nation%2C+the+States%2C+the+Rectangular+Survey&rft.pages=21-23&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-35591-7&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Bill+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanboundari00jrbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Danson, <i>Drawing the Line: How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browne-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browne_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browne_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1890" class="citation book cs1">Browne, William Hand (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9kwOAAAAIAAJ"><i>George Calvert and Cecil Calvert: Barons Baltimore of Baltimore</i></a>. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Calvert+and+Cecil+Calvert%3A+Barons+Baltimore+of+Baltimore&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=William+Hand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9kwOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-browne4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-browne4_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browne, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browne, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugger1996" class="citation book cs1">Brugger, Robert J. (September 25, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNspu2FxwUwC&dq=charles+calvert+baltimore&pg=PA776"><i>Maryland, A Middle Temperament: 1634-1980</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5465-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5465-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-5465-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maryland%2C+A+Middle+Temperament%3A+1634-1980&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1996-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5465-1&rft.aulast=Brugger&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNspu2FxwUwC%26dq%3Dcharles%2Bcalvert%2Bbaltimore%26pg%3DPA776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3glPliBVA8UC&dq=charles+calvert+baltimore&pg=PA87">Princes of Ireland, Planters of Maryland: A Carroll Saga, 1500-1782</a> Hoffman, Ronald, <i>Princes of Ireland, Planters of Maryland: A Carroll Saga, 1500–1782</i> Retrieved Jan 24 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman_p.79-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_p.79_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_p.79_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3glPliBVA8UC&dq=benedict+leonard+calvert&pg=PA79">Hoffman, Ronald, p.79, <i>Princes of Ireland, Planters of Maryland: A Carroll Saga, 1500–1782</i></a> Retrieved August 9, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epsom-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epsom_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epsom_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/CalvertF.html">"Frederick Calvert"</a>. <i>Epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk&rft.atitle=Frederick+Calvert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk%2FCalvertF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-famouspeople-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-famouspeople_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1022.html">"Frederick Calvert"</a>. <i>Aboutfamouspeople.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aboutfamouspeople.com&rft.atitle=Frederick+Calvert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutfamouspeople.com%2Farticle1022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews,_p.70-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews,_p.70_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews,_p.70_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brugger-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brugger_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brugger_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNspu2FxwUwC&dq=calvert+baltimore+sweden+delaware&pg=PA38">Brugger, Robert J., p. 38, <i>Maryland, a Middle Temperament 1634–1980</i></a> Retrieved July 26, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1999" class="citation book cs1">Purvis, Thomas L. (1999). Balkin, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/179"><i>Colonial America to 1763</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Facts on File</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816025275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816025275"><bdi>978-0816025275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+America+to+1763&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0816025275&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialamericat00purv_0%2Fpage%2F179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1999" class="citation book cs1">Purvis, Thomas L. (1999). Balkin, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/181"><i>Colonial America to 1763</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Facts on File</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/181">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816025275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816025275"><bdi>978-0816025275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+America+to+1763&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0816025275&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialamericat00purv_0%2Fpage%2F181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1995" class="citation book cs1">Purvis, Thomas L. (1995). Balkin, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816025282/page/198"><i>Revolutionary America 1763 to 1800</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Facts on File</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816025282/page/198">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816025282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816025282"><bdi>978-0816025282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+America+1763+to+1800&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0816025282&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780816025282%2Fpage%2F198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roarke-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roarke_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roarke_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roarke_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ybHa6D24qQC&dq=henry+darnall&pg=PA78">Roark, Elisabeth Louise, p. 78, Artists of colonial America</a> Retrieved February 22, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Findling, Frank W. Thackeray, <i>Events that Changed America Through the Seventeenth Century</i>, pp. 133–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1999" class="citation book cs1">Purvis, Thomas L. (1999). Balkin, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/128"><i>Colonial America to 1763</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Facts on File</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/128">128–129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816025275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816025275"><bdi>978-0816025275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+America+to+1763&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0816025275&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialamericat00purv_0%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colonial_and_Pre-Federal_Statistics-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colonial_and_Pre-Federal_Statistics_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/CT1970p2-13.pdf">"Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. p. 1168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonial+and+Pre-Federal+Statistics&rft.pages=1168&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprod2%2Fstatcomp%2Fdocuments%2FCT1970p2-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gloria_L._Main" title="Gloria L. Main">Gloria L. Main</a>, <i>Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650–1720</i> (1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. A. Werner, <i>Tobaccoland A Book About Tobacco; Its History, Legends, Literature, Cultivation, Social and Hygienic Influences</i> (1922)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory A. Stiverson, <i>Poverty in a Land of Plenty: Tenancy in Eighteenth-Century Maryland</i> (Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Mack Faragher, ed., <i>The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America</i> (New York: Facts on File, 1990), p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.A. Leo Lemay, <i>Men of Letters in Colonial Maryland</i> (1972) p 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball1899" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, Gertrude Selwyn (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-BCAAAAIAAJ&q=abbe+robin&pg=PA95"><i>Pictures of Rhode Island in the Past, 1642-1833</i></a>. Providence, R, I.: Preston and Rounds. p. 95<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictures+of+Rhode+Island+in+the+Past%2C+1642-1833&rft.place=Providence%2C+R%2C+I.&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Preston+and+Rounds&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Gertrude+Selwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-BCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dabbe%2Brobin%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yentsch_p.265-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yentsch_p.265_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJX672KW8TMC&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert+steuart&pg=PA260">Yentsch, Anne E, p. 265, <i>A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: a Study in Historical Archaeology</i>, Cambridge University Press (1994)</a> Retrieved Jan 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#thomas1874a">Thomas, 1874</a>, p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wroth1938-41-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wroth1938-41_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#wroth1938">Wroth, 1938</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#wroth1922">Wroth, 1922</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1982" class="citation journal cs1">Marks, Bayly Ellen (1982). "Rural Response to Urban Penetration: Baltimore and St. Mary's County, Maryland, 1790–1840". <i>Journal of Historical Geography</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 113–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-7488%2882%2990001-9">10.1016/0305-7488(82)90001-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Geography&rft.atitle=Rural+Response+to+Urban+Penetration%3A+Baltimore+and+St.+Mary%27s+County%2C+Maryland%2C+1790%E2%80%931840&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-27&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0305-7488%2882%2990001-9&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Bayly+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">America's Founding Charters: Primary Documents of Colonial and Revolutionary Era Governance, Volume 1 by Jon. L. Wakelyn. 2006. p. 109.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_of_Maryland" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Charter of Maryland">Charter of Maryland</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Andrews, Matthew Page, <i>History of Maryland</i>, Doubleday, New York (1929)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol12/iss2/1">Everstine, Carl N. "The Establishment of Legislative Power in Maryland", 12 <i>Maryland Law Review</i> 99 (1951)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="thomas1874a" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Isaiah (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprintin01thom"><i>The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers</i></a>. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+printing+in+America%2C+with+a+biography+of+printers&rft.pub=New+York%2C+B.+Franklin&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprintin01thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="wroth1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_C._Wroth" title="Lawrence C. Wroth">Wroth, Lawrence C.</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprintin00wrotuoft"><i>A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland, 1686–1776</i></a>. Baltimore : Typothetae of Baltimore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Printing+in+Colonial+Maryland%2C+1686%E2%80%931776&rft.pub=Baltimore+%3A+Typothetae+of+Baltimore&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Wroth&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprintin00wrotuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="wroth1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_C._Wroth" title="Lawrence C. Wroth">Wroth, Lawrence C.</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialprinter00wrot"><i>The Colonial Printer</i></a>. Portland, Me., The Southworth-Anthoensen press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Printer&rft.pub=Portland%2C+Me.%2C+The+Southworth-Anthoensen+press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Wroth&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialprinter00wrot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Maryland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Province_of_Maryland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Province of Maryland">Province of Maryland</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Our_Country_Vol_1/colonialh_ig.html">Colonial history of Maryland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usahistory.info/southern/Maryland.html"><i>History of USA</i>, 1904, Maryland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5815">George Alsop on the condition of indentured servants in Maryland, 1663</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template talk:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirteen_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> (1607–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maryland</a> (1632–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (1664–1673; 1702–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1681–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a> (1691–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> (1732–1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Other British colonial entities in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a> (1585–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham</a> (1607–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> (1607–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred" title="Berkeley Hundred">Berkeley Hundred</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> (1620–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Maine</a> (1622–1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> (1625–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolana" title="Carolana">Carolana</a> (1629–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (1629–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> (1635–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> (1638–1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> (1643–1654; 1675–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> (1663–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> (1670–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (1670–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a> (1779–1783; 1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> (1810–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (1811–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen Territories</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> (1863–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">Province of British Columbia</a> (1871–1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a> (1492–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> <ul><li>1521–1821; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, 1565–1763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, 1565–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a>, 1580–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>, 1607–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Spanish Saint Croix</a>, 1650–1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1767–1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Spanish East Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> <ul><li>1534–1763; <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a>, 1562–1565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller Saint Croix</a>, 1651–1665</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#Former_French_West_Indian_islands" title="French West Indies">French Saint Croix</a>, 1665–1733</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (1614–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Dutch Virgin Islands</a> (1625–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> (1638–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> (1672–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">Brandenburger Saint Thomas</a> (1685–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Krabbeninsel</a> (1689–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Scottish Darien Company</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> (1799–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Related Documents</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_Concerning_Western_Planting" title="Discourse Concerning Western Planting">Discourse Concerning Western Planting</a> <small>(1584)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a> <small>(1620)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a> <small>(1622)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a> <small>(1630–1651)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut" title="Fundamental Orders of Connecticut">Fundamental Orders of Connecticut</a> <small>(1638)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintipartite_Deed" title="Quintipartite Deed">Quintipartite Deed</a> <small>(1676)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Category:Thirteen Colonies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maryland" title="Portal:Maryland">Maryland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/31px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/40px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2452027#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5036471-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081755">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119692135">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119692135">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553209405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_Maryland&params=38_11_21_N_76_25_56_W_region:US-MD_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°11′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°25′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.18917°N 76.43222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.18917; -76.43222</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&oldid=1254829389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Maryland&oldid=1254829389</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1632_establishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1632 establishments in the British Empire">1632 establishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1776_disestablishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1776 disestablishments in the British Empire">1776 disestablishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Maryland" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Maryland">Pre-statehood history of Maryland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Category:Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_English_colonies" title="Category:Former English colonies">Former English colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1632" title="Category:States and territories established in 1632">States and territories established in 1632</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1776" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1776">States and territories disestablished in 1776</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Province_of_Maryland" title="Category:Province of Maryland">Province of Maryland</a></li><li><a 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