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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Effects by alcohol level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_by_alcohol_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Estimation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estimation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Estimation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Estimation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Direct measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_breathalyzer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_breathalyzer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>By breathalyzer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_breathalyzer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>By intake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_standard_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_standard_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>By standard drinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_standard_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>By training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-mortem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-mortem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Post-mortem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-mortem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Test_assumptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test_assumptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Test assumptions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Test_assumptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Test assumptions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Test_assumptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extrapolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrapolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Extrapolation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrapolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highest_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Highest levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85" title="تركيز الكحول في الدم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيز الكحول في الدم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxa_d%27alcohol%C3%A8mia" title="Taxa d'alcoholèmia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taxa d'alcoholèmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholpromille" title="Alkoholpromille – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alkoholpromille" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutalkoholkonzentration" title="Blutalkoholkonzentration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blutalkoholkonzentration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere_alkoholisisaldus" title="Vere alkoholisisaldus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vere alkoholisisaldus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_de_alcoholemia" title="Control de alcoholemia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Control de alcoholemia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="محتوای الکل خون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محتوای الکل خون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcool%C3%A9mie" title="Alcoolémie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcoolémie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%88%EC%A4%91_%EC%95%8C%EC%BD%94%EC%98%AC_%EB%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="혈중 알코올 농도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혈중 알코올 농도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="രക്തത്തിലെ മദ്യാംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രക്തത്തിലെ മദ്യാംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholpromillage" title="Alcoholpromillage – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alcoholpromillage" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholpromille" title="Alkoholpromille – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alkoholpromille" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qondagi_alkogol_tarkibi" title="Qondagi alkogol tarkibi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qondagi alkogol tarkibi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawarto%C5%9B%C4%87_alkoholu_we_krwi" title="Zawartość alkoholu we krwi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zawartość alkoholu we krwi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor_alco%C3%B3lico_no_sangue" title="Teor alcoólico no sangue – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teor alcoólico no sangue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoolemie" title="Alcoolemie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alcoolemie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Определение содержания алкоголя в крови – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Определение содержания алкоголя в крови" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="خەستیی ئەلکھول لە خوێندا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەستیی ئەلکھول لە خوێندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" title="血液酒精濃度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="血液酒精濃度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metric of alcohol intoxication</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical diagnostic method </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Blood alcohol content</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethanol-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/290px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/435px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/580px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blood alcohol concentration, blood ethanol concentration, blood alcohol level, blood alcohol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LOINC" title="LOINC">LOINC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/5639-0.html?sections=Comprehensive">5639-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/5640-8.html?sections=Comprehensive">5640-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/15120-9.html?sections=Comprehensive">15120-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/56478-1.html?sections=Comprehensive">56478-1</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Blood alcohol content</b> (<b>BAC</b>), also called <b>blood alcohol concentration</b> or <b>blood alcohol level</b>, is a measurement of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">alcohol intoxication</a> used for legal or medical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Med2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BAC is expressed as mass of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> per volume of blood. In the US and many international publications, BAC levels are written as a percentage such as 0.08%, meaning that there is 0.08 g of alcohol for every 100 <abbr title="milliliters">mL</abbr> of blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Med2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In different countries, the maximum permitted BAC when driving ranges from the <a href="/wiki/Limit_of_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of detection">limit of detection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero tolerance</a>) to 0.08%.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BAC levels above 0.40% are potentially fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-Med2019_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units_of_measurement">Units of measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Units of measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BAC is generally defined as a fraction of weight of alcohol per volume of blood, with an <a href="/wiki/SI_coherent_derived_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI coherent derived unit">SI coherent derived unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_per_cubic_metre" title="Kilogram per cubic metre">kg/m<sup>3</sup></a> or equivalently grams per liter (g/L). Countries differ in how this quantity is normally expressed. Common formats are listed in the table below. For example, the US and many international publications present BAC as a percentage, such as 0.05%. This would be interpreted as 0.05 grams per deciliter of blood. This same concentration could be expressed as 0.5‰ or 50 mg% in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sign</th> <th>Units</th> <th>Used in </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 percent (%), 1 g%<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>1 g/dL</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>1 cg/mL</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>10 g/L</span> = 1 g/100 mL</td> <td>US, Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a> (‰)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 g/L</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 mg/mL</span> = 100 mg/1 dL</td> <td>Austria,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgium,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Czech Republic,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Denmark,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> France,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latvia,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lithuania,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Netherlands,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Romania,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Russia,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Slovenia,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Switzerland,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Turkey<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Milligram_per_cent" title="Milligram per cent">mg%</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998099999999999999♠"></span>1 mg/dL</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998100000000000000♠"></span>0.01 g/L</span> = 1 mg/100 mL</td> <td>United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland, Canada, New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is also possible to use other units. For example, in the 1930s Widmark measured alcohol and blood by mass, and thus reported his concentrations in units of g/kg or mg/g, weight alcohol per weight blood. Blood is denser than water and 1 mL of blood has a mass of approximately 1.055 grams, thus a mass-volume BAC of 1 g/L corresponds to a mass-mass BAC of 0.948 mg/g. Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Germany, and Switzerland use mass-mass concentrations in their laws,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this distinction is often skipped over in public materials,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implicitly assuming that 1 L of blood weighs 1 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a>, it is common to use the <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">moles</a>, to quantify the dose. As the <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a> of ethanol is 46.07 g/mol, a BAC of 1 g/L is 21.706 mmol/L (21.706 mM).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_by_alcohol_level">Effects by alcohol level</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effects by alcohol level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"">Alcohol level </th> <th rowspan="2">Effects </th> <th rowspan="2">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <th>BAC (%) </th> <th>per mille (‰) </th> <th>mg (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>0.01 – 0.05 </td> <td>0.1 – 0.5 </td> <td>10 – 50 </td> <td>Mild relaxation and reduced <a href="/wiki/Social_inhibition" title="Social inhibition">social inhibition</a>; impaired judgment and coordination </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.06 – 0.2 </td> <td>0.6 – 2 </td> <td>60 – 200 </td> <td>Emotional swings, impaired vision, hearing, speech, and <a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">motor skills</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.2 – 0.3 </td> <td>2 – 3 </td> <td>200 – 300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, and symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">alcohol intoxication</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.3 – 0.4 </td> <td>3 – 4 </td> <td>300 – 400 </td> <td>Potential total loss of consciousness; signs of severe alcohol intoxication </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>> 0.4 </td> <td>> 4 </td> <td>> 400 </td> <td>Potentially fatal, may result in a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The magnitude of sensory impairment may vary in people of differing weights.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism" title="National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism">NIAAA</a> defines the term "<a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a>" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estimation">Estimation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Estimation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_measurement">Direct measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Direct measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blood samples for BAC analysis are typically obtained by taking a venous blood sample from the arm. A variety of methods exist for determining blood-alcohol concentration in a blood sample.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubowski_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubowski-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forensic laboratories typically use <a href="/wiki/Headspace_gas_chromatography_for_dissolved_gas_measurement" title="Headspace gas chromatography for dissolved gas measurement">headspace-gas chromatography</a> combined with mass spectrometry or flame ionization detection,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as this method is accurate and efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubowski_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubowski-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hospitals typically use <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique" title="Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique">enzyme multiplied immunoassay</a>, which measures the co-enzyme <a href="/wiki/NADH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADH">NADH</a>. This method is more subject to error but may be performed rapidly in parallel with other blood sample measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, BAC is determined by measuring the serum level and then converting to whole blood by dividing by the factor 1.236. This calculation underestimates BAC by 4% to 10% compared to other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_breathalyzer">By breathalyzer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By breathalyzer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/170px-Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/255px-Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/340px-Breathalyser_%27pint%27_glass_-_2023-03-27_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Joke "Breathalyser 'pint<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" beer glass, about 2 inches tall, dating from around the time of the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">breathalyzers</a> in the United Kingdom, in 1967</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></div> <p>The amount of alcohol on the breath can be measured, without requiring drawing blood, by blowing into a <a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">breathalyzer</a>, resulting in a breath alcohol content (BrAC). The BrAC specifically correlates with the concentration of alcohol in arterial blood, satisfying the equation <span class="texhtml">BAC<sub>arterial</sub> = BrAC × 2251 ± 46</span>. Its correlation with the standard BAC found by drawing venous blood is less strong.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurisdictions vary in the statutory conversion factor from BrAC to BAC, from 2000 to 2400. Many factors may affect the accuracy of a breathalyzer test,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they are the most common method for measuring alcohol concentrations in most jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_intake">By intake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: By intake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology_of_ethanol#Modeling" title="Pharmacology of ethanol">Pharmacology of ethanol § Modeling</a></div> <p>Blood alcohol content can be quickly estimated by a model developed by Swedish professor Erik Widmark in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The model corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacokinetic">pharmacokinetic</a> single-compartment model with instantaneous absorption and <a href="/wiki/Zero-order_kinetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-order kinetics">zero-order kinetics</a> for elimination. The model is most accurate when used to estimate BAC a few hours after drinking a single dose of alcohol in a fasted state, and can be within 20% <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation" title="Coefficient of variation">CV</a> of the true value.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not at all realistic for the absorption phase, and is not accurate for BAC levels below 0.2 g/L (alcohol is not eliminated as quickly as predicted) and consumption with food (overestimating the peak BAC and time to return to zero).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones2011_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equation varies depending on the units and approximations used, but in its simplest form is given by:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EBAC={\frac {A}{V_{d}}}-\beta \times T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EBAC={\frac {A}{V_{d}}}-\beta \times T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8cdc1a6ecd6ab58b7cf7fc40aaf803b04909d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.08ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EBAC={\frac {A}{V_{d}}}-\beta \times T}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">EBAC</span> is the estimated blood alcohol concentration (in g/L)</li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> is the mass of alcohol consumed (g).</li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> is the amount time during which alcohol was present in the blood (usually time since consumption began), in hours.</li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">β</span> is the rate at which alcohol is <a href="/wiki/Elimination_(pharmacology)" title="Elimination (pharmacology)">eliminated</a>, averaging around 0.15 g/L/hr.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">V<sub>d</sub></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">volume of distribution</a> (L); typically body weight (kg) multiplied by 0.71 L/kg for men and 0.58 L/kg for women<sup id="cite_ref-MaskellVd_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaskellVd-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MaskellMass_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaskellMass-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although estimation using TBW is more accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A standard drink, defined by the WHO as 10 grams of pure alcohol,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_AUDIT_EN_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_AUDIT_EN-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_drink#Definitions_in_various_countries" title="Standard drink">most frequently used measure in many countries</a>. Examples: </p> <ul><li>A 80 kg man drinks 20 grams ethanol. After one hour:</li></ul> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EBAC=20/(0.71\cdot 80)-(0.148\cdot 1)\approx 0.204{\text{g/L}}=0.0204\%{\text{BAC}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>20</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0.71</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>80</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0.148</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.204</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>g/L</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.0204</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>BAC</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EBAC=20/(0.71\cdot 80)-(0.148\cdot 1)\approx 0.204{\text{g/L}}=0.0204\%{\text{BAC}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb93284215518692df5a0cddbd510464818f5362" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:65.103ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EBAC=20/(0.71\cdot 80)-(0.148\cdot 1)\approx 0.204{\text{g/L}}=0.0204\%{\text{BAC}}}"></span> </p> <ul><li>A 70 kg woman drinks 10 grams ethanol. After one hour:</li></ul> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EBAC=10/(0.58\cdot 70)-(0.156\cdot 1)\approx 0.098{\text{g/L}}=0.0098\%{\text{BAC}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0.58</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>70</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0.156</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.098</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>g/L</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.0098</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>BAC</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EBAC=10/(0.58\cdot 70)-(0.156\cdot 1)\approx 0.098{\text{g/L}}=0.0098\%{\text{BAC}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53f8b4f46fab64427d48e7d6ae1381a43a7f8070" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:65.103ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EBAC=10/(0.58\cdot 70)-(0.156\cdot 1)\approx 0.098{\text{g/L}}=0.0098\%{\text{BAC}}}"></span> </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">fluid ounces</a> of alcohol consumed and weight in pounds, Widmark's formula can be simply approximated as<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EBAC=8\times {\text{fl oz}}/{\text{weight in pounds}}-\beta \times T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>fl oz</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>weight in pounds</mtext> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EBAC=8\times {\text{fl oz}}/{\text{weight in pounds}}-\beta \times T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33a0e769c212321afcecb799383da4b57a2e5288" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EBAC=8\times {\text{fl oz}}/{\text{weight in pounds}}-\beta \times T}"></span></dd></dl> <p>for a man or </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EBAC=10\times {\text{fl oz}}/{\text{weight in pounds}}-\beta \times T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>fl oz</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>weight in pounds</mtext> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EBAC=10\times {\text{fl oz}}/{\text{weight in pounds}}-\beta \times T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d04eb76bd3523ab7234fa61c9d125b94e6672ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.325ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EBAC=10\times {\text{fl oz}}/{\text{weight in pounds}}-\beta \times T}"></span></dd></dl> <p>for a woman, where EBAC and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">β</span> factors are given as g/dL (% BAC), such as a <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">β</span> factor of 0.015% BAC per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_standard_drinks">By standard drinks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By standard drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">Standard drink</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg/400px-NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg/600px-NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>United States standard drinks of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malt_liquor" title="Malt liquor">malt liquor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a> compared. Each contains about 14 grams or 17.7 mL of ethanol.</figcaption></figure> <p>The examples above define a standard drink as 0.6 <a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounces" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid ounces">fluid ounces</a> (14 g or 17.7 mL) of ethanol, whereas other definitions exist, for example 10 grams of ethanol. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Approximate blood alcohol percentage (by volume)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>Based on one drink having 0.5 US fl oz (15 mL) alcohol by volume</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Drinks </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Sex </th> <th scope="col" colspan="9">Body weight </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" class="nowrap">40 kg<br />90 lb </th> <th scope="col" class="nowrap">45 kg<br />100 lb </th> <th scope="col" class="nowrap">55 kg<br />120 lb </th> <th scope="col" class="nowrap">64 kg<br />140 lb </th> <th scope="col" class="nowrap">73 kg<br />160 lb </th> <th scope="col" class="nowrap">82 kg<br />180 lb </th> <th scope="col" class="nowrap">91 kg<br />200 lb </th> <th scope="col" class="nowrap">100 kg<br />220 lb </th> <th scope="col" class="nowrap">109 kg<br />240 lb </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">4</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">5</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">6</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">7</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>0.22</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.35</td> <td>0.32</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">8</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.21</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">9</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>0.24</td> <td>0.21</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.45</td> <td>0.41</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">10</td> <td>Male</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.21</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>0.51</td> <td>0.45</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>0.32</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.21</td> <td>0.19 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="11" style="text-align: center">Subtract approximately 0.01 every 40 minutes after drinking. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_training">By training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If individuals are asked to estimate their BAC, then given accurate feedback via a breathalyzer, and this procedure is repeated a number of times during a drinking session, studies show that these individuals can learn to discriminate their BAC, to within a mean error of 9 mg/100 mL (0.009% BAC).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability is robust to different types of alcohol, different drink quantities, and drinks with unknown levels of alcohol. Trained individuals can even drink alcoholic drinks so as to adjust or maintain their BAC at a desired level.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training the ability does not appear to require any information or procedure besides breathalyzer feedback, although most studies have provided information such as intoxication symptoms at different BAC levels. Subjects continue to retain the ability one month after training.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-mortem">Post-mortem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-mortem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After fatal accidents, it is common to check the blood alcohol levels of involved persons. However, soon after death, the body begins to <a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">putrefy</a>, a biological process which produces ethanol. This can make it difficult to conclusively determine the blood alcohol content in autopsies, particularly in bodies recovered from water.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, following the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Moorgate_tube_crash" title="Moorgate tube crash">Moorgate tube crash</a>, the driver's kidneys had a blood alcohol concentration of 80 mg/100 mL, but it could not be established how much of this could be attributed to natural decomposition.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer research has shown that vitreous (eye) fluid provides an accurate estimate of blood alcohol concentration that is less subject to the effects of decomposition or contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_limits">Legal limits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_law_by_country" title="Drunk driving law by country">Drunk driving law by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level.svg/300px-Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level.svg/450px-Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level.svg/600px-Map_of_European_countries_by_maximum_blood_alcohol_level.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Map of Europe showing countries' blood alcohol limits as defined in g/dL for the general population</figcaption></figure> <p>For purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in court. Most countries forbid operation of motor vehicles and heavy machinery above prescribed levels of blood alcohol content. Operation of boats and aircraft is also regulated. Some jurisdictions also regulate bicycling under the influence. The alcohol level at which a person is considered legally impaired to drive varies by country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Test_assumptions">Test assumptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Test assumptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrapolation">Extrapolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Extrapolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retrograde <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation" title="Extrapolation">extrapolation</a> is the mathematical process by which someone's blood alcohol concentration at the time of driving is estimated by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at 0.015 to 0.020 grams per deciliter per hour (g/dL/h),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another. Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors, including such things as body temperature, the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and the amount and type of food consumed. </p><p>In an increasing number of states, laws have been enacted to facilitate this speculative task: the blood alcohol content at the time of driving is legally presumed to be the same as when later tested. There are usually time limits put on this presumption, commonly two or three hours, and the defendant is permitted to offer evidence to rebut this presumption. </p><p>Forward extrapolation can also be attempted. If the amount of alcohol consumed is known, along with such variables as the weight and sex of the subject and period and rate of consumption, the blood alcohol level can be estimated by extrapolating forward. Although subject to the same infirmities as retrograde extrapolation—guessing based upon averages and unknown variables—this can be relevant in estimating BAC when driving and/or corroborating or contradicting the results of a later chemical test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology_of_ethanol#Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacology of ethanol">Pharmacology of ethanol § Pharmacokinetics</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacokinetic">pharmacokinetics</a> of ethanol are well characterized by the <a href="/wiki/ADME" title="ADME">ADME</a> acronym (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). Besides the dose ingested, factors such as the person's <a href="/wiki/Total_body_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Total body water">total body water</a>, speed of drinking, the drink's nutritional content, and the contents of the stomach all influence the profile of blood alcohol content (BAC) over time. Breath alcohol content (BrAC) and BAC have similar profile shapes, so most forensic pharmacokinetic calculations can be done with either. Relatively few studies directly compare BrAC and BAC within subjects and characterize the difference in pharmacokinetic parameters. Comparing arterial and venous BAC, arterial BAC is higher during the absorption phase and lower in the postabsorptive declining phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2019_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highest_levels">Highest levels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Highest levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol" title="List of deaths through alcohol">List of deaths through alcohol</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>BAC (%)</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Result (died or survived)</th> <th>Cause of Death (If Died) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td data-sort-value="1.33">1.33 BAC, approximated from 1.51 SAC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> </td> <td>A 24-year-old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51%, corresponding to a blood alcohol content of 1.33%. She was alert and oriented to person and place and survived.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serum alcohol concentration is not equal to nor calculated in the same way as blood alcohol content.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Survived </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>1.50 </td> <td> </td> <td>A 30-year-old man survived a blood alcohol concentration of 1.5% after vigorous medical intervention that included <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous therapy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Survived </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>1.48 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>In 1995, a man from <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, Poland, caused a car accident near his hometown. He had a blood alcohol content of 1.48%; he was tested five times, with each test returning the same reading. He died a few days later of injuries from the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-eOstroleka_2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eOstroleka_2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Died </td> <td>Injuries from a car accident </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>1.35 </td> <td>Taiwan </td> <td>In 2004, an unidentified Taiwanese woman died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her blood alcohol content was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">early 2000s outbreak</a> of <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Died </td> <td>Alcohol intoxication </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 Dec 2010 </td> <td>1.60 </td> <td>Queenstown, South Africa </td> <td>In South Africa, a man driving a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Vito" title="Mercedes-Benz Vito">Mercedes-Benz Vito</a> light van containing 15 sheep allegedly stolen from nearby farms was arrested on December 22, 2010, near <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenstown, Eastern Cape">Queenstown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>. His blood had an alcohol content of 1.6%. Also in the vehicle were five boys and a woman, who were also arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="It appears dubious that 15 sheep could be accommodated in the same vehicle alongside 6 people. Furthermore, there are concerns regarding the reported blood alcohol content, given that multiple sources instead cite the highest recorded blood alcohol content as 1.48% in the context of the Polish case. Additional verification is needed to confirm the accuracy of these details. (December 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Blood_alcohol_content#Dubious" title="Talk:Blood alcohol content">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Survived </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 Oct 2012 </td> <td data-sort-value="2.23">2.23 (possible contamination) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Olszewo-Borki" title="Gmina Olszewo-Borki">Gmina Olszewo-Borki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>A man from <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Olszewo-Borki" title="Gmina Olszewo-Borki">Gmina Olszewo-Borki</a>, Poland, who died in a car accident, recorded a blood alcohol content of 2.23%; however, the blood sample was collected from a wound and thus possibly contaminated.<sup id="cite_ref-eOstroleka_2012_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eOstroleka_2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Died </td> <td>Injuries from a car accident </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 July 2013 </td> <td>1.374 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred%C3%B3wka" title="Alfredówka">Alfredówka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>A 30-year-old man from <a href="/wiki/Alfred%C3%B3wka" title="Alfredówka">Alfredówka</a>, Poland, was found by Municipal Police Patrol from <a href="/wiki/Nowa_D%C4%99ba" title="Nowa Dęba">Nowa Dęba</a> lying in the ditch along the road in Tarnowska Wola. At the hospital, it was recorded that the man had a blood alcohol content of 1.374%. The man survived.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Survived </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Germany, Finland, Netherlands and Sweden, the local language term <i><a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">promille</a></i> is used; this is occasionally provided as a courtesy in English texts.<sup id="cite_ref-HRB_BAL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRB_BAL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Med2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Med2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med2019_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-alcohol-level/">"Blood Alcohol Level"</a>. <i>MedlinePlus</i>. 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Rekord świata?"</a> [He had 13.74 blood alcohol levels. And he survived. World record?]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,14402847,Mial_13_74_promila_alkoholu_we_krwi__I_przezyl__Rekord.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mia%C5%82+13%2C74+promila+alkoholu+we+krwi.+I+prze%C5%BCy%C5%82.+Rekord+%C5%9Bwiata%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.gazeta.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2F1%2C114871%2C14402847%2CMial_13_74_promila_alkoholu_we_krwi__I_przezyl__Rekord.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+alcohol+content" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowadeba.pl/mieszkaniec/bezpieczenstwo/straz-miejska/informacje/art,864,straznicy-miejscy-uratowali-zycie-mieszkanca-alfredowki-.html">"Informacje"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informacje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowadeba.pl%2Fmieszkaniec%2Fbezpieczenstwo%2Fstraz-miejska%2Finformacje%2Fart%2C864%2Cstraznicy-miejscy-uratowali-zycie-mieszkanca-alfredowki-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+alcohol+content" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Science and Technology Department. <i>The Handy Science Answer Book</i>. Pittsburgh: The Carnegie Library, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-1013-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-1013-5">978-0-7876-1013-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerhamMooreShepherdCusens2007" class="citation journal cs1">Perham, Nick; Moore, Simon C.; Shepherd, Jonathan; Cusens, Bryany (2007). "Identifying drunkenness in the night-time economy". <i>Addiction</i>. <b>102</b> (3): 377–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2006.01699.x">10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01699.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17298644">17298644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=Identifying+drunkenness+in+the+night-time+economy&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-80&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2006.01699.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17298644&rft.aulast=Perham&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Moore%2C+Simon+C.&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Cusens%2C+Bryany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+alcohol+content" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taylor, L., and S. Oberman. <i>Drunk Driving Defense</i>, 6th edition. New York: Aspen Law and Business, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7355-5429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7355-5429-0">978-0-7355-5429-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adulterated alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine#Adulterated_moonshine" title="Moonshine">Adulterated moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">Denatured alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_methanol_poisoning_incidents" title="List of methanol poisoning incidents">List of methanol poisoning incidents</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol" title="Surrogate alcohol">Surrogate alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">Alcohol advertising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising_on_college_campuses" title="Alcohol advertising on college campuses">on college campuses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_sex" title="Alcohol and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_goggles" title="Beer goggles">Beer goggles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_myopia" title="Alcohol myopia">Alcohol myopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_association_football" title="Alcohol in association football">Alcohol in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_among_college_students" title="Alcohol use among college students">Alcohol use among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_syndrome" title="Austrian syndrome">Austrian syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_binge_drinking" title="Epidemiology of binge drinking">Epidemiology of binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_heart_syndrome" title="Holiday heart syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</a></li> <li>Problematic alcoholic products <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_powder" title="Alcohol powder">Alcohol powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcopop" title="Alcopop">Alcopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg_(drink)" title="Borg (drink)">Borg</a></li> <li>Low-cost alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_fortified_wine" title="Flavored fortified wine">Flavored fortified wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)#Stimulants" title="Alcohol (drug)">Polysubstance alcoholic drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_alcoholic_drink" title="Caffeinated alcoholic drink">Caffeinated alcoholic drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_wine" title="Coca wine">Coca wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotini" title="Nicotini">Nicotini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapoy" title="Zapoy">Zapoy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_(drug-related_amnesia)" title="Blackout (drug-related amnesia)">Blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drinking_games" title="List of drinking games">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregaming" title="Pregaming">Pregaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_in_public" title="Drinking in public">Drinking in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_walking" title="Drunk walking">Drunk walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunkorexia" title="Drunkorexia">Drunkorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_drunk" title="Dry drunk">Dry drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_courage" title="Dutch courage">Dutch courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink" title="Flaming drink">Flaming drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_of_the_dog" title="Hair of the dog">Hair of the dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtful_communication#Alcohol" title="Hurtful communication">Hurtful communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_dialing" title="Drunk dialing">Drunk dialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vino_veritas" title="In vino veritas"><i>In vino veritas</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(drink)" title="Nightcap (drink)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsdrunk" title="Pantsdrunk">Pantsdrunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_drinking" title="Passive drinking">Passive drinking</a></li> <li>Binge drinking devices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bong" title="Beer bong">Beer bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_of_ale" title="Yard of ale">Yard of ale</a></li></ul></li> <li>Routes of administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_enema" title="Alcohol enema">Alcohol enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_inhalation" title="Alcohol inhalation">Alcohol inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_eyeballing" title="Vodka eyeballing">Vodka eyeballing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconcing" title="Sconcing">Sconcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsomania" title="Dipsomania">Dipsomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Paul_Jordan" title="Gilbert Paul Jordan">Gilbert Paul Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol" title="List of deaths through alcohol">List of deaths through alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_ration" title="Rum ration">Rum ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">Shebeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li>Illegal drinking establishments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_mile" title="Beer mile">Beer mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Beer_Day" title="International Beer Day">International Beer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Collaboration_Brew_Day" title="International Women's Collaboration Brew Day">International Women's Collaboration Brew Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_brewing" title="Women in brewing">Women in brewing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover_remedies" title="Hangover remedies">Hangover remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_substances_used_in_rituals#Alcohol" title="List of substances used in rituals">Ritual use of alcohol</a></li> <li>Whiskey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_whisk(e)y_day" title="International whisk(e)y day">International whisk(e)y day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol <br />control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_License_Suspension" title="Administrative License Suspension">Administrative License Suspension</a> (ALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(Minimum_Pricing)_(Scotland)_Act_2012" title="Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012">Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_exclusion_laws" title="Alcohol exclusion laws">Alcohol exclusion laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">Alcohol monopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">Alcoholic beverage control state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_packaging_warning_messages" title="Alcohol packaging warning messages">Alcohol packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_caffeinated_alcoholic_drinks_in_the_United_States" title="Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_law_by_country" title="Drunk driving law by country">Drunk driving law by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DWI_court" title="DWI court">DWI court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sobriety_testing" title="Field sobriety testing">Field sobriety testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask_defence" title="Hip flask defence">Hip flask defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_interlock_device" title="Ignition interlock device">Ignition interlock device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age_in_the_United_States" title="Legal drinking age in the United States">Legal drinking age in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_tap_(alcohol)" title="Shoulder tap (alcohol)">Shoulder tap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" title="List of alcohol laws of the United States">List of alcohol laws of US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">List of countries with alcohol prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">Sobriety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone" title="Alcohol-free zone">Alcohol-free zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_campus" title="Dry campus">Dry campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-container_law" title="Open-container law">Open-container law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention" title="Brief intervention">Brief intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_driver" title="Designated driver">Designated driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Alcohol rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_tank" title="Drunk tank">Drunk tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_drink" title="Non-alcoholic drink">Non-alcoholic drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-alcoholic cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_mixed_drinks" title="List of non-alcoholic mixed drinks">List of mixed drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritzer#Non-alcoholic_spritzer" title="Spritzer">Spritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Non-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Malt drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_bar" title="Temperance bar">Temperance bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_and_Good_Citizenship_Day" title="Temperance and Good Citizenship Day">Temperance and Good Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">Twelve-step groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen" title="Al-Anon/Alateen">Al-Anon/Alateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA):</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Children_of_Alcoholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Children of Alcoholics">Adult Children of Alcoholics</a> (ACA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_curious" title="Sober curious">Sober curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_living_house" title="Sober living house">Sober living house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobering_center" title="Sobering center">Sobering center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobrietol" title="Sobrietol">Sobrietol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_lit_(alcohol_cessation)" title="Quit lit (alcohol cessation)">Quit lit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol limitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/0-0-1-3" title="0-0-1-3">0-0-1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_recommendations" title="Alcohol consumption recommendations">Alcohol consumption recommendations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_education" title="Alcohol education">Alcohol education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_server_training" title="Alcohol server training">Alcohol server training</a></li> <li>Monitoring <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tagging#Sweat_alcohol_content_monitor" title="Electronic tagging">Sweat alcohol content monitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention#FRAMES" title="Brief intervention">FRAMES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Advancing_Alcohol_Responsibility" title="Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility">Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility</a></li> <li>Campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_January" title="Dry January">Dry January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_July" title="Dry July">Dry July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Your_Sexy_Back" title="Get Your Sexy Back">Get Your Sexy Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocsober" title="Ocsober">Ocsober</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li> <li>Low-alcohol drinks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Low-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Low-alcoholic malt drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">Standard drink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram-like_drug" title="Disulfiram-like drug">Disulfiram-like drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General anaesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)" title="Nitrous oxide (medication)">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">Sulfonic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">Islam and alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Street_and_Gin_Lane" title="Beer Street and Gin Lane"><i>Beer Street</i> and <i>Gin Lane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratt_System" title="Bratt System">Bratt System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Act_1751" title="Gin Act 1751">Gin Act 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_alcohol-related_articles" title="Index of alcohol-related articles">Index of alcohol-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol and spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_effect" title="Gateway drug effect">Gateway drug effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spins" title="Spins">Spins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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