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Zittende virginaalspeelster - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Beschrijving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beschrijving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eigendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eigendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eigendom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eigendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="/wiki/Bestand:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_(1673-1675).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zittende virginaalspeelster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg/266px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg/399px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg/532px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="2817" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kunstenaar </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">circa 1670-1672 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Techniek </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Olieverf" title="Olieverf">Olieverf</a> op doek </td></tr> <tr> <th>Afmetingen </th> <td colspan="2">51,5 × 45,5 cm </td></tr> <tr> <th>Museum </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(Londen)" title="National Gallery (Londen)">National Gallery</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locatie </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/images/235222">RKD-gegevens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#CCCCCC; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Kunst_%26_Cultuur" title="Portaal:Kunst & Cultuur">Kunst & Cultuur</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Gerard_Dou,_Woman_at_the_Clavicord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gerard_Dou%2C_Woman_at_the_Clavicord.jpg/260px-Gerard_Dou%2C_Woman_at_the_Clavicord.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gerard_Dou%2C_Woman_at_the_Clavicord.jpg/390px-Gerard_Dou%2C_Woman_at_the_Clavicord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gerard_Dou%2C_Woman_at_the_Clavicord.jpg/520px-Gerard_Dou%2C_Woman_at_the_Clavicord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5394" data-file-height="6810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Dou" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Dou">Gerard Dous</a> <i>Vrouw aan het klavecimbel</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Zittende virginaalspeelster</b></i> is een schilderij uit circa 1670-1672 van de <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delftse</a> <a href="/wiki/Kunstschilder" title="Kunstschilder">kunstschilder</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> (1632-1675). Het werk is sinds 1910 in het bezit van de <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(Londen)" title="National Gallery (Londen)">National Gallery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beschrijving">Beschrijving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zittende_virginaalspeelster&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Beschrijving" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zittende_virginaalspeelster&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Beschrijving"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dit late schilderij van Johannes Vermeer is binnen zijn oeuvre vrij rechttoe rechtaan, zonder veel subtiele verwijzingen of verfijnde schilderkunst. <i>Zittende virginaalspeelster</i> is waarschijnlijk geïnspireerd door een werk van de Leidse schilder <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Dou" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Dou">Gerard Dou</a> (1613-1675), waarin dezelfde motieven terugkomen: een vergelijkbare pose en zelfs gelaatsuitdrukking van een vrouw aan een <a href="/wiki/Virginaal" title="Virginaal">virginaal</a>, eenzelfde teruggetrokken gordijn en ook een <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba">viola da gamba</a> op de voorgrond. </p><p>Op de achterwand is <i><a href="/wiki/De_koppelaarster_(Dirck_van_Baburen)" title="De koppelaarster (Dirck van Baburen)">De koppelaarster</a></i> van <a href="/wiki/Dirck_van_Baburen" title="Dirck van Baburen">Dirck van Baburen</a> (1595-1624) afgebeeld. Vermeers schoonmoeder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Thins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Thins (de pagina bestaat niet)">Maria Thins</a> had dit schilderij of een versie ervan enige tijd in eigendom. Ook in <i><a href="/wiki/Het_concert_(Vermeer)" title="Het concert (Vermeer)">Het concert</a></i> heeft Vermeer dit schilderij verwerkt. De vleselijke lust in <i>De koppelaarster</i> contrasteert met de viola da gamba, in de zeventiende eeuw symbool staand voor de harmonieuze liefde. Wellicht geeft Vermeer een aanwijzing voor zijn persoonlijke voorkeur door het zonlicht op het muziekinstrument te laten schijnen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het <a href="/wiki/Landschapschilderkunst" class="mw-redirect" title="Landschapschilderkunst">landschap</a> op de virginaal is een werk van Vermeers' stadgenoot <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Jansz._van_Asch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Jansz. van Asch">Pieter Jansz. van Asch</a> (1603-1678). Hetzelfde werk, <i>Landschap met jagers bij een openstaand hek</i>, komt ook terug in Vermeers <i><a href="/wiki/De_gitaarspeelster" title="De gitaarspeelster">De gitaarspeelster</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Men heeft wel gesuggereerd dat dit werk en <i><a href="/wiki/Staande_virginaalspeelster" title="Staande virginaalspeelster">Staande virginaalspeelster</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendanten</a> zijn, vanwege de nagenoeg gelijke omvang en datering en de gerelateerde onderwerpen, maar dit is onzeker. Vermeer borduurde wel vaker voort op dezelfde thema's. De twee schilderijen zijn in ieder geval niet aan dezelfde opdrachtgever verkocht. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Dirck_van_Baburen_-_The_Procuress_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dirck_van_Baburen_-_The_Procuress_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Dirck_van_Baburen_-_The_Procuress_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dirck_van_Baburen_-_The_Procuress_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-Dirck_van_Baburen_-_The_Procuress_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Dirck_van_Baburen_-_The_Procuress_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-Dirck_van_Baburen_-_The_Procuress_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5101" data-file-height="4826" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/De_koppelaarster_(Dirck_van_Baburen)" title="De koppelaarster (Dirck van Baburen)">De koppelaarster</a> van <a href="/wiki/Dirck_van_Baburen" title="Dirck van Baburen">Dirck van Baburen</a></i>, het schilderij op de achtergrond</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigendom">Eigendom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zittende_virginaalspeelster&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Eigendom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zittende_virginaalspeelster&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Eigendom"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Duarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Duarte (de pagina bestaat niet)">Diego Duarte</a> (1612-1691), een <a href="/wiki/Antwerpen_(stad)" title="Antwerpen (stad)">Antwerpse</a> bankier, juwelier en kunstverzamelaar van <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugees</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sefardische_Joden" title="Sefardische Joden">Sefardische</a> afkomst (zie ook zijn componerende zus <a href="/wiki/Leonora_Duarte" title="Leonora Duarte">Leonara</a>), was in 1682 in het bezit van ofwel <i>Zittende virginaalspeelster</i> ofwel <i>Staande virginaalspeelster</i>. Duarte had zijn schilderij weten te bemachtigen met hulp van de bevriende familie van <a href="/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens" title="Constantijn Huygens">Constantijn Huygens</a> (1596-1687). Beide families deelden dezelfde passie voor muziek. In 1696 werden in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam (hoofdbetekenis)">Amsterdam</a> 21 schilderijen van Vermeer geveild, waaronder nummer 37, <i>Een Speelende Juffrouw op de Clavecimbaerl van dito.</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Als <i>Zittende virginaalspeelster</i> niet in Duarte's bezit was, dan zal het op deze veiling verkocht zijn. Begin achttiende eeuw kwam het schilderij in ieder geval in het bezit van de Duitse <a href="/wiki/Prins-bisschop" title="Prins-bisschop">prins-bisschop</a> van <a href="/wiki/Prinsbisdom_Bamberg" title="Prinsbisdom Bamberg">Bamberg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Franz_von_Sch%C3%B6nborn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothar Franz von Schönborn (de pagina bestaat niet)">Lothar Franz von Schönborn</a> (1655-1729). </p><p>De familie Schönborn verkocht <i>Zittende virginaalspeelster</i> in 1867 aan <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Thor%C3%A9-B%C3%BCrger" title="Théophile Thoré-Bürger">Théophile Thoré-Bürger</a> (1807-1869), de Franse <a href="/wiki/Kunstcriticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunstcriticus">kunstcriticus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kunstverzameling" title="Kunstverzameling">-verzamelaar</a> die het werk van de Johannes Vermeer in de negentiende eeuw opnieuw onder de aandacht van het grote publiek bracht. Thoré-Bürger verwierf in deze periode ook <i>Staande virginaalspeelster</i>. Zijn erfgenamen verkochten <i>Zittende virginaalspeelster</i> in 1892 aan de Oostenrijkse verzamelaar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sedelmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Sedelmeyer (de pagina bestaat niet)">Charles Sedelmeyer</a> (1837-1925). Na nog enkele wisselingen van eigenaar kwam het schilderij in 1910 in handen van de National Gallery, als onderdeel van de schenking van de kunstverzameling van <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Salting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Salting (de pagina bestaat niet)">George Salting</a> (1835-1909). </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li>Bailey, A. (2002) <i>Gezicht op Delft. Een biografie van Johannes Vermeer</i> Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker</li> <li>Wheelock, Arthur K. (1997) <i>Vermeer: The Complete Works</i> New York: Harry N. Abrams</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialvermeer.com/catalogue/lady_seated_at_a_virginal.html">Essential Vermeer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/johannes-vermeer-a-young-woman-seated-at-a-virginal">National Gallery</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheelock, p. 70 en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialvermeer.com/music/viola.html">viola</a>, essentialvermeer.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoogsteder.com/publications/journals/journal-7/discovered">Painting discovered in Vermeer</a>, hoogsteder.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornelis, Bart, <i>Muzikale verleiding</i>, in: <i>Vermeer</i>, tentoonstellingscatalogus Rijksmuseum, 2023, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialvermeer.com/clients_patrons/dissius_auction.html">essential vermeer</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/De_koppelaarster_(Vermeer)" title="De koppelaarster (Vermeer)">De koppelaarster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slapend_meisje" title="Slapend meisje">Slapend meisje</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brieflezend_meisje_bij_het_venster" title="Brieflezend meisje bij het venster">Brieflezend meisje bij het venster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Het_straatje" title="Het straatje">Het straatje</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_soldaat_en_het_lachende_meisje" title="De soldaat en het lachende meisje">De soldaat en het lachende meisje</a> · <a href="/wiki/Het_melkmeisje" title="Het melkmeisje">Het melkmeisje</a> · <a href="/wiki/Het_glas_wijn" title="Het glas wijn">Het glas wijn</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dame_en_twee_heren" title="Dame en twee heren">Dame en twee heren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Onderbreking_van_de_muziek" title="Onderbreking van de muziek">Onderbreking van de muziek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gezicht_op_Delft" title="Gezicht op Delft">Gezicht op Delft</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_muziekles" title="De muziekles">De muziekles</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brieflezende_vrouw_in_het_blauw" title="Brieflezende vrouw in het blauw">Brieflezende vrouw in het blauw</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vrouw_met_weegschaal" title="Vrouw met weegschaal">Vrouw met weegschaal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vrouw_met_waterkan" title="Vrouw met waterkan">Vrouw met waterkan</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_luitspeelster" title="De luitspeelster">De luitspeelster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vrouw_met_parelsnoer" title="Vrouw met parelsnoer">Vrouw met parelsnoer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Schrijvende_vrouw_in_het_geel" title="Schrijvende vrouw in het geel">Schrijvende vrouw in het geel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meisje_met_de_rode_hoed" title="Meisje met de rode hoed">Meisje met de rode hoed</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meisje_met_de_parel" title="Meisje met de parel">Meisje met de parel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Het_concert_(Vermeer)" title="Het concert (Vermeer)">Het concert</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_schilderkunst" title="De schilderkunst">Allegorie op de schilderkunst</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meisjeskopje" title="Meisjeskopje">Meisjeskopje</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dame_en_dienstbode" title="Dame en dienstbode">Dame en dienstbode</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_astronoom" title="De astronoom">De astronoom</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_geograaf" title="De geograaf">De geograaf</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_kantwerkster" title="De kantwerkster">De kantwerkster</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_liefdesbrief" title="De liefdesbrief">De liefdesbrief</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_gitaarspeelster" title="De gitaarspeelster">De gitaarspeelster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Schrijvende_vrouw_met_dienstbode" title="Schrijvende vrouw met dienstbode">Schrijvende vrouw met dienstbode</a> · <a href="/wiki/Allegorie_op_het_geloof" title="Allegorie op het geloof">Allegorie op het geloof</a> · <a href="/wiki/Staande_virginaalspeelster" title="Staande virginaalspeelster">Staande virginaalspeelster</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zittende virginaalspeelster</a><br /><b>Omstreden toeschrijvingen:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sint_Praxedis_(Vermeer)" title="Sint Praxedis (Vermeer)">Sint Praxedis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zittende_vrouw_aan_het_virginaal" title="Zittende vrouw aan het virginaal">Zittende vrouw aan het virginaal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meisje_met_de_fluit" title="Meisje met de fluit">Meisje met de fluit</a> </p> </div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:A_young_woman_seated_at_a_virginal_(London)#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:A young woman seated at a virginal (London)">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:A_young_woman_seated_at_a_virginal_(London)#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:A young woman seated at a virginal (London)">A young woman seated at a virginal (London)</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐7f85796d66‐gkkzn Cached time: 20241127121734 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: 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