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États-Unis: Il faut interdire les armes totalement autonomes | Human Rights Watch
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id="block-views-news-block_1" class="clear-block block block-views"> <h6 class="block-title clear-block">DERNIÈRES INFOS </h6> <div class="bcontent"><div class="view view-news view-id-news view-display-id-block_1 view-block-latest-news view-dom-id-4"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/04/18/mali-il-faut-mettre-un-terme-au-travail-des-enfants-dans-l-orpaillage">Mali : Il faut mettre un terme au travail des enfants dans l’orpaillage</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-news-subtitle-value"> <span class="field-content">Human Rights Watch répond aux dénégations du gouvernement</span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">18 avril 2013</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content">Communiqué de presse</span> </div> 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totalement autonomes</a> </h6> </div> <h6 class="node-subtitle">La politique adoptée par le gouvernement américain sur l'autonomie de certains systèmes d'armement est la première de ce type dans le monde</h6> <div class="info"> <div class="meta date"> <span class="created">16 avril 2013</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Ffr%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F16%2Fetats-unis-il-faut-interdire-les-armes-totalement-autonomes&count=horizontal&via=&text=%C3%89tats-Unis%3A%20Il%20faut%20interdire%20les%20armes%20totalement%20autonomes&counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Ffr%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F16%2Fetats-unis-il-faut-interdire-les-armes-totalement-autonomes" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span 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field-field-related-images"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-images view-id-nodereference_related_images view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_koreandome_0.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>Un robot sud-coréen SGR-1, système précurseur des armes complètement autonomes, lors d’un essai dans la Zone coréenne démilitarisée.</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_koreandome_0.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_koreandome_0.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>Un robot sud-coréen SGR-1, système précurseur des armes complètement autonomes, lors d’un essai dans la Zone coréenne démilitarisée.</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2007 Getty Images</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-news-related-report"> <div class="field-label">Our Report: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-press-release-report view-id-press_release_report view-display-id-reference_field_1 view-block-about-this-report view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-reportsynopsis-cover-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/node/111292" class="imagecache imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h imagecache-linked imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h_linked"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-crop-75w-100h/media/images/report-covers/arms1112_reportcover_3.jpg" class="imagecache imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/11/19/losing-humanity-0">Losing Humanity</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-reportsynopsis-subtitle-value"> <span class="field-content">The Case against Killer Robots</span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">19 novembre 2012</span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-report-synopsis-pdf-fid"> <label class="views-label-field-report-synopsis-pdf-fid"> Get the report: </label> <div class="field-content"><div class="filefield-file"><img class="filefield-icon field-icon-application-pdf" alt="icône application/pdf" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/filefield/icons/application-pdf.png"/><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/arms1112_ForUpload.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=3544065" title="arms1112_ForUpload.pdf">Download the full report</a></div></div> </div> <div class="views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/node/111292">Go to report home »</a></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-filefield field-field-upload-file"> <div class="field-label">Downloadable Resources: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="filefield-file"><img class="filefield-icon field-icon-application-pdf" alt="icône application/pdf" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/filefield/icons/application-pdf.png"/><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/2013_arms_killerrobotsdodmemo_0.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=1825153" title="2013_arms_killerrobotsdodmemo.pdf">Note d'information (en anglais)</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-link field-field-news-link"> <div class="field-label">More Coverage: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/topic/arms">Page Armes (en français)</a> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/topic/arms/killer-robots">Page Robots tueurs (en anglais)</a> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.stopkillerrobots.org/">Campagne contre les robots tueurs (en anglais)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> « Les humains ne devraient jamais déléguer à des machines le pouvoir de décider qui peut vivre et qui doit mourir sur le champ de bataille. La politique américaine devrait servir de base pour une interdiction permanente et totale des armes complètement autonomes. » </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> Steve Goose, directeur de la division Armes à Human Rights Watch </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(Washington, le 16 avril 2013) – Les restrictions temporaires imposées par les <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/united-states">États-Unis</a> sur les armes létales totalement autonomes devraient être renforcées et rendues permanentes, a déclaré Human Rights Watch dans une note d'information publiée aujourd'hui. Les armes totalement autonomes, que l'on appelle parfois « <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/topic/arms/killer-robots">robots tueurs</a> » auraient la capacité de choisir et d’attaquer des cibles sans aucune intervention humaine. </p> <p>Reconnaissant les problèmes que de telles armes pourraient poser, le Département de la Défense des États-Unis a émis une directive le 21 novembre 2012, qui impose actuellement la présence d’un être humain « dans la boucle » pour toute décision sur l’éventuel recours à la force létale. Il s'agissait là de la première politique publique adoptée par le Département de la Défense concernant l’autonomie de certains systèmes d'armement, et c'était également la première fois qu'un pays se prononçait publiquement sur la question des armes totalement autonomes.</p> <p>« <em>Cette politique montre que les États-Unis partagent nos préoccupations sur les multiples dangers que des armes complètement autonomes pourraient faire courir aux civils</em> », a déclaré <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/bios/stephen-goose">Steve Goose</a>, directeur de la division Armes à Human Rights Watch. « <em>Les humains ne devraient jamais déléguer à des machines le pouvoir de décider qui peut vivre et qui doit mourir sur le champ de bataille. La politique américaine devrait servir de base pour une interdiction permanente et totale des armes complètement autonomes</em>. »</p> <p>La note d'information publiée conjointement par Human Rights Watch et par la Clinique des droits humains internationaux de la faculté de droit de l'Université de Harvard (Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic) analyse le contenu de la nouvelle directive et souligne l'avancée importante qu'elle représente. Pour une durée pouvant aller jusqu'à 10 ans, la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300009p.pdf">Directive nº 3000.09</a> du Département de la Défense n’autorise d’une manière générale le développement et l’utilisation de systèmes d'armement totalement autonomes qu'à la condition qu'ils soient non létaux. De fait, cette directive constitue le premier moratoire au monde sur les armes létales totalement autonomes.</p> <p>La directive présente cependant des lacunes importantes, et ne constitue pas une solution adaptée aux problèmes potentiels que pourraient poser des systèmes d'armement totalement autonomes, selon Human Rights Watch. Les hauts responsables du Département de la Défense peuvent y déroger. Elle ne s'appliquera par ailleurs que 10 ans au maximum, à moins qu'elle ne soit renouvelée dans les cinq ans. Le département pourrait aussi annuler cette politique, au cours de la même période de cinq ans.</p> <p>« <em>La politique adoptée par les États-Unis est un pas important dans la bonne direction, mais elle laisse clairement la porte ouverte à l’acquisition et à l'usage d'armes létales totalement autonomes dans le futur</em> », a ajouté Steve Goose.</p> <p>Au cours des dix dernières années, l'usage croissant de véhicules aériens armés sans pilotes, ou drones, a radicalement changé les techniques de combat, et fait émerger de nouvelles problématiques humanitaires et juridiques. Même si l'appel de Human Rights Watch en faveur d'une interdiction des armes totalement autonomes ne les concerne pas directement, ces systèmes d’armes semi-autonomes reflètent une évolution technologique accélérée. Les États-Unis et les autres nations dotées d'armées équipées de hautes technologies, notamment la Chine, Israël, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie, s'orientent vers des systèmes qui donneraient plus d'autonomie au combat à des machines. Si un ou plusieurs pays choisissent de déployer des armes totalement autonomes, d'autres pourraient se sentir obligés de les suivre.<br/> <br/> « <em>Compte tenu de tous les dangers représentés par les armes totalement autonomes, et de la perspective effrayante d'une course aux armements robotisés, toutes les nations devraient imposer un moratoire immédiat, afin d'ouvrir la voie à une interdiction juridique</em> », a affirmé Steve Goose. « <em>En l’absence de règles au niveau mondial, d'autres nations pourraient commencer à développer de tels armes, et les États-Unis pourraient bien abandonner leur politique actuelle.</em> »</p> <p>La directive d'orientation américaine a été rendu publique deux jours après la publication par Human Rights Watch et la Clinique des droits humains internationaux de la faculté de droit de l'Université de Harvard du rapport <u>« </u><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://hrw.org/reports/2012/11/19/losing-humanity-0">Losing Humanity: The Case Against Killer Robots</a><u> »</u> (« Perdre toute humanité : le problème des robots tueurs ») un document de 50 pages qui expose les nombreux problèmes juridiques, éthiques, politiques et autres que posent, selon les deux organisations, les armes totalement autonomes.</p> <iframe allowfullscreen="1" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/TVvNaGh2lvo?autohide=1;wmode=transparent&" width="638"></iframe><br/> <p>Le rapport « Perdre toute humanité » conclut que, dans la configuration actuelle de la plupart des champs de bataille, il serait difficile d'utiliser des armes totalement autonomes sans contrevenir aux dispositions clés du droit international humanitaire. De plus, leur utilisation induit une lacune quant à l’obligation de rendre des comptes, puisqu'il serait compliqué d'identifier les personnes qui pourraient être tenues responsables juridiquement des actes commis par un robot. Le rapport détaille également la façon dont des robots autonomes à capacité létale pourraient amoindrir l’efficacité d’autres mécanismes de contrôle qui permettent de limiter le risque de tuer des civils. Des armes pleinement autonomes ne pourraient pas montrer de compassion humaine pour leurs victimes, par exemple, et des autocrates pourraient en abuser en s'en servant contre leur propre peuple.</p> <p>Human Rights Watch s’apprête à assumer la coordination de la Campagne pour interdire les robots tueurs (<em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.stopkillerrobots.org/">Campaign to Stop Killer Robots</a></em>), une nouvelle initiative lancée par une coalition internationale d'organisations non gouvernementales qui appellent à une interdiction préventive et totale des armes complètement autonomes. Cette interdiction devrait être obtenue par le biais d’un traité international, ainsi que de lois nationales et d'autres mesures.</p> <p>La Campagne pour interdire les robots tueurs sera lancée à Londres le mardi 23 avril, lors d'une conférence de presse prévue à 10h30 au Frontline Club.</p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_en first"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/16/us-ban-fully-autonomous-weapons" title="US: Ban Fully Autonomous Weapons" class="translation-link">English</a></li> <li class="node_translation_de last"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/de/news/2013/04/16/usa-verbot-vollstaendig-autonomer-waffen" title="USA: Verbot vollständig autonomer Waffen" class="translation-link">Deutsch</a></li> </ul></div><div class="service-links"><div class="service-label">Share </div><ul class="links"><li class="service-links-facebook first"><a 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