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États-Unis: Il faut interdire les armes totalement autonomes | Human Rights Watch

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presse</span> </div> </li> <li class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/04/17/venezuela-les-libertes-dexpression-et-de-rassemblement-doivent-etre-respectees">Venezuela: Les libertés d&#039;expression et de rassemblement doivent être respectées</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-news-subtitle-value"> <span class="field-content">Il faut autoriser les manifestations pacifiques et enquêter sur les actes de violence</span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">17 avril 2013</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content">Communiqué de presse</span> </div> </li> <li class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a 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totalement autonomes</a> </h6> </div> <h6 class="node-subtitle">La politique adoptée par le gouvernement américain sur l&#039;autonomie de certains systèmes d&#039;armement est la première de ce type dans le monde</h6> <div class="info"> <div class="meta date"> <span class="created">16 avril 2013</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Ffr%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F16%2Fetats-unis-il-faut-interdire-les-armes-totalement-autonomes&amp;count=horizontal&amp;via=&amp;text=%C3%89tats-Unis%3A%20Il%20faut%20interdire%20les%20armes%20totalement%20autonomes&amp;counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Ffr%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F16%2Fetats-unis-il-faut-interdire-les-armes-totalement-autonomes" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" 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</ul></div><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-images"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-images view-id-nodereference_related_images view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_koreandome_0.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>Un robot sud-coréen SGR-1, système précurseur des armes complètement autonomes, lors d’un essai dans la Zone coréenne démilitarisée.</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_koreandome_0.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_koreandome_0.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>Un robot sud-coréen SGR-1, système précurseur des armes complètement autonomes, lors d’un essai dans la Zone coréenne démilitarisée.</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2007 Getty Images</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-news-related-report"> <div class="field-label">Our Report:&nbsp;</div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-press-release-report view-id-press_release_report view-display-id-reference_field_1 view-block-about-this-report view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-reportsynopsis-cover-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/node/111292" class="imagecache imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h imagecache-linked imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h_linked"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-crop-75w-100h/media/images/report-covers/arms1112_reportcover_3.jpg" class="imagecache imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/11/19/losing-humanity-0">Losing Humanity</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-reportsynopsis-subtitle-value"> <span class="field-content">The Case against Killer Robots</span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">19 novembre 2012</span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-report-synopsis-pdf-fid"> <label class="views-label-field-report-synopsis-pdf-fid"> Get the report: </label> <div class="field-content"><div class="filefield-file"><img class="filefield-icon field-icon-application-pdf" alt="icône application/pdf" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/filefield/icons/application-pdf.png"/><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/arms1112_ForUpload.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=3544065" title="arms1112_ForUpload.pdf">Download the full report</a></div></div> </div> <div class="views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/node/111292">Go to report home »</a></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-filefield field-field-upload-file"> <div class="field-label">Downloadable Resources:&nbsp;</div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="filefield-file"><img class="filefield-icon field-icon-application-pdf" alt="icône application/pdf" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/filefield/icons/application-pdf.png"/><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/2013_arms_killerrobotsdodmemo_0.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=1825153" title="2013_arms_killerrobotsdodmemo.pdf">Note d&#039;information (en anglais)</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-link field-field-news-link"> <div class="field-label">More Coverage:&nbsp;</div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/topic/arms">Page Armes (en français)</a> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/topic/arms/killer-robots">Page Robots tueurs (en anglais)</a> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.stopkillerrobots.org/">Campagne contre les robots tueurs (en anglais)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> « Les humains ne devraient jamais déléguer à des machines le pouvoir de décider qui peut vivre et qui doit mourir sur le champ de bataille. La politique américaine devrait servir de base pour une interdiction permanente et totale des armes complètement autonomes. » </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> Steve Goose, directeur de la division Armes à Human Rights Watch </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(Washington, le 16 avril 2013) &ndash; Les restrictions temporaires impos&eacute;es par les <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/fr/united-states">&Eacute;tats-Unis</a>&nbsp;sur les armes l&eacute;tales totalement autonomes devraient &ecirc;tre renforc&eacute;es et rendues permanentes, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; Human Rights Watch dans une note d&#39;information publi&eacute;e aujourd&#39;hui. Les armes totalement autonomes, que l&#39;on appelle parfois &laquo;&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/topic/arms/killer-robots">robots tueurs</a>&nbsp;&raquo; &nbsp;auraient la capacit&eacute; de choisir et d&rsquo;attaquer&nbsp;des cibles sans aucune intervention humaine.&nbsp;</p> <p>Reconnaissant les probl&egrave;mes que de telles armes pourraient poser, le D&eacute;partement de la D&eacute;fense des &Eacute;tats-Unis a &eacute;mis une directive le 21 novembre 2012, qui impose actuellement la pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;un &ecirc;tre humain &laquo; dans la boucle &raquo; pour toute d&eacute;cision sur l&rsquo;&eacute;ventuel recours &agrave; la force l&eacute;tale. Il s&#39;agissait l&agrave; de la premi&egrave;re politique publique adopt&eacute;e par le D&eacute;partement de la D&eacute;fense concernant l&rsquo;autonomie de certains syst&egrave;mes d&#39;armement, et c&#39;&eacute;tait &eacute;galement la premi&egrave;re fois qu&#39;un pays se pronon&ccedil;ait publiquement sur la question des armes totalement autonomes.</p> <p>&laquo; <em>Cette politique montre que les &Eacute;tats-Unis partagent nos pr&eacute;occupations sur les multiples dangers que des armes compl&egrave;tement autonomes pourraient faire courir aux civils</em> &raquo;, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/bios/stephen-goose">Steve Goose</a>, directeur de la division Armes &agrave; Human Rights Watch. &laquo; <em>Les humains ne devraient jamais d&eacute;l&eacute;guer &agrave; des machines le pouvoir de d&eacute;cider qui peut vivre et qui doit mourir sur le champ de bataille. La politique am&eacute;ricaine devrait servir de base pour une interdiction permanente et totale des armes compl&egrave;tement autonomes</em>. &raquo;</p> <p>La note d&#39;information publi&eacute;e conjointement par Human Rights Watch et par la Clinique des droits humains internationaux de la facult&eacute; de droit de l&#39;Universit&eacute; de Harvard (Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic) analyse le contenu de la nouvelle directive et souligne l&#39;avanc&eacute;e importante qu&#39;elle repr&eacute;sente. Pour une dur&eacute;e pouvant aller jusqu&#39;&agrave; 10 ans, la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300009p.pdf">Directive n&ordm; 3000.09</a>&nbsp;du D&eacute;partement de la D&eacute;fense n&rsquo;autorise d&rsquo;une mani&egrave;re g&eacute;n&eacute;rale le d&eacute;veloppement et l&rsquo;utilisation de syst&egrave;mes d&#39;armement totalement autonomes qu&#39;&agrave; la condition qu&#39;ils soient non l&eacute;taux. De fait, cette directive constitue le premier moratoire au monde sur les armes l&eacute;tales totalement autonomes.</p> <p>La directive pr&eacute;sente cependant des lacunes importantes, et ne constitue pas une solution adapt&eacute;e aux probl&egrave;mes potentiels que pourraient poser des syst&egrave;mes d&#39;armement totalement autonomes, selon Human Rights Watch. Les hauts responsables du D&eacute;partement de la D&eacute;fense peuvent y d&eacute;roger. Elle ne s&#39;appliquera par ailleurs que 10 ans au maximum, &agrave; moins qu&#39;elle ne soit renouvel&eacute;e dans les cinq ans. Le d&eacute;partement pourrait aussi annuler cette politique, au cours de la m&ecirc;me p&eacute;riode de cinq ans.</p> <p>&laquo; <em>La politique adopt&eacute;e par les &Eacute;tats-Unis est un pas important dans la bonne direction, mais elle laisse clairement la porte ouverte &agrave; l&rsquo;acquisition et &agrave; l&#39;usage d&#39;armes l&eacute;tales totalement autonomes dans le futur</em> &raquo;, a ajout&eacute; Steve Goose.</p> <p>Au cours des dix derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es, l&#39;usage croissant de v&eacute;hicules a&eacute;riens arm&eacute;s sans pilotes, ou drones, a radicalement chang&eacute; les techniques de combat, et fait &eacute;merger de nouvelles probl&eacute;matiques humanitaires et juridiques. M&ecirc;me si l&#39;appel de Human Rights Watch en faveur d&#39;une interdiction des armes totalement autonomes ne les concerne pas directement, ces syst&egrave;mes d&rsquo;armes semi-autonomes refl&egrave;tent une &eacute;volution technologique acc&eacute;l&eacute;r&eacute;e. Les &Eacute;tats-Unis et les autres nations dot&eacute;es d&#39;arm&eacute;es &eacute;quip&eacute;es de hautes technologies, notamment la Chine, Isra&euml;l, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie, s&#39;orientent vers des syst&egrave;mes qui donneraient plus d&#39;autonomie au combat &agrave; des machines. Si un ou plusieurs pays choisissent de d&eacute;ployer des armes totalement autonomes, d&#39;autres pourraient se sentir oblig&eacute;s de les suivre.<br/> <br/> &laquo; <em>Compte tenu de tous les dangers repr&eacute;sent&eacute;s par les armes totalement autonomes, et de la perspective effrayante d&#39;une course aux armements robotis&eacute;s, toutes les nations devraient imposer un moratoire imm&eacute;diat, afin d&#39;ouvrir la voie &agrave; une interdiction juridique</em> &raquo;, a affirm&eacute; Steve Goose. &laquo; <em>En l&rsquo;absence de r&egrave;gles au niveau mondial, d&#39;autres nations pourraient commencer &agrave; d&eacute;velopper de tels armes, et les &Eacute;tats-Unis pourraient bien abandonner leur politique actuelle.</em> &raquo;</p> <p>La directive d&#39;orientation am&eacute;ricaine a &eacute;t&eacute; rendu publique deux jours apr&egrave;s la publication par Human Rights Watch et la Clinique des droits humains internationaux de la facult&eacute; de droit de l&#39;Universit&eacute; de Harvard du rapport <u>&laquo;&nbsp;</u><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://hrw.org/reports/2012/11/19/losing-humanity-0">Losing Humanity: The Case Against Killer Robots</a><u>&nbsp;&raquo;</u>&nbsp;(&laquo; Perdre toute humanit&eacute; : le probl&egrave;me des robots tueurs &raquo;) un document de 50 pages qui expose les nombreux probl&egrave;mes juridiques, &eacute;thiques, politiques et autres que posent, selon les deux organisations, les armes totalement autonomes.</p> <iframe allowfullscreen="1" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/TVvNaGh2lvo?autohide=1;wmode=transparent&amp;" width="638"></iframe><br/> <p>Le rapport &laquo; Perdre toute humanit&eacute; &raquo; conclut que, dans la configuration actuelle de la plupart des champs de bataille, il serait difficile d&#39;utiliser des armes totalement autonomes sans contrevenir aux dispositions cl&eacute;s du droit international humanitaire. De plus, leur utilisation induit une lacune quant &agrave; l&rsquo;obligation de rendre des comptes, puisqu&#39;il serait compliqu&eacute; d&#39;identifier les personnes qui pourraient &ecirc;tre tenues responsables juridiquement des actes commis par un robot. Le rapport d&eacute;taille &eacute;galement la fa&ccedil;on dont des robots autonomes &agrave; capacit&eacute; l&eacute;tale pourraient amoindrir l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; d&rsquo;autres m&eacute;canismes de contr&ocirc;le qui permettent de limiter le risque de tuer des civils. Des armes pleinement autonomes ne pourraient pas montrer de compassion humaine pour leurs victimes, par exemple, et des autocrates pourraient en abuser en s&#39;en servant contre leur propre peuple.</p> <p>Human Rights Watch s&rsquo;appr&ecirc;te &agrave; assumer la coordination de la Campagne pour interdire les robots tueurs (<em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423013426/http://www.stopkillerrobots.org/">Campaign to Stop Killer Robots</a></em>),&nbsp;une nouvelle initiative lanc&eacute;e par une coalition internationale d&#39;organisations non gouvernementales qui appellent &agrave; une interdiction pr&eacute;ventive et totale des armes compl&egrave;tement autonomes. Cette interdiction devrait &ecirc;tre obtenue par le biais d&rsquo;un trait&eacute; international, ainsi que de lois nationales et d&#39;autres mesures.</p> <p>La Campagne pour interdire les robots tueurs sera lanc&eacute;e &agrave; Londres le mardi 23 avril, lors d&#39;une conf&eacute;rence de presse pr&eacute;vue &agrave; 10h30 au Frontline Club.</p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_en first"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/16/us-ban-fully-autonomous-weapons" title="US: Ban Fully Autonomous Weapons" class="translation-link">English</a></li> <li class="node_translation_de last"><a href="/web/20130423013426/http://www.hrw.org/de/news/2013/04/16/usa-verbot-vollstaendig-autonomer-waffen" title="USA: Verbot vollständig autonomer Waffen" class="translation-link">Deutsch</a></li> </ul></div><div class="service-links"><div class="service-label">Share </div><ul 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