CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Petroleum industry in Iraq - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"320a9271-5223-4bb3-8361-13e2d474a448","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq","wgTitle":"Petroleum industry in Iraq","wgCurRevisionId":1237218515,"wgRevisionId":1237218515,"wgArticleId":39750625,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from June 2013","All articles needing additional references","Petroleum industry in Iraq"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq","wgRelevantArticleId":39750625,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q16966931","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="701"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="467"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png/640px-OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="374"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Petroleum industry in Iraq - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq rootpage-Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Upstream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Development plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_constraints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.2</span> <span>Infrastructure constraints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_contracts_licensing_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_contracts_licensing_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.3</span> <span>Service contracts licensing results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_contracts_licensing_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Midstream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Export_pipelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_pipelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Export pipelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_pipelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overland_export_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overland_export_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Overland export routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overland_export_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Downstream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Natural gas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Natural gas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upstream_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upstream_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Upstream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upstream_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Gas production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upstream_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upstream_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Upstream development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upstream_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midstream_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midstream_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Midstream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midstream_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum industry in Iraq</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="الصناعة النفطية في العراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصناعة النفطية في العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16966931#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&oldid=1237218515" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&id=1237218515&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPetroleum_industry_in_Iraq"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPetroleum_industry_in_Iraq"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16966931" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">World's fifth largest proven petroleum reserves</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Petroleum industry in Iraq">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq%22">"Petroleum industry in Iraq"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Petroleum+industry+in+Iraq%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png/300px-OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png/450px-OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png/600px-OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi oil production has surged after years of disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_production_in_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Oil_production_in_Iraq.svg/220px-Oil_production_in_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Oil_production_in_Iraq.svg/330px-Oil_production_in_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Oil_production_in_Iraq.svg/440px-Oil_production_in_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of oil production</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> was the world's 5th largest oil producer in 2009, and has the world's fifth <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">largest proven petroleum reserves</a>. Just a fraction of Iraq's known fields are in development, and Iraq may be one of the few places left where vast reserves, proven and unknown, have barely been exploited. Iraq's energy sector is heavily based upon oil, with approximately 94 percent of its energy needs met with petroleum. In addition, crude oil export revenues accounted for over two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> in 2009. Iraq's oil sector has suffered over the past several decades from sanctions and wars, and its oil infrastructure is in need of modernization and investment. As of June 30, 2010, the United States had allocated <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2.05 billion to the Iraqi oil and gas sector to begin this modernization, but ended its direct involvement as of the first quarter of 2008. According to reports by various U.S. government agencies, multilateral institutions and other international organizations, long-term Iraq reconstruction costs could reach $100 billion (US) or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-Oil_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="History of petroleum industry in Iraq">History of petroleum industry in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caloustegulbenkian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caloustegulbenkian.jpg/170px-Caloustegulbenkian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caloustegulbenkian.jpg/255px-Caloustegulbenkian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caloustegulbenkian.jpg/340px-Caloustegulbenkian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Turkish-born Armenian Calouste Gulbenkian played a major role in making the petroleum reserves of the Middle East available to Western development and is accredited with being the first person to exploit Iraqi oil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> granted a <a href="/wiki/Concession_(contract)" title="Concession (contract)">concession</a> allowing <a href="/wiki/William_Knox_D%27Arcy" title="William Knox D'Arcy">William Knox D'Arcy</a> to explore oil fields in its territories which, after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a>, became the modern countries of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Eventually D'Arcy and other European partners founded the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Petroleum_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Petroleum Company">Turkish Petroleum Company</a> (TPC) in 1912, which was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Petroleum_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Petroleum Company">Iraqi Petroleum Company</a> in later years.<sup id="cite_ref-ilei_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPC-B-CS-04_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPC-B-CS-04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YP0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YP0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baba_Gurgur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baba_Gurgur.jpg/220px-Baba_Gurgur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baba_Gurgur.jpg/330px-Baba_Gurgur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baba_Gurgur.jpg/440px-Baba_Gurgur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6716" data-file-height="6895" /></a><figcaption>Kirkuk district: an oil gusher spouting with a stream of oil in foreground.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partition of the Ottoman Empire</a>, the British gained control of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-ilei_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, TPC obtained a 75-year concession to explore for oil in exchange for a promise that the Iraqi government would receive a royalty for every ton of oil extracted. A well was located at <a href="/wiki/Baba_Gurgur" title="Baba Gurgur">Baba Gurgur</a> just north of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>. Drilling started, and in the early hours of 14 October 1927 oil was struck. The oil field in Kirkuk proved extensive.<sup id="cite_ref-MQ_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MQ-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discovery of oil in Kirkuk hastened the negotiations over the composition of TPC, and on 31 July 1928 shareholders signed a formal partnership agreement to include the Near East Development Corporation (NEDC)—an American <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> of five large US oil companies that included <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of New Jersey">Standard Oil of New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Company of New York">Standard Oil Company of New York</a> (Socony), <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Oil" title="Gulf Oil">Gulf Oil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Petroleum_and_Transport_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company">Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO">Atlantic Richfield Co.</a> (By 1935, only Standard Oil of New Jersey and Standard Oil of New York were left).<sup id="cite_ref-GT-DEX-1920-78_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-1920-78-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was called the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_Agreement" title="Red Line Agreement">Red Line Agreement</a> for the "red line" drawn around the former boundaries of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-SH_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SH-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Red Line Agreement lasted until 1948 when two of the American partners broke free. During the period, IPC monopolized oil exploration inside the Red Line; excluding Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, where <a href="/wiki/ARAMCO" class="mw-redirect" title="ARAMCO">ARAMCO</a> (formed in 1944 by renaming of the Saudi subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of California">Standard Oil of California</a> (Socal)) and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Petroleum_Company" title="Bahrain Petroleum Company">Bahrain Petroleum Company</a> (BAPCO) respectively held controlling position.<sup id="cite_ref-SH_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SH-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Mossadegh">Muhammad Mossadegh</a> nationalized the oil industry in Iran, IPC agreed to accept an "equal profit sharing" arrangement in 1952. Instead of a flat royalty payment, Iraq would be paid 12.5% of the sale price of each barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-saul_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saul-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, foreign company control of Iraq's oil assets was unpopular and in 1958 <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> overthrew <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal II of Iraq">Faisal II of Iraq</a>. After seizing control of the Iraqi government, Qasim demanded better terms from IPC but decided against nationalization of Iraq's petroleum assets.<sup id="cite_ref-ilei_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961 Iraq passed Public Law 80 whereby Iraq expropriated 95% of IPC's concessions and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a> was created and empowered to develop the assets seized from IPC under Law 80. This arrangement continued in 1970 when the government demanded even more control over IPC, eventually nationalizing IPC after negotiations between the company and the government broke down. By this time the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> was in power in Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was its <i>de facto</i> ruler, although <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> did not formally step down as President until 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Shwadran_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shwadran-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Falola_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2007, during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, the Iraqi cabinet approved a draft law that would distribute oil revenues to the various regions and provinces of Iraq based on population, and would also give regional oil companies the authority to enter into contractual arrangements directly with foreign companies concerning the exploration and development of oil fields. Iraqis remained divided over provisions allowing regional governments to enter into contracts directly with foreign companies; while strongly supported by Kurds, Sunni Arabs wanted the Oil Ministry to retain signing power. As a compromise the draft law proposed that a new body called the Federal Oil and Gas Council would be created that could, in some circumstances, prevent execution of contracts signed by regional governments.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil">Oil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upstream">Upstream</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Upstream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reserves">Reserves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-countries-by-proven-oil-reserves-(in-millions-of-barrels)---2017---US-EIA---Jo-Di-graphics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map-of-countries-by-proven-oil-reserves-%28in-millions-of-barrels%29---2017---US-EIA---Jo-Di-graphics.jpg/230px-Map-of-countries-by-proven-oil-reserves-%28in-millions-of-barrels%29---2017---US-EIA---Jo-Di-graphics.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map-of-countries-by-proven-oil-reserves-%28in-millions-of-barrels%29---2017---US-EIA---Jo-Di-graphics.jpg/345px-Map-of-countries-by-proven-oil-reserves-%28in-millions-of-barrels%29---2017---US-EIA---Jo-Di-graphics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map-of-countries-by-proven-oil-reserves-%28in-millions-of-barrels%29---2017---US-EIA---Jo-Di-graphics.jpg/460px-Map-of-countries-by-proven-oil-reserves-%28in-millions-of-barrels%29---2017---US-EIA---Jo-Di-graphics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>A map of world <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> according to U.S. EIA, 2017</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>See: <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves in Iraq</a></dd></dl> <p>According to the Oil and Gas Journal, Iraq's proven oil reserves are 115 billion barrels, although these statistics have not been revised since 2001 and are largely based on 2-D seismic data from nearly three decades ago. Geologists and consultants have estimated that relatively unexplored territory in the western and southern deserts may contain an estimated additional 45 to 100 billion barrels (bbls) of recoverable oil. Iraqi Oil Minister <a href="/wiki/Hussain_al-Shahristani" title="Hussain al-Shahristani">Hussain al-Shahristani</a> said that Iraq is re-evaluating its estimate of proven oil reserves, and expects to revise them upwards. A major challenge to Iraq's development of the oil sector is that resources are not evenly divided across sectarian-demographic lines. Most known hydrocarbon resources are concentrated in the Shiite areas of the south and the ethnically Kurdish north, with few resources in control of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> minority. The majority of the known oil and gas reserves in Iraq form a belt that runs along the eastern edge of the country. Iraq has 9 fields that are considered super giants (over 5 billion bbls) as well as 22 known giant fields (over 1 billion bbls). According to independent consultants, the cluster of super-giant fields of southeastern Iraq forms the largest known concentration of such fields in the world and accounts for 70 to 80 percent of the country's proven oil reserves. An estimated 20 percent of oil reserves are in the north of Iraq, near <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>. Control over rights to reserves is a source of controversy between the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurds</a> and other groups in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Industry_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Industry-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Production">Production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, Iraq's crude oil production averaged 2.4 million barrels per day (mbd), about the same as 2008 levels, and below its pre-war production capacity level of 2.8 million mbd After the end of the US invasion the production increased on a high level, even though a new invasion from the so-called <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> started. Production in March 2016 stood at 4.55 million barrels a day. Which is a new all-time peak year for Iraq if OPEC talks about freezing or reduce production held in April 2016 will not led to a reduction. The old peak was 1979 with 171.6 million tons of oil compared to 136.9 million tons produced in 2011 and 152.4 million tons in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company's geographical operation area spans the following governorates: <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala</a>, and part of <a href="/wiki/Babil" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil">Babil</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilla">Hilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wasit" title="Wasit">Wasit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a>. The remainder falls under the jurisdiction of the SOC and MOC, and though smaller in geographical size, includes the majority of proven reserves. MOC's oil fields hold an estimated 30 billion barrels of reserves. They include <a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halfaya" title="Halfaya">Field</a>, Huwaiza, <a href="/wiki/Nur,_Iran" title="Nur, Iran">Noor</a>, Rifaee, Dijaila, Kumait and East Rafidain.<sup id="cite_ref-Iraq_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iraq-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> estimated that Iraq could increase production from 2.95 mbd in 2012 to 6.1 mbd by 2020, which would increase Iraq's oil revenues to $5 trillion between 2012 and 2035, or around $200 billion per year.<sup id="cite_ref-ilei_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Development_plans">Development plans</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraq has begun an ambitious development program to develop its oil fields and to increase its oil production. Passage of the proposed Hydrocarbons Law, which would provide a legal framework for investment in the hydrocarbon sector, remains a main policy objective. Despite the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_oil_law_(2007)" title="Iraq oil law (2007)">Hydrocarbons Law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Oil (Iraq)">Ministry of Oil (Iraq)</a> signed 12 long-term contracts between November 2008 and May 2010 with international oil companies to develop 14 oil fields. Under the first phase, companies bid to further develop 6 giant oil fields that were already producing with proven oil reserves of over 43 billion barrels. Phase two contracts were signed to develop oil fields that were already explored but not fully developed or producing commercially. Together, these contracts cover oil fields with proven reserves of over 60 billion barrels, or more than half of Iraq's current proven oil reserves. As a result of these contract awards, Iraq expects to boost production by 200,000 bbl/d by the end of 2010, and to increase production capacity by an additional 400,000 bbl/d by the end of 2011. When these fields are fully developed, they will increase total Iraqi production capacity to almost 12 million bbl/d, or 9.6 million bbl/d above current production levels. The contracts call for Iraq to reach this production target by 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Infrastructure_constraints">Infrastructure constraints</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infrastructure constraints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraq faces many challenges in meeting this timetable. One of the most significant is the lack of an outlet for significant increases in crude oil production. Both Iraqi refining and export infrastructure are currently bottlenecks and need to be upgraded to process much more crude oil. Iraqi oil exports are currently running at near full capacity in the south, while export capacity in the north has been restricted by sabotage, and would need to be expanded in any case to export significantly higher volumes. Production increases of the scale planned will also require substantial increases in natural gas and/or water injection to maintain oil reservoir pressure and boost oil production. </p><p>Iraq has associated gas that could be used, but it is currently being flared. Another option is to use water for re-injection, and locally available water is currently being used in the south of Iraq. However, fresh water is an important commodity in the Middle East, and large amounts of seawater will likely have to be pumped in via pipelines that have yet to be built. <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> has coordinated initial studies at water injection plans for many of the fields under development. According to their estimate, 10–15 million bbl/d of seawater could be necessary for Iraq's expansion plans, at a cost of over $10 billion. </p><p>Furthermore, Iraq's oil and gas industry is the largest industrial customer of electricity, with over 10 percent of total demand. Large-scale increases in oil production would also require large increases in power generation. However, Iraq has struggled to keep up with the demand for power, with shortages common across Iraq. Significant upgrades to the electricity sector would be needed to supply additional power. Iraq also plans to sign delineation agreements on shared oil fields with <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and Iran. Iraq would like to set up joint committees with its neighbors on how to share the oil. </p><p>According to the Oil and Gas Journal, Iraq's proven natural gas reserves are 112 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), the tenth largest in the world. An estimated 70 percent of these lie in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> governorate in the south of Iraq. Probable Iraqi reserves have been estimated at 275–300 Tcf, and work is currently underway by several IOCs and independents to accurately update hydrocarbon reserve numbers. Two-thirds of Iraq's natural gas resources are associated with oil fields including, Kirkuk, as well as the southern Nahr Bin) Umar, Majnoon, Halfaya, <a href="/wiki/Nassiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassiriya">Nassiriya</a>, the Rumaila fields, West <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurnah" title="Al-Qurnah">Al-Qurnah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Zubair</a>. Just under 20 percent of known gas reserves are non-associated; around 10 percent is salt dome gas. The majority of non-associated reserves are concentrated in several fields in the North including: Ajil, Bai Hassan, Jambur, Chemchemal, Kor Mor, Khashem al-Ahmar, and Khashem al-Ahmar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Service_contracts_licensing_results">Service contracts licensing results</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Service contracts licensing results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Field / block </th> <th>Company </th> <th>Home country </th> <th>Company type </th> <th>Share in field </th> <th>Plateau production target (bpd) </th> <th>Service fee per bbl ($) </th> <th>Gross revenue at plateau ($/yr) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Majnoon_oil_field" title="Majnoon oil field">Majnoon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> </td> <td>UK </td> <td>Public </td> <td>45% </td> <td>1,800,000 </td> <td>1.39 </td> <td>410,953,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Majnoon_oil_field" title="Majnoon oil field">Majnoon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>State </td> <td>30% </td> <td>1,800,000 </td> <td>1.39 </td> <td>273,969,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Field" title="Halfaya Field">Halfaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CNPC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNPC">CNPC</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>State </td> <td>37.5% </td> <td>535,000 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>102,519,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Field" title="Halfaya Field">Halfaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>State </td> <td>18.75% </td> <td>535,000 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>51,259,688 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Field" title="Halfaya Field">Halfaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Total_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Total S.A.">Total</a> </td> <td>France </td> <td>Public </td> <td>18.75% </td> <td>535,000 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>51,259,688 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field" title="Rumaila oil field">Rumaila</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> </td> <td>UK </td> <td>Public </td> <td>37.5% </td> <td>2,850,000 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>780,187,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field" title="Rumaila oil field">Rumaila</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CNPC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNPC">CNPC</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>State </td> <td>37.5% </td> <td>2,850,000 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>780,187,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Zubair</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KPR" title="KPR">KPRRM</a> </td> <td>UK </td> <td>Public </td> <td>18.81% </td> <td>1,200,000 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>183,415,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Zubair</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">ENI</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>Public </td> <td>37.81% </td> <td>1,200,000 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>287,415,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Zubair</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental</a> </td> <td>US </td> <td>Public </td> <td>23.44% </td> <td>1,200,000 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>205,334,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Zubair</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KOGAS" class="mw-redirect" title="KOGAS">KOGAS</a> </td> <td>Korea </td> <td>State </td> <td>18.75% </td> <td>1,200,000 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>164,250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Qurna_Field" title="West Qurna Field">West Qurna Field</a> Phase 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Public </td> <td>75% </td> <td>1,800,000 </td> <td>1.15 </td> <td>566,662,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Badra </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>State </td> <td>30% </td> <td>170,000 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>102,382,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Badra </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>State </td> <td>15% </td> <td>170,000 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>51,191,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Badra </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KOGAS" class="mw-redirect" title="KOGAS">KOGAS</a> </td> <td>Korea </td> <td>State </td> <td>22.5% </td> <td>170,000 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>76,786,875 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Badra </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>State </td> <td>7.5% </td> <td>170,000 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>25,595,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Qurna_Field" title="West Qurna Field">West Qurna Field</a> Phase 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a> </td> <td>US </td> <td>Public </td> <td>60% </td> <td>2,325,000 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>967,432,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Qurna_Field" title="West Qurna Field">West Qurna Field</a> Phase 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> </td> <td>UK </td> <td>Public </td> <td>15% </td> <td>2,325,000 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>241,858,125 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qayara </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonangol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonangol">Sonangol</a> </td> <td>Angola </td> <td>State </td> <td>75% </td> <td>120,000 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>164,250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Najmah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonangol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonangol">Sonangol</a> </td> <td>Angola </td> <td>State </td> <td>75% </td> <td>110,000 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>180,675,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garraf </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>State </td> <td>40% </td> <td>230,000 </td> <td>1.49 </td> <td>56,288,475 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garraf </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JAPEX" title="JAPEX">JAPEX</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Public </td> <td>30% </td> <td>230,000 </td> <td>1.49 </td> <td>37,525,650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missan Group </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CNOOC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNOOC">CNOOC</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>State </td> <td>63.75% </td> <td>450,000 </td> <td>2.30 </td> <td>240,831,562.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missan Group </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>State </td> <td>11.25% </td> <td>450,000 </td> <td>2.30 </td> <td>42,499,687.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Notes:</i> <i> 1. Field shares are as a % of the total. The Iraq state retains a 25% share in all fields for which Service Contracts have been awarded.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midstream">Midstream</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Midstream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Export_pipelines">Export pipelines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Export pipelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the North: Iraq has one major crude oil export pipeline, the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline</a>, which transports oil from the north of Iraq to the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">port</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a>. This pipeline has been subject to repeated disruptions this decade, limiting exports from the northern fields. Iraq signed an agreement with Turkey to extend the operation of the 1.6 million bbl/d pipeline, as well as to upgrade its capacity by 1 million bbl/d. In order for this pipeline to reach its design capacity, Iraq would need to receive oil from the south via the Strategic Pipeline, which was designed to allow flows of crude oil from the south of Iraq to go north via Turkey, and vice versa. Iraq has proposed building a new strategic line from Basra to the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, with the line consisting of two additional crude oil pipelines. To the West: The <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Baniyas_pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline">Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline</a> (opened 1952) has been closed and the Iraqi portion reported unusable since the 2003 war in Iraq. Discussions were held between Iraqi and Syrian government officials to re-open the pipeline. It had a design capacity of 300,000 bbl/d, on top of the capacity of the existing 12 and 16-inch pipes of the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Haifa_oil_pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline">Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline</a>, which it looped. The Russian company <a href="/wiki/Stroytransgaz" title="Stroytransgaz">Stroytransgaz</a> accepted an offer to fix the pipeline in December 2007, but no follow-up was made. Iraq and Syria have discussed building several new pipelines, including a 1.5 million bbl/d pipeline carrying heavy crude oil, and a 1.25 million bbl/d pipeline for carrying light crudes. To the South: The 1.65 million bbl/d Iraq Pipeline to Saudi Arabia (IPSA) has been closed since 1991 following the Persian Gulf War. There are no plans to reopen this line. Iraq has also held discussions to build a crude oil pipeline from <a href="/wiki/Haditha" title="Haditha">Haditha</a> to Jordan's <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Aqaba" title="Port of Aqaba">port of Aqaba</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ports">Ports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_seaborne_crude_oil_exports_by_destination_in_2017_(31760972217).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Iraq_seaborne_crude_oil_exports_by_destination_in_2017_%2831760972217%29.png/310px-Iraq_seaborne_crude_oil_exports_by_destination_in_2017_%2831760972217%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Iraq_seaborne_crude_oil_exports_by_destination_in_2017_%2831760972217%29.png/465px-Iraq_seaborne_crude_oil_exports_by_destination_in_2017_%2831760972217%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Iraq_seaborne_crude_oil_exports_by_destination_in_2017_%2831760972217%29.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Destination of Iraqi seaborne exports of crude oil in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basra_Oil_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Oil Terminal">Basra Oil Terminal</a> on the Persian Gulf has an effective capacity to load 1.3 million bbl/d and support <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Crude_Carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Crude Carriers">Very Large Crude Carriers</a>. In February 2009, the South Oil Company commissioned Foster Wheeler to carry out the basic engineering design to rehabilitate and expand capacity of the terminal by building four single point mooring systems with a capacity of 800,000 bbl/d each. According to former Minister of Oil Issam al-Chalabi, it would take at least until 2013 to complete the project if financing is found. There are five smaller ports on the Persian Gulf, all functioning at less than full capacity, including the Khor al-Amaya terminal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overland_export_routes">Overland export routes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Overland export routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overland routes are used to export limited amounts of crude from small fields bordering Syria. In addition, Iraq has resumed shipping oil to Jordan's <a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a> refinery by road tankers at a rate of 10,000 bbl/d. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downstream">Downstream</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Downstream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimates of Iraqi nameplate refining capacity vary, from 637,500 bbl/d according to the Oil and Gas Journal to 790,000 bbl/d according to the Special Inspector General for Iraqi Reconstruction. Iraqi refineries have antiquated infrastructure and only half run at utilization rates of 50 percent or more. Despite improvements in recent years, the sector has not been able to meet domestic demand of about 600,000 bbl/d, and the refineries produce too much heavy fuel oil and not enough other refined products. As a result, Iraq relies on imports for 30 percent of its gasoline and 17 percent of its LPG. To alleviate product shortages, Iraq's 10-year strategic plan for 2008-2017 set a goal of increasing refining capacity to 1.5 million bbl/d, and is seeking $20 billion in investments to achieve this target. Iraq has plans for 4 new refineries, as well as plans for expanding the existing Daura and Basra refineries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upstream_2">Upstream</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Upstream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gas_production">Gas production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gas production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraqi natural gas production rose from to 81 (billion) Bcf in 2003 to 522 Bcf in 2008. Some is used as fuel for power generation, and some is re-injected to enhance oil recovery. Over 40 percent of the production in 2008 was flared due to a lack of sufficient infrastructure to utilize it for consumption and export, although <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> estimated that flaring losses were even greater at 1 Bcf per day. As a result, Iraq's five <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">natural gas processing</a> plants, which can process over 773 billion cubic feet per year, sit mostly idle. To reduce flaring, Iraq has been working on an agreement with Royal Dutch Shell to implement a 25-year project to capture flared gas and provide it for domestic use. Iraq's cabinet gave preliminary approval for the $17 billion deal covering development of 25–30 Tcf of associated natural gas reserves in Basra province through a new joint venture, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra_Gas_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basra Gas Company (page does not exist)">Basra Gas Company</a>. The agreement, which originally was to cover all of <a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra Governorate</a>, has been modified to include only the associated gas from the Rumaila, Zubair, and West Qurna Phase I projects. Implementation of this agreement is necessary for the new oil development projects to go forward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upstream_development">Upstream development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Upstream development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraq has planned an upstream bidding round in late 2010 for three non-associated natural gas fields with combined reserves of over 7.5 Tcf. This will be the third hydrocarbon bidding round conducted by Iraq, following two earlier rounds that were held to develop Iraq's oil fields. All of the companies that prequalified to bid in the two earlier rounds will be invited. Iraq has committed to purchasing 100 percent of the gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midstream_2">Midstream</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Midstream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plans to export natural gas remain controversial due to the amount of idle and sub-optimally fired electricity generation capacity in Iraq—much a result of a lack of adequate gas feedstock. Prior to the 1990–1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, Iraq exported natural gas to Kuwait. The gas came from Rumaila through a 105 miles (169 km) pipeline with a capacity of 400 million cubic feet (11 million cubic metres) per day to Kuwait's central processing center at <a href="/wiki/Al_Ahmadi,_Kuwait" title="Al Ahmadi, Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. In 2007, the Ministry of Oil announced an agreement to fund a feasibility study on the revival of the mothballed pipeline. Iraq has eyed northern export routes such as the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nabucco_pipeline" title="Nabucco pipeline">Nabucco pipeline</a> through Turkey to Europe, and in July 2009 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> suggested that Iraq could be exporting 530 Bcf per year to Europe by 2015. A second option is the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Gas_Pipeline" title="Arab Gas Pipeline">Arab Gas Pipeline</a> (AGP) project. The proposed AGP pipeline would deliver gas from Iraq's Akkas field to Syria and then on to <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and the Turkish border sometime in 2010, and then on to Europe. Other proposals have included building LNG exporting facilities in the Basra region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iraq" title="Energy in Iraq">Energy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="South Oil Company">South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missan_Oil_Company" title="Missan Oil Company">Missan Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Oil_Company" title="Midland Oil Company">Midland Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Oil_Company" title="North Oil Company">North Oil Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=IRQ">"Country Analysis Brief: Iraq"</a>. <i>US Energy Information Administration</i>. 28 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Energy+Information+Administration&rft.atitle=Country+Analysis+Brief%3A+Iraq&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fbeta%2Finternational%2Fanalysis.cfm%3Fiso%3DIRQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oil-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oil_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan" class="citation web cs1">Donovan, Thomas W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mei.edu/content/iraqs-petroleum-industry-unsettled-issues">"Iraq's Petroleum Industry: Unsettled Issues"</a>. Middle East Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Petroleum+Industry%3A+Unsettled+Issues&rft.pub=Middle+East+Institute&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fcontent%2Firaqs-petroleum-industry-unsettled-issues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ"><i>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</i></a>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2006. p. 817. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1593394926" title="Special:BookSources/1593394926"><bdi>1593394926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia.&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=817&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1593394926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dea-bAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilei-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilei_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilei_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilei_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilei_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ILEI-Oil-and-Gas-Law.pdf"><i>ILEI-Oil-and-Gas-Law.pdf</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ILEI-Oil-and-Gas-Law.pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.stanford.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2FILEI-Oil-and-Gas-Law.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPC-B-CS-04-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPC-B-CS-04_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Zedalis2009" class="citation book cs1">J. Zedalis, Rex (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521766616&ss=exc"><i>The Legal Dimensions of Oil and Gas in Iraq | Current Reality and Future Prospects</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521766616" title="Special:BookSources/9780521766616"><bdi>9780521766616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legal+Dimensions+of+Oil+and+Gas+in+Iraq+%7C+Current+Reality+and+Future+Prospects&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-09&rft.isbn=9780521766616&rft.aulast=J.+Zedalis&rft.aufirst=Rex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Faus%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D9780521766616%26ss%3Dexc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YP0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YP0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/Petroleum/ftc4.htm">"IPC - History and early development"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPC+-+History+and+early+development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2FPetroleum%2Fftc4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MQ-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MQ_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton,_Michael_Quentin2006" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Michael Quentin (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603090609/http://www.greenmountainpress.co.uk/in_the_heart_of_the_desert_morton.html"><i>In the Heart of the Desert</i></a> (In the Heart of the Desert ed.). Aylesford, Kent, United Kingdom: Green Mountain Press (UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9552212-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9552212-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9552212-0-0</bdi></a>. 095522120X. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenmountainpress.co.uk/in_the_heart_of_the_desert_morton.html">the original</a> on 2018-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Heart+of+the+Desert&rft.place=Aylesford%2C+Kent%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=In+the+Heart+of+the+Desert&rft.pub=Green+Mountain+Press+%28UK%29&rft.date=2006-05&rft.isbn=978-0-9552212-0-0&rft.au=Morton%2C+Michael+Quentin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenmountainpress.co.uk%2Fin_the_heart_of_the_desert_morton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GT-DEX-1920-78-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GT-DEX-1920-78_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729164126/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/RedLine">"MILESTONES: 1921-1936, The 1928 Red Line Agreemen"</a>. US Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/RedLine">the original</a> on 29 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MILESTONES%3A+1921-1936%2C+The+1928+Red+Line+Agreemen&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1921-1936%2FRedLine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122095156/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882045,00.html">"Business & Finance: Socony-Vacuum Corp"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 1931-08-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882045,00.html">the original</a> on November 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Business+%26+Finance%3A+Socony-Vacuum+Corp.&rft.date=1931-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C882045%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SH-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SH_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SH_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Hemsley_Longrigg1961" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Hemsley Longrigg (1961). <i>Oil in the Middle East</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237163">237163</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5830191M">5830191M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5830191M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Stephen+Hemsley+Longrigg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Yergin1991" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Yergin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prize00dani"><i>The Prize</i></a> (The prize ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-50248-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-50248-4"><bdi>0-671-50248-4</bdi></a>. 0671502484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prize&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=The+prize&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-671-50248-4&rft.au=Daniel+Yergin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprize00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span> TPC was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Petroleum_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Petroleum Company">Iraqi Petroleum Company</a> (IPC) in 1929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saul-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saul_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamir_Saul2007" class="citation journal cs1">Samir Saul (2007). "Masterly Inactivity as Brinkmanship: The Iraq Petroleum Company's Route to Nationalization, 1958-1972". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 746–792. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2007.9641140">10.1080/07075332.2007.9641140</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40110926">40110926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Masterly+Inactivity+as+Brinkmanship%3A+The+Iraq+Petroleum+Company%27s+Route+to+Nationalization%2C+1958-1972&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=746-792&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2007.9641140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40110926%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Samir+Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shwadran-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shwadran_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Shwadran1977" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Shwadran (1977). <i>Middle East Oil: Issues and Problems</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 30f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87073-598-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87073-598-5"><bdi>0-87073-598-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Oil%3A+Issues+and+Problems&rft.pages=30f&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87073-598-5&rft.au=Benjamin+Shwadran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falola-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Falola_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyin_FalolaAnn_Genova2005" class="citation book cs1">Toyin Falola; Ann Genova (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofglobal00toyi/page/61"><i>The Politics of the Global Oil Industry: An Introduction</i></a>. Praeger/Greenwood. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofglobal00toyi/page/61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98400-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98400-1"><bdi>0-275-98400-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+the+Global+Oil+Industry%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Praeger%2FGreenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-275-98400-1&rft.au=Toyin+Falola&rft.au=Ann+Genova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofglobal00toyi%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2007" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Edward (2007-02-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/world/africa/27iht-iraq.4734414.html">"Iraqi cabinet approves national oil law"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iraqi+cabinet+approves+national+oil+law&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F27%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F27iht-iraq.4734414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Industry-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Industry_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224143916/http://middleeastarab.com/iq/industry-iraq.html">"Industry in Iraq"</a>. Middleeast Arab. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middleeastarab.com/iq/industry-iraq.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industry+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Middleeast+Arab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddleeastarab.com%2Fiq%2Findustry-iraq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp-country/fr_fr/Documents/Rapportsetpublications/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf">"statistical review of world energy 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. British Petroleum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=statistical+review+of+world+energy+2013&rft.pub=British+Petroleum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fbp-country%2Ffr_fr%2FDocuments%2FRapportsetpublications%2Fstatistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iraq-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iraq_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorkhabi" class="citation web cs1">Sorkhabi, Rasoul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191858/http://www.oiledge.com/p/OilEdge_A_review_of_Iraqs_petroleum_resources/80c0a760.aspx">"Iraq"</a>. Oil Edge. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq&rft.pub=Oil+Edge&rft.aulast=Sorkhabi&rft.aufirst=Rasoul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oiledge.com%2Fp%2FOilEdge_A_review_of_Iraqs_petroleum_resources%2F80c0a760.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_topic" title="Template talk:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Petroleum industry in the Middle East</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Kuwait" title="Petroleum industry in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_Gaza_Strip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the Gaza Strip (page does not exist)">Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_West_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the West Bank (page does not exist)">West Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&oldid=1237218515">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&oldid=1237218515</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Category:Petroleum industry in Iraq">Petroleum industry in Iraq</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2013">Articles needing additional references from June 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 July 2024, at 18:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-www2z","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.530","walltime":"0.835","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1449,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":49295,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1101,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":75211,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 565.299 1 -total"," 38.98% 220.369 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.46% 126.951 7 Template:Cite_web"," 16.11% 91.074 1 Template:Short_description"," 15.38% 86.952 1 Template:Middle_East_topic"," 14.93% 84.386 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.73% 71.950 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 11.64% 65.783 1 Template:Ambox"," 7.80% 44.066 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.71% 37.950 7 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.337","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9308477,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-jr7tj","timestamp":"20241203075456","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Petroleum industry in Iraq","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16966931","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16966931","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-06-22T20:57:47Z","dateModified":"2024-07-28T18:26:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/44\/OilProduction.Iraq1990-2015.png","headline":"world's fifth largest proven petroleum reserves"}</script> </body> </html>