CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135523668ea3fda',cH: 'sANDMUUbeXq1tLSmMA80VlkL3L4zSgvjmxe91gGeukA-1739790523-1.2.1.1-BswFBDRX8sNFMsf28T.kJzzPeY0f2bD9eGthb20bajixPsZep6Lr.csKml8d5nl5',cUPMDTk: "\/16144\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=jJDhCY.OprH_JNO6Aplv3T1X6AWhg5E76Oh8dcepa2M-1739790523-1.0.1.1-IaXnd7faxVSbGWsCTP4NcBmWKXmq2yUyjrvz.QYXTVA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790523',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/16144\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=jJDhCY.OprH_JNO6Aplv3T1X6AWhg5E76Oh8dcepa2M-1739790523-1.0.1.1-IaXnd7faxVSbGWsCTP4NcBmWKXmq2yUyjrvz.QYXTVA",md: "1lDNVM_QyOir4MthFR4ZH4Nl9Vh008j2m6B_fw8eVV0-1739790523-1.2.1.1-ATC6avCjzHMHJJmOgB4l8VEsXYB4k4hFgiZ5122aPPHlgki3lH4ESAzt3t4xSOVuOSo9b.27nNbvXZrOEprs0Ry8qx8ums3HYs1eJEOGOO8Or1WbRKslOnovLbQkyXb_ylsxJqW.hYwGe.5549nHthzeopA2tSH7bvSmV7N1wefX3rI6iNFgQgVUyswQFnwJK2SHwSXWq.S.5yFJ854mTq3wrpG9az_DDD314s_rfPGspemsoHuPhv43hsfk0M7ilg9FouRz981I5Zutx8cQQOe0R7D7FcGNedntU_KQSn6PszStsrGtfQ.G_PRzK9dQsDRHv1Fpp6Q5rpA30M9ZsT6FZ_6hh1kH6a3zzZI30SMsPJ97ZpO4A0KPgb9umKeKKQgQeap2nqpHGDm_H3guBtItJwf6C6VKxXqSCNhUqUAeW4LW9gBG18bA3ttuSKio51tAJNNoKw6hG2sUitPNjxN_nb5vWdBjt7AkVTizDjve..CJDCefJGTNEHqjpJsSk6.CC.0vbyMhCBMwzO_SQmB99Y3zfq5NBy63noGkTxdfPSICep9YsX9JxZaSd1ZM723M6JN51aBgT7ZCZKJaWl5CoDr4xqiXw_wFVjKY9q2X6Q_m_NctQarHdgFbY9LHbXf3DyFkmcbzYDQOWPrpwDuBja9wkqsRuo8ugru9J0vJEc6QLUlwIWlOry03evyIvODd_lza3sXMXiRMxEeA1vREd4PFidFGudnn.fq0PVQwgrt5EDuSxYfIJRjP.TmKKa0mGo8bQKtmP252i6icQaFzwZyWxRjUjobH8Dy54MwIKEmWvS45GuMk1NXNM6Ys55V1H_Ou3mvB5sBjew94ysSFNtnr9T9DKUhesZftCi8GcaAfWxLLksJHm4fbkuWHK7WnQbe_ivvgvPSyVJa96R4ruw_fOp6uWE0GDBaZhb8kJl18Mly2jTcAsEAYS72XfUYs2t6E82q9cT._MAaN8rSbhu93ii4UF76HNi6HJn_AuuhxKwrilNvcLGnG5Y1lv2kwez9oB7kt22zFxTWgACglcxREK8wrL3DU1O4Rvam..moZP.1EHVZsLdsq_LzJQFeck6Rf5WQ84o9ziqNWdzPyTu.yY5tyiOM75SivgjjVmox7UYS.riFKIgb.gTKWFiTHflilupfgnHa7DPI679aT4zoYo0YUK4EDJHC82Lkxd7F8BHUKRABmY6e5aPA2GtkpokODYCF5CjqHTqXHt4EMcfiLzjUmo25VXcbJoC_73VpKcxEoQQBIL2FSX3N7WP1BHxn8KSAGuwV6XYqs50GzwtkwQiFaEkKMNJo.Ac0H4bc5tq6xtkxMg6GXhbMBSWGLR8zBJAdoqYb0z6piz4ZowQJ1STQRZOP0eRz30ZaUbZAFIx6rlgRPpxIDmf9Zttha7sA8ShBqmr5Ay0epW.0KQMnN4qNfkSu6RpAyfoqr8d7faxkM3GwtJyX6IntDfom7bFqy3QDDjQIU15OGcOrk_73Udy_BLBEEJt2JW60efMCHexntxwGyw.Kh2JMYOgLadkee3GLV0BJvw.GZKFUPi8N8yB8.ZxD0fMclwmWIDtspQRJpzIk3KWsDJUkuPGN9xBMBXhM1m6CQL._vjLmpOV6pPh82.UV6Wlx3Z54YWDsaOH.VqJrXsz8cQ9KlFoSLeNp0G4bc8h5uYyREPcKVENKH0Gnx1galoTfNJ68JjrKtK7sDt1useFkRHjpM1DV3qHxHdCpAX49T7tj1muxBgNoavnl7durYPMyEvVt6P1Hbp6q8ZwZfP070RXwQYnHvhHCrl5sMFQFX9Iczt78ZZthjjY6Pfktna0.x3PMfXlXUub6jvz7py93lTxxy_ef0.7J89q5Vo8exnqX7VpiyNOgZwU4VAFJquNg202A",mdrd: "0nyoWBxYL9CPrJnp6..TTb8chDwYHRsr1tK9ANNq.OQ-1739790523-1.2.1.1-KsUbB.qCqqIucdU4pwbowIuq2u0NMQejNrhh7l8oAXQGBVDAELIJqGILyYTSXK5DyrLkxzQzDFCO9_OGBCVBnWYfnyu2gwSl.UoFZm4EB1XaW2DOVdgMcCPBjcOglPOD4NtSQfF4Fg_88GTWINZNBDtYoMp_Bt9i6ooAONwRbiP54vH6ExYOAY61w80SvMO1mwf47Pdb29pclxglKl7V0_.F2b7N0Xq10Dc_kpJl2bSlMeToWNUh9.l7X9YwB8zCeNxQq94Kfeau92Zn0zSkibRjVhc_WMCGUb1FZy2GiQ1KE_F7Pxyc6diuSBF3KrlNw4SV0lC_3iaBaUmA6zUjm2BeUB.2HszlSOl3XbvX6yqtph0FfPVge5jZTOE9hOLfibeDzo2Y05Vw0NZ.uLgFmzDKJTGiWc0uDYrT4xWHloUb_Heg.1LE9T.r0k629PDoaRpmxB6Pl1nfIl4sP4usQ7UXs_LUVPmMq7KNxR77TcIl0lgJt.BJFMK1bEDl2CgNhKx1yFMtZ1K3Y7ZiHqJaKWY46f.Ya3om1ana6lHsvj.Mz4dHmpHhS8_XOTW8Ipk.TgNzMngRuJLkDa56m8gHfzr2pmps1Sf0o4V1apBo10Em6UnJY.lNf7atr.Qk8UyQbkEC.X8cNp_dCpbiB953jvXnzs2jS2jFcj5woPZ4rclKOAPPsGlj1AEdL_AWtiyBDHGY0qaD9pnNpX2qB4_iUA8tKA3tOVUJOkTSm.WYItAhZUN3_gNfpm2xcODn2.BKXaypGopfY66k0MeZmMMSvYsSUe2s9l00IMyxtrVEdsp9ZsH_8anx4nmuAiQZXin1omy49uF1jEHU3kp18YY2nb3kk8kgoZWRwQ8s9AzdSigJD8gtWUURpYwUfwdda..dhQnx3WDXfbvhUvAYcQeFYmGWVkXh18eVFsS.k8EqSX.geKQ1_QBAIHMkPZ9_TAPdQ2tBq9DcwD8gOHOCcAPuL489e28LOJIvnPOrzmuWS.vlgBDGHK7WEpDYO57A04WVbTKTvvJ4a2iHT8DeRb8eL0BZv9XG51dtcSSPzar7.AIVTNzTPVWXUiNEXFdY2vfd6ACxjY4w1U76HwYn7d0G5zN0SzHnP22yBDN5lHFprQO9nvy52Zx.0KVvKqpB9EVEmRPme.KrQwiAh2OXL7bhfLyn1iMlfvBhEEA6N7uiECBZ_kOgGyWCApNZYyvNN_IoneMJMaf7N4pue5_bNUaDThE8MnLQC64.NHW9LnrSqQdUo7K65KzdkTCybG.1WtgNtiU_yk_PSmGKJoOt.oxMuQKRLJ5tY6j9f2eJGdg4QTx6hKfX5Nz8.HTXFKGUMBBdEvXIjKyNv7HaYKBh_SL1zi1jl2nw4A2Q9qzPFcRAIxA4WV4ZB08RbP_t4oTyvjU_4nuHuELK2ILkVnjpsk9OoNLVBCIoSseOghCttmDBXl7dP06mTZOJYWn7uyaiyImk_2dpOFW8cFpyvRu8eY8ErU2Nv0D.QqYkekll71gI9_wgSBcYWpaZwdyow.e4bN8XMcMLp6JZFFhO8RkJlGuId0VS4ZBYpT1fmVAopHeZHO55j9BRuE5o__ykwvkKUT9Q6MuYVDwR8D.DS3rZODPkarDZ2nW2g0SxcUnun6h4QEg0xC1TvrOjJbH_YADN3hD6pI1tSd5jOt9V5go_7EptMS.IsiSkhmS17IjqvsTtW7hOpPfatKE0yRSc8rFNrmpnf_FjLfUIDbYyBm7QxljQ5lCARuWqK5Gr78aji_Y_Wsm0tDZNcuVPDtbdtUrCwbVztaTwTTHoEzfNQda6OzL1yWaVX07IMBO2u1Xi_utHsmfJAnEE3llv4dxNFEdmYXTzVNx8lHYF2kdpC0JLKr32AuuEmyCGnZeJueMuxWe5qDnwgXqj_qcs4JGtWjT5rn8EB4ZIn0ILb_60b7VtJqb9pGoOZLyb.JUIV0Y_fZtC1h9cH0r8o9Ot28Qmkj7jciL_"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135523668ea3fda';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/16144\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=jJDhCY.OprH_JNO6Aplv3T1X6AWhg5E76Oh8dcepa2M-1739790523-1.0.1.1-IaXnd7faxVSbGWsCTP4NcBmWKXmq2yUyjrvz.QYXTVA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>