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<span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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and <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English) is a senior official of many <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government">municipal governments</a> in the English-speaking world. In some communities, including most in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the position is elected, but in many others, the clerk is appointed to their post. In the UK, a town or parish clerk is appointed by the town or parish council members. In almost all cases, the actual title of the clerk reflects the type of municipality they work for; thus, instead of simply being known as the clerk, the position is generally referred to as the <b>town clerk</b>, <b>township clerk</b>, <b>city clerk</b>, <b>village clerk</b>, <b>borough clerk</b>, <b>board secretary</b>, or <b>county clerk</b>. Other titles also exist, such as <b>recorder</b> and <b>corporate officer.</b> The office has existed for centuries, though in some places it is now being merged with other positions. </p><p>The duties of a municipal clerk vary even more than their titles. In the United Kingdom, a clerk is generally responsible for a local council (town or parish). Particularly in the United States, it is difficult to fully describe a clerk's duties, because there are hundreds of different jobs a clerk may fulfill. In some U.S. states, there are provisions in the state constitutions delineating the clerk's duties,<sup id="cite_ref-justia1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justia1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in other states, each municipality decides for itself what role the clerk plays. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the position of clerk are unclear. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> there were secretaries for each <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> who read official documents publicly and at the opening of a meeting read public <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">curses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early keepers of the archives were often called remembrancers, and before writing came into use, their memory was public record. When the early colonists came to America, one of the first offices established was that of clerk.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colony at Plymouth appointed a person to act as a recorder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, for over a century, the chief administrative officer of a city or borough was also legally designated the town clerk. This continued until 1993, when the <a href="/w/index.php?title=NSW_Local_Government_Act_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSW Local Government Act 1993 (page does not exist)">NSW Local Government Act 1993</a> was passed and the officer became called the 'general manager of the local council/shire'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Canadian local governments will have a position in their organization responsible for the duties of the clerk, working closely with other statutory positions, including the chief administrative officer and chief financial officer. Clerks are not elected in Canada, and are apolitical. This is an important measure, considering many Canadian clerks are tasked with the duty of administering local elections. </p><p>Provincial legislation lays out the key duties of the clerk, and can vary from province to province, but often includes the following: </p> <ul><li>ensuring the accurate taking of council minutes/recording of the decisions of council;</li> <li>ensuring the public is provided with access to local government records;</li> <li>certifying copies of bylaws and resolutions of council;</li> <li>administering oaths and affidavits; and</li> <li>keeping of the corporate seal.</li></ul> <p>Many clerks also act as a government's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_in_Canada" title="Freedom of information in Canada">Freedom of Information</a> (FOI) head for the purposes of FOI requests. </p><p>In Ontario, the clerk issues marriage licences and burial permits, and registers deaths on behalf of the provincial government. They also are authorized to perform civil weddings. </p><p>Title of the clerk may vary from local government to local government. In British Columbia, the clerk is often referred to as the corporate officer of the municipal government, as established in that province's <a href="/wiki/Community_Charter_(British_Columbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Charter (British Columbia)">community charter</a> legislation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, for over a century, the chief administrative officer of a city or borough was also legally designated the town clerk. This continued until the 1970s, when the city and <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> administrative procedures were largely merged and the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1974_(NZ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Act 1974 (NZ)">Local Government Act 1974</a> declared that every such person (along with his or her rural counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/County_clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="County clerk">county clerk</a>) should henceforth be <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">styled</a> the chief administrative officer. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2002" title="Local Government Act 2002">Local Government Act 2002</a> changed the title again, this time to chief executive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the town clerk is the senior administrative officer of the city, borough or town, usually the most senior salaried employee of the council. In most <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a> the town clerk has now been renamed the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief executive">chief executive</a>, although the original name is retained in most smaller towns. The town clerks of the larger <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county boroughs</a> frequently received <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighthoods</a>, and the chief executives of large authorities sometimes still do. The equivalent officer in <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">counties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">districts</a> was the clerk to the council (now also designated chief executive) and in (non-town) <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">parishes</a> is the parish clerk, usually part-time, but still a paid official, whose main responsibility is the administration and minuting of parish council meetings and parish council finance. The <a href="/wiki/Town_Clerk_of_London" title="Town Clerk of London">Town Clerk of London</a> is an important executive position with a staff and significant budget. </p><p>On ceremonial occasions, some town clerks will wear a gown of black silk ottoman/grosgrain of the lay pattern with panel sleeves and a flap collar. The gown is trimmed with rows of <a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">braid</a> and tassels. This gown is similar to the gown of undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> and gentleman-commoners in the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The town clerk may also wear a <a href="/wiki/Wig" title="Wig">wig</a> similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a>. However, many town clerks will not wear ceremonial dress as the role has been modernised in many towns across the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The professional body for town clerks in the United Kingdom is the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Local_Council_Clerks" title="Society of Local Council Clerks">Society of Local Council Clerks</a>, who represent over 5000 clerks across the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the clerk often serves as the official keeper of the municipal records, and as such, is sometimes described as the "historian" of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-City_Clerk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-City_Clerk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the clerk's office includes presenting the <a href="/wiki/Agenda_(meeting)" title="Agenda (meeting)">agenda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">minutes</a> for the legislative and committee meetings. Official meetings of municipalities can become a serious chore as the activity in the town increases with a larger population. The task of assembling the agenda packets with supporting documents can take several days for a single meeting. It becomes more complicated due to the input and iterative modification by numerous departments and agencies, both within and external to the organization. Software applications that can easily assemble agendas, minutes, and even automatically transcribe the meetings are now becoming more common. Often, these agendas and meeting minutes are downloadable by interested citizens by accessing the organization's website. </p><p>Clerks may also be responsible for issuing licenses,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overseeing local elections,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintaining financial records,<sup id="cite_ref-justia1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justia1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving as registrar of vital statistics,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increasingly, for assuring the transparency of the municipality's conduct of business.<sup id="cite_ref-City_Clerk_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-City_Clerk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, the city clerk is the local official who administers democratic processes such as elections, access to city records, and all legislative actions ensuring transparency to the public. The city clerk acts as a compliance officer for federal, state, and local statutes including the Political Reform Act, the Brown Act, and the <a href="/wiki/California_Public_Records_Act" title="California Public Records Act">Public Records Act</a>. The city clerk manages public inquiries and relationships and arranges for ceremonial and official functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illinois">Illinois</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Illinois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, clerks may also exist on the <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">township</a></i> level, which is a subdivision of the county. Such clerks are sometimes required to serve more than one governmental unit,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the often overlapping jurisdictions that exist in Illinois. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, the town clerk is the chief election official of a <a href="/wiki/New_England_town" title="New England town">town</a> and the keeper of permanent and <a href="/wiki/Vital_record" title="Vital record">vital records</a>. The duties of town clerks vary slightly in each community. Massachusetts clerks who have been in office five or more years may be elected by special ballot initiative to a lifetime term with <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">mandatory retirement</a> at age 70, after which they may remain in office if they run for successive terms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Jersey">New Jersey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, as provided for in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Jersey" title="Constitution of New Jersey">Constitution of New Jersey</a> (1947), there are three elected <a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">constitutional officers</a> in each county: the sheriff, the surrogate, and the county clerk, the last of whose term is five years.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The county clerk is responsible the supervision of elections, the filing and recording of all documents in real estate ownership/transfer, the processing passport applications, assisting individuals who wish to become a notary public, the issuance of identification cards, the filing of business trade names, among other administrative duties.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York">New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_York_state" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state">New York state</a> law provides for elected <a href="/wiki/Town_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Town (New York)">town</a> and county clerks who have separately defined responsibilities. (Under Article XIII, §13(a) of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Constitution">New York Constitution</a>, the county clerks within <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> are not elected, but instead "shall be appointed, and be subject to removal, by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">appellate division of the supreme court</a> in the judicial department in which the county is located."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) For example, marriage licenses and dog licenses are issued by town clerks while business certificates and real property deeds are maintained by county clerks. Appointed historians are also required at each level. City clerks may administer elections but, outside cities, county election commissioners head the election apparatus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Virginia">West Virginia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: West Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> Code provides for an elected <b>recorder</b> in Class IV towns (those with fewer than 2,000 people) and in some larger municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By default, recorders act as <a href="/wiki/Pro_tempore#Mayor_pro_tem" title="Pro tempore">mayor pro tem</a> of the municipal government in the absence of the actual mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recorders also serve as members of and secretary to the city or town <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">council</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_deeds" title="Recorder of deeds">recorder of deeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">archivist</a>, and municipal supervisor of elections. In some smaller towns' governments, recorders additionally fill the role of financial officer. Many municipalities delegate some or all of these duties to an employee with the title of city or town clerk, while others may divide them between the recorder and the clerk. The recorder or clerk may even have authority by ordinance to issue warrants for arrest, although this power normally resides in a municipal judge.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Switzerland, the <a href="/wiki/Communal_secretary" title="Communal secretary">communal secretary</a>, either alone or with subordinate clerks, performs all administrative work that does not require the powers of the elected municipal council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_deeds" title="Recorder of deeds">Recorder of deeds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_clerk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macquarie Dictionary (online) 'clerk', see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/features/word/search/?search_word_type=Dictionary&word=clerk">https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/features/word/search/?search_word_type=Dictionary&word=clerk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-justia1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-justia1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-justia1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/codes/wisconsin/2010/60/60.33.html">"60.33 Duties of town clerk. :: Chapter 60. Towns. :: 2010 Wisconsin Code :: Wisconsin Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia"</a>. Law.justia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=60.33+Duties+of+town+clerk.+%3A%3A+Chapter+60.+Towns.+%3A%3A+2010+Wisconsin+Code+%3A%3A+Wisconsin+Code+%3A%3A+US+Codes+and+Statutes+%3A%3A+US+Law+%3A%3A+Justia&rft.pub=Law.justia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcodes%2Fwisconsin%2F2010%2F60%2F60.33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+clerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiter2011" class="citation web cs1">Reiter, Michael (2011-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaelreiterlaw.wordpress.com/2011/06/03/duties-of-the-city-clerk-under-california-law-in-a-general-law-california-cityornia-law/">"Duties of the City Clerk Under California Law In a General Law California City « Michael Reiter, Attorney at Law Blog"</a>. Michaelreiterlaw.wordpress.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duties+of+the+City+Clerk+Under+California+Law+In+a+General+Law+California+City+%C2%AB+Michael+Reiter%2C+Attorney+at+Law+Blog&rft.pub=Michaelreiterlaw.wordpress.com&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.aulast=Reiter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichaelreiterlaw.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F06%2F03%2Fduties-of-the-city-clerk-under-california-law-in-a-general-law-california-cityornia-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+clerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1992" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Rosalind (25 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WeHPGhIfgrYC"><i>Literacy and orality in ancient Greece - Google Books</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.milton.de.us/media/Town_Clerk.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton%2C+Delaware%2C+Town+Clerk+job+description&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.milton.de.us%2Fmedia%2FTown_Clerk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+clerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brantny.com/departments/clerk.php">"Town of Brant New York"</a>. 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Accessed February 24, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution/article_13_public_officers.html">"Constitution of The State of New York, Article 13 - Public Officers"</a>. <i>New York State Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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