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Solidaridad</i>) was a human rights organization in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> during the military dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>. A Catholic organisation, it was created by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> at the request of cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Silva_Henr%C3%ADquez" title="Raúl Silva Henríquez">Raúl Silva Henríquez</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Cooperation_for_Peace_in_Chile" title="Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile">Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile</a>. The Vicariate of Solidarity aimed to provide assistance to the victims of the Pinochet dictatorship and their families. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Chile" title="Category:History of Chile">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile" title="History of Chile">History of <span class="fn org label">Chile</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_089-CHILI.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chili, from Atlas Van der Hagen"><img alt="Chili, from Atlas Van der Hagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_089-CHILI.jpeg/150px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_089-CHILI.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_089-CHILI.jpeg/225px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_089-CHILI.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_089-CHILI.jpeg/300px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_089-CHILI.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4159" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chilean_history" title="Timeline of Chilean history">Timeline</a></b> • <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Chile" title="List of years in Chile">Years in Chile</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Origin of the Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Early Mapuches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Incas in Chile</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial times</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">Colonial Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities" title="Destruction of the Seven Cities">Destruction of the Seven Cities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Nation-building</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patria_Vieja" class="mw-redirect" title="Patria Vieja">Patria Vieja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquest_(Chile)" title="Reconquest (Chile)">Reconquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_Nueva_(Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patria Nueva (Chile)">Patria Nueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Civil_War_of_1829%E2%80%931830" title="Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830"> Civil war (1829–1830)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War of the Confederation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Republican period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republic" title="Conservative Republic">Conservative Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_colonization_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan">Colonization of the Strait of Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republic" title="Liberal Republic">Liberal Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Parliamentary period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Civil_War_of_1891" title="Chilean Civil War of 1891">1891 Chilean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile_during_the_Parliamentary_Era_(1891-1925)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891-1925)">Parliamentary Republic</a></li> <li>1924 coup d'état</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Presidential period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1925_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1925 Chilean coup d'état">1925 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Republic_(1925-1973)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Republic (1925-1973)">Presidential Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Governments_of_Chile" title="Radical Governments of Chile">Radical governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Presidency of Salvador Allende">Allende and UP era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Pinochet regime</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_government_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military government of Chile (1973–1990)">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy" title="Chilean transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9313_Chilean_student_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–13 Chilean student protests">Student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Chilean_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Chilean protests">Social Outburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chile" title="Politics of Chile">Politics of Chile</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Chile" title="LGBT history in Chile">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Chile" title="Maritime history of Chile">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Chile" title="History of mining in Chile">Mining history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Chile" title="List of wars involving Chile">Chilean wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chilean_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Chilean coups d'état">Chilean coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_political_scandals_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="List of major political scandals in Chile">Political scandals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/16px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/24px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/32px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chile" title="Portal:Chile">Chile portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Chile" title="Template:History of Chile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Chile" title="Template talk:History of Chile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Chile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_in_Pinochet%27s_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile">Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile</a></div> <p>On 11 September 1973 a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> toppled Chilean President <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and installed General <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> as head of the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Reel-2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reel-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lowden-1996_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowden-1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a dictatorial, authoritarian regime which <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_in_Pinochet%27s_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile">trampled on human rights</a> with the use of torture, disappearances, illegal and secret arrest, and extrajudicial killings. Thousands were being detained, and hundreds killed by the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Ensalaco-2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensalaco-2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in this context, that the first opposition to the Pinochet regime appeared. </p><p>The first organized resistance to emerge was in 1973 with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Cooperation_for_Peace_in_Chile" title="Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile">Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile</a>, or <b>Comité Pro Paz</b>. An ecumenical organization with the support of many religious communities in Chile,<sup id="cite_ref-Ramírez-1976_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramírez-1976-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Committee for Peace was active from 1973 to late 1975, until the Pinochet regime demanded its dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-InterAm-1987_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterAm-1987-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time as the government was arresting its lawyers, Pinochet wrote to Cardinal Raul Silva Henriquez on 11 November 1975 claiming that the Committee was being "used by Marxist-Leninists" to cause an appearance of division between the government and the Roman Catholic Church, and used this as an excuse to demand its dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-InterAm-1987_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterAm-1987-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cardinal was obliged to accede to this request, and shut down the Committee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vicariate of Solidarity was an agency of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Chile">Chilean Catholic Church</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Chile" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile">Archdiocese of Santiago</a>. At the request of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Silva_Henr%C3%ADquez" title="Raúl Silva Henríquez">Raul Silva Enriquez</a>, the vicariate's first director, it was set up by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> in 1976 to stop the abduction and ill treatment of Chilean citizens by the government. It ceased operation in 1992, after the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet had fallen. From there, the Vicariate of Solidarity was formed as an integral part of the Church that would assume legal defense and human rights issues. The Vicariate began operating on January 1, 1976 as a part of the Catholic Church but only had jurisdiction in Santiago. It continued the work begun by the peace commission and aimed to be a voice against Augusto Pinochet's arbitrary military dictatorship. It stood against the persecution of Chilean citizens and took care of the families of '<a href="/wiki/Desaparecidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Desaparecidos">desaparecidos</a>' – people who had been disappeared by the government. It received funds from international organizations and collated valuable information during the years of the military regime. </p><p>People used secret passages to enter the Vicariate from the adjacent Cathedral to avoid being discovered and although the organization was supposed to be protected from government victimization as an agency of the Catholic Church in Chile, government agents attacked the Vicariate in 1976. </p><p>During the fourteen years of its existence, the Vicariate provided a variety of services to the Chilean people including spiritual support, legal services, employment opportunities and health care. The Vicariate received a number of awards for its work in the defense of human rights, including the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Awards#peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Award for Peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity">Activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through its work under its various directors, the Vicariate became a symbol for the struggle for human rights in Chile. The organization strove to end the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet through a number of ways. It took an aggressive stance for human rights in the face of the dictatorship's blatant disregard for human rights. Over fourteen years, the Vicariate provided legal services for over 250,000 people and opened many legal cases in the defense of accused individuals to decry abuse. Between 1975 and 1979, it is documented to have provided a combination of legal, nutritional and occupational services to about 700,000 Chileans with the aid of international funding. </p><p>The Vicariate's records of over 19,000 cases of human rights abuse were used in the years after Chile's return to democracy by the Chilean truth commission.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has provided the largest information base for human rights in the country. </p><p>The Vicariate funded anti-Pinochet artwork known as <i><a href="/wiki/Arpilleras" title="Arpilleras">arpilleras</a></i> and established arpillera workshops where this art could be made. This was one of the few avenues for self-expression in Chile and many women who had 'disappeared' family members came to the workshops to express themselves. The Vicariate carried on funding these workshops until 1992, after Chile had returned to a democracy. It was responsible for providing supplies (fabric, thread etc.), a meeting venue and buying the finished products from the <i>arpilleristas</i> (the manufacturers) to sell them abroad. The tradition of Arpilleras has continued to flourish despite Chile's transition back to democracy. </p><p>The Vicariate of Solidarity published a biweekly magazine with a circulation of about 33,000 called <i>Solidaridad</i>. <i>Solidaridad</i>, while also an evangelical tool, reported statistics on everything from unemployment and malnutrition. <i>Solidaridad</i> also documented statistics on individuals who had been arrested or disappeared by the regime. It denounced the human rights abuse by the regime. It contained 24 pages and was free. The Vicariate was composed of departments, which were responsible for implementing its various services and programs. </p><p>The Vicariate also published books and brochures. Its activities were deemed hostile toward the government and led to the prosecution, exile, imprisonment and even murder of people associated with it. Jose Manuel Parada, the head of the Department of Analysis of the Vicariate was kidnapped on the street along with a schoolteacher named Manuel Guerrero on March 28, 1985. Their dead bodies were found five days later in a criminal case known as the <a href="/wiki/Caso_degollados" class="mw-redirect" title="Caso degollados">Caso degollados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guiding_principles">Guiding principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Guiding principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When not much was being done to combat the human rights violations occurring in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, the Vicariate of Solidarity stood up in defense of human rights, with the belief that they were integral teachings of the Christian gospel and therefore part of the Church's to protect in the world. According to its records, "the fundamental inspiration for the Vicariate is the Word of the Lord in its totality, but especially as found in the parable of the <a href="/wiki/Good_samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Good samaritan">Good Samaritan</a> as written in <a href="/wiki/St_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="St Luke">St Luke</a> 10: 25-37." The pastoral principles of the organization at its inception were Solidarity, Witness, Preference for the Poor, Human Rights, A Central Ministry, Integral View of Human Rights and Promotion and Defense. The Vicariate does not discriminate based on religion, however, and its services apply to those of all faiths whose rights have been violated. In return, it does not ask for any benefits, ideological or organizational. In 1981, a committee met to highlight the main characteristics of the Vicariate as an institution of the Church. The report they came up with in the end emphasized: </p><p><i>- Its promotion and defense of human rights, understood integrally, but with special preference for the poor.</i> </p><p><i>- The promotional nature of its solidarity work, which implies a strong role as an educator for justice.</i> </p><p><i>- Its witness as the Church incarnate, the Church in the world.</i> </p><p><i>- Its condition as a sacrament of communion, a prophetic sign of contradiction, and a voice of the voiceless.</i> </p><p><i>- The special way it combines hierarchy and laity, with an ecumenical and pluralistic spirit these being the signs of a missionary Church carrying out a "frontier" ministry.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_and_structure">Leadership and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leadership and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_Department">Legal Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legal Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Legal Department within the Vicariate is responsible for the defense and promotion of human rights, which is carried out through two means: the legal route and public denunciation. It follows a couple of guidelines to keep it in check, as well as so those who seek its help know whether or not it will be able to provide it to them. First, it abides by the fact that "the right to life is sacred, and predominates over any other consideration".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, only those who ask for assistance will be given it. Third, the principal criterion of gaining the assistance of the Vicariate is that the person who is requesting aid has been the victim of a human rights violation. Fourth, the Vicariate does not provide legal defense aid for common crimes or "behavior affecting the human rights of innocent third parties".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People seeking help for these issues will be directed to an alternative legal service, however. Lastly, the truth is always adhered to, due to the nature of what is being defended, and also to protect the reputation of the Vicariate's proceedings. Some characteristic features of the Vicariate are legal action that is free, the right to an intransigent defense, prompt and efficient representation, solidary representation, professional and scientific rigor, educational perspective, historical legacy, activities derived from the absence of democracy, and security of legal aid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_of_Zones">Department of Zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Department of Zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department of Zones is concerned with spreading the benefits of the Vicariate to those who would not usually be reached by help. The help provided generally includes projects assisting the poor and marginalized who have been victims of human rights violations in the various pastoral zones that comprise the Archdiocese. The Department coordinates zone teams and the provision of certain services designed to improve zones while saving resources. It works with the Church of Santiago to organize and coordinate support for people who have been affected by problems such as unemployment, hunger, health housing, education, and others. The Department follows the guidelines indicated by the Council in Apostolicam Actuositatem No. 8, which states that it will "Respond to demands for justice before all else so that these demands are not confused with those of charity; suppress the causes, and not only the effects, of evil and organize relief in such a way that those who receive it are progressively liberated from external dependency, thereby becoming more and more sufficient unto themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_of_the_Magazine_Solidaridad">Department of the Magazine <i>Solidaridad</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Department of the Magazine Solidaridad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/APSI" title="APSI">APSI</a></div> <p>This department is responsible for the bi-weekly publication of the magazine <i>Solidaridad</i>, which is used as an evangelizing tool of the Church of Santiago. The magazine is also a testimony to all of the services the Vicariate offers, and is used as a form of social communication through the church to inform people freely, objectively, opportunely and truthfully, in a manner that was not being provided by other media sources during the coup. It is referred to by the Church as "the voice of those without voice." The magazine attempts to "oppose ideological manipulation, transculturation, and the propaganda of materialism"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to educate readers on what it considers the true values of justice, liberty, peace, truth and solidarity views to be. </p><p>The magazine has nine sections: Editorial, National, Main Reports, The Church in the World, Culture, Workers, Young World, The Past Two Weeks, and Short Notices, along with an insert titled "Let's Learn in Solidarity." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_of_Solidary_Education">Department of Solidary Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Department of Solidary Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This department was created on May 2, 1983, to ensure that the Vicariate's activities, both individual and collective, obtain an educational perspective whenever possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_Department">Support Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Support Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This department's main focus is supporting the other departments in the Vicariate with Documentation, Publication, and Administration. </p><p>The Documentation Center contains national and foreign material concerning the Church and human rights. It serves both the Vicariate and other religious, academic, journalistic and research institutions. </p><p>The Publications Unit edits the material the Vicariate needs to work. </p><p>The Administration Unit is responsible for all administrative duties, including upkeep and maintenance, equipment and installations, and safety. It distributes publications, magazines and carries other general duties. It is also in charge of organizing special events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Finance_Department">The Finance Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Finance Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This department consists of two Units: The Projects Unit and the Accounts and Budgets Unit. Overall, the criteria regarding finances is conservative, with the objective of minimizing possible financial risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vicariate is structured in the following way: at its head is the Vicar, who has the Vicar's Council and Executive Secretary under him. The Executive Secretary controls all of the Departments, as well as the Council of Department Heads, the Personnel Unit and the Public Relations Unit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_leaders">Key leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Key leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Silva_Henr%C3%ADquez" title="Raúl Silva Henríquez">Raúl Silva Henríquez</a>: founder. </p><p>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Fresno" title="Juan Francisco Fresno">Juan Francisco Fresno</a> </p><p>Vicar of Santiago Rev. Juan de Castro </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile_under_Pinochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile under Pinochet">Chile under Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_in_Pinochet%27s_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile">Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Reel-2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reel-2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReelSmith2006" class="citation news cs1">Reel, Monte; Smith, J. Y. (11 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/10/AR2006121000302.html">"A Chilean Dictator's Dark Legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Chilean+Dictator%27s+Dark+Legacy&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.aulast=Reel&rft.aufirst=Monte&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F12%2F10%2FAR2006121000302.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowden-1996-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowden-1996_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowden1996" class="citation book cs1">Lowden, P. (1996). "The Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile, September 1973–November 1975". <i>Moral Opposition to Authoritarian Rule in Chile, 1973–90</i>. St Antony’s Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 27–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230378933_2">10.1057/9780230378933_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-39446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-39446-3"><bdi>978-1-349-39446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Committee+of+Cooperation+for+Peace+in+Chile%2C+September+1973%E2%80%93November+1975&rft.btitle=Moral+Opposition+to+Authoritarian+Rule+in+Chile%2C+1973%E2%80%9390.&rft.place=London&rft.series=St+Antony%E2%80%99s+Series.&rft.pages=27-51&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230378933_2&rft.isbn=978-1-349-39446-3&rft.aulast=Lowden&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensalaco-2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ensalaco-2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsalaco2000" class="citation book cs1">Ensalaco, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hzrwMb3UppYC&pg=PA60"><i>Chile Under Pinochet: Recovering the Truth</i></a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3520-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-3520-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/460219602">460219602</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile+Under+Pinochet%3A+Recovering+the+Truth&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F460219602&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3520-3&rft.aulast=Ensalaco&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhzrwMb3UppYC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramírez-1976-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramírez-1976_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamírez1976" class="citation book cs1">Ramírez, Rafael (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3YQtAQAAIAAJ"><i>Chile o la lucha por la razon</i></a> [<i>Chile or the Struggle for Reason</i>]. Buenos Aires: Edic. Actualidad. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/245991556">245991556</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile+o+la+lucha+por+la+razon&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Edic.+Actualidad&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F245991556&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%ADrez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3YQtAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InterAm-1987-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InterAm-1987_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InterAm-1987_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInter-American_Commission_on_Human_Right1987" class="citation book cs1">Inter-American Commission on Human Right (1 August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBZQ8NGkqgUC&pg=PA989"><i>Inter-American Year Book on Human Rights</i></a>. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 988–990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89838-923-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89838-923-4"><bdi>978-0-89838-923-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17164309">17164309</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inter-American+Year+Book+on+Human+Rights&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=988-990&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1987-08-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17164309&rft.isbn=978-0-89838-923-4&rft.au=Inter-American+Commission+on+Human+Right&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuBZQ8NGkqgUC%26pg%3DPA989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince_of_Asturias_Foundation" class="citation web cs1">Prince of Asturias Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130126225419/http://fpa1.c.ovd.interhost.com/en/awards/1986/vicariate-of-solidarity/text/">"The Chilean Vicariate of Solidarity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fpa1.c.ovd.interhost.com/en/awards/1986/vicariate-of-solidarity/text/">the original</a> on 2013-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chilean+Vicariate+of+Solidarity&rft.au=Prince+of+Asturias+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffpa1.c.ovd.interhost.com%2Fen%2Fawards%2F1986%2Fvicariate-of-solidarity%2Ftext%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivovicaria.cl/archivos/VS4b4dd251d964a_13012010_1101am.pdf">Vicariate of Solidarity organization and role</a> Vicariate of Solidarity, Archdiocese of Santiago 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingatlaschile.com/?s=vicaria">Details about The Vicaría de Solidaridad work and their files, in an English subtitled short documentary</a> livingatlaschile.com February 07, 2014 retrieved February 13, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Vicariate_of_Solidarity_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivovicaria.cl/archivos/VS4b4dd251d964a_13012010_1101am.pdf">Archivo vicaria</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19651118_apostolicam-actuositatem_en.html">"Apostolicam actuositatem"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Apostolicam+actuositatem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_decree_19651118_apostolicam-actuositatem_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicariate_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2013" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Kristen (27 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cetri.be/Chilean-Women-s-Resistance-in-the?lang=fr">"Chilean Women's Resistance in the Arpillera Movement"</a>. Centre tricontinental<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chilean+Women%E2%80%99s+Resistance+in+the+Arpillera+Movement&rft.pub=Centre+tricontinental&rft.date=2013-12-27&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cetri.be%2FChilean-Women-s-Resistance-in-the%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p>2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2451.html">"Chile. Religion in Historical Perspective"</a>. <i>country-data.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=country-data.com&rft.atitle=Chile.+Religion+in+Historical+Perspective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-2451.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p>3.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_BickfordDebra_Schultz2009" class="citation web cs1">Louis Bickford; Debra Schultz (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203182424/http://memoryandjustice.org/about/history/">"Memory and Justice: a Brief and Selected History of a Movement"</a>. <i>Memory and justice</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memoryandjustice.org/about/history/">the original</a> on 3 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memory+and+justice&rft.atitle=Memory+and+Justice%3A+a+Brief+and+Selected+History+of+a+Movement&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Louis+Bickford&rft.au=Debra+Schultz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemoryandjustice.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p>4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-98137.html">"José Manuel Parada"</a>. <i>Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memoria+Chilena%2C+Biblioteca+Nacional+de+Chile&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel+Parada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-98137.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p>5.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040930082307/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=9373&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">"1988 - Vicaría de Solidaridad"</a>. UN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D9373&URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION%3D201.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1988+-+Vicar%C3%ADa+de+Solidaridad&rft.pub=UN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%253D9373%26URL_DO%253DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%253D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p>6.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remember-chile.org.uk/inside/HRQ83-05-04f.htm">"Stages of Repression and Legal Strategy for the Defense of Human Rights in Chile: 1973-1980"</a>. <i>Remember-Chile</i>. 11 September 1973<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Remember-Chile&rft.atitle=Stages+of+Repression+and+Legal+Strategy+for+the+Defense+of+Human+Rights+in+Chile%3A+1973-1980.&rft.date=1973-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remember-chile.org.uk%2Finside%2FHRQ83-05-04f.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVicariate+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1986: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vicariate of Solidarity</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Villa_El_Salvador" title="Villa El Salvador">Villa El Salvador</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> Communities</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicus_Mundi_International" title="Medicus Mundi International">Medicus Mundi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/AmfAR" title="AmfAR">American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR)</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Gesto_por_la_Paz" title="Gesto por la Paz">Association for Peace in the Basque Country</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Movement_of_Street_Children&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Movement of Street Children (page does not exist)">National Movement of Street Children</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messengers_of_Peace_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messengers of Peace (Spain) (page does not exist)">Messengers of Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a></li> <li>1995: H.M. <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein I</a>, king of Jordan</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li>1998: Nicolás Castellanos, <a href="/wiki/Vicen%C3%A7_Ferrer_Moncho" title="Vicenç Ferrer Moncho">Vicente Ferrer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sanz_Gadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Sanz Gadea (page does not exist)">Joaquín Sanz Gadea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Spain" title="Caritas Spain">Caritas Spain</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a></li> <li>2004: The <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">Way of St. James</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul">Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dngrid_Betancourt" title="Íngrid Betancourt">Íngrid Betancourt</a></li> <li>2009: The City of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manos_Unidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manos Unidas (page does not exist)">Manos Unidas</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_50" title="Fukushima 50">Fukushima 50</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Federation_of_Food_Banks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish Federation of Food Banks (page does not exist)">Spanish Federation of Food Banks</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/ONCE" title="ONCE">Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE)</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Caddy_Adzuba" title="Caddy Adzuba">Caddy Adzuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hospitallers_of_Saint_John_of_God" title="Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God">Hospitaller Order of St John of God</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages" title="SOS Children's Villages">SOS Children's Villages</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li>2019: The City of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li>2020: Spanish health workers on the front line against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Andr%C3%A9s" title="José Andrés">José Andrés</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen" title="World Central Kitchen">World Central Kitchen</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Mary%27s_Meals" title="Mary's Meals">Mary's Meals</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044192#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044192#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044192#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121808875">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148420715">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79015769">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007403438105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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