CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tondaimandalam - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9c624ba3-abff-4da9-9edf-0a6edbb586ea","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tondaimandalam","wgTitle":"Tondaimandalam","wgCurRevisionId":1257096080,"wgRevisionId":1257096080,"wgArticleId":51530520,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2021","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2019","All articles lacking reliable references","Use Indian English from March 2017","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from March 2017","All articles with self-published sources", "Articles with self-published sources from July 2019","Pallava dynasty","Chola dynasty","Regions of Tamil Nadu","Natural regions of Asia","Historical Indian regions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tondaimandalam","wgRelevantArticleId":51530520,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Tondai_Nadu","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Tondaimandalam", "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7820787","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready" ,"wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1599"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg/800px-Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1066"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg/640px-Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tondaimandalam - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondaimandalam"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondaimandalam"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tondaimandalam rootpage-Tondaimandalam skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tondaimandalam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tondaimandalam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tondaimandalam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tondaimandalam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sangam_period_and_Pallava_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sangam_period_and_Pallava_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sangam period and Pallava dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sangam_period_and_Pallava_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chola_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chola_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chola dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chola_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijayanagara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijayanagara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vijayanagara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijayanagara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tondaimandalam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="তোণ্ডাইনাড়ু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তোণ্ডাইনাড়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A4%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%8C%EB%8B%AC%EB%9E%8C" title="톤다이만달람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="톤다이만달람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தொண்டை மண்டலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொண்டை மண்டலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7820787#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tondaimandalam" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tondaimandalam" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tondaimandalam" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&oldid=1257096080" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tondaimandalam&id=1257096080&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTondaimandalam"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTondaimandalam"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tondaimandalam&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7820787" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondai_Nadu&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondai Nadu">Tondai Nadu</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_(NRS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg/220px-Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg/330px-Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg/440px-Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>Tondaimandalam region (red color) comprising <a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittoor_district" title="Chittoor district">Chittoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annamayya_district" title="Annamayya district">Annamayya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranipet_district" title="Ranipet district">Ranipet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirupattur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirupattur district">Tirupattur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villupuram_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Villupuram district">Villupuram</a>,e <a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a>,and <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> districts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam</b>, also known as <b>Toṇḍai Nāḍu</b>, is a historical region located in the northernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and southernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R_Hall_88_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R_Hall_88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region comprises the districts which formed a part of the legendary kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Adondai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adondai">Athondai Chakravarti</a>. The boundaries of Tondaimandalam are ambiguous – between the river basins of <a href="/wiki/Penna_River" title="Penna River">Penna River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponnaiyar_River" title="Ponnaiyar River">Ponnaiyar River</a>. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a>, this region was called as <i>Jayankonda Cholamandalam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the region of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam comprised the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a> of three main river systems: the <a href="/wiki/Arani_River" title="Arani River">Arani</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Kosasthalaiyar_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosasthalaiyar river">Kortallaiyar</a> in the middle, and the <a href="/wiki/Palar" class="mw-redirect" title="Palar">Palar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cheyyar" title="Cheyyar">Cheyyar</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veghavati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veghavati (page does not exist)">Veghavati</a> system in the south. The northern border of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was roughly around <a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" title="Pulicat Lake">Pulicat Lake</a>, while its southern border was somewhere north of the <a href="/wiki/Ponnaiyar_River" title="Ponnaiyar River">Peṇṇai river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188, 203">: 188, 203 </span></sup> </p><p>Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam also included the <a href="/wiki/Perumbanappadi" title="Perumbanappadi">Perumbāṇappāḍi</a> chieftaincy in the northwest. South of Perumbāṇappāḍi, a portion of the region known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangalanadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangalanadu (page does not exist)">Pangaḷanaḍu</a> was also included as part of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam. To the southwest, south of Pangaḷanaḍu, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam bordered the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanakoppadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanakoppadi (page does not exist)">Vāṇakōppāḍi</a> chieftaincy. In the south, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam bordered the region of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadavilnadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadavilnadu (page does not exist)">Naḍuvilnāḍu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188, 203">: 188, 203 </span></sup> </p><p>In today's terms, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam covers the <a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittoor" title="Chittoor">Chittoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Arcot" title="North Arcot">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Arcot_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)">South Arcot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chingleput_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)">Chingleput</a> districts of the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_State" title="Andhra State">Andhra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras</a> states. <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> was part of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R_Hall_88_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R_Hall_88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The core area covers the present day areas of <a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittoor_district" title="Chittoor district">Chittoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annamayya_district" title="Annamayya district">Annamayya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranipet_district" title="Ranipet district">Ranipet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirupattur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirupattur district">Tirupattur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villupuram_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Villupuram district">Villupuram</a>,<a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a>,and <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> districts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. </p><p>Historically, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was divided into 24 <i>kōṭṭam</i>s — smaller districts that were further subdivided into smaller agricultural districts called <i>nāḍu</i>s, which were groupings of several agricultural villages. At the beginning of the historical period, the <i>kōṭṭam</i>s were mostly <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a>, but they gradually became more agricultural over time. From the 7th through the 12th centuries in particular, the number of attested <i>nāḍu</i>s in Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam steadily increases, corresponding with an expansion in <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> works in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188, 90">: 188, 90 </span></sup> </p><p>Although Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was stated (in later records) to have 24 <i>kōṭṭam</i>s, only 22 are actually attested from contemporary sources (the number 24 may just be a "conventional" one).<sup id="cite_ref-Subbarayalu_2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subbarayalu_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120–1">: 120–1 </span></sup> The 22 known <i>kōṭṭam</i>s of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186">: 186 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Āmurkōṭṭam</li> <li>Eyilkōṭṭam (which contained Kanchipuram)<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup></li> <li><i>Ikkadu-kottam</i></li> <li><i>Indur-kottam</i></li> <li>Kaḷatturkōṭṭam</li> <li>Kāḻiyūrkōṭṭam</li> <li><i>Kunravattana-kottam</i></li> <li><i>Manayil-kottam</i></li> <li><i>Melur-kottam</i></li> <li>Paḍuvūrkottam</li> <li><i>Paiyyurilan-kottam</i></li> <li><i>Paiyyur-kottam</i></li> <li><i>Palakunra-kottam</i></li> <li><i>Pavvattiri-kottam</i></li> <li>Puḻalkōṭṭam (also called Vikramasōḻa Vaḷanāḍu)<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 204">: 204 </span></sup></li> <li>Puliyūr-kōṭṭam (also called Kulottunga Sōḻa Vaḷanāḍu)<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 204">: 204 </span></sup></li> <li>Śembūrkōṭṭam</li> <li><i>Sengattu-kottam</i></li> <li><i>Tamar-kottam</i></li> <li><i>Tiru Vengada Kottam</i></li> <li><i>Urrukkattu-kottam</i></li> <li><i>Venkunra-kottam</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neolithic burial urns, <a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">cairn circles</a> and jars with burials dating to the very dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian era">common era</a> have been discovered near Mamallapuram. The area was part of the <a href="/wiki/Dravida_kingdom" title="Dravida kingdom">Dravida kingdom</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar1929322–333_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar1929322–333-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then came under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a> during first century CE with the capital of Tondai Nadu as <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/S._Krishnaswami_Aiyangar" title="S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar">S. Krishnaswami Aiyengar</a> and the <i>Proceedings of the First Annual Conference</i> of South Indian History Congress note: The word <i>Tondai</i> means a creeper and the term <i>Pallava</i> conveys a similar meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 3rd century CE, Tondai Nadu was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ilandiraiyan" title="Ilandiraiyan">Ilandiraiyan</a>, the first king with the title "<a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Tondaiman</a>", whom <a href="/wiki/P._T._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar">P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar</a> identifies with a <a href="/wiki/Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallava</a> prince.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar1929397_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar1929397-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1961126_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1961126-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pallavas moved southwards, adopted local traditions to their own use, and named themselves as Tondaiyar after the land called Tondai.<sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnaswami_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnaswami-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (July 2019)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The medieval Pallavas ruled Andhra and Northern <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, from the 4th to the 9th centuries, with their seat of capital at ancient Kanchipuram. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sangam_period_and_Pallava_dynasty">Sangam period and Pallava dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sangam period and Pallava dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early historical times, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam appears to have been a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> region, with comparatively little settled agriculture. Large hilly tracts and dense forests broke the countryside up into smaller pockets of farmland, which could only support relatively small, dispersed settlements. The main source on Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam's geography during this early period is the <i><a href="/wiki/Perump%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai">Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i>, a poem written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 190-200 CE and counted as part of the classical <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>. Its description of the region "points to large tracts of unsettled land, forest and hilly regions, with few settlements and still fewer big ones". On the other hand, Pallava-era inscriptions frequently mention cattle, either as gifts to temples or as the target for raids, indicating that a significant proportion of the local population was engaged in animal husbandry.<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188, 203">: 188, 203 </span></sup> </p><p>It was under the early medieval Pallavas that intensive agriculture and urbanisation began to spread in Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam. The process continued well into the Chola period. The first phase was one of "agrarian expansion", where irrigation works, crop rotation, increased organisation, and an expansion in cultivated area were employed to convert subsistence-agriculture villages into surplus-oriented ones (called <i>ūr</i>s). This process appears to have initially begun with <a href="/wiki/Brahmadeya" title="Brahmadeya">brahmadeya</a> villages, i.e. villages given as tax-free grants to <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, in the 7th through 9th centuries. These grants were "invariably accompanied by irrigation works" and involved "elaborate arrangements for their upkeep by <i><a href="/wiki/Sabh%C4%81" title="Sabhā">sabhā</a></i>s or Brahmin assemblies". Inscriptions from this period record details like demarcation of land boundaries, provision of desilting or repair works for irrigation facilities, and the number and type of crops to be grown. In the 9th and 10th centuries, land grants to temples also became a major catalyst for agricultural expansion. Once implemented, the agricultural innovations that were originally intended to sustain large populations in brahmadeyas and temple centres were expanded to other villages not affiliated with any sort of grant because there was a major economic incentive to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188–90">: 188–90 </span></sup> </p><p>By the 9th century, commercial exchange among the <i>ūr</i>s had grown to a point where new market centres were needed. Commerce from the 7th through 9th centuries was mostly designed to serve the royal court at Kanchipuram, and was mostly done at Kanchipuram and its royal port of <a href="/wiki/Mamallapuram" title="Mamallapuram">Māmallapuram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 191, 93">: 191, 93 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chola_dynasty">Chola dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chola dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was captured by the Medieval Chola king <a href="/wiki/Aditya_I" title="Aditya I">Aditya I</a> (ruled c. 871–907 CE), who defeated the armies of the Pallava ruler <a href="/wiki/Aparajitavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparajitavarman">Aparajitavarman</a> (880–897) in about 890.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1935113_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1935113-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and claimed all of Tondai Nadu as Chola territory.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Uttama_(Chola_dynasty)" title="Uttama (Chola dynasty)">Uttama Chola</a> most of Tondaimandalam had been recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province was renamed <i>Jayamkonda Cholamandalam</i> during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Chola I">Raja Raja Chola I</a> (985–1014),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197511–26_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.V.197511–26-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2008126_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2008126-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In about 1218, the Pandya king <a href="/wiki/Maravarman_Sundara_Pandyan" title="Maravarman Sundara Pandyan">Maravarman Sundara Pandyan</a> (1216–1238) invaded the kingdom. It was stopped by the intervention of the Hoysala king <a href="/wiki/Vira_Narasimha_II" title="Vira Narasimha II">Vira Narasimha II</a> (1220–1235), who fought on the side of the Chola king <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola III">Kulothunga Chola III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1935420_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1935420-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyangar200434_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangar200434-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Pandyan emperor <a href="/wiki/Jatavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I" title="Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I">Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I</a> conquered Tondaimandalam till Nellore including <a href="/wiki/Kadapa_district" title="Kadapa district">Kadapa</a> after defeating <a href="/wiki/Nellore_Chodas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellore Chodas">Nellore Choda</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Gandagopala" title="Vijaya Gandagopala">Vijaya Gandagopala</a> and Ganapati II of Kakatiyas in 1258 CE. Tondaimandalam came under Madurai Sultanate after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyan Empire</a> in 1323 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vijayanagara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This region was then a part of <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>, first ruling from <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a> and then headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Chandragiri" title="Chandragiri">Chandragiri</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. The earliest inscriptions attesting to Vijayanagara rule are those of <a href="/wiki/Kumara_Kampana" title="Kumara Kampana">Kumara Kampana</a>, who defeated the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> in 1361.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1364 and 1367, which were found in the precincts of the Kailasanathar Temple and Varadharaja Perumal Temple respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a> rulers who controlled the area, appointed chieftains known as <a href="/wiki/Nayak_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak dynasty">Nayaks</a> who ruled over the different regions of the province almost independently. Throughout the second half of the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Aravidu_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Aravidu Dynasty">Aravidu Dynasty</a> tried to maintain a semblance of authority in the southern parts after losing their northern territories in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venkata_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkata II">Venkata II</a> (1586–1614) tried to revive the Vijayanagara Empire, but the kingdom relapsed into confusion after his death and rapidly fell apart after the Vijayanagara king <a href="/wiki/Sriranga_III" title="Sriranga III">Sriranga III</a>'s defeat by the Golconda and Bijapur sultanates in 1646.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_the_Carnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of the Carnatic">Nawabdom of the Carnatic</a> was established by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, who in 1692 appointed <a href="/wiki/Zulfikhar_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfikhar Ali Khan">Zulfiqar Ali Khan</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a>. The area saw Maratha rule during the Carnatic period in 1724 and 1740, and the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197548_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.V.197548-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formally annexed by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> as per the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Lapse">Doctrine of Lapse</a> after the death of <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_Ghouse_Khan" title="Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan">Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan</a>. During the British Rule, the whole region was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kenneth_R_Hall_88-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R_Hall_88_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R_Hall_88_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_R_Hall2003" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth R Hall (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5RQcLXd595kC"><i>Trade and Spacecraft in the ages of chola</i></a>. Abhinav publications, 2003. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170171201" title="Special:BookSources/9788170171201"><bdi>9788170171201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+Spacecraft+in+the+ages+of+chola&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Abhinav+publications%2C+2003&rft.date=2003-06&rft.isbn=9788170171201&rft.au=Kenneth+R+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5RQcLXd595kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlok_Tripathi,_Archaeological_Survey_of_India,_India._Indian_Navy" class="citation book cs1">Alok Tripathi, Archaeological Survey of India, India. Indian Navy. <i>India and the eastern seas</i>. Organising Committee of International Seminar on Marine Archaeology, 2007. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+eastern+seas&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Organising+Committee+of+International+Seminar+on+Marine+Archaeology%2C+2007&rft.au=Alok+Tripathi%2C+Archaeological+Survey+of+India%2C+India.+Indian+Navy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Champakalakshmi_1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champakalakshmi_1993_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Champakalakshmi1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._Champakalakshmi" title="R. Champakalakshmi">R. Champakalakshmi</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42620479">"The Urban Configurations of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam: The Kāñcīpuram Region, c. A.D. 600-1300"</a>. <i>Studies in the History of Art</i>. <b>31</b>: 185–207<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Urban+Configurations+of+To%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Daima%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dalam%3A+The+K%C4%81%C3%B1c%C4%ABpuram+Region%2C+c.+A.D.+600-1300&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=185-207&rft.date=1993&rft.au=R.+Champakalakshmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42620479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subbarayalu_2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Subbarayalu_2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Subbarayalu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Y. Subbarayalu (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145829">"Mapping History of Tondai Mandalam (North Tamil Nadu)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>66</b>: 120–4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Mapping+History+of+Tondai+Mandalam+%28North+Tamil+Nadu%29&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=120-4&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Y.+Subbarayalu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44145829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar1929322–333-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar1929322–333_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIyengar1929">Iyengar 1929</a>, pp. 322–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._V._Mahalingam" class="citation book cs1">T. V. Mahalingam. <i>Kāñcīpuram in early South Indian history</i>. Asia Pub. House, 1969. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81%C3%B1c%C4%ABpuram+in+early+South+Indian+history&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Asia+Pub.+House%2C+1969&rft.au=T.+V.+Mahalingam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proceedings-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tondai+means+a+creeper+and+Pallava+conveyed+a+similar+meaning%22"><i>South Indian History Congress, Issue 1</i></a>. The Congress and The Madurai Kamaraj University Co-op Printing Press. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+History+Congress%2C+Issue+1&rft.pub=The+Congress+and+The+Madurai+Kamaraj+University+Co-op+Printing+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gpuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Tondai%2Bmeans%2Ba%2Bcreeper%2Band%2BPallava%2Bconveyed%2Ba%2Bsimilar%2Bmeaning%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar1929397-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar1929397_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIyengar1929">Iyengar 1929</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1961126-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1961126_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1961">Sastri 1961</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnaswami-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnaswami_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Krishnaswami1975" class="citation book cs1">A. Krishnaswami (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vL4BAAAAMAAJ"><i>Topics in South Indian history: from early times up to 1565 A.D.</i></a> Krishnaswami. pp. 89–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topics+in+South+Indian+history%3A+from+early+times+up+to+1565+A.D.&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Krishnaswami&rft.date=1975&rft.au=A.+Krishnaswami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvL4BAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1935113-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1935113_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1935">Sastri 1935</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/02/stories/1302126h.htm">"Restoring past glory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 2 October 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Restoring+past+glory&rft.date=2001-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2001%2F10%2F02%2Fstories%2F1302126h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh" class="citation book cs1">Upinder Singh. <i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i>. Pearson Education India, 2008 - Excavations (Archaeology) - 677 pages. p. 559.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India%2C+2008+-+Excavations+%28Archaeology%29+-+677+pages&rft.au=Upinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.V.197511–26-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197511–26_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFK.V.1975">K.V. 1975</a>, pp. 11–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2008126-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2008126_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao2008">Rao 2008</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1935420-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1935420_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1935">Sastri 1935</a>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyangar200434-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyangar200434_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyangar2004">Aiyangar 2004</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197526–39_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFK.V.1975">K.V. 1975</a>, pp. 26–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.V.197548-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.V.197548_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFK.V.1975">K.V. 1975</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Names in <i>italics</i> are listed here without diacritics because the spellings with diacritics could not be found in the source.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._T._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar">Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC"><i>History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i></a>. Madras: University of Madras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0145-1"><bdi>978-81-206-0145-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Tamils+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0145-1&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=P.+T.+Srinivasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERq-OCn2cloC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta</a> (1935) [1935]. <i>The Cōlas</i>. Madras: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%C5%8Dlas&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Kallidaikurichi+Aiyah+Nilakanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta</a> (1961), <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_South_India:_From_Prehistoric_Times_to_the_Fall_of_Vijayanagar" title="A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar">A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar</a></i> (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South+India%3A+From+Prehistoric+Times+to+the+Fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Kallidaikurichi+Aiyah+Nilakanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.V.1975" class="citation book cs1">K.V., Raman (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myK8ZYEIu4YC&pg=PA36"><i>Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture</i></a>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170170265" title="Special:BookSources/8170170265"><bdi>8170170265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Varadarajaswami+Temple%2C+Kanchi%3A+A+Study+of+Its+History%2C+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=8170170265&rft.aulast=K.V.&rft.aufirst=Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmyK8ZYEIu4YC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2008" class="citation book cs1">Rao, P.V.L. Narasimha (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFldI75dRcC&pg=PA161"><i>Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples</i></a>. New Delhi: Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-104-1"><bdi>978-93-5018-104-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kanchipuram+%E2%80%93+Land+of+Legends%2C+Saints+%26+Temples&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Readworthy+Publications+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-93-5018-104-1&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=P.V.L.+Narasimha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJFldI75dRcC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyangar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Krishnaswami_Aiyangar" title="S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar">Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC&pg=PA128"><i>Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of</i></a>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1850-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1850-5"><bdi>81-206-1850-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%3A+Collected+Essays+on+the+Literary+and+Political+History+of&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-206-1850-5&rft.aulast=Aiyangar&rft.aufirst=Sakkottai+Krishnaswami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhtArUg0OMpcC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATondaimandalam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&oldid=1257096080">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&oldid=1257096080</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pallava_dynasty" title="Category:Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chola_dynasty" title="Category:Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Regions of Tamil Nadu">Regions of Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_regions_of_Asia" title="Category:Natural regions of Asia">Natural regions of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Indian regions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2021">Articles with dead external links from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_March_2017" title="Category:Use Indian English from March 2017">Use Indian English from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2017">Use dmy dates from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from July 2019">Articles with self-published sources from July 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 05:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tondaimandalam&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-zc826","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.490","walltime":"0.605","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5218,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":45852,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4488,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":55909,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 540.866 1 -total"," 29.03% 156.999 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.46% 132.287 11 Template:Cite_book"," 15.00% 81.115 11 Template:Rp"," 14.25% 77.063 1 Template:Short_description"," 13.52% 73.138 11 Template:R/superscript"," 12.25% 66.240 13 Template:Sfn"," 10.26% 55.473 1 Template:Unreliable_sources"," 9.34% 50.490 1 Template:Ambox"," 8.77% 47.424 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.269","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8089126,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Krishnaswami1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAiyangar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlok_Tripathi,_Archaeological_Survey_of_India,_India._Indian_Navy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyengar1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK.V.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_R_Hall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Champakalakshmi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._V._Mahalingam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpinder_Singh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFY._Subbarayalu2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 11,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable sources\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-8mnpk","timestamp":"20241125135415","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tondaimandalam","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tondaimandalam","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7820787","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7820787","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2016-09-06T16:50:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T05:53:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/Tondai_Nadu_AP%2BTN_%28NRS%29.jpg","headline":"historical region in India"}</script> </body> </html>