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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Mughal Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Sikh Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_syncretism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_syncretism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Religious syncretism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_syncretism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_Independence_(1857)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_Independence_(1857)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>War of Independence (1857)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Independence_(1857)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Punjabi_to_Punjabi_Muslim_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Punjabi_to_Punjabi_Muslim_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>From Punjabi to Punjabi Muslim identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Punjabi_to_Punjabi_Muslim_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_British_Indian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_British_Indian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>In the British Indian Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_British_Indian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Administrative reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majlis-e_Ahrar-e_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majlis-e_Ahrar-e_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majlis-e_Ahrar-e_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>After independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> 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href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes_and_clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes_and_clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tribes and clans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes_and_clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাঞ্জাবি মুসলমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঞ্জাবি মুসলমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="പഞ്ചാബി മുസ്ലീംങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചാബി മുസ്ലീംങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਮੁਸਲਮਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਮੁਸਲਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پنجابی مسلمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنجابی مسلمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பஞ்சாபி முசுலிம்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சாபி முசுலிம்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пенджабські мусульмани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенджабські мусульмани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پنجابی مسلمان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنجابی مسلمان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="旁遮普穆斯林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旁遮普穆斯林" 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic Punjabis who are adherents of Islam</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Punjabi Muslims</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="pa"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پنجابی مُسَّلماں</span></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Pakistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">111,303,000 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Demographics">below</a></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">535,489<sup id="cite_ref-religion2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000<sup id="cite_ref-idea.int_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idea.int-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">263,699<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Standard Punjabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi script">Shahmukhi script</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Western Punjabi</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">dialects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> majority, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> minority)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Muslims">Pakistani Muslims</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Punjabi_culture" title="Category:Punjabi culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/85px-Punjabi_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/128px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/170px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i>Asia</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <p><i>North America</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Canada</a></li></ul> <p><i>Oceania</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_New_Zealanders" title="Punjabi New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Punjab">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Festivals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">India</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)" title="Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_media" title="List of Punjabi media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk religion</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Sikhism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels" title="List of Punjabi-language television channels">Television</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadh" title="Puadh">Puadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiore" title="Bhatiore">Bhatiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiana" title="Bhattiana">Bhattiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhachh" title="Chhachh">Chhachh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_(Punjab)" title="Kachhi (Punjab)">Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab#The_Punjab_Doabs" title="Doab">Doabs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindh_Sagar_Doab" title="Sindh Sagar Doab">Sindh Sagar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chaj_Doab" title="Chaj Doab">Chaj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rachna_Doab" title="Rachna Doab">Rachna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bari_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari Doab">Bari</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bist_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bist Doab">Bist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Region" title="Bar Region">Bars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandal_Bar" title="Sandal Bar">Sandal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Bar" title="Kirana Bar">Kirana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neeli_Bar" title="Neeli Bar">Neeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ganji_Bar" title="Ganji Bar">Ganji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gondal_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondal Bar">Gondal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Bar">Jungle</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #0047AB;border-bottom:1px solid #0047AB;font-size:95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/50px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/75px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/100px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjabis" title="Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjabis" title="Template talk:Punjabis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Punjabi Muslims</b> are <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> who are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_2013_1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a population of more than 112 million, they are the third-largest predominantly Islam-adhering <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> ethnicity in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arabs</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, while a minority adhere to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. Most of them are primarily geographically native to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, but a large group of them have ancestry across the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab region</a> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_2013_1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punjabi Muslims speak or <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identify</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (under a <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a>) as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2></div> <p>The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 16th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thandi_1996_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thandi_1996-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Punjab as a linguistic, geographical and cultural entity had existed for centuries prior.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam spread in the region via missionary Sufi saints whose <a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">dargahs</a> dot the landscape of the Punjab region thereby becoming the faith of many by the 16th century. This contributed to the formation of a Punjabi Muslim identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxford2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion in the Punjab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_Muslims" title="List of Punjabi Muslims">List of Punjabi Muslims</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_period">Early period</h3></div> <p>At the advent of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the seventh century, Punjab was part of <a href="/wiki/Takka_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Takka Kingdom">Takka kingdom</a>. By then, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> had declined in Punjab after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a>, and had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several scholars have identified Takka kingdom with the kingdom of <i>al-Usaifan</i>, whose king is reported by <a href="/wiki/Al-Biladhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Biladhuri">al-Biladhuri</a> to have converted to Islam during the reign of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 833–842</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Islam as a political power got introduced via southern Punjab only after the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Sindh">Umayyad conquest of Sindh</a>. The first Muslim state in Punjab was the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan">Emirate of Multan</a>, established in 855 after the disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. In the 11th century, Muslim conquered northern Punjab after the defeat of the native <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavids</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> emerged as a thriving city, rivalling <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_under_the_Ghaznavids" title="Ghazni under the Ghaznavids">Ghazni</a> and effectively acted as a second capital of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-WescoatWolschke-Bulmahn1996_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WescoatWolschke-Bulmahn1996-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ikram_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikram-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Punjab, conversion to Islam occurred mostly amongst pastoralist or agricultural groups that were not integrated into the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> social class hierarchy,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Jat_Muslim" title="Jat Muslim">Jats</a>, who were known to Muslims as <a href="/wiki/Zutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Zutt">Zutt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Region" title="Bar Region">Bar region</a> would be contacted by Sufi mystics like <a href="/wiki/Baba_Farid" title="Baba Farid">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a> over the centuries and converted to Islam, albeit a syncretic form. <a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar</a> plateau were noted for their martial capabilities and gradually converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="1703" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Baba_Farid" title="Shrine of Baba Farid">Shrine of Baba Farid</a>, one of the most notable Punjabi Sufi saints</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3></div> <p>In 1161, the <a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurids</a> conquered the city of Ghazni, forcing the Ghaznavids to shift their capital to Lahore. Soon, however, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ghori" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ghori">Muhammad Ghori</a> invaded Punjab as well, and conquered Lahore and Multan in 1186, marking end of the Ghaznavids. In 1206, he was assassinated at Damiak by <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ilis</a> or Punjabi <a href="/wiki/Khokhar" title="Khokhar">Khokhars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his Mamluk slaves, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, with Lahore being the first capital of the sultanate. The early period of the Delhi Sultanate saw several <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">Mongol invasions of Punjab</a>. Ultimately, Mongols were defeated during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam became firmly established in Punjab during the era of Delhi Sultanate, and tribes like Khokhars played an important role in the inter-dynastic struggle. In 1320, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghazi Malik</a>, the former governor of Multan, rebelled against the Khalji rule. With the support of various factions including Khokhars, he established the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the earliest mentions of Punjabi language date to this period.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png/220px-Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png/330px-Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png/440px-Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Territories of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khan" title="Khizr Khan">Khizr Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 14th century, the Tughlaq dynasty had declined, and the sultanate was divided among various warlords. The city of Lahore was intermittently captured by Khokhars. Taking advantage of the prevailing anarchy, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> led a brutal invasion of Delhi sultanate in 1398. Lahore had been under control of <a href="/wiki/Shaikha_Khokhar" title="Shaikha Khokhar">Shaikha Khokhar</a> since 1394, who resisted Timur but was defeated and killed. Afterwards, Timur plundered Delhi and massacred its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tughlaq power crumbled and resulted in nobles asserting formal independence. In 1414 the Tughlaq dynasty was itself replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khan" title="Khizr Khan">Khizr Khan</a>, a Punjabi chieftain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the time of Sayyid Sultans was spent in fighting against <a href="/wiki/Jasrat" title="Jasrat">Jasrat</a>, who was the most formidable opponent of Delhi sultans in Punjab. South Punjab became independent from Delhi when <a href="/wiki/Langah_Sultanate" title="Langah Sultanate">Langah Sultanate</a> broke away in 1445.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rulers of medieval <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a> in western India are also described as having Punjabi <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> origins.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h4></div> <p>By the early 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a> which succeeded Sayyids had control over little more than the region around Lahore in Punjab. In 1525, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> invaded Delhi Sultanate and conquered it by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the <a href="/wiki/First_battle_of_Panipat" class="mw-redirect" title="First battle of Panipat">first battle of Panipat</a>. The Gakhars of Potohar remained loyal to the house of Babur after <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a> overthrew the Mughals under <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>. This caused Sher Shah Suri to invade Pothohar and the local chief <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Sarang_Khan_Ghakkar" title="Sultan Sarang Khan Ghakkar">Sarang Khan</a> died fighting against him.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gakhars continued their resistance, even after Sher Shah Suri's minister <a href="/wiki/Todar_Mal" title="Todar Mal">Todar Mal</a> constructed the <a href="/wiki/Rohtas_Fort" title="Rohtas Fort">Rohtas fort</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gakhar chiefs such as <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khan_Gakhar" title="Kamal Khan Gakhar">Kamal Khan</a> were part of Mughal nobility when Humayun regained Delhi after defeating Sur dynasty in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Second Battle of Panipat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a></i> written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, Punjab region was divided into <a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Lahore" title="Subah of Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims had majority in southern Punjab by the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a definitive Punjabi identity had formed as the inhabitants of Punjab started to be addressed as Punjabis by the outsiders during 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-different_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Punjabi Muslims rose to high ranks during Mughal period, such as <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">Grand Vizier</a> (Prime Minister) <a href="/wiki/Saadullah_Khan_(Mughal_Empire)" title="Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)">Saadullah Khan</a> (1645–1656). He belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Thaheem_(tribe)" title="Thaheem (tribe)">Thaheem clan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chiniot" title="Chiniot">Chiniot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quddus_1992_p.402_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quddus_1992_p.402-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saadullah Khan oversaw construction of several Mughal monuments including <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> under the supervision of architect <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Ahmad_Lahori" title="Ustad Ahmad Lahori">Ustad Ahmad Lahori</a>, who was also from Punjab, and led the Mughal army to Balkh in 1646 during <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan's</a> war against the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Lahore)" title="Wazir Khan (Lahore)">Wazir Khan</a> of Chiniot was also a grand vizier in the early Shah Jahani era.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in 1707, began the decline of Mughal power in the 18th century. Between 1712 and 1719, <a href="/wiki/Barha_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Barha dynasty">Barhas</a>, a dynasty of kingmakers of peasant origins from Punjab, exercised de facto control over the Mughal Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mughal authority in Punjab remained in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawabs</a> who gave nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor in Delhi; however it collapsed in Punjab after <a href="/wiki/Mir_Mannu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Mannu">Mir Mannu</a> died in 1753. Last Nawab of Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Adina_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Adina Beg">Adina Beg</a> was a Punjabi <a href="/wiki/Arain" title="Arain">Arain</a> who attempted to make Punjab independent. After his untimely death in 1758, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> directly annexed the region. Punjab suffered from the eight invasions of the Durrani Afghans between 1748 and 1767, which ravaged the region.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these centuries of Mughal rule, Punjabi Muslims established great institutions of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic civilization</a> in cities and towns such as Lahore and Sialkot. Punjabi Muslim scholars were "in high demand", teaching the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_sciences" title="Islamic sciences">Islamic sciences</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, even being considered there as <a href="/wiki/Awliya%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Awliya'">Awliya'</a> within their lifetimes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kamboh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboh">Kamboh clan</a> of Lahore also produced many notable scholars and administrators. Other influential Muslim scholars born in Punjab during Mughal era include <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Sialkoti" title="Abdul Hakim Sialkoti">Abdul Hakim Sialkoti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schimmel_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schimmel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1761 and 1799, the south Indian <a href="/wiki/Mysore_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore kingdom">kingdom of Mysore</a> was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>, stated to be a Punjabi adventurer in the army of Mysore, and his son <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipu Sultan, who is widely hailed as a freedom fighter in South Asia, led Mysore during <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_wars" title="Anglo-Mysore wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> and also pioneered modern <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocketry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikh_Empire">Sikh Empire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sial_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sial kingdom">Sial kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabdoabs1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/220px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/330px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/440px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Map of Doabs in Punjab</figcaption></figure> <p>Ahmad Shah Durrani and his successors failed to maintain control of Punjab except in Attock, Kasur and Multan where large Afghan colonies were based. Punjab was divided into petty Muslim and Sikh chieftancies. The situation remained as such till <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> took Lahore in 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two important Punjabi Muslim states that existed in 18th century Punjab were those of the <a href="/wiki/Sial_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Sial state">Sials</a> and the Gakhars. Gakhars under Sultan Muqarrab Khan (r.1738–1769) established rule over Potohar and the <a href="/wiki/Chaj_Doab" title="Chaj Doab">Chaj Doab</a> whilst the Sials with their capital at Jhang conquered the Lower <a href="/wiki/Rachna_Doab" title="Rachna Doab">Rachna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Sagar_Doab" title="Sindh Sagar Doab">Sindh Sagar Doabs</a> under their chief Inayatullah Khan (r.1747–1787).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, who originated in central Punjab, gradually expanded westwards. Owing to their superior European-style military training and discipline, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh not only gained control of most of Punjab but also conquered <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> (1818), Multan (1818) and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> (1833) from Durrani Afghans. Only the <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahawalpur state">Bahawalpur state</a>, then under <a href="/wiki/Daudpotra" title="Daudpotra">Daudpotra</a> Nawabs, remained independent from Sikh regime. With Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, Sikh power declined. After suffering defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Sikh_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)">Anglo-Sikh wars</a>, their territory was annexed in 1849 by the British East India Company.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenSoldierSahibs_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenSoldierSahibs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Views of the Sikh Empire rule, are mixed amongst different Punjabi Muslim groups. Ranjit Singh is seen favourably by a section of Punjabi activists in Pakistan but remains overall largely negative.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mid 19th-century Punjabi Muslim historians, such as Shahamat Ali who experienced the Sikh Empire first hand, presented a different view on Ranjit Singh's empire and governance.<sup id="cite_ref-bayly1996p233_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bayly1996p233-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ali, Ranjit Singh's government was despotic, and he was a mean monarch in contrast to the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-bayly1996p233_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bayly1996p233-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His account portrays Ranjit Singh as leading his Khalsa army's "insatiable appetite for plunder", their desire for "fresh cities to pillage", and eliminating the Mughal era "revenue intercepting intermediaries between the peasant-cultivator and the treasury".<sup id="cite_ref-Low1991p263_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Low1991p263-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a symbolic assertion of power, the Sikhs regularly desecrated Muslim places of worship, including closing of the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar and the conversion of the Bad shahi Mosque in Lahore to an ammunition store and horse stable, but the empire still maintained Persian administrative institutions and court etiquette; the Sikh silver rupees were minted on the Mughal standard with Persian legends.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Robina Yasmin, on the other hand, argues against the stereotypical narratives of claimed anti-Muslim oppression by the Sikh Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After researching contemporary sources held in the Fakir Khana archives in Pakistan and England, she concluded that the Sikh rulers were secular and allowed their Muslim subjects to freely practice their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also points out the fact that during the reign of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, there was never a single case of rebellion against the Sikh authorities by Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She further claims any beliefs of maltreatment of Muslims is based upon misunderstandings of the condition of the Muslim community during the Sikh Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_syncretism">Religious syncretism</h4></div> <p>During the colonial era, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">religious syncretism</a> among Punjabi Muslims and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a> was noted and documented by officials in census reports: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>"In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Baisakhi</a>, the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then the processions of <a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh#Ta'zīya_in_South_Asia" title="Ta'zieh">Tazias</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sabils</a> (shelters where water and <a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">sharbat</a> are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the <a href="/wiki/Mela_Chiraghan" title="Mela Chiraghan">Chiraghan fair</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalamar (Lahore)</a> are no doubt practices answering to the holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-punjab1911_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174">: 174 </span></sup></span> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Excerpt from the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>), 1911</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_Independence_(1857)"><span id="War_of_Independence_.281857.29"></span>War of Independence (1857)</h4></div> <p>The news of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a> reached Punjab quite late. <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_(City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhelum (City)">Jhelum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> saw a rebellion in which 35 British soldiers were killed on 7 July 1857. Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/William_Spring_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Spring (British Army officer)">Colonel William Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 July, most of the brigade of sepoys at <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a> rebelled and began to move to Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were intercepted by <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholson_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Nicholson (general)">John Nicholson</a> with an equal British force as they tried to cross the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a>. After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours, the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island, they were defeated by Nicholson in the <i>Battle of Trimmu Ghat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenSoldierSahibs_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenSoldierSahibs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 290–293">: 290–293 </span></sup> However, the main opponent of British rule in Punjab was <a href="/wiki/Rai_Ahmad_Khan_Kharal" title="Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal">Rai Ahmad Khan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kharal" title="Kharal">Kharral clan</a> who waged war against it for three months in central Punjab. He was killed on 21 September 1857 in a skirmish with British colonial forces while inflicting heavy losses to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-pu_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pu-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_Punjabi_to_Punjabi_Muslim_identity">From Punjabi to Punjabi Muslim identity</h4></div> <p>Before British annexation of Punjab, the consciousness of a Punjabi identity was at its zenith.<sup id="cite_ref-different_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1840s, the Punjabi Muslim poet <a href="/wiki/Shah_Mohammad" title="Shah Mohammad">Shah Mohammad</a> viewed Anglo-Sikh wars as war between the Punjab and Hind (India).<sup id="cite_ref-different_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During colonial period, communal identity superseded regional one, and Punjabi Muslims increasingly disowned Punjabi language in the favour of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> in Persian script.<sup id="cite_ref-different_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a sign of a growing sense of Muslim self-identity, it has been estimated that out of the 70,000 to 80,000 books and pamphlets printed in Punjab from 1867 to 1914 some 25,000 to 30,000 "were written by a Muslim or published to meet the needs of the community."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_British_Indian_Army">In the British Indian Army</h4></div> <p>Punjabi Muslims, classified as a "<a href="/wiki/Martial_race" title="Martial race">martial race</a>" by the British colonialists,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made a substantial part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British academic David Omissi calling them the single largest group in both World Wars,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> accounting for around 29% of its total numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these reasons, another British academic, Kate Imy, writes that "Punjabi Muslims were the true backbone of the Indian Army."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there was also a history of popular resistance from Punjabi Muslims against British colonialism, including during the <a href="/wiki/1857_Indian_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 Indian Rebellion">1857 Indian Rebellion</a> with the likes of Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal, facts which historian Turab-ul-Hassan Sargana says have been undermined because the elites of Punjab who collaborated with the British are those who still rule Pakistan today.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to their heavy involvement with the British Indian Army, the Punjabi Muslims would know a form of social mobility and economic empowerement that would differentiate them from non-Punjabi Muslims of the region, Indian defence analyst <a href="/wiki/RSN_Singh" title="RSN Singh">Colonel RSN Singh</a> writing that "the economic and social hiatus between Punjabi Muslims and the Muslims of the Indian heartland widened to the extent that the latter had ceased to be a force of any consequence."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SikanderHayatKhan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SikanderHayatKhan.jpg/150px-SikanderHayatKhan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SikanderHayatKhan.jpg/225px-SikanderHayatKhan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/SikanderHayatKhan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sir_Sikandar_Hayat_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan">Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Punjab" title="Premier of the Punjab">Premier of the Punjab</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_reforms">Administrative reforms</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> introduced provincial autonomy to Punjab replacing the system of dyarchy. It provided for the constitution of Punjab Legislative Assembly of 175 members presided by a Speaker and an executive government responsible to the Assembly. The <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Punjab)" title="Unionist Party (Punjab)">Unionist Party</a> under a Punjabi Muslim, Sir <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan" title="Sikandar Hayat Khan">Sikandar Hayat Khan</a> formed the government in 1937. Sir Sikandar was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Malik_Khizar_Hayat_Tiwana" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana">Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana</a> in 1942 who remained the Premier till partition in 1947. Although the term of the Assembly was five years, the Assembly continued for about eight years and its last sitting was held on 19 March 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Majlis-e_Ahrar-e_Islam">Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam</h4></div> <p>During the 1930s and the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Majlis-e_Ahrar-e_Islam" title="Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam">Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam</a>, an anti-colonial <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> political party founded in 1929 as an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a> and a close collaborator of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, became the dominant political force among Punjabi Muslims, especially among the lower middle echelons and the artisan classes, the Ahrar's having a diversity of Islamic schools but generally subscribed to a <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a> interpretation with an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialist</a> approach as well.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_independence">After independence</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of 1947</a>, millions also migrated from East Punjab to West Punjab to escape violence from <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> militias.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After independence, Bengalis formed the majority ethnicity of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, followed by Punjabis. After 1971, Punjabis became the majority ethnicity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufism">Sufism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_Punjab" title="Sufism in Punjab">Sufism in Punjab</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> has also played a major role in the history of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many prominent <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">Sufi saints</a> were born in Punjab, including <a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waris_Shah" title="Waris Shah">Waris Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulleh_Shah" title="Bulleh Shah">Bulleh Shah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>The shrine of 13th century Punjabi Sufi saint <a href="/wiki/Rukn-e-Alam" title="Rukn-e-Alam">Rukn-e-Alam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <p>Punjabi Muslims had a major contribution in the development of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a> (1179–1266) is recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language.<sup id="cite_ref-sikh_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sikh-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century, many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language, the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/Bulleh_Shah" title="Bulleh Shah">Bulleh Shah</a>. Punjabi Sufi poetry also developed under <a href="/wiki/Shah_Hussain" title="Shah Hussain">Shah Hussain</a> (1538–1599), <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bahu" title="Sultan Bahu">Sultan Bahu</a> (1630–1691), <a href="/wiki/Shah_Sharaf" title="Shah Sharaf">Shah Sharaf</a> (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), <a href="/wiki/Waris_Shah" title="Waris Shah">Waris Shah</a> (1722–1798), <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Muhammad_Safoori" title="Saleh Muhammad Safoori">Saleh Muhammad Safoori</a> (1747–1826), <a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Bakhsh" title="Mian Muhammad Bakhsh">Mian Muhammad Baksh</a> (1830–1907) and <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid" title="Khwaja Ghulam Farid">Khwaja Ghulam Farid</a> (1845–1901). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <p>The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Qisse" title="Punjabi Qisse"><i>qisse</i></a>, most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of <a href="/wiki/Heer_Ranjha" title="Heer Ranjha">Heer Ranjha</a> by <a href="/wiki/Waris_Shah" title="Waris Shah">Waris Shah</a> (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include <i><a href="/wiki/Sohni_Mahiwal" title="Sohni Mahiwal">Sohni Mahiwal</a></i> by Fazal Shah, <i><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Sahiban" title="Mirza Sahiban">Mirza Sahiban</a></i> by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), <i><a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun" title="Sassui Punnhun">Sassui Punnhun</a></i> by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and <i>Qissa Puran Bhagat</i> by <a href="/wiki/Qadaryar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadaryar">Qadaryar</a> (1802–1892). In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred the <i><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a></i> for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kafi" title="Kafi">Kafi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music of Punjab</a></div> <p>Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing with other compositions. <a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawali">Qawali</a>, commonly practiced in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>; are other important genres in the Punjab region.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk music of Punjab</a> is the traditional music of Punjab produced using traditional musical instruments like <a href="/wiki/Tumbi" title="Tumbi">Tumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Algoza">Algoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhadd" title="Dhadd">Dhadd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimta" title="Chimta">Chimta</a> and more. There is a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab#Folk_songs" title="Folk music of Punjab">folk songs</a> for every occasion from birth to death including marriage, festivals, fairs and religious ceremonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>Punjabi Muslims are found almost exclusively in Pakistan with 98% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> population with <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3></div> <p>While the total population of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> is 127 million as noted in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Census of Pakistan">2023 Pakistan census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Punjabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Punjabis">ethnic Punjabis</a> comprise approximately 44.7% of the national population.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WorldAtlas_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic Punjabis, that is, discounting the local <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris_in_Punjab" title="Kashmiris in Punjab">Kashmiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Punjab" title="Pathans of Punjab">Pashtuns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people_in_Punjab" title="Baloch people in Punjab">Baloch</a> residents, thus number approximately 111,303,000 million in Pakistan; this makes Punjabis the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Pakistan">largest ethnic group in Pakistan</a> by population.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WorldAtlas_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes_and_clans">Tribes and clans</h3></div> <p>Punjabi Muslim society is centered around the concept of <a href="/wiki/Baradari_(brotherhood)" title="Baradari (brotherhood)"><i>biraderi</i></a> (<span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">برادری</span></span>), social brotherhood within the tribe and clan. </p><p>The major tribes and clans among Punjabi Muslims are the <a href="/wiki/Jat_Muslim" title="Jat Muslim">Jats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Rajputs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arain" title="Arain">Arains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Shaikh" title="Punjabi Shaikh">Sheikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gujjars" title="Muslim Gujjars">Gujjars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awan_(tribe)" title="Awan (tribe)">Awans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1911-book <i>The Armies of India</i>, British major Sir George Fletcher MacMunn would write that Muslims of Punjab "are of many mixed races, but who largely consist of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Rajput tribes converted to Islam</a> at various times in the past."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_Muslims" title="List of Punjabi Muslims">List of Punjabi Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_Muslim_tribes" title="List of Punjabi Muslim tribes">List of Punjabi Muslim tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_Muslim" title="Jat Muslim">Jat Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rulers_of_Pothohar_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rulers of Pothohar Plateau">List of Rulers of Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Punjabi Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Punjabi Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi alphabet</a>, the script used by Punjabi Muslims to read and write Punjabi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-religion2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religion2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html">"Indian Census 2011"</a>. Census Department, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Census+2011&rft.pub=Census+Department%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fc-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idea.int-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idea.int_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadia_Mushtaq_Abbasi" class="citation web cs1">Nadia Mushtaq Abbasi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821142808/http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abbasi_low_2-2.pdf">"The Pakistani Diaspora in Europe and Its Impact on Democracy Building in Pakistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abbasi_low_2-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pakistani+Diaspora+in+Europe+and+Its+Impact+on+Democracy+Building+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance&rft.au=Nadia+Mushtaq+Abbasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fresources%2Fanalysis%2Fupload%2FAbbasi_low_2-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082055/http://islamabad.usembassy.gov/pr-10061601.html">"American Pakistan Foundation Ready To Engage Pakistani Diaspora"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamabad.usembassy.gov/pr-10061601.html">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Pakistan+Foundation+Ready+To+Engage+Pakistani+Diaspora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamabad.usembassy.gov%2Fpr-10061601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span> (US Embassy, Islamabad Report)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi_2013_1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). <i>Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten</i>. New Delhi, India; Urbana, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>: Aleph Book Company. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0"><bdi>978-93-83064-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%3A+A+History+from+Aurangzeb+to+Mountbatten&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India%3B+Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-83064-41-0&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf">"Pakistan Census 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Census+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2Fcensus_2017_tables%2Fpakistan%2FTable11n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). <i>Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten</i>. New Delhi, India; Urbana, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>: Aleph Book Company. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0"><bdi>978-93-83064-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%3A+A+History+from+Aurangzeb+to+Mountbatten&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India%3B+Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-83064-41-0&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Kleffner Nydell <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC">Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times</a>, Intercultural Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931930-25-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-931930-25-2">1-931930-25-2</a>, page xxiii, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">roughly 152 million Bengali Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and 36.4 million Bengali Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/CIA_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA Factbook</a> 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_Middle_East" title="Bangladeshis in the Middle East">Bangladeshis in the Middle East</a>, 1 million <a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengalis in Pakistan</a>, 5 million <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamboFarhadian2014" class="citation book cs1">Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">489–</span>491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7"><bdi>978-0-19-971354-7</bdi></a>. <q>First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religious+Conversion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E491&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971354-7&rft.aulast=Rambo&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rft.au=Farhadian%2C+Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU03gAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalhotraMir,_Farina2012" class="citation book cs1">Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092802/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en&"><i>Punjab reconsidered : history, culture, and practice</i></a>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-807801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-807801-2"><bdi>978-0-19-807801-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en&">the original</a> on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab+reconsidered+%3A+history%2C+culture%2C+and+practice&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-807801-2&rft.aulast=Malhotra&rft.aufirst=Anshu&rft.au=Mir%2C+Farina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fpunjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012%3Bjsessionid%3D67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16%3Fcc%3Dde%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ayers, Alyssa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf">"Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>67</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">917–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911808001204">10.1017/s0021911808001204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56127067">56127067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Language%2C+the+Nation%2C+and+Symbolic+Capital%3A+The+Case+of+Punjab&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E917-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021911808001204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56127067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falyssaayres.com%2Fpdf%2FAyres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thandi_1996-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thandi_1996_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghThandi1996" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam; Thandi, Shinder S. (1996). <i>Globalisation and the region : explorations in Punjabi identity</i>. Coventry, United Kingdom: Association for Punjab Studies (UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874699-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874699-05-7"><bdi>978-1-874699-05-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalisation+and+the+region+%3A+explorations+in+Punjabi+identity&rft.place=Coventry%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Association+for+Punjab+Studies+%28UK%29&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-874699-05-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft.au=Thandi%2C+Shinder+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghThandi1999" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam; Thandi, Shinder S. (1999). <i>Punjabi identity in a global context</i>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564864-5"><bdi>978-0-19-564864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi+identity+in+a+global+context&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564864-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft.au=Thandi%2C+Shinder+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Prtiam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124071525/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf">"Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Punjab Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">153–</span>72. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&rft.atitle=Globalisation+and+Punjabi+Identity%3A+Resistance%2C+Relocation+and+Reinvention+%28Yet+Again%21%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prtiam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global.ucsb.edu%2Fpunjab%2Fjournal%2Fv19_2%2FSingh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, R. M. (2009). "Shrines, Cultivators, and Muslim 'Conversion' in Punjab and Bengal, 1300–1700". <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097194580901200202">10.1177/097194580901200202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Shrines%2C+Cultivators%2C+and+Muslim+%27Conversion%27+in+Punjab+and+Bengal%2C+1300%E2%80%931700&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F097194580901200202&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhabra1968" class="citation book cs1">Chhabra, G. S. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9DAAAAYAAJ"><i>Advanced History of the Punjab: Guru and post-Guru period upto Ranjit Singh</i></a>. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+History+of+the+Punjab%3A+Guru+and+post-Guru+period+upto+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=New+Academic+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Chhabra&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvF9DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsRiddell2020" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Ruth J.; Riddell, Peter G. (31 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdz0DwAAQBAJ&q=islam+punjab+sufi"><i>Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5748-2"><bdi>978-1-5275-5748-2</bdi></a>. <q>With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam. Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insights+into+Sufism%3A+Voices+from+the+Heart&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-5748-2&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Ruth+J.&rft.au=Riddell%2C+Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgdz0DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dislam%2Bpunjab%2Bsufi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamboFarhadian2014" class="citation book cs1">Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7"><bdi>978-0-19-971354-7</bdi></a>. <q>While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established, there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab. Buddhist communities, however, had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religious+Conversion&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971354-7&rft.aulast=Rambo&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rft.au=Farhadian%2C+Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU03gAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḌār1984" class="citation book cs1">Ḍār, Saifurraḥmān (1984). <i>Taxila and the Western World</i>. al-Waqar Publishers. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxila+and+the+Western+World&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=al-Waqar+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%8C%C4%81r&rft.aufirst=Saifurra%E1%B8%A5m%C4%81n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WescoatWolschke-Bulmahn1996-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WescoatWolschke-Bulmahn1996_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._WescoatJoachim_Wolschke-Bulmahn1996" class="citation book cs1">James L. Wescoat; Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149"><i>Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects</i></a>. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-235-0"><bdi>978-0-88402-235-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Gardens%3A+Sources%2C+Places%2C+Representations%2C+and+Prospects&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-235-0&rft.au=James+L.+Wescoat&rft.au=Joachim+Wolschke-Bulmahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96ec98LieGsC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ikram-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ikram_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkram1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._M._Ikram" title="S. M. Ikram">Ikram, S. M</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimcivilizati00ikra"><i>Muslim Civilization in India</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Civilization+in+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Ikram&rft.aufirst=S.+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimcivilizati00ikra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsherTalbot2006" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269"><i>India before Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80904-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+before+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80904-7&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Ella+Blanshard&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvaGuaJIJgoC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Habib1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Habib" title="Mohammad Habib">Mohammad Habib</a> (1981). <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nizami" title="K. A. Nizami">K. A. Nizami</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib</i></a>. People's Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Society+During+the+Early+Medieval+Period%3A+Collected+Works+of+Professor+Mohammad+Habib&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Mohammad+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQ1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Satish Chandra (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA269"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206-1526%29+-+Part+One&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRānā_Muḥammad_Sarvar_K̲h̲ān̲2005" class="citation book cs1">Rānā Muḥammad Sarvar K̲h̲ān̲ (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IARuAAAAMAAJ&q=khokhars+vanguard"><i>The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility · Volume 1</i></a>. the University of Michigan. p. 490.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rajputs%3A+History%2C+Clans%2C+Culture%2C+and+Nobility+%C2%B7+Volume+1&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2005&rft.au=R%C4%81n%C4%81+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Sarvar+K%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%81n%CC%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIARuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkhokhars%2Bvanguard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZ̲ākir_Ḥusain1996" class="citation journal cs1">Z̲ākir Ḥusain (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euMKAQAAMAAJ">"Islam and the Modern Age"</a>. <i>Islam and the Modern Age Society</i>. <b>27</b>: 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+the+Modern+Age+Society&rft.atitle=Islam+and+the+Modern+Age&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Z%CC%B2%C4%81kir+%E1%B8%A4usain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeuMKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTariq_Rahman" class="citation book cs1">Tariq Rahman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume14/no1/14.1_Rahman.pdf"><i>Punjabi Language During British Rule</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Quaid-i Azam University, Islamabad. p. 1. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Amir Khusro ba Zuban-e-Punjabi ba ibarat-e-marghub muqaddama jang ghazi ul mulk Tughlaq Shah o Nasir uddin Khusro Khan gufta ke aan ra ba Zuban-e-Hind <b>var</b> guvaend' (Amir Khusro in the language of the Punjab wrote an introduction of the battle between Tughlaq [1324-1320] and Khusro which in the language of India is called a <b>var</b>)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi+Language+During+British+Rule&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Quaid-i+Azam+University%2C+Islamabad&rft.au=Tariq+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunjab.global.ucsb.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsitefiles%2Fjournals%2Fvolume14%2Fno1%2F14.1_Rahman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-74221-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-74221-0"><bdi>0-226-74221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=39%2C+148&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-226-74221-0&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world". <i>Choice Reviews Online</i>. <b>44</b> (6): 44–3450-44-3450. 1 February 2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fchoice.44-3450">10.5860/choice.44-3450</a> (inactive 1 February 2025). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-4978">0009-4978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choice+Reviews+Online&rft.atitle=Tamerlane%3A+sword+of+Islam%2C+conqueror+of+the+world&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=44-3450-44-3450&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5860%2Fchoice.44-3450&rft.issn=0009-4978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_February_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2025">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton;_Richard_M.2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Eaton; Richard M.</a> (2019). <i>India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765</i>. University of California Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-32512-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-32512-8"><bdi>978-0-520-32512-8</bdi></a>. <q>The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-520-32512-8&rft.au=Eaton%3B+Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQanungoKānūnago1965" class="citation book cs1">Qanungo, Kalika Ranjan; Kānūnago, Kālikā Rañjana (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sher Shah and His Times</i></a>. Orient Longmans. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sher+Shah+and+His+Times&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Qanungo&rft.aufirst=Kalika+Ranjan&rft.au=K%C4%81n%C5%ABnago%2C+K%C4%81lik%C4%81+Ra%C3%B1jana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUe9tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2024" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5nsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT60"><i>Across the Green Sea: Histories from the Western Indian Ocean, 1440-1640</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2879-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2879-8"><bdi>978-1-4773-2879-8</bdi></a>. <q>The latter sultanate was founded by a former Tughluq governor, perhaps from a family of Punjabi Khatri converts, who took the title Muzaffar Shah in the early fifteenth century but reigned for only a short time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Green+Sea%3A+Histories+from+the+Western+Indian+Ocean%2C+1440-1640&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-2879-8&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5nsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians">The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians</a>: The Muhammadan Period</i> by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson, Volume IV, p. 493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/586/">"Rohtas Fort"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Rohtas+Fort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F586%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2023" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Parvati (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1W_EAAAQBAJ&dq=kamal+khan+gakkhar&pg=PA100"><i>A Lamp for the Dark World: Akbar, India's Greatest Mughal</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-7790-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-7790-7"><bdi>978-1-5381-7790-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lamp+for+the+Dark+World%3A+Akbar%2C+India%27s+Greatest+Mughal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-7790-7&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Parvati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1W_EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkamal%2Bkhan%2Bgakkhar%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajrani2004" class="citation book cs1">Gajrani, S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5J6bO8qQ7YC&pg=PA205"><i>History, Religion and Culture of India</i></a>. Isha Books. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-059-4"><bdi>978-81-8205-059-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Religion+and+Culture+of+India&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Isha+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-8205-059-4&rft.aulast=Gajrani&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5J6bO8qQ7YC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-different-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-different_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-different_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-different_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-different_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharati_Ray2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bharati Ray, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC&dq=amir+khusro+lahauri&pg=PA204"><i>Different Types of History</i></a>. History of Science, Philosophy, and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. XIV Part 4. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a> India. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1818-6"><bdi>978-81-317-1818-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Different+Types+of+History&rft.series=History+of+Science%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+Culture+in+Indian+Civilization&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1818-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9x5FX2RROZgC%26dq%3Damir%2Bkhusro%2Blahauri%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quddus_1992_p.402-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quddus_1992_p.402_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuddus1992" class="citation book cs1">Quddus, S.A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4y9zAAAAMAAJ"><i>Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism</i></a>. Royal Book Company. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-407-130-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-407-130-5"><bdi>978-969-407-130-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%2C+the+Land+of+Beauty%2C+Love%2C+and+Mysticism&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-969-407-130-5&rft.aulast=Quddus&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4y9zAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz1996" class="citation journal cs1">Foltz, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195477">"The Mughal Occupation of Balkh 1646–1647"</a>. <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F7.1.49">10.1093/jis/7.1.49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-2340">0955-2340</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195477">26195477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Mughal+Occupation+of+Balkh+1646%E2%80%931647&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0955-2340&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26195477%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F7.1.49&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26195477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2016" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Mohammad Afzal (1 January 2016). <i>The Ruling Elite - Iranian Nobility under Shahjahan and Aurangzeb</i> (1st ed.). New Delhi Mumbai Chennai: Viva Books. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-309-1370-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-309-1370-4"><bdi>978-81-309-1370-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruling+Elite+-+Iranian+Nobility+under+Shahjahan+and+Aurangzeb&rft.place=New+Delhi+Mumbai+Chennai&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Viva+Books&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-309-1370-4&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Afzal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolff2002" class="citation book cs1">Kolff, Dirk H. A. (8 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&q=naukar+rajput+and+sepoy"><i>Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52305-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52305-9"><bdi>978-0-521-52305-9</bdi></a>. <q>As another example of such soldiers of marginal peasant origin, the Barha Sayyids, a celebrated troop of soldiers under the Mughals deserve attention. They were said to be the descendants of the families who had, at an uncertain date, moved from their homes in Panjab to a sandy and infertile tract of what is now the eastern part of the Muzaffarnagar district</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naukar%2C+Rajput%2C+and+Sepoy%3A+The+Ethnohistory+of+the+Military+Labour+Market+of+Hindustan%2C+1450-1850&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-08-08&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52305-9&rft.aulast=Kolff&rft.aufirst=Dirk+H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrdiVPsFRYIC%26q%3Dnaukar%2Brajput%2Band%2Bsepoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Lansford2017" class="citation book cs1">Tom Lansford, ed. (2017). <i>Afghanistan at war : from the 18th-century Durrani dynasty to the 21st century</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-759-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-759-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-759-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952980822">952980822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+at+war+%3A+from+the+18th-century+Durrani+dynasty+to+the+21st+century&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952980822&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-759-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiad2021" class="citation book cs1">Ziad, Waleed (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-ZFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132"><i>Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24881-6"><bdi>978-0-674-24881-6</bdi></a>. <q>A shared Persian language, and its corresponding religio-cultural modalities and symbols, ensured that the credentials of deputies from Hindustan and Khurasan would be recognized across Transoxiana. Fazl Ahmad appointed several Punjabi and Peshawari deputies at Balkh, Samarkand, Bukhara, Aqcha, Khiva, and Khoqand. Some of the Punjabi migrants were even acknowledged as native saints of Transoxiana within their lifetimes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Caliphate%3A+Sufi+Saints+beyond+the+Oxus+and+Indus&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-674-24881-6&rft.aulast=Ziad&rft.aufirst=Waleed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-ZFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schimmel-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schimmel_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1980" class="citation book cs1">Schimmel, Annemarie (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC"><i>Islam in the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. BRILL. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06117-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06117-7"><bdi>90-04-06117-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=90-04-06117-7&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYImm1TnemwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonShadle1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&dq=hyder+ali+punjabi&pg=PA773"><i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27917-1"><bdi>978-0-313-27917-1</bdi></a>. <q>Hyder Ali was originally a Punjabi adventurer in the army of the Hindu king of Mysore.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27917-1&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Shadle%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df0VnzMelzm8C%26dq%3Dhyder%2Bali%2Bpunjabi%26pg%3DPA773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple" title="William Dalrymple">Dalrymple, William</a> (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5IyEAAAQBAJ&q=the+anarchy"><i>The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-395-4"><bdi>978-1-63557-395-4</bdi></a>. <q>The second power was a new force, which in the 1770s was just emerging and beginning to flex its military muscles: the Mysore Sultanate of Haidar Ali and his formidable warrior son, Tipu Sultan. Haidar, who was of Punjabi origin, had risen in the ranks of the Mysore army, where he introduced many of the innovations he had learned from observing French troops at work in the Carnatic Wars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchy%3A+The+East+India+Company%2C+Corporate+Violence%2C+and+the+Pillage+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-63557-395-4&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5IyEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Banarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple" title="William Dalrymple">Dalrymple, William</a> (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5IyEAAAQBAJ&q=the+anarchy"><i>The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-395-4"><bdi>978-1-63557-395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchy%3A+The+East+India+Company%2C+Corporate+Violence%2C+and+the+Pillage+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-63557-395-4&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5IyEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Banarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikeley2020" class="citation book cs1">Wikeley, J. M. (21 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoqhzQEACAAJ&q=Rare+Book+Society+of+India"><i>Punjabi Musalmans</i></a>. Alpha Editions. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5404-023-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5404-023-8"><bdi>978-93-5404-023-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi+Musalmans&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Alpha+Editions&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.isbn=978-93-5404-023-8&rft.aulast=Wikeley&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoqhzQEACAAJ%26q%3DRare%2BBook%2BSociety%2Bof%2BIndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinMassy2015" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Lepel Henry; Massy, Charles Francis (11 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bN0bjgEACAAJ"><i>The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab, Volume 2</i></a>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-297-73366-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-297-73366-6"><bdi>978-1-297-73366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panjab+Chiefs%3A+Historical+and+Biographical+Notices+of+the+Principal+Families+in+the+Lahore+and+Rawalpindi+Divisions+of+the+Panjab%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft.isbn=978-1-297-73366-6&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Lepel+Henry&rft.au=Massy%2C+Charles+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbN0bjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllenSoldierSahibs-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllenSoldierSahibs_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllenSoldierSahibs_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Allen, Charles</a> (2001). <i>Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier</i>. London: Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11456-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11456-0"><bdi>0-349-11456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier+Sahibs%3A+The+Men+Who+Made+the+North-West+Frontier&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-349-11456-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1491672">"Dawn"</a>. <i>Is Ranjit Singh’s statue in Lahore worth celebrating?</i>. <q>For a section of Punjabi activists in Pakistan and most Sikhs, Ranjit Singh is a local hero — 'son of the soil' — who successfully thwarted aggressors from the north and established a strong centralised government that provided relief to the people of Punjab after decades of chaos and violence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Is+Ranjit+Singh%E2%80%99s+statue+in+Lahore+worth+celebrating%3F&rft.atitle=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1491672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bayly1996p233-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bayly1996p233_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bayly1996p233_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Alan_Bayly1996" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Alan Bayly (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bqEzPPp8xIC"><i>Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66360-1"><bdi>978-0-521-66360-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Information%3A+Intelligence+Gathering+and+Social+Communication+in+India%2C+1780%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66360-1&rft.au=Christopher+Alan+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bqEzPPp8xIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitralekha_Zutshi2004" class="citation book cs1">Chitralekha Zutshi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rEluAAAAMAAJ"><i>Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521939-5"><bdi>978-0-19-521939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Belonging%3A+Islam%2C+Regional+Identity%2C+and+the+Making+of+Kashmir&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521939-5&rft.au=Chitralekha+Zutshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrEluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Low1991p263-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Low1991p263_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClive_Dewey1991" class="citation book cs1">Clive Dewey (1991). D. A. Low (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ"><i>Political Inheritance of Pakistan</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">263–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-11556-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-11556-3"><bdi>978-1-349-11556-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Inheritance+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-349-11556-3&rft.au=Clive+Dewey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaeuCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiad2021" class="citation book cs1">Ziad, Waleed (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-ZFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24881-6"><bdi>978-0-674-24881-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Caliphate%3A+Sufi+Saints+Beyond+the+Oxus+and+Indus&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.isbn=978-0-674-24881-6&rft.aulast=Ziad&rft.aufirst=Waleed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-ZFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChida-Razvi2020" class="citation book cs1">Chida-Razvi, Mehreen (20 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3QeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT92"><i>The Friday Mosque in the City: Liminality, Ritual, and Politics</i></a>. Intellect Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78938-304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78938-304-1"><bdi>978-1-78938-304-1</bdi></a>. <q>In addition to the masjid's use as a site for military storage, stables for the cavalry horses, and barracks for soldiers, parts of it were also used as storage for powder magazines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Friday+Mosque+in+the+City%3A+Liminality%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2020-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-78938-304-1&rft.aulast=Chida-Razvi&rft.aufirst=Mehreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3QeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasmin2022" class="citation book cs1">Yasmin, Robina (2022). "Conclusion". <i>Muslims Under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4034-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4034-8"><bdi>978-0-7556-4034-8</bdi></a>. <q>This study was undertaken with a new paradigm to understand the condition of the Muslims under Sikh rule in the Punjab. It challenges the stereotypical approaches, which highlight contradictions between Muslims and Sikhs. Some historians have pointed out that the Sikh rulers mistreated the Muslims, harmed their religion and damaged their religious places. In support of this, they claim that not only did the Muslims of India show resentment, but also that some of them started Tehrik-e-Mujahidin against Ranjit Singh's state. The author, with new evidence from the Fakir Khana archives in Pakistan and England, has developed the hypothesis that the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh and his successors adopted a secular approach towards minorities, including the Muslims - that is, there was not a single movement within the Punjab started by Muslims against the Sikh rulers. Instead, the Tehrik-e-Mujahidin that was launched against the alleged maltreatment of the Muslims was actually the result of a misperception of the Muslims' condition in the Punjab, and a number of studies have already shown that Tehrik-e-Mujahidin had many other motives as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion&rft.btitle=Muslims+Under+Sikh+Rule+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh+and+Religious+Tolerance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-4034-8&rft.aulast=Yasmin&rft.aufirst=Robina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-punjab1911-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-punjab1911_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393787">"Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report"</a>. 1912. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393787">saoa.crl.25393787</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007223437/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1911.+Vol.+14%2C+Punjab.+Pt.+1%2C+Report.&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393787%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/741938/the-river-that-played-god">"The River that played god"</a>. <i>Dawn News</i>. 13 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News&rft.atitle=The+River+that+played+god&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F741938%2Fthe-river-that-played-god&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2018" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Kim A. (2018). <i>The Skull of Alum Beg. The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087023-2"><bdi>978-0-19-087023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skull+of+Alum+Beg.+The+Life+and+Death+of+a+Rebel+of+1857&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-087023-2&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Kim+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pu-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pu_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed_Ahmed_Butt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Saeed Ahmed Butt (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF-FILES/13-Saeed_V28_no2.pdf">"Rai Ahmad Khan Kharral (Myth or Reality)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>191<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Punjab+University+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Rai+Ahmad+Khan+Kharral+%28Myth+or+Reality%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Saeed+Ahmed+Butt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpu.edu.pk%2Fimages%2Fjournal%2FHistoryPStudies%2FPDF-FILES%2F13-Saeed_V28_no2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustafsonJones1975" class="citation book cs1">Gustafson, Eric; Jones, Kenneth, eds. (1975). <i>Sources on Punjab History: A Study Sponsored by the Research Committee on the Punjab</i>. Manohar Book Service. p. 257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+on+Punjab+History%3A+A+Study+Sponsored+by+the+Research+Committee+on+the+Punjab&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Manohar+Book+Service&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalachandran2020" class="citation web cs1">Balachandran, P. K. (21 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/6/19081/ethnicity-and-military-recruitment-in-south-asia----">"Ethnicity and Military Recruitment in South Asia"</a>. <q>Based on the fighting abilities of the ethnic groups and their loyalty to the British, the army designated some groups as martial (such as Sikhs, Punjabi Muslims, the Baloch, Rajputs from Rajasthan, Jats, Dogras, Gurkhas and the Marathas) and restricted recruitment to them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Military+Recruitment+in+South+Asia&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.aulast=Balachandran&rft.aufirst=P.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecitizen.in%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fnewsdetail%2Findex%2F6%2F19081%2Fethnicity-and-military-recruitment-in-south-asia----&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Shaikh" title="Muhammad Ali Shaikh">Shaikh, Muhammad Ali</a> (5 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/amp/1740463">"History: How Punjab Came to Dominate the Army"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1563-9444">1563-9444</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=History%3A+How+Punjab+Came+to+Dominate+the+Army&rft.date=2023-03-05&rft.issn=1563-9444&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2Famp%2F1740463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmissi2001" class="citation web cs1">Omissi, David (8 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/military_planning_and_wartime_recruitment_india">"Military Planning and Wartime Recruitment (India)"</a>. <q>The single most numerous "class" of Indian recruits in both world wars, however, was the Punjabi Muslims</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Planning+and+Wartime+Recruitment+%28India%29&rft.date=2001-04-08&rft.aulast=Omissi&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Fmilitary_planning_and_wartime_recruitment_india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatlani2016" class="citation web cs1">Khatlani, Sameer Arshad (7 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pakistan-army-general-qamar-javed-bajwa-4412295/">"In fact: Punjabis dominate the Pakistan Army — but only just"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. <q>In 1939, as many as 29% of soldiers in the British Indian Army, which was split between India and Pakistan after Partition, were Punjabi Muslims, mostly from Pakistani Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=In+fact%3A+Punjabis+dominate+the+Pakistan+Army+%E2%80%94+but+only+just&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft.aulast=Khatlani&rft.aufirst=Sameer+Arshad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fpakistan-army-general-qamar-javed-bajwa-4412295%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImy2023" class="citation book cs1">Imy, Kate (2023). <i>Faithful Fighters: Identity and Power in the British Army</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faithful+Fighters%3A+Identity+and+Power+in+the+British+Army&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Imy&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Rehman2020" class="citation web cs1">Abdul Rehman, Ibrahim (1 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1587927">"NON-FICTION: WHEN PUNJAB ROSE UP"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_News" title="Dawn News">Dawn News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News&rft.atitle=NON-FICTION%3A+WHEN+PUNJAB+ROSE+UP&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft.aulast=Abdul+Rehman&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1587927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, R. S. N. (2008). <i>The Military Factor in Pakistan</i>. New Delhi ; Frankfort, IL: Lancer Publishers. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9815378-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Factor+in+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Delhi+%3B+Frankfort%2C+IL&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R.+S.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/S-1937-1945.htm">"Punjab Legislative Assembly 1937"</a>. 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Delhi: Aakar Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-93-0"><bdi>978-81-89833-93-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism+in+Punjab%3A+Mystics%2C+Literature%2C+and+Shrines&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-89833-93-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Surinder&rft.au=Gaur%2C+Ishwar+Dayal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuddus1992" class="citation book cs1">Quddus, Syed Abdul (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4y9zAAAAMAAJ&q=sufism+punjab+waris+bulleh+fariduddin"><i>Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism</i></a>. Royal Book Company. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-407-130-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-407-130-5"><bdi>978-969-407-130-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%2C+the+Land+of+Beauty%2C+Love%2C+and+Mysticism&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-969-407-130-5&rft.aulast=Quddus&rft.aufirst=Syed+Abdul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4y9zAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsufism%2Bpunjab%2Bwaris%2Bbulleh%2Bfariduddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongSinghSamadTalbot2015" class="citation book cs1">Long, Roger D.; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (8 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&dq=sufism+punjab+waris+bulleh+fariduddin&pg=PA156"><i>State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security</i></a>. 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Ahmedabad [India]: Mapin Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890206-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890206-15-4"><bdi>978-1-890206-15-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+music+%26+musical+instruments+of+Punjab+%3A+from+mustard+fields+to+disco+lights&rft.place=Ahmedabad+%5BIndia%5D&rft.pub=Mapin+Pub.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-890206-15-4&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=Alka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkmusicmusical00pand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThinda1996" class="citation book cs1">Thinda, Karanaila Siṅgha (1996). <i>Pañjāba dā loka wirasā</i> (New rev. ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punjab+Province%2C+Pakistan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPunjab-province-Pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabi+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span>h</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacMunn, George Fletcher (1911). <i>The Armies of India</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. pp. 131–132.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/35px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/45px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>, Pakistan topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lahore" title="History of Lahore">History of Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A shield displaying a coat of arms; on a dark blue background, an open book displays the words "Dominus Illuminatio Mea"; two gold crowns above, one below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/320px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Government of Punjab, Pakistan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab" title="Provincial Assembly of the Punjab">Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Punjab, Pakistan">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi tribes">Punjabi tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_Ajrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraiki Ajrak">Saraiki Ajrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salwar_(Punjabi)_Suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar (Punjabi) Suit">Salwar (Punjabi) Suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_and_monuments_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeological sites and monuments in Punjab, Pakistan">Archaeological sites and monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)" title="Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahawalpur</li> <li>Dera Ghazi Khan</li> <li>Faisalabad</li> <li>Gujranwala</li> <li>Gujrat</li> <li>Lahore</li> <li>Mianwali</li> <li>Multan</li> <li>Rawalpindi</li> <li>Sahiwal</li> <li>Sarghoda</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalnagar_District" title="Bahawalnagar District">Bahawalnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_District" title="Bahawalpur District">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakkar_District" title="Bhakkar District">Bhakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakwal_District" title="Chakwal District">Chakwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniot_District" title="Chiniot District">Chiniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_District" title="Faisalabad District">Fasialabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizabad_District" title="Hafizabad District">Hafizabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jampur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jampur District">Jampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanewal_District" title="Khanewal District">Khanewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushab_District" title="Khushab District">Khushab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kot_Addu_District" title="Kot Addu District">Kot Addu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layyah_District" title="Layyah District">Layyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhran_District" title="Lodhran District">Lodhran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_Bahauddin_District" title="Mandi Bahauddin District">Mandi Bahauddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree_District" title="Murree District">Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib_District" title="Nankana Sahib District">Nankana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narowal_District" title="Narowal District">Narowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okara_District" title="Okara District">Okara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpattan_District" title="Pakpattan District">Pakpattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasur_District" title="Kasur District">Kasur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District" title="Rahim Yar Khan District">Rahim Yar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajanpur_District" title="Rajanpur District">Rajanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal_District" title="Sahiwal District">Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargodha_District" title="Sargodha District">Sargodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talagang_District" title="Talagang District">Talagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunsa_District" title="Taunsa District">Taunsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh_District" title="Toba Tek Singh District">Toba Tek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehari_District" title="Vehari District">Vehari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazirabad_District" title="Wazirabad District">Wazirabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_Stadium" title="Gaddafi Stadium">Gaddafi Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium_(Faisalabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqbal Stadium (Faisalabad)">Iqbal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_Hockey_Stadium" title="Faisalabad Hockey Stadium">Faisalabad Hockey Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_Muslim_communities211" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Muslim" title="Template:Indian Muslim"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Muslim" title="Template talk:Indian Muslim"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Muslim" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Muslim"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Muslim_communities211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Indian Muslim</a> communities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_India" title="Arabs in India">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arain_(Delhi)" title="Arain (Delhi)">Arain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghons" title="Arghons">Arghon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_(tribe)" title="Awan (tribe)">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatiara (page does not exist)">Bhatiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Deccani Muslims</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Muslims" title="Hyderabadi Muslims">Hyderabadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardic peoples">Dard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjra" title="Kunjra">Kunjra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathans in India">Pathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purigpa" title="Purigpa">Purigpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Muslim Rajputs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Brahmins">Garha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhs in South Asia">Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjam" title="Hajjam">Salmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra_Muslims" title="Dogra Muslims">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims" title="Gujarati Muslims">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_Muslims" title="Marwari Muslims">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims of Manipur">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Muslims" title="Odia Muslims">Odia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Muslims" title="Andhra Muslims">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Muslims" title="Goan Muslims">Goan Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MANIYAR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MANIYAR (page does not exist)">MANIYAR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Muslims" title="Bihari Muslims">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamail" title="Chamail">Chamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churihar" title="Churihar">Churihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chik_(community)" title="Chik (community)">Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulhaiya" title="Kulhaiya">Kulhaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Begi" title="Lal Begi">Lal Begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_clan_(Bihar)" title="Malik clan (Bihar)">Malik of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirshikar" title="Mirshikar">Mirshikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_tribe" title="Muker tribe">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turuk_Pasi" title="Turuk Pasi">Pasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(Muslim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat (Muslim)">Nat</a></li> <li>Pathans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayeen">Rayeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_(caste)" title="Sai (caste)">Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapera_(Muslim)" title="Sapera (Muslim)">Sapera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_(Mallick)_from_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed (Mallick) from Bihar">Syed (Mallick)</a></li> <li>Shaikh of Bihar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shershahabadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shershahabadia">Shershahabadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakurai" title="Thakurai">Thakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (Gujarat)">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attarwala" title="Attarwala">Attarwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafan" title="Bafan">Bafan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadala" title="Bhadala">Bhadala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharbhunja_(Muslim)" title="Bharbhunja (Muslim)">Bharbhunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunara" title="Chunara">Chunara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundrigar" title="Chundrigar">Chundrigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuldhoya" title="Dhuldhoya">Dhuldhoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodwala" title="Doodwala">Doodwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiara" title="Galiara">Galiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi_(Muslim)" title="Ghanchi (Muslim)">Ghanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi-Pinjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanchi-Pinjara">Ghanchi-Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaypotra" title="Halaypotra">Halaypotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingorja_(community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hingorja (community)">Hingorja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingora" title="Hingora">Hingora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Junejo">Juneja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)" title="Kadia (Muslim)">Kadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagzi" title="Kagzi">Kagzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ker_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ker clan">Ker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_(caste)" title="Khalifa (caste)">Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaskheli" title="Khaskheli">Khaskheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiyar" title="Machiyar">Machiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Makrani caste">Makrani</a></li> <li>Maliks of Gujarat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandali_caste" title="Mandali caste">Mandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Makwana" title="Muslim Makwana">Makwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manka_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Manka caste">Manka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoori" title="Mansoori">Mansoori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memon_people" title="Memon people">Memon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Qureshi" title="Meta Qureshi">Meta Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyana_(community)" title="Miyana (community)">Miyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molesalam_Rajput" class="mw-redirect" title="Molesalam Rajput">Molesalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momna" title="Momna">Momna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_(caste)" title="Multani (caste)">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_Lohar" title="Multani Lohar">Multani Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutwa" title="Mutwa">Mutwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagori_(caste)" title="Nagori (caste)">Nagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_tribe" title="Node tribe">Node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar" title="Panar">Panar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Parmar_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Parmar (Gujarat)">Parmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_Bohras" class="mw-redirect" title="Patani Bohras"> Patani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patni_Jamat" title="Patni Jamat">Patni Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Gujarat" title="Pathans of Gujarat">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaat_(Muslim)" title="Salaat (Muslim)">Salaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Samma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhai_Muslims" title="Sandhai Muslims">Sandhai Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_caste" title="Sanghar caste">Sanghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Shaikh" title="Gujarati Shaikh">Shaikhs of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhda" title="Shaikhda">Shaikhda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid of Gujarat">Sayyid of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi_(caste)" title="Sipahi (caste)">Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomro" title="Soomro">Soomra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Bohra" title="Sunni Bohra">Sunni Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_(caste)" title="Tai (caste)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turk_Jamat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turk Jamat (page does not exist)">Turk Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vora_Patel" title="Vora Patel">Vora Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyapari_(caste)" title="Vyapari (caste)">Vyapari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_Maaple" title="Kodava Maaple">Kodava Maaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Asad_ibn_Khuzaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah">Assadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusalan" title="Pusalan">Pusalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossan" title="Ossan">Ossans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangal">Tangals (the Sayyids)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbais</a></li> <li>Nahas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyi_family" title="Keyi family">Keyis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_(Malabar)" title="Koya (Malabar)">Koyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainars" title="Nainars">Nainars</a></li> <li>Dakhnis or Pathans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Ravuthars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Bohras (Daudi Bohras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Madhya Pradesh">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhs in South Asia">Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(caste)" title="Attar (caste)">Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawad" title="Dhawad">Dhawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garodi" title="Garodi">Garodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavandi" title="Gavandi">Gavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachar" title="Kachar">Kachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagzi" title="Kagzi">Kagzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Momin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Muslim Raj Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiqalgar" title="Saiqalgar">Saiqalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Tadvi Bhil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderkoti" title="Anderkoti">Anderkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetah caste">Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwa" title="Chadwa">Chadwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li>Deshwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Mehtar" title="Hela Mehtar">Hela Mehtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranbaz" title="Hiranbaz">Hiranbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandera" title="Kandera">Kandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadem_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadem (caste)">Khadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langha_(tribe)" title="Langha (tribe)">Langha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganiar" title="Manganiar">Manganiar</a></li> <li>Merat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaimkhani" title="Qaimkhani">Kayamkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rath_tribe" title="Rath tribe">Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_of_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh of Rajasthan">Shaikhs of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silawat" title="Silawat">Silawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-Sipahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi-Sipahi">Sindhi-Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singiwala" title="Singiwala">Singiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorgar" title="Sorgar">Sorgar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayalar_(Muslim)" title="Kayalar (Muslim)">Kayalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Deccani Muslims</a> (Pathans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_(surname)" title="Ansari (surname)">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atishbaz" title="Atishbaz">Atishbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachgoti_Khanzada" title="Bachgoti Khanzada">Bachgoti Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluch_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Baluch (Uttar Pradesh)">Baluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Bandhmati" title="Muslim Bandhmati">Bandhmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Barhai" title="Muslim Barhai">Barhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Israil" title="Banu Israil">Banu Israil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhand" title="Bhand">Bhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharbhunja_(Muslim)" title="Bharbhunja (Muslim)">Bharbhunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhale_Sultan_Khanzada" title="Bhale Sultan Khanzada">Bhale Sultan Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatti_Khanzada" title="Bhatti Khanzada">Bhatti Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatiara (page does not exist)">Bhatiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li>Muslim Bhumihar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chik_(community)" title="Chik (community)">Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Dakhini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafali" title="Dafali">Dafali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhagi" title="Muslim Dhagi">Dhagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharhi" title="Dharhi">Dharhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogar" title="Dogar">Dogar</a></li> <li>Fareedi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_Faqir" title="Jogi Faqir">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Khanzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Khanzada">Gautam Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goriya" title="Goriya">Goriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gujjar_(Uttar_Pradesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)">Gujjar Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalkhor" title="Halalkhor">Halalkhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Halwai" title="Muslim Halwai">Halwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li>Jhojha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaria" title="Kabaria">Kabaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_Shaikh" title="Kakori Shaikh">Kakorvi Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamangars" title="Kamangars">Kamangars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasgar" title="Kasgar">Kasgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kayasths" title="Muslim Kayasths">Kayastha Musalman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khokhar_Khanzada" title="Khokhar Khanzada">Khokhar Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumra_(Islam)" title="Khumra (Islam)">Khumra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingharia" title="Kingharia">Kingharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjra" title="Kunjra">Kunjra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Begi" title="Lal Begi">Lal Begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalkhani" title="Lalkhani">Lalkhani Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madari" title="Madari">Madari</a></li> <li>Mandarkia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milki" title="Milki">Milki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujavir" title="Mujavir">Mujavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_tribe" title="Muker tribe">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muley_Jats" class="mw-redirect" title="Muley Jats">Muley Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Muslims" title="Nagar Muslims">Nagar Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalband_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalband (tribe) (page does not exist)">Nalband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanbai" title="Nanbai">Nanbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqqal" title="Naqqal">Naqqal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchpiria" title="Panchpiria">Panchpiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhiya" title="Pankhiya">Pankhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Uttar Pradesh">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putliwale" title="Putliwale">Putliwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(caste)" title="Qalandar (caste)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi">Qaum-e-Punjabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidwai" title="Qidwai">Qidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raibhat" title="Muslim Raibhat">Rai Bhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_(caste)" title="Raj (caste)">Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Brahmins">Garha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar"> Rajput Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaiya" title="Ramaiya">Ramaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayeen">Rayeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat_Amroha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaat Amroha">Sadaat Amroha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bara" title="Sadaat-e-Bara">Sadaat-e-Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bilgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaat-e-Bilgram">Sadaat-e-Bilgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_(caste)" title="Sai (caste)">Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjam" title="Hajjam">Salmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh">Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh">Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fri" title="Ja'fri">Shaikh Ja'fri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhzada" title="Shaikhzada">Shaikhzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiqui" title="Siddiqui">Siddiqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli Musalmaan</a></li> <li>Turk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagi_(Muslim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyagi (Muslim)">Tyagi Musalmaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedia_(Muslim_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedia (Muslim clan)">Bedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kahar" title="Muslim Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan_(tribe)" title="Kan (tribe)">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kela_(tribe)" title="Kela (tribe)">Kela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_people" title="Khotta people">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodha_Muslims" title="Lodha Muslims">Lodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Muslim" title="Mal Muslim">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashya_Shaikh" title="Nashya Shaikh">Nashya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patua" title="Patua">Patua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapuria" title="Sapuria">Sapuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shershahabadia" 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