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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrestrial_source_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial_source_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Terrestrial source theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial_source_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonterrestrial_source_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonterrestrial_source_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nonterrestrial source theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonterrestrial_source_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tektite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="تكتيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكتيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тектит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тектит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectita" title="Tectita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tectita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektiidid" title="Tektiidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tektiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectita" title="Tectita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tectita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تکتیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکتیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectite" title="Tectite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tectite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teict%C3%ADt" title="Teictít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teictít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8D%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="텍타이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텍타이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Satam" title="Batu Satam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu Satam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectite" title="Tectite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tectite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98" title="טקטיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקטיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೆಕ್ಟೈಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೆಕ್ಟೈಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektitas" title="Tektitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tektitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ടെക്റ്റൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെക്റ്റൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektiet" title="Tektiet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tektiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="テクタイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テクタイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektitt" title="Tektitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tektitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektitt" title="Tektitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tektitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektyty" title="Tektyty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tektyty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectito" title="Tectito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tectito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectit%C4%83" title="Tectită – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tectită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тектиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тектиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektite" title="Tektite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tektite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektiitti" title="Tektiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tektiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeng-kulog" title="Taeng-kulog – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taeng-kulog" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5" title="อุลกมณี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุลกมณี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektit" title="Tektit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tektit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Тектити – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тектити" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%BC%E6%9B%9C%E5%B2%A9" title="似曜岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="似曜岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q468438#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tektite" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tektite" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gravel-sized glass beads formed from meteorite impacts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about impact rocks. For the oceanographic research habitat, see <a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a>. For the recurring enemy in the <i>Legend of Zelda</i> series, see <a href="/wiki/Universe_of_The_Legend_of_Zelda#Enemies" title="Universe of The Legend of Zelda">Universe of The Legend of Zelda § Enemies</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_tektites.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Two_tektites.JPG/250px-Two_tektites.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Two_tektites.JPG/375px-Two_tektites.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Two_tektites.JPG/500px-Two_tektites.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Two splash-form tektites, molten terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ejecta" title="Ejecta">ejecta</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tektites</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τηκτός">τηκτός</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>tēktós</i></span>)</i> 'molten') are <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>-sized bodies composed of black, green, brown or grey natural <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> formed from terrestrial debris ejected during <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impacts</a>. The term was coined by Austrian geologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Eduard_Suess" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Eduard Suess">Franz Eduard Suess</a> (1867–1941), son of <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-springer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They generally range in size from millimetres to centimetres. Millimetre-scale tektites are known as <b>microtektites</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-French1998a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MontanariOthers2000a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tektites are characterized by: </p> <ol><li>a fairly homogeneous composition</li> <li>an extremely low content of water and other <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a></li> <li>an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Lechatelierite" title="Lechatelierite">lechatelierite</a></li> <li>a general lack of microscopic crystals known as <a href="/wiki/Microlites" title="Microlites">microlites</a></li> <li>not having a chemical relationship to the local <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> or local <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a></li> <li>their distribution within geographically extensive <a href="/wiki/Strewn_field" title="Strewn field">strewn fields</a></li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although tektites are superficially similar to some terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> glasses (<a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidians</a>), they have unusual distinctive physical characteristics that distinguish them from such glasses. First, they are completely glassy and lack any <a href="/wiki/Microlite" title="Microlite">microlites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">phenocrysts</a>, unlike terrestrial volcanic glasses. Second, although high in <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> (>65 wt%), the bulk chemical and isotopic composition of tektites is closer to those of <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a> and similar <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> and quite different from the bulk chemical and isotopic composition of terrestrial volcanic glasses. Third, tektites contain virtually no water (<0.02 wt%), unlike terrestrial volcanic glasses. Fourth, the flow-banding within tektites often contains particles and bands of <a href="/wiki/Lechatelierite" title="Lechatelierite">lechatelierite</a>, which are not found in terrestrial volcanic glasses. Finally, a few tektites contain partly melted inclusions of <a href="/wiki/Shocked_quartz" title="Shocked quartz">shocked</a> and unshocked mineral grains, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Coesite" title="Coesite">coesite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-French1998a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MontanariOthers2000a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference in water content can be used to distinguish tektites from terrestrial volcanic glasses. When heated to their melting point, terrestrial volcanic glasses turn into a foamy glass because of their content of water and other volatiles. Unlike terrestrial volcanic glass, a tektite produces only a few bubbles at most when heated to its melting point, because of its much lower water and other volatiles content.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Keefe1976a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Keefe1976a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muong_Nong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Muong_Nong.jpg/220px-Muong_Nong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Muong_Nong.jpg/330px-Muong_Nong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Muong_Nong.jpg/440px-Muong_Nong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Muong Nong Indochinite with layered structure and inclusions.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the basis of morphology and physical characteristics, tektites have traditionally been divided into four groups. Those found on land have traditionally been subdivided into three groups: (1) splash-form (normal) tektites, (2) aerodynamically shaped tektites, and (3) Muong Nong-type (layered) tektites. Splash-form and aerodynamically shaped tektites are only differentiated on the basis of their appearance and some of their physical characteristics. Splash-form tektites are centimeter-sized tektites that are shaped like spheres, ellipsoids, teardrops, dumbbells, and other forms characteristic of isolated molten bodies. They are regarded as having formed from the solidification of rotating liquids, and not atmospheric ablation. Aerodynamically shaped tektites, which are mainly part of the Australasian strewn field, are splash-form tektites (buttons) which display a secondary ring or flange. The secondary ring or flange is argued as having been produced during the high-speed re-entry and ablation of a solidified splash-form tektite into the atmosphere. Muong Nong tektites are typically larger, greater than 10 cm in size and 24 kg in weight, irregular, and layered tektites. They have a chunky, blocky appearance, exhibit a layered structure with abundant vesicles, and contain mineral inclusions, such as zircon, <a href="/wiki/Baddeleyite" title="Baddeleyite">baddeleyite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a>, and coesite.<sup id="cite_ref-French1998a_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MontanariOthers2000a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Keefe1976a_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Keefe1976a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microtektites, the fourth group of tektites, are less than 1 mm in size. They exhibit a variety of shapes ranging from spherical to dumbbell, disc, oval, and teardrop. Their colors range from colorless and transparent to yellowish and pale brown. They frequently contain bubbles and lechatelierite inclusions. Microtektites are typically found in deep-sea sediments that are of the same ages as those of the four known strewn fields.<sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MontanariOthers2000a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microtektites of the Australasian strewn field have also been found on land within Chinese loess deposits, and in sediment-filled joints and decimeter-sized weathering pits developed within glacially eroded granite outcrops of the Victoria Land Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-ChunlaiOthers1993a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChunlaiOthers1993a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FolcoOthers2009a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FolcoOthers2009a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australite_tektite_shallow_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Australite_tektite_shallow_bowl.jpg/220px-Australite_tektite_shallow_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Australite_tektite_shallow_bowl.jpg/330px-Australite_tektite_shallow_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Australite_tektite_shallow_bowl.jpg/440px-Australite_tektite_shallow_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>A very rare aerodynamically shaped Australite – Shallow Bowl</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most tektites have been found within four geographically extensive strewn fields: the Australasian, Central European, Ivory Coast, and North American.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Is this still true so many years after cited source reference published in 1963? (April 2021)">needs update?</span></a></i>]</sup> As summarized by Koeberl,<sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1994a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1994a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tektites within each strewn field are related to each other with respect to the criteria of petrological, physical, and chemical properties, as well as their age. In addition, three of the four strewn fields have been clearly linked with impact craters using those same criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-French1998a_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MontanariOthers2000a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognized types of tektites, grouped according to their known strewn fields, their associated craters, and ages are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_strewnfield" title="Australasian strewnfield">Australasian strewnfield</a> Approximate age: 0.77–0.78 million years), no confirmed crater: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australite" title="Australite">Australites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, dark, mostly black);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinite" title="Indochinite">Indochinites</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>, dark, mostly black);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippinite" title="Philippinite">Philippinites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, black).</li></ul></li> <li>Central European strewnfield (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlinger_Ries" title="Nördlinger Ries">Nördlinger Ries</a> impact crater (24 km), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, age: 15 million years): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavite" title="Moldavite">Moldavites</a> (Czech Republic, green).</li></ul></li> <li>Ivory Coast strewnfield (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Bosumtwi" title="Lake Bosumtwi">Lake Bosumtwi</a> impact crater (10 km), Ghana, age: 1 million years): <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivorite (page does not exist)">Ivorites</a> (Ivory Coast, black).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_tektite_strewn_field" title="North American tektite strewn field">North American tektite strewn field</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater" title="Chesapeake Bay impact crater">Chesapeake Bay impact crater</a> (40 km), United States – age: 34 million years): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bediasite" title="Bediasite">Bediasites</a> (Texas – black to dark brown, some with metallic finish);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiaite" title="Georgiaite">Georgiaites</a> (Georgia – green).<sup id="cite_ref-French1998a_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1994a_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1994a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Comparing the number of known impact craters versus the number of known strewn fields, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Artemieva" title="Natalia Artemieva">Natalia Artemieva</a> considered essential factors such as the crater must exceed a certain diameter to produce distal ejecta, and that the event must be relatively recent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limiting to diameters 10 km or more and younger than 50 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a>, the study yielded a list of 13 candidate craters, of which the youngest eight are given below. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Age<br />(million years) </th> <th>Diameter<br />(km) </th> <th>Strewn field </th></tr> <tr> <td>? </td> <td>Indochina? </td> <td><span data-sort-value="0.788 !">0.788 ± .0028</span><sup id="cite_ref-JourdanOthers2019a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JourdanOthers2019a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>32–114?<sup id="cite_ref-glass1994_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glass1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australasian_strewnfield" title="Australasian strewnfield">Australasian strewn field</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhamanshin_crater" title="Zhamanshin crater">Zhamanshin</a> </td> <td>Kazakhstan </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".009 !">0.9 ± 0.1</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".014 !">14</span> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bosumtwi" title="Lake Bosumtwi">Bosumtwi</a> </td> <td>Ghana </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".011 !">1.07</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".010 !">10</span> </td> <td>Ivory Coast strewn field </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elgygytgyn_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgygytgyn Lake">Elgygytgyn</a> </td> <td>Russia, Siberia </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".035 !">3.5 ± 0.5</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".018 !">18</span> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Tajikistan)" title="Karakul (Tajikistan)">Karakul</a> </td> <td>Tajikistan </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".05 !"><5</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".052 !">52</span> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karla_crater" title="Karla crater">Karla</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".05 !">5 ± 1</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".010 !">10</span> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlinger_Ries" title="Nördlinger Ries">Ries</a> </td> <td>Germany </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".151 !">15.1 ± 0.1</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".024 !">24</span> </td> <td>Central European strewn field </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater" title="Chesapeake Bay impact crater">Chesapeake Bay</a> </td> <td>US </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".355 !">35.5 ± 0.3</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".040 !">40</span> </td> <td>North American strewn field </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Popigai_impact_structure" title="Popigai impact structure">Popigai</a> </td> <td>Russia, Siberia </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".357 !">35.7 ± 0.2</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value=".100 !">100</span> </td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Preliminary papers in the late 1970s suggested either <a href="/wiki/Zhamanshin_crater" title="Zhamanshin crater">Zhamanshin</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Elgygytgyn_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgygytgyn lake">Elgygytgyn</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the source of the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_strewnfield" title="Australasian strewnfield">Australasian strewnfield</a>. </p><p>Povenmire and others have proposed the existence of an additional tektite strewn field, the Central American strewn field. Evidence for this reported tektite strewn field consists of tektites recovered from western <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> in the area of the villages of Bullet Tree Falls, Santa Familia, and Billy White. This area lies about 55 km east-southeast of Tikal, where 13 tektites, two of which were dated as being 820,000 years old, of unknown origin were found. A limited amount of evidence is interpreted as indicating that the proposed Central American strewn field likely covers Belize, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, and possibly parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The hypothesized Pantasma Impact Crater in northern Nicaragua might be the source of these tektites.<sup id="cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2011a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PovenmireOthers2011a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2012a_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PovenmireOthers2012a-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SenftleOthers2000a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenftleOthers2000a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age">Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ages of tektites from the four strewnfields have been determined using <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a> methods. The age of <a href="/wiki/Moldavite" title="Moldavite">moldavites</a>, a type of tektite found in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, was determined to be 14 million years, which agrees well with the age determined for the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlinger_Ries" title="Nördlinger Ries">Nördlinger Ries</a> crater (a few hundred kilometers away in Germany) by radiometric dating of <a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a> (an impact <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> found at the crater). Similar agreements exist between tektites from the North American strewnfield and the Chesapeake Bay impact crater and between tektites from the Ivory Coast strewnfield and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bosumtwi" title="Lake Bosumtwi">Lake Bosumtwi</a> Crater. Ages of tektites have usually been determined by either the K-Ar method, fission-track dating, the Ar-Ar technique, or combination of these techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-French1998a_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MontanariOthers2000a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tektites in geological and archaeological deposits have been used as age markers of stratified deposits, but this practice is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial_source_theory">Terrestrial source theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terrestrial source theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tektite_with_bubble_cavity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tektite_with_bubble_cavity.jpg/220px-Tektite_with_bubble_cavity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tektite_with_bubble_cavity.jpg/330px-Tektite_with_bubble_cavity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tektite_with_bubble_cavity.jpg/440px-Tektite_with_bubble_cavity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>A simple, spherical splash-form Indochinite tektite</figcaption></figure> <p>The overwhelming consensus of Earth and planetary scientists is that tektites consist of terrestrial debris that was ejected during the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a>. During the extreme conditions created by a hypervelocity meteorite impact, near-surface terrestrial sediments and rocks were either melted, vaporized, or some combination of these, and ejected from an impact crater. After ejection from the impact crater, the material formed millimeter- to centimeter-sized bodies of molten material, which as they re-entered the atmosphere, rapidly cooled to form tektites that fell to Earth to create a layer of distal ejecta hundreds or thousands of kilometers away from the impact site.<sup id="cite_ref-French1998a_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MontanariOthers2000a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Faul1966a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faul1966a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1986a_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1986a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1990a_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1990a-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldavite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Moldavite.jpg/220px-Moldavite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Moldavite.jpg/330px-Moldavite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Moldavite.jpg/440px-Moldavite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Moldavite" title="Moldavite">moldavite</a> tektite</figcaption></figure> <p>The terrestrial source for tektites is supported by well-documented evidence. The chemical and isotopic composition of tektites indicates that they are derived from the melting of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a>-rich crustal and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, which are not found on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. In addition, some tektites contain <a href="/wiki/Relict_(geology)" title="Relict (geology)">relict</a> mineral <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>) that are characteristic of terrestrial sediments and crustal and sedimentary source rocks. Also, three of the four tektite <a href="/wiki/Strewn_field" title="Strewn field">strewnfields</a> have been linked by their age and chemical and isotopic composition to known impact craters. A number of different geochemical studies of tektites from the Australasian strewnfield concluded that these tektites consist of melted <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> sediments, or sedimentary rocks that were weathered and deposited about 167 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">Mya</a>. Their geochemistry suggests that the source of Australasian tektites is a single sedimentary <a href="/wiki/Geological_formation" title="Geological formation">formation</a> with a narrow range of <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic</a> ages close to 170 Mya, more or less. This effectively refutes multiple impact hypotheses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What hypotheses does it refute? (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-French1998a_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MontanariOthers2000a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1986a_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1986a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1990a_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1990a-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the formation and widespread distribution of tektites is widely accepted to require the intense (superheated) melting of near-surface sediments and rocks at the impact site and the following high-velocity ejection of this material from the impact crater, the exact processes involved remain poorly understood. One possible mechanism for the formation of tektites is by the jetting of highly shocked and superheated melt during the initial contact/compression stage of impact crater formation. Alternatively, various mechanisms involving the dispersal of shock-melted material by an expanding vapor plume, which is created by a hypervelocity impact, have been used to explain the formation of tektites. Any mechanism by which tektites are created must explain chemical data that suggest that parent material from which tektites were created came from near-surface rocks and sediments at an impact site. In addition, the scarcity of known strewn fields relative to the number of identified impact craters indicate that very special and rarely met circumstances are required for tektites to be created by a meteorite impact.<sup id="cite_ref-French1998a_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1986a_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1986a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1990a_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1990a-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonterrestrial_source_theories">Nonterrestrial source theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nonterrestrial source theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australite_back_obl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Australite_back_obl.jpg/220px-Australite_back_obl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Australite_back_obl.jpg/330px-Australite_back_obl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Australite_back_obl.jpg/440px-Australite_back_obl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Aerodynamically shaped <a href="/wiki/Australite" title="Australite">australite</a>, its button shape caused by <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablation</a> of molten glass in the atmosphere</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tektite,_3cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tektite%2C_3cm.jpg/220px-Tektite%2C_3cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tektite%2C_3cm.jpg/330px-Tektite%2C_3cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tektite%2C_3cm.jpg/440px-Tektite%2C_3cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5029" data-file-height="3615" /></a><figcaption>Tektite about 3cm long, mass 11 grams</figcaption></figure> <p>Though the meteorite impact theory of tektite formation is widely accepted, there has been considerable controversy about their origin in the past. As early as 1897, the Dutch geologist <a href="/wiki/Rogier_Verbeek" title="Rogier Verbeek">Rogier Diederik Marius Verbeek</a> (1845–1926) suggested an extraterrestrial origin for tektites: he proposed that they fell to Earth from the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbeek's proposal of an extraterrestrial origin for tektites was soon seconded by the Austrian geologist Franz E. Suess.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, it was argued that tektites consist of material that was ejected from the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> by major hydrogen-driven lunar volcanic eruptions and then drifted through space to later fall to Earth as tektites. The major proponents of the lunar origin of tektites include <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/John_A._O%27Keefe_(astronomer)" title="John A. O'Keefe (astronomer)">John A. O'Keefe</a>, NASA aerodynamicist <a href="/wiki/Dean_R._Chapman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean R. Chapman">Dean R. Chapman</a>, meteorite and tektite collector Darryl Futrell, and long-time tektite researcher Hal Povenmire.<sup id="cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2000a_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PovenmireOthers2000a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1950s to the 1990s, O'Keefe argued for the lunar origin of tektites based upon their chemical, i.e. rare-earth, isotopic, and bulk, composition and physical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Keefe1976a_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Keefe1976a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2000a_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PovenmireOthers2000a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapman used complex orbital computer models and extensive wind tunnel tests to argue that the so-called Australasian tektites originated from the Rosse ejecta ray of the large crater Tycho on the Moon's near side.<sup id="cite_ref-ChapmanOthers2000a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChapmanOthers2000a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Keefe, Povenmire, and Futrell claimed on the basis of behavior of glass melts that the homogenization, which is called "fining", of silica melts that characterize tektites could not be explained by the terrestrial-impact theory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They also argued that the terrestrial-impact theory could not explain the vesicles and extremely low water and other volatile content of tektites.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Keefe1976a_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Keefe1976a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2000a_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PovenmireOthers2000a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Futrell also reported the presence of microscopic internal features within tektites, which argued for a volcanic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Futrell1999a_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futrell1999a-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FutrellOthers2002a_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutrellOthers2002a-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one time, theories advocating the lunar origin of tektites enjoyed considerable support as part of a spirited controversy about the origin of tektites that occurred during the 1960s. Starting with the publication of research concerning <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">lunar samples</a> returned from the Moon, the consensus of Earth and planetary scientists shifted in favor of theories advocating a terrestrial impact versus lunar volcanic origin. For example, one problem with the lunar origin theory is that the arguments for it that are based upon the behavior of glass melts use data from pressures and temperatures that are vastly uncharacteristic of and unrelated to the extreme conditions of hypervelocity impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Artemieva2002a_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artemieva2002a-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArtemievaOthers2002b_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtemievaOthers2002b-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, various studies have shown that hypervelocity impacts are likely quite capable of producing low-<a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatile</a> melts with extremely low water content.<sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1994a_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1994a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consensus of Earth and planetary scientists regards the chemical, i.e. rare-earth, isotopic, and bulk composition evidence as decisively demonstrating that tektites are derived from terrestrial crustal rock, i.e. sedimentary rocks, that are unlike any known lunar crust.<sup id="cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koeberl1994a_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeberl1994a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HeideaOthers2011a_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeideaOthers2011a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_glass" title="Darwin glass">Darwin glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edeowie_glass" title="Edeowie glass">Edeowie glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgurite" title="Fulgurite">Fulgurite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_desert_glass" title="Libyan desert glass">Libyan desert glass</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-springer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-springer_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmadel2007" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(12002) Suess". <i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names</i>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 774. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_8490">10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_8490</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3"><bdi>978-3-540-00238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%2812002%29+Suess&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&rft.pages=774&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_8490&rft.isbn=978-3-540-00238-3&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French1998a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French1998a_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French1998a_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French1998a_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French1998a_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French1998a_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French1998a_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French1998a_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French1998a_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French1998a_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">French, B. M. (1998) <i>Traces of Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures.</i> LPI Contribution No. 954. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas. 120 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCall2001a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCall2001a_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCall, G. J. H. (2001) <i>Tektites in the Geological Record: Showers of Glass from the Sky.</i> The Geological Society Publishing House, Bath, United Kingdom. 256 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86239-085-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86239-085-1">1-86239-085-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MontanariOthers2000a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MontanariOthers2000a_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Montanari, A., and C. Koeberl (2000) <i>Impact Stratigraphy. The Italian Record.</i> Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences Series no. 93. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. 364 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540663681" title="Special:BookSources/3540663681">3540663681</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Keefe1976a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Keefe1976a_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Keefe1976a_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Keefe1976a_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Keefe1976a_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Keefe, J. A., (1978) <i>Tektites and Their Origin.</i> Developments in petrology vol. 4. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, New York. 254 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444413505" title="Special:BookSources/9780444413505">9780444413505</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChunlaiOthers1993a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChunlaiOthers1993a_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chunlai, L., O. Ziyuang, and L. Dongsheng (1993) <i>Microtektites and glassy microspherules in loess: Their discoveries and implications.</i> Science in China, Series B. 36(9):1141–1152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FolcoOthers2009a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FolcoOthers2009a_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Folco, L., M. D’Orazio, M. Tiepolo, S. Tonarini, L. Ottolini, N. Perchiazzi, P. Rochette, and B.P. Glass (2009) <i>Transantarctic Mountain microtektites: Geochemical affinity with Australasian microtektites.</i> Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 73(12):3694–3722.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, V.E. (1963), "Tektite Strewn Fields", in O’Keefe, J., ed., Tektites; University of Chicago Press, p.25-50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrière, L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteorimpactonearth.com/distal.html">Distal Impactites</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koeberl1994a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1994a_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1994a_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1994a_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1994a_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeberl , C. (1994) <i>Tektite origin by hypervelocity asteroidal or cometary impact: Target rocks, source craters, and mechanisms.</i> in B.O. Dressler, R.A.F.Grieve, and V.L. Sharpton, eds., pp. 133–152, Large meteorite impacts and planetary evolution. Special Paper no. 293. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Artemieva" title="Natalia Artemieva">Artemieva, Natalia</a>, Tektite Origin in Oblique Impact: Numerical Modeling of the Initial Stage, in "Impacts in Precambrian Shields", edited by Jüri Plado, Lauri J. Pesonen, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JourdanOthers2019a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JourdanOthers2019a_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jourdan, F., Nomade, S., Wingate, M.T., Eroglu, E. and Deino, A., 2019. <i>Ultraprecise age and formation temperature of the Australasian tektites constrained by 40Ar/39Ar analyses.</i> <i>Meteoritics & Planetary Science</i>, 54(10), pp. 2573-2591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glass1994-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glass1994_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glass B.P. and Pizzuto J.E. (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JGR....9919075G">"Geographic variation in Australasian microtektite concentrations: Implications concerning the location and size of the source crater,"</a> J of Geophysical Research, vol 99, no E9, 19075-19081, Sept 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.P. Glass (1979), Zhamanshin crater, a possible source of Australasian tektites? Geology, July 1979, v. 7, p. 351-353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.S.Dietz (1977), Elgygytgyn Crater, Siberia: Probable Source Of Australasian Tektite Field Meteoritics, June 1977, Vol 12, Issue 2, p. 145–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PovenmireOthers2011a-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2011a_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Povenmire, R. S. Harris, and J. H. Cornec (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1224.pdf">The New Central American Tektite and Strewn Field.</a> 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas. abstract no. 1224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PovenmireOthers2012a-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2012a_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Povenmire, B. Burrer, J. H. Cornec, and R. S. Harris (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/1260.pdf">The New Central American Tektite Strewn Field Update.</a> 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas. abstract no. 1260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SenftleOthers2000a-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SenftleOthers2000a_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senftle, F. E., A. N. Thorpe, J. R. Grant, A. Hildebrand, H. Moholy-Nagy, B. J. Evans, and L. May (2000) <i>Magnetic measurements of glass from Tikal, Guatemala: Possible tektites.</i> Journal of Geophysical Research. 105(B8):18921-18926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarwickPhamBrewerWang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Marwick, Ben; Pham, Son Thanh; Brewer, Rachel; Wang, Li-Ying (14 August 2021). "Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia". <i>PCI Archaeology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31235%2Fosf.io%2F93fpa">10.31235/osf.io/93fpa</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243640447">243640447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PCI+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Tektite+geoarchaeology+in+mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.date=2021-08-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31235%2Fosf.io%2F93fpa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243640447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marwick&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Pham%2C+Son+Thanh&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Wang%2C+Li-Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faul1966a-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faul1966a_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faul, Henry. (1966) <i>Tektites are terrestrial.</i> Science. 152(3727):1341–1345. doi = 10.1126/science.152.3727.1341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koeberl1986a-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1986a_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1986a_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1986a_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeberl, C. (1986) <i>Geochemistry of tektites and impact glasses.</i> Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 14:323–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koeberl1990a-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1990a_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1990a_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koeberl1990a_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeberl, C. (1990) <i>The geochemistry of tektites: An overview.</i> Tectonophysics. 171:405–422. doi = 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90113-M</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbeek1897" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verbeek (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09FBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA421">"Over glaskogels van Billiton"</a> [About the glass spheres of Billiton (now: the island of <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Belitung</a> off Sumatra, Indonesia)]. <i>Verslagen van de Gewone Vergaderingen der Wisen Natuurkundige Afdeeling (Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam) [Reports of the Ordinary Sessions of the Mathematical and Physical Section (Royal Academy of Sciences at Amsterdam)]</i> (in Dutch). <b>5</b>: 421–425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verslagen+van+de+Gewone+Vergaderingen+der+Wisen+Natuurkundige+Afdeeling+%28Koninklijke+Akademie+van+Wetenschappen+te+Amsterdam%29+%5BReports+of+the+Ordinary+Sessions+of+the+Mathematical+and+Physical+Section+%28Royal+Academy+of+Sciences+at+Amsterdam%29%5D&rft.atitle=Over+glaskogels+van+Billiton&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=421-425&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Verbeek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09FBAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektite" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 423: <i>"Daar hiermede de aardsche bronnen voor deze lichamen uitgeput zijn, blijft er, volgens spreker, neits anders over dan aan te nemen, dat ze van buitenaardschen oorsprong zijn. … De eenige mogelijkheid is daarom, volgens spreker, dat die lichamen uitgeworpen zijn door de vulkanen van de maan."</i> (Since earthly sources for these bodies are thereby exhausted, there remains, according to the speaker [viz, Verbeek], nothing else but to assume that they are of extraterrestrial origin. … The only possibility is therefore, according to the speaker, that these bodies have been ejected by the volcanoes of the moon.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuess1898" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suess, Franz E. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044093282663;view=1up;seq=285">"Ueber die Herkunft der Moldavite aus dem Weltraume"</a> [On the origin of moldavites from outer space]. <i>Anzeiger der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Classe [Journal of the Imperial Academy of Science, mathematical-scientific Class (Vienna, Austria)]</i> (in German). <b>35</b>: 255–260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anzeiger+der+kaiserlichen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften%2C+mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche+Classe+%5BJournal+of+the+Imperial+Academy+of+Science%2C+mathematical-scientific+Class+%28Vienna%2C+Austria%29%5D&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+Herkunft+der+Moldavite+aus+dem+Weltraume&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=255-260&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Suess&rft.aufirst=Franz+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044093282663%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuess1898" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suess, Franz E. (6 December 1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101043734506;view=1up;seq=397">"Ueber den kosmischen Ursprung der Moldavite"</a> [On the cosmic origin of moldavites]. <i>Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt [Proceedings of the Imperial-Royal Geological Institute of the Empire (Vienna, Austria)]</i> (in German). <b>32</b> (16): 387–403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verhandlungen+der+Kaiserlich-K%C3%B6niglichen+Geologischen+Reichsanstalt+%5BProceedings+of+the+Imperial-Royal+Geological+Institute+of+the+Empire+%28Vienna%2C+Austria%29%5D&rft.atitle=Ueber+den+kosmischen+Ursprung+der+Moldavite&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=387-403&rft.date=1898-12-06&rft.aulast=Suess&rft.aufirst=Franz+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101043734506%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-PovenmireOthers2000a-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2000a_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2000a_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PovenmireOthers2000a_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Povenmire, H. (2000) <i>Tektites: A Cosmic Enigma.</i> Florida Fireball Network, Indian Harbour Beach, Florida. 209 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChapmanOthers2000a-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChapmanOthers2000a_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapman, D. R. (1971) <i>Australasian tektite geographic pattern, crater and ray of origin, and theory of tektite events.</i> Journal of Geophysical Research. 76(26):6309–6338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futrell1999a-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Futrell1999a_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Futrell, D. (1999) <i>The lunar origin of tektites; space science sheds new light on an old controversy.</i> Rock & Gem. 29(2–3):40–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FutrellOthers2002a-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FutrellOthers2002a_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Futrell, D., and L. Varricho (2002) <i>An argument against the terrestrial origin of tektites. Meteorite.</i> Meteorite. 8(4):34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artemieva2002a-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Artemieva2002a_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Artemieva" title="Natalia Artemieva">Artemieva N. A.</a> (2002) <i>Tektite origin in oblique impact: Numerical modeling.</i> in C. Koeberl C. and J. Plado J., eds, pp. 257–276, Impacts in Precambrian shields. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtemievaOthers2002b-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArtemievaOthers2002b_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Artemieva" title="Natalia Artemieva">Artemieva, N.</a>, E. Pierazzo, and D. Stoffler (2002) <i>Numerical modeling of tektite origin in oblique impacts: Implication to Ries-Moldavites strewn field.</i> Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey. 77(4):303–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeideaOthers2011a-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeideaOthers2011a_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidea, K., and G. Heideb (2011) <i>Vitreous state in nature—Origin and properties.</i> Chemie der Erde. 71(4):305–335.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuess1900" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suess, Franz E. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035544108;view=1up;seq=213">"Die Herkunft der Moldavite und verwandter Gläser"</a> [The origin of moldavites and related glasses]. <i>Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt (Yearbook of the Imperial-Royal Geological Institute of the Empire)</i> (in German). <b>50</b>. <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria: 193–382. p. 194: <q><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Als gemeinschaftlichen Namen für die ganze Gruppe habe ich nach der Eigenschaft der Körper, welche im Gegensatze zu den übrigen Meteoriten gänzlich durchgeschmolzene Massen sind, die Bezeichnung "Tektite" gewählt. (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τήχειν</span></span>, schmelzen von Metallen und anderen harten Massen; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τήχτος</span></span>, geschmolzen).</span></span></q> [As a collective name for the whole group, I have chosen – in accordance with the property of these bodies, which, in contrast to the usual meteorites, are completely melted masses – the designation "tektite". (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τήχειν</span></span>, melt (of metals and other hard masses; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τήχτος</span></span>, molten).]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrbuch+der+Kaiserlich-K%C3%B6niglichen+Geologischen+Reichsanstalt+%28Yearbook+of+the+Imperial-Royal+Geological+Institute+of+the+Empire%29&rft.atitle=Die+Herkunft+der+Moldavite+und+verwandter+Gl%C3%A4ser&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=193-382&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Suess&rft.aufirst=Franz+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015035544108%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As early as 1893, the Australian geologist Victor Franz Paul Streich (? – 1905) suggested in a private letter to the German geologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wilhelm_Stelzner" title="Alfred Wilhelm Stelzner">Alfred Wilhelm Stelzner</a> that the tektites of Australia had an extraterrestrial origin. See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStelzner1893" class="citation journal cs1">Stelzner, A. W. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110683#page/120/mode/1up">"Supplementary notes on the above-named collection"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia</i>. <b>16</b>: 110–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+South+Australia&rft.atitle=Supplementary+notes+on+the+above-named+collection&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=110-112&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Stelzner&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F110683%23page%2F120%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektite" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 112: " "55B. Obsidian-bombs. Found between Everard Range and Fraser Range." Most decidedly not of cosmic origin, as suggested by you [i.e., Streich] in your private letter to me. At least so far there are no vitreous masses known to me of meteoric origin."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStelzner1893" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stelzner, Alfred W. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035438897;view=1up;seq=313">"Ueber eigenthümliche Obsidian-Bomben aus Australien"</a> [On strange obsidian bombs from Australia]. <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft</i> (in German). <b>45</b>: 299–319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Geologischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Ueber+eigenth%C3%BCmliche+Obsidian-Bomben+aus+Australien&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=299-319&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Stelzner&rft.aufirst=Alfred+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015035438897%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektite" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 300: <i>"Wieder Andere sind der Meinung, dass das Räthsel nur dadurch gelöst werden könne, dass man den "Bomben", obwohl sie eine von jenen aller anderen bekannten Aërolithen sehr abweichende Beschaffenheit zeigen, trotzdem einen kosmischen Ursprung zuschreibe."</i> (Again, others are of the opinion that the puzzle can be solved only by ascribing to the "bombs" a cosmic origin, although they show a nature that deviates greatly from those of all other known aeroliths.)</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnes, V., and M. Barnes (1973) <i>Tektites.</i> Dowden, Hutchinson, & Ross, Inc., New York, New York. 444 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87933-027-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87933-027-9">0-87933-027-9</a></li> <li>Bouska, Vladimir (1994). <i>Moldavites: The Czech Tektites.</i> Stylizace, Prague, Czechoslovakia. 69 pp.</li> <li>Heinen, Guy (1998) <i>Tektites – Witnesses Of Cosmic Catastrophes.</i> Guy Heinen, Luxembourg. 222 pp.</li> <li>McCall, G.J.H. (2001) <i>Tektites in the Geological Record.</i> The Geological Society of London, London, United Kingdom. 256 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86239-085-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86239-085-1">1-86239-085-1</a></li> <li>McNamara, K., and A. Bevan (1991) <i>Tektites,</i> 2nd ed. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. 28 pp.</li> <li>O'Keefe, J. A. (1976) <i>Tektites And Their Origin.</i> Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 266 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-44441-350-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-44441-350-2">0-44441-350-2</a></li> <li>Povenmire, Hal (2003) <i>Tektites: A Cosmic Enigma.</i> Florida Fireball Network, Indian Harbour Beach, Florida. 209 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tektites" class="extiw" title="commons:Tektites"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Tektites</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Faul, Henry. (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/npl/meteorites/tektites/tektite_info.html"><i>The Virgil E. Barnes Tektite Collection Tektite Information Page.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/">Texas Natural Science Center</a>, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.</li> <li>Anonymous (ndb) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteorite.com/tektites/index.htm"><i>Tektite Information Solving The Tektite Puzzle.</i></a> the Meteorite Exchange.</li> <li>Anonymous (ndc) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4302/ch3.4.htm">Part III: The Leap to Space: 1959–1965 (on Chapman's work)<i></i></a><i> Adventures in Research: A History of Ames Research Center 1940–1965, NASA History Program Office.</i></li> <li>Jakiel, R. (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621103744/http://www.gamineral.org/Tektites.htm"><i>Meteorites from Earth: The Tale of Tektites.</i></a> Georgia Mineral Society.</li> <li>Ralph, J., and I. Chau (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-10859.html"><i>Tektite.</i></a>, Mindat.org.</li> <li>Schneider, D.M. (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteoriticalsociety.org/simple_template.cfm?code=resources_infotektites&CFID=285470&CFTOKEN=51191820"><i>Tektites.</i></a> The Meteoritical Society.</li> <li>Weir, D. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteoritestudies.com/protected_TEKTITES.HTM"><i>Tektites and Other Impact-Related Material.</i></a> Meteorite Studies Collection Classification.</li> <li>Whymark, A. (nd) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tektites.co.uk/"><i>Introduction to Tektites.</i></a> Tektites.co.uk.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_structures_on_Earth" title="List of impact structures on Earth">Impact cratering on Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#c8b890;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#c8b890;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_structures_on_Earth" title="List of impact structures on Earth">Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_structures_in_Africa" title="List of impact structures in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_structures_in_Antarctica" title="List of impact structures in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_structures_in_Asia_and_Russia" title="List of impact structures in Asia and Russia">Asia and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_structures_in_Australia" title="List of impact structures in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_structures_in_Europe" title="List of impact structures in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_structures_in_North_America" title="List of impact structures in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_structures_in_South_America" title="List of impact structures in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_craters_by_country" title="Category:Impact craters by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_impact_structures_on_Earth" title="List of possible impact structures on Earth">Possible</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pingualuit_aerial_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pingualuit_aerial_2007.jpg/120px-Pingualuit_aerial_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pingualuit_aerial_2007.jpg/180px-Pingualuit_aerial_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pingualuit_aerial_2007.jpg/240px-Pingualuit_aerial_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Craterstructure.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Craterstructure.gif/120px-Craterstructure.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Craterstructure.gif/180px-Craterstructure.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Craterstructure.gif/240px-Craterstructure.gif 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#c8b890;;width:1%">Confirmed<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>≥20 km diameter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acraman_impact_structure" title="Acraman impact structure">Acraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Creek_crater" title="Amelia Creek crater">Amelia Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araguainha_crater" title="Araguainha crater">Araguainha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaverhead_impact_structure" title="Beaverhead impact structure">Beaverhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boltysh_crater" title="Boltysh crater">Boltysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carswell_impact_structure" title="Carswell impact structure">Carswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_impact_structure" title="Charlevoix impact structure">Charlevoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater" title="Chesapeake Bay impact crater">Chesapeake Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_crater" title="Chicxulub crater">Chicxulub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_Lakes" title="Clearwater Lakes">Clearwater East and West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosses_Bluff_impact_structure" title="Gosses Bluff impact structure">Gosses Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haughton_impact_crater" title="Haughton impact crater">Haughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamensk_crater" title="Kamensk crater">Kamensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_crater" title="Kara crater">Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Tajikistan)" title="Karakul (Tajikistan)">Karakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keurusselk%C3%A4" title="Keurusselkä">Keurusselkä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lappaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Lake Lappajärvi">Lappajärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logancha_crater" title="Logancha crater">Logancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_impact_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicouagan impact structure">Manicouagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_impact_structure" title="Manson impact structure">Manson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistastin_crater" title="Mistastin crater">Mistastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B8lnir_crater" title="Mjølnir crater">Mjølnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montagnais_crater" title="Montagnais crater">Montagnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morokweng_impact_structure" title="Morokweng impact structure">Morokweng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlinger_Ries" title="Nördlinger Ries">Nördlinger Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolon%27_crater" title="Obolon' crater">Obolon'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popigai_impact_structure" title="Popigai impact structure">Popigai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presqu%27%C3%AEle_crater" title="Presqu'île crater">Presqu'île</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puchezh-Katunki_crater" title="Puchezh-Katunki crater">Puchezh-Katunki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochechouart_impact_structure" title="Rochechouart impact structure">Rochechouart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_impact_structure" title="Saint Martin impact structure">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaker_impact_structure" title="Shoemaker impact structure">Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siljan_Ring" title="Siljan Ring">Siljan Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Islands_(Ontario)" title="Slate Islands (Ontario)">Slate Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steen_River_impact_structure" title="Steen River impact structure">Steen River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangways_crater" title="Strangways crater">Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Basin" title="Sudbury Basin">Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tookoonooka_impact_structure" title="Tookoonooka impact structure">Tookoonooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnunik_impact_structure" title="Tunnunik impact structure">Tunnunik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vredefort_impact_structure" title="Vredefort impact structure">Vredefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodleigh_impact_structure" title="Woodleigh impact structure">Woodleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrabubba_impact_structure" title="Yarrabubba impact structure">Yarrabubba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#c8b890;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvarez_hypothesis" title="Alvarez hypothesis">Alvarez hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australite" title="Australite">Australite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coesite" title="Coesite">Coesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_crater" title="Complex crater">Complex crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary">Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoexplosion" title="Cryptoexplosion">Cryptoexplosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejecta_blanket" title="Ejecta blanket">Ejecta blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_structure" title="Impact structure">Impact structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impactite" title="Impactite">Impactite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechatelierite" title="Lechatelierite">Lechatelierite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavite" title="Moldavite">Moldavite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordovician_meteor_event" title="Ordovician meteor event">Ordovician meteor event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippinite" title="Philippinite">Philippinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planar_deformation_features" title="Planar deformation features">Planar deformation features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatter_cone" title="Shatter cone">Shatter cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_metamorphism" title="Shock metamorphism">Shock metamorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocked_quartz" title="Shocked quartz">Shocked quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stishovite" title="Stishovite">Stishovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tektite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#c8b890;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Belknap_Baldwin" title="Ralph Belknap Baldwin">Ralph Belknap Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barringer_(geologist)" title="Daniel Barringer (geologist)">Daniel Barringer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barringer_Medal" title="Barringer Medal">Barringer Medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._T._Chao" title="Edward C. T. Chao">Edward C. T. Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Dietz" title="Robert S. Dietz">Robert S. Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kenneth_Hartmann" title="William Kenneth Hartmann">William Kenneth Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Jay_Melosh" title="H. Jay Melosh">H. Jay Melosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Ryder" title="Graham Ryder">Graham Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Schultz" title="Peter H. Schultz">Peter H. Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Merle_Shoemaker" title="Eugene Merle Shoemaker">Eugene Merle Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Impact_Database" title="Earth Impact Database">Earth Impact Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_Field_Studies_Group" title="Impact Field Studies Group">Impact Field Studies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute" title="Lunar and Planetary Institute">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traces_of_Catastrophe" title="Traces of Catastrophe">Traces of Catastrophe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468438#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4184637-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tektite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85133265">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tectite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122996474">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tectite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122996474">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572814">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tektity"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph301358&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565816505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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