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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kempston</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="کمپستون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کمپستون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston_(kapital_sa_distrito)" title="Kempston (kapital sa distrito) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kempston (kapital sa distrito)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="کمپستون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمپستون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempston" title="Kempston – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kempston" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165486#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kempston&params=52.114_N_0.497_W_region:GB_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°06′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°29′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.114°N 0.497°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.114; -0.497</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Bedfordshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the manufacturer of the Kempston joystick, see <a href="/wiki/Kempston_Micro_Electronics" title="Kempston Micro Electronics">Kempston Micro Electronics</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human settlement in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">Kempston</th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parade_of_shops,_Kempston,_Bedford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3188065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Parade_of_shops%2C_Kempston%2C_Bedford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3188065.jpg/240px-Parade_of_shops%2C_Kempston%2C_Bedford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3188065.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Parade_of_shops%2C_Kempston%2C_Bedford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3188065.jpg/360px-Parade_of_shops%2C_Kempston%2C_Bedford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3188065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Parade_of_shops%2C_Kempston%2C_Bedford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3188065.jpg/480px-Parade_of_shops%2C_Kempston%2C_Bedford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3188065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div>Kempston Town Centre</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedfordshire_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kempston is located in Bedfordshire"><img alt="Kempston is located in Bedfordshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bedfordshire_UK_location_map.svg/240px-Bedfordshire_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bedfordshire_UK_location_map.svg/360px-Bedfordshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bedfordshire_UK_location_map.svg/480px-Bedfordshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.755%;left:40.4%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kempston"><img alt="Kempston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kempston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">20,733 (Parish, 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap">22,785 (Built-up area, 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=52.125127~-0.489562&lvl=13&sp=Point.52.125127_-0.489562_Kempston&sty=s&style=s">TL035485</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54.6 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">Civil parish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Kempston</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Unitary authority</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">BEDFORD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MK_postcode_area" title="MK postcode area">MK42</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01234</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_Police" title="Bedfordshire Police">Bedfordshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_and_Luton_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedfordshire and Luton Fire and Rescue Service">Bedfordshire and Luton</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England_Ambulance_Service" title="East of England Ambulance Service">East of England</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bedford (UK Parliament constituency)">Bedford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">List of places</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Bedfordshire" title="List of places in Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></dd></dl></div> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kempston&params=52.114_N_0.497_W_region:GB_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°06′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°29′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.114°N 0.497°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.114; -0.497</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kempston</b> is a town and <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">civil parish</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Borough of Bedford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, situated around 2 miles (3.2 km) south-west of <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> town centre. It had a population of 19,330 in the 2011 census, and forms part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford Urban Area">Bedford built-up area</a>. The <a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Great Ouse</a> separates it from the <a href="/wiki/Queens_Park,_Bedford" title="Queens Park, Bedford">Queen's Park</a> area of Bedford. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kempston" title="Special:EditPage/Kempston">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kempston%22">"Kempston"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kempston%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kempston%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kempston%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kempston%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kempston%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kempston_Church_End.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kempston_Church_End.jpg/220px-Kempston_Church_End.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kempston_Church_End.jpg/330px-Kempston_Church_End.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kempston_Church_End.jpg/440px-Kempston_Church_End.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>Kempston Church End: All Saints' Church and Church End Cottages</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 19th century Kempston was a mainly rural parish. It was one of the largest in Bedfordshire with an area of 5,025 acres (20 km<sup>2</sup>) at the time of enclosure in 1804, and was in Redbournestoke Hundred. Historically there was no central village, but instead settlement was divided between a number of hamlets called "Ends", including Up End, Bell End, Wood End and Box End. Kempston's parish church, All Saints, was in Church End, which was not the largest end but was fairly central to the parish. In the 19th century East End, Bell End and Up End began to coalesce into a larger settlement. In 1870 developers began to attempt to develop land on the road from Kempston to Bedford under the name "Kempston New Town". Construction was slow at first, but the new district soon began to expand steadily and Kempston acquired a more urban feel. A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of <a href="/wiki/Kempston_Barracks" title="Kempston Barracks">Kempston Barracks</a> in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 1 April 1896 the parish was divided into "Kempston" (in <a href="/wiki/Kempston_Urban_District" title="Kempston Urban District">Kempston Urban District</a>) 1,255 acres (5.08 km<sup>2</sup>) and of Kempston Rural 3,770 acres (15.3 km<sup>2</sup>). </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Kempston,_Bedfordshire_in_1908.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_Kempston%2C_Bedfordshire_in_1908.JPG/300px-Map_of_Kempston%2C_Bedfordshire_in_1908.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_Kempston%2C_Bedfordshire_in_1908.JPG/450px-Map_of_Kempston%2C_Bedfordshire_in_1908.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Map_of_Kempston%2C_Bedfordshire_in_1908.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Kempston in 1908</figcaption></figure><p>The Urban District was based on East End, Up End and Kempston New Town all of which are in the north eastern part of the parish close to Bedford, and had 86.8% of the total population at the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_1901" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 1901">1901 census</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kempston_Rural" title="Kempston Rural">Kempston Rural</a> was three times larger, but remained sparsely populated. Church End, with Kempston's original parish church, was included in the Kempston Rural parish and remains a small hamlet today. </p><p>A gravel pit was opened at Hill Grounds in the 1860s<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1924_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1924-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the area around Bunyan Road was known as 'Gravel End' in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of the area of Kempston formerly known as 'Up End' is thought to be due largely to the employment opportunities presented by the gravel pits in this area, including that at Hill Grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1924_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1924-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From around 1910 until the early 1930s the <a href="/wiki/Kempston_gravel_pit_railway" title="Kempston gravel pit railway">Kempston gravel pit railway</a> served the Hill Grounds pit. </p><p>The growth of Kempston's population levelled off in the early decades of the 20th century, with a rise of just 12% between 1901 and 1931, but it then began to expand rapidly. The 1951 population of just under 10,000 was 60% higher than that of 1931; in the second half of the 20th century, the population nearly doubled. In 1974 Kempston Urban District was abolished and Kempston parish was renamed "Kempston Urban" and became part of the Borough of Bedford but with a separate town council with minor powers. On 25 March 1975 the parish was renamed back to "Kempston".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For borough election purposes the town is divided into four wards called <a href="/wiki/Kempston_Central_and_East" title="Kempston Central and East">Kempston Central and East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kempston_North" title="Kempston North">Kempston North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kempston_South" title="Kempston South">Kempston South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kempston_West" title="Kempston West">Kempston West</a>. Kempston Rural remains a <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">civil parish</a> and is part of Turvey Ward for borough election purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kempston (1981–2010) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.0<br />(1.93) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(1.44) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8<br />(1.61) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3<br />(1.86) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.3<br />(1.90) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.2<br />(1.94) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5<br />(2.15) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.9<br />(2.16) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.5<br />(2.46) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4<br />(2.10) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.7<br />(1.96) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">597.6<br />(23.53) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">111.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #747474; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.6 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.1 </td> <td style="background: #B0B084; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.8 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.2 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.4 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.6 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.2 </td> <td style="background: #C0C020; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.5 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">109.3 </td> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.0 </td> <td style="background: #636363; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.3 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB3E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,559.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_table">Population table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Population table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Kempston<br />Urban</th> <th>Kempston<br />Rural</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1671</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>752 (est) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1801</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1811</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,161 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1821</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1831</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,571 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1841</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,699 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,962 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>2,191 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>2,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>3,432 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>4,736 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td>4,729</td> <td>719</td> <td>5,448 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td>5,459</td> <td>648</td> <td>5,997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td>5,218</td> <td>656</td> <td>5,874 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td>5,390</td> <td>730</td> <td>6,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>No census </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>8,645</td> <td>1,171</td> <td>9,816 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td>9,190</td> <td>1,289</td> <td>10,479 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>12,826</td> <td>1,306</td> <td>14,132 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>15,500</td> <td>1,280</td> <td>16,780 (note 1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>17,938</td> <td>1,163</td> <td>19,101 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>19,440</td> <td>?</td> <td>see note 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>19,330</td> <td>1,184</td> <td>20,514 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note 1: 1981 figures are provisional (more up to date source needed).<br /> Note 2: The 2001 Kempston Urban figure is the combined total for the three urban wards of Kempston East, Kempston North and Kempston South. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name in its old form is <i>"kemestun"</i> which includes the <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brittonic</a> word <i>"cambio"</i> meaning bent or curved. Therefore, the name meant when coined "the enclosed settlement on the bend". The bend was that of the <a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Great Ouse</a>, noted for its sharp bends upstream of Bedford. It is, however, also possible that "cambita" (the curved one) was the name given to this stretch of the river by the Celtic-speaking population. In this case the name could have developed like that of the river Kembs in the French Department of <a href="/wiki/Haut_Rhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haut Rhin">Haut Rhin</a>. Kempston is also a family name for many individuals from British Ancestry. Kempston was recorded as "camestone" in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> and had a 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo Saxon</a> burial site, now home to the Saxon Centre. The meaning of the name Kempston is not known for certain. The element 'ton' is Old English and means a settlement of some sort. The most plausible meaning of the element 'Caemb' is that it was the name of an Anglo-Saxon who owned the settlement. Thus we have the possessive case expressing this relationship by the 's.' The speculation that the element 'Caemb' means bent or curved seems much less likely, because the river consists of many bends and curves and therefore the name would have been of no use in locating a particular settlement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport_and_leisure">Sport and leisure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sport and leisure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bedfordshire" title="Sport in Bedfordshire">Sport in Bedfordshire</a></div> <p>Kempston has a <a href="/wiki/Non-League_football" title="Non-League football">Non-League football</a> team <a href="/wiki/A.F.C._Kempston_Rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="A.F.C. Kempston Rovers">A.F.C. Kempston Rovers</a> who play at Hillgrounds Leisure. </p><p>A short lived <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greyhound racing in the United Kingdom">greyhound racing</a> track was opened by the Box End (Kempston) Dog Club during 1932. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the <a href="/wiki/National_Greyhound_Racing_Club" title="National Greyhound Racing Club">National Greyhound Racing Club</a>) and was known as a flapping track, which was the nickname given to independent tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racing continued for just two more years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Churches">Churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kempston" title="Special:EditPage/Kempston">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_saints_church_kempston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/All_saints_church_kempston.jpg/220px-All_saints_church_kempston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/All_saints_church_kempston.jpg/330px-All_saints_church_kempston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/All_saints_church_kempston.jpg/440px-All_saints_church_kempston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>All Saints' Church in Church End</figcaption></figure> <p>For many centuries, All Saints' Church in Church End, which was first Catholic and later <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican</a>, was the only place of worship in Kempston. It is attractively situated in a green churchyard close to the river, and the location is still rural. <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>'s niece Judith commissioned the west tower, nave and chancel in 1100. The tower arch and chancel arch remain from Norman times. The aisles were added in the 13th century. In the 15th century the windows were replaced, the tower was heightened and the nave walls were also heightened, forming a <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>. The font is 14th-century. Refurbishments were carried out in the 19th century, and the north and south galleries were added at that time to accommodate children. </p><p>In the 19th century two additional <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> churches were built to accommodate the rising population. The first was St John's in Up End, which was consecrated in 1868. It soon suffered from subsidence, possibly caused by an underground stream. The burgeoning population of Kempston New Town was served by St Stephen's, a temporary iron church in Spring Road which was built in 1888. After a member of the locally prominent Williamson family bequeathed £8,000 for the purpose in 1927 the Church of the Transfiguration (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfiguration_Church,_Kempston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transfiguration Church, Kempston (page does not exist)">Transfiguration Church, Kempston</a>) was built in Bedford Road to replace two unsatisfactory Victorian churches. It is a solid work in red brick and was consecrated in 1940. St John's was unused as a church after that and was eventually demolished in 1965. St Stephen's was sold to the Saunders' leather factory on nearby College St. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> has been prominent in Kempston since the mid-19th century. The first Methodist chapel in the parish was built in Bell End in 1839, and its capacity was expanded by adding a gallery in 1843. In 1860 a larger replacement was constructed in the High Street at a cost of £600. The modern Kempston West Methodist Church now stands on the site. Kempston East Methodist Church in Bedford Road was opened in 1904 to serve the new parts of Kempston in the direction of Bedford. Sir Frederick Howard donated the site and £1,000, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twentieth_Century_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twentieth Century Trust (page does not exist)">Twentieth Century Trust</a> provided another £1,000 and a local appeal raised around £3,000. The church is an attractive Gothic building in pale rustic Weldon stone, and has a <a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">hammerbeam roof</a>. In addition to the two mainstream Methodist churches a small <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive Methodism">Primitive Methodist</a> chapel was built in Bedford Road in or soon after 1896, when a site was purchased for £65 2s. 6d. It became Newtown Methodist chapel after the merger of the various Methodist churches in the 1930s, but it was sold off in 1959 and used for business purposes. </p><p>Kempston abuts both <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>'s home parish of <a href="/wiki/Elstow" title="Elstow">Elstow</a> and Bedford, where he was imprisoned. The Bedford church now known as the <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan_Museum" title="John Bunyan Museum">Bunyan Meeting</a> had members in Kempston from at least 1657, and ministers from the church sometimes preached in private houses in Kempston. The first <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a> church building in Kempston was opened in the High Street in 1813. A replacement church was built in Kempston New town in 1871. It was extended in 1888 and a hall was added in 1907. </p><p>Up until the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> who lived in Kempston were obliged to worship at a church in Bedford. A Roman Catholic chapel was established during the war at the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">Army</a>'s Grange Camp, which was situated where Hillgrounds is now, and it retained after 1945. The first resident Catholic priest in Kempston was appointed in 1965 and the present small and plain Catholic church in Bedford Road was built at around this time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> was first introduced in <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> and Kempston by a missionary called <a href="/wiki/Willard_Richards" title="Willard Richards">Willard Richards</a> on 1 August 1837. Bedfordshire was one of the first places in the British Isles to have an LDS Church organised: It was first introduced to the British Isles on 20 July 1837. Between that time and <a href="/wiki/Willard_Richards" title="Willard Richards">Willard Richards</a> being called back to Preston on 7 March 1838 about 40 people were baptised members of the LDS Church in the Bedford area. Kempston still has Mormon missionaries and membership is steadily increasing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In 1986 the LDS Church completed the building of its Bedford Chapel/Meetinghouse. The Chapel stands near the north west corner of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addison_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addison Park (page does not exist)">Addison Park</a> close to The Grange. The plot was previously the location of the Kempston Liberal Club. The LDS Church previously met at Silver Jubilee School off Acacia Road in Bedford for at least six years before and various other locations in Bedford before that. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a> in the urban area: Balliol Primary School,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bedford Road Primary School,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camestone School<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Springfield Primary School.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kempston Rural Primary School serves Kempston Rural.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> in Kempston: <a href="/wiki/Kempston_Academy" title="Kempston Academy">Kempston Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daubeney_Academy" title="Daubeney Academy">Daubeney Academy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grange_Academy,_Kempston" title="Grange Academy, Kempston">Grange Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridgeway_School,_Kempston" title="Ridgeway School, Kempston">Ridgeway School</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_School_and_College" title="St John's School and College">St John's School</a> are all located in Kempston. These are <a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">special requirements</a> schools for pupils from all over Bedford Borough. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estates">Estates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Estates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kempston" title="Special:EditPage/Kempston">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kempston's main park is Addison Howard Park, which is part of the grounds of Grange House, once one of the principal residences in the parish, which survives as flats. This estate was owned in the 1880s by the Howard family (ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Randlord" title="Randlord">randlord</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Farrar" class="mw-redirect" title="George Herbert Farrar">George Herbert Farrar</a> Bt and the current <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lonsdale" title="Earl of Lonsdale">Earl of Lonsdale</a>) proprietors of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britannia_Iron_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britannia Iron Works (page does not exist)">Britannia Iron Works</a> in Bedford (opposite <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Hospital" title="Bedford Hospital">Bedford Hospital</a>, and also known as George Fisher Castings, before its closure and demolition in the late 20th century). Scions of the Howard family were also settled at the nearby estates of Clapham Park and Biddenham Manor. Grange House was later donated by the Kempston branch of the Howard family to the people of Kempston. There is an indoor swimming pool which opened in the 1980s. Kempston's <a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">Sainsbury's</a> supermarket was the chain's largest branch when it opened in the 1970s. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_Police" title="Bedfordshire Police">Bedfordshire Police</a> are in Kempston. </p><p>Apart from All Saints' Church, the best-known historic buildings are the King William IV pub and Kempston Barracks. The King William is a timber-framed building in bold black and white. The exterior is 17th century, but it is believed to contain much medieval work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local news and television programmes are provided by <a href="/wiki/BBC_East" title="BBC East">BBC East</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Anglia" title="ITV Anglia">ITV Anglia</a>. Television signals are received from the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Heath_transmitting_station" title="Sandy Heath transmitting station">Sandy Heath</a> TV transmitter. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local radio stations are <a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_Counties_Radio" title="BBC Three Counties Radio">BBC Three Counties Radio</a> on 95.5 FM, <a href="/wiki/Heart_East" title="Heart East">Heart East</a> on 96.9 FM, <a href="/wiki/In2beats" title="In2beats">In2beats</a> on 106.5 FM, and Bedford Radio, a community based radio station which broadcast online.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town is served by the local newspaper, Bedford Today (formerly <a href="/wiki/Times_%26_Citizen" title="Times & Citizen">Times & Citizen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The railway stations of <a href="/wiki/Bedford_railway_station" title="Bedford railway station">Bedford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bedford_St_Johns_railway_station" title="Bedford St Johns railway station">Bedford St Johns</a> are located roughly 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north-east of the town, with the former being serviced by inter-city routes on the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Main_Line" title="Midland Main Line">Midland Main Line</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Marston_Vale_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Marston Vale Line">Marston Vale Line</a>, and the latter only being serviced by routes on the Marston Vale Line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bedford Southern Bypass on the <a href="/wiki/A421_road" title="A421 road">A421</a>, was constructed in the 1990s and links with the Kempston relief road, built in the 1980s. There is an out-of-town shopping centre called Kempston Interchange Retail Park alongside it, and <a href="/wiki/Asda" title="Asda">Asda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argos_(retailer)" title="Argos (retailer)">Argos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">Sainsbury's</a> distribution centres have opened at Marsh Leys site since the early 2000s. Formerly, the Sainsbury's warehouse was a Woolworth's distribution centre, until their bankruptcy in 2009. In 2007, work began on the Bedford Western Bypass which opened in 2010. The road cuts through Kempston Rural, crossing the Great Ouse between the urban area and Church End. In 2011 preliminary work began on extending the Western Bypass to join the A6 to the north of Bedford. In 2003 Bedford Borough Council adopted a planning brief for the land close to the Western bypass that proposes the construction of 1,000 new homes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2010 work finished on construction of a new stretch of the A421 from Kempston to Junction 13 of the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorway</a>, this now provides a full dual carriageway link road between the A1 and the M1, with the construction of an additional section of dual carriageway between M1 J13 and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> completed in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Citizen_141220_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizen_141220-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new dual-carriageway runs parallel to the existing road, which will be retained for local use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most bus services in the town connect to other destinations in Bedfordshire and Milton Keynes, with Uno buses C1, C10 and C11, Stagecoach buses 1 and 53, and Road Runner buses A1, A2, B, D, E and G serving the town.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Latham" title="Frances Latham">Frances Latham</a> (1609–1677) born in Kempston, daughter of Sir Lewis Latham who was the falconer to King Charles I, immigrating to Rhode Island in America where many of her posterity became political leaders, state governors and other famous people, giving her the title of "the Mother of Governors".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/en/uk/eastofengland/admin/bedford/E04011894__kempston/">"Kempston parish"</a>. <i>City Population</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Kempston+parish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fuk%2Feastofengland%2Fadmin%2Fbedford%2FE04011894__kempston%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKempston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/townsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales/census2021">"Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021"</a>. <i>Census 2021</i>. Office for National Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2021&rft.atitle=Towns+and+cities%2C+characteristics+of+built-up+areas%2C+England+and+Wales%3A+Census+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fhousing%2Farticles%2Ftownsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKempston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005700/http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffice/CommunityArchives/Kempston/KempstonBarracks.aspx">"Kempston Barracks"</a>. Bedford County Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffice/CommunityArchives/Kempston/KempstonBarracks.aspx">the original</a> on 28 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kempston+Barracks&rft.pub=Bedford+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bedfordshire.gov.uk%2FCommunityAndLiving%2FArchivesAndRecordOffice%2FCommunityArchives%2FKempston%2FKempstonBarracks.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKempston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1924-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1924_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1924_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson1993" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Barry (1993). <i>Notes accompanying reprint of Bedfordshire Sheet 16.03: Kempston 1924</i>. Gateshead: Alan Godfrey Maps. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850546095" title="Special:BookSources/0850546095"><bdi>0850546095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+accompanying+reprint+of+Bedfordshire+Sheet+16.03%3A+Kempston+1924&rft.place=Gateshead&rft.pub=Alan+Godfrey+Maps&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0850546095&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKempston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1984" class="citation book cs1">Wood, John (1984). <i>Kempston: 2 Bedfordshire Parish Surveys Historical Landscape and Archaeology</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bedford+Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbedford.radio%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKempston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bedfordtoday.co.uk/">"Bedford Today"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bedford+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bedfordtoday.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKempston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042842/http://www.bedford.gov.uk/GetResource.aspx?file=West_Kempston.pdf">"Kempston West Planning Brief"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Befoford Borough Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bedford.gov.uk/GetResource.aspx?file=West_Kempston.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kempston+West+Planning+Brief&rft.pub=Befoford+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bedford.gov.uk%2FGetResource.aspx%3Ffile%3DWest_Kempston.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKempston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citizen_141220-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Citizen_141220_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan_MacLeod2020" class="citation news cs1">Logan MacLeod (14 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/news/transport/multi-million-pound-project-improving-road-link-between-bedford-and-milton-keynes-complete-3067197">"Multi-million pound project improving road link between Bedford and Milton Keynes complete"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Citizen" title="Milton Keynes Citizen">Milton Keynes Citizen</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milton+Keynes+Citizen&rft.atitle=Multi-million+pound+project+improving+road+link+between+Bedford+and+Milton+Keynes+complete&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.au=Logan+MacLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miltonkeynes.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftransport%2Fmulti-million-pound-project-improving-road-link-between-bedford-and-milton-keynes-complete-3067197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKempston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bedford.gov.uk/parking-roads-and-travel/public-transport/bus-timetables-and-maps">"Bus Timetables and Maps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council" title="Bedford Borough Council">Bedford Borough Council</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bedford+Borough+Council&rft.atitle=Bus+Timetables+and+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bedford.gov.uk%2Fparking-roads-and-travel%2Fpublic-transport%2Fbus-timetables-and-maps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKempston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i>Bedfordshire Parish Surveys Historic Landscape and Archaeology : Kempston.</i> published by Bedfordshire County Council (1984).</li> <li><i>8000 Years: A Kempston History</i> edited by HA Carnell, T Booth and HG Tibutt (1966) Reprinted by Kempston Town Council 1985.</li> <li>Bedford Borough Council website.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempston&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Bedfordshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bedfordshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bedfordshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Bedfordshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire" title="Central Bedfordshire">Central Bedfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampthill" title="Ampthill">Ampthill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlesey" title="Arlesey">Arlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biggleswade" title="Biggleswade">Biggleswade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstable" title="Dunstable">Dunstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitwick" title="Flitwick">Flitwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Regis" title="Houghton Regis">Houghton Regis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kempston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard" title="Leighton Buzzard">Leighton Buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linslade" title="Linslade">Linslade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potton" title="Potton">Potton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy,_Bedfordshire" title="Sandy, Bedfordshire">Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefford,_Bedfordshire" title="Shefford, Bedfordshire">Shefford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotfold" title="Stotfold">Stotfold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wixams" title="Wixams">Wixams</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Bedfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Bedfordshire">List of civil parishes in Bedfordshire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Bedfordshire" title="Category:Country houses in Bedfordshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bedfordshire" title="Flag of Bedfordshire">County flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Bedfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grade I listed buildings in Bedfordshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Bedfordshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Bedfordshire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Bedfordshire" title="High Sheriff of Bedfordshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bedfordshire" title="History of Bedfordshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Bedfordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Bedfordshire" title="List of museums in Bedfordshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bedfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Bedfordshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Bedfordshire" title="List of places in Bedfordshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bedfordshire" title="Sport in Bedfordshire">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Bedfordshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Bedfordshire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Bedfordshire" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Bedfordshire">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Settlements_in_Borough_of_Bedford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Places_in_Bedford_Borough" title="Template:Places in Bedford Borough"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Places_in_Bedford_Borough" title="Template talk:Places in Bedford Borough"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Places_in_Bedford_Borough" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Places in Bedford Borough"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Settlements_in_Borough_of_Bedford" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements in <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Borough of Bedford</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begwary" title="Begwary">Begwary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biddenham" title="Biddenham">Biddenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bletsoe" title="Bletsoe">Bletsoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnhurst" title="Bolnhurst">Bolnhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_End" title="Box End">Box End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromham,_Bedfordshire" title="Bromham, Bedfordshire">Bromham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardington,_Bedfordshire" title="Cardington, Bedfordshire">Cardington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton,_Bedfordshire" title="Carlton, Bedfordshire">Carlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawston" title="Chawston">Chawston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chellington" title="Chellington">Chellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham,_Bedfordshire" title="Clapham, Bedfordshire">Clapham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colesden" title="Colesden">Colesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmworth" title="Colmworth">Colmworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cople" title="Cople">Cople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_End" title="Cotton End">Cotton End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck%27s_Cross" title="Duck's Cross">Duck's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloe,_Bedfordshire" title="Duloe, Bedfordshire">Duloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstow" title="Elstow">Elstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farndish" title="Farndish">Farndish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felmersham" title="Felmersham">Felmersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barford" title="Great Barford">Great Barford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Denham" title="Great Denham">Great Denham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrold,_Bedfordshire" title="Harrold, Bedfordshire">Harrold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowden,_Bedfordshire" title="Harrowden, Bedfordshire">Harrowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrings_Green" title="Herrings Green">Herrings Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinwick" title="Hinwick">Hinwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeydon" title="Honeydon">Honeydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeley_Green" title="Keeley Green">Keeley Green</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kempston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempston_Hardwick" title="Kempston Hardwick">Kempston Hardwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempston_Rural" title="Kempston Rural">Kempston Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keysoe" title="Keysoe">Keysoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keysoe_Row" title="Keysoe Row">Keysoe Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knotting,_Bedfordshire" title="Knotting, Bedfordshire">Knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knotting_Green" title="Knotting Green">Knotting Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Barford" title="Little Barford">Little Barford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Staughton" title="Little Staughton">Little Staughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dean" title="Lower Dean">Lower Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchbourne" title="Melchbourne">Melchbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Ernest" title="Milton Ernest">Milton Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakley,_Bedfordshire" title="Oakley, Bedfordshire">Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odell,_Bedfordshire" title="Odell, Bedfordshire">Odell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavenham" title="Pavenham">Pavenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertenhall" title="Pertenhall">Pertenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podington" title="Podington">Podington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radwell,_Bedfordshire" title="Radwell, Bedfordshire">Radwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensden" title="Ravensden">Ravensden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renhold" title="Renhold">Renhold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riseley,_Bedfordshire" title="Riseley, Bedfordshire">Riseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxton,_Bedfordshire" title="Roxton, Bedfordshire">Roxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salph_End" title="Salph End">Salph End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharnbrook" title="Sharnbrook">Sharnbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelton,_North_Bedfordshire" title="Shelton, North Bedfordshire">Shelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortstown" title="Shortstown">Shortstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souldrop" title="Souldrop">Souldrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagsden" title="Stagsden">Stagsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staploe" title="Staploe">Staploe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevington" title="Stevington">Stevington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewartby" title="Stewartby">Stewartby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swineshead,_Bedfordshire" title="Swineshead, Bedfordshire">Swineshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurleigh" title="Thurleigh">Thurleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turvey,_Bedfordshire" title="Turvey, Bedfordshire">Turvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Dean" title="Upper Dean">Upper Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Staploe" title="Upper Staploe">Upper Staploe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Bedfordshire" title="West End, Bedfordshire">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilden,_Bedfordshire" title="Wilden, Bedfordshire">Wilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willington,_Bedfordshire" title="Willington, Bedfordshire">Willington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilstead" title="Wilstead">Wilstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wixams" title="Wixams">Wixams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_End,_Bedfordshire" title="Wood End, Bedfordshire">Wood End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wootton,_Bedfordshire" title="Wootton, Bedfordshire">Wootton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyboston" title="Wyboston">Wyboston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymington" title="Wymington">Wymington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelden" title="Yelden">Yelden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="River_Great_Ouse,_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:River_Great_Ouse" title="Template:River Great Ouse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:River_Great_Ouse" title="Template talk:River Great Ouse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:River_Great_Ouse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:River Great Ouse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="River_Great_Ouse,_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Great Ouse</a>, England</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flows into</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">The Wash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns <br /> <small style="font-weight: normal;">(upstream to downstream)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackley" title="Brackley">Brackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham" title="Buckingham">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stratford" title="Old Stratford">Old Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Stratford" title="Stony Stratford">Stony Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverton" title="Wolverton">Wolverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bradwell" title="New Bradwell">New Bradwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Pagnell" title="Newport Pagnell">Newport Pagnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olney,_Buckinghamshire" title="Olney, Buckinghamshire">Olney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kempston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Neots" title="St Neots">St Neots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godmanchester" title="Godmanchester">Godmanchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon" title="Huntingdon">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ives,_Cambridgeshire" title="St Ives, Cambridgeshire">St Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleport" title="Littleport">Littleport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downham_Market" title="Downham Market">Downham Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major tributaries <br /> <small style="font-weight: normal;">(upstream to downstream by <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Tove" title="River Tove">River Tove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ouzel" title="River Ouzel">River Ouzel</a> (or Lovat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ivel" title="River Ivel">River Ivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Kym" title="River Kym">River Kym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bedford_River" title="Old Bedford River">Old Bedford River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford_River" title="New Bedford River">New Bedford River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">River Cam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lark" title="River Lark">River Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Little_Ouse" title="River Little Ouse">River Little Ouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wissey" title="River Wissey">River Wissey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major bridges <br /> <small style="font-weight: normal;">(upstream to downstream)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrold,_Bedfordshire" title="Harrold, Bedfordshire">Harrold</a> bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A428_road" title="A428 road">A428</a> <a href="/wiki/Turvey,_Bedfordshire" title="Turvey, Bedfordshire">Turvey</a> bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A428_road" title="A428 road">A428</a> <a href="/wiki/Bromham,_Bedfordshire" title="Bromham, Bedfordshire">Bromham</a> bypass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A6_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A6 road (Great Britain)">A6</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> Town Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A421_road" title="A421 road">A421</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> bypass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barford_Bridge" title="Great Barford Bridge">Great Barford Bridge</a></li> <li>A428 Bridge <a href="/wiki/St_Neots" title="St Neots">St Neots</a></li> <li>St Neots Town Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godmanchester_Chinese_Bridge" title="Godmanchester Chinese Bridge">Godmanchester Chinese Bridge</a></li> <li>A14 bridge, River Great Ouse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bridge,_Huntingdon" title="Old Bridge, Huntingdon">Huntingdon Old Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ives_Bridge" title="St Ives Bridge">St Ives Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Longest_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest rivers of the United Kingdom">Longest rivers of the United Kingdom</a></dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">Great Ouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">Wye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ure" title="River Ure">Ure</a>/<a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">Ouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Spey" title="River Spey">Spey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Warwickshire" title="River Avon, Warwickshire">Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Nene" title="River Nene">Nene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Eden,_Cumbria" title="River Eden, Cumbria">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">Dee</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165486#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165486#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165486#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123836704">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRhjRXgHr7yfXJRcQ6rq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2083123-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83030394">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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