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improvements","anchor":"possible-improvements","htmlText":"Possible improvements"},{"level":2,"text":"Previous discussion","anchor":"previous-discussion","htmlText":"Previous 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itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP: 471\nTitle: os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory iterator\nAuthor: Ben Hoyt \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"mailto:benhoyt@gmail.com\"\u003ebenhoyt@gmail.com\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;\nBDFL-Delegate: Victor Stinner \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"mailto:vstinner@python.org\"\u003evstinner@python.org\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;\nStatus: Final\nType: Standards Track\nCreated: 30-May-2014\nPython-Version: 3.5\nPost-History: 27-Jun-2014, 08-Jul-2014, 14-Jul-2014\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-abstract\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAbstract\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-abstract\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Abstract\" href=\"#abstract\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP proposes including a new directory iteration function,\n\u003ccode\u003eos.scandir()\u003c/code\u003e, in the standard library. This new function adds\nuseful functionality and increases the speed of \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e by 2-20\ntimes (depending on the platform and file system) by avoiding calls to\n\u003ccode\u003eos.stat()\u003c/code\u003e in most cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-rationale\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRationale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rationale\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Rationale\" href=\"#rationale\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePython's built-in \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e is significantly slower than it needs\nto be, because -- in addition to calling \u003ccode\u003eos.listdir()\u003c/code\u003e on each\ndirectory -- it executes the \u003ccode\u003estat()\u003c/code\u003e system call or\n\u003ccode\u003eGetFileAttributes()\u003c/code\u003e on each file to determine whether the entry is\na directory or not.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBut the underlying system calls -- \u003ccode\u003eFindFirstFile\u003c/code\u003e /\n\u003ccode\u003eFindNextFile\u003c/code\u003e on Windows and \u003ccode\u003ereaddir\u003c/code\u003e on POSIX systems --\nalready tell you whether the files returned are directories or not, so\nno further system calls are needed. Further, the Windows system calls\nreturn all the information for a \u003ccode\u003estat_result\u003c/code\u003e object on the directory\nentry, such as file size and last modification time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn short, you can reduce the number of system calls required for a\ntree function like \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e from approximately 2N to N, where N\nis the total number of files and directories in the tree. (And because\ndirectory trees are usually wider than they are deep, it's often much\nbetter than this.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn practice, removing all those extra system calls makes \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e\nabout \u003cstrong\u003e8-9 times as fast on Windows\u003c/strong\u003e, and about \u003cstrong\u003e2-3 times as fast\non POSIX systems\u003c/strong\u003e. So we're not talking about\nmicro-optimizations. See more \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir#benchmarks\"\u003ebenchmarks here\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSomewhat relatedly, many people (see Python \u003ca href=\"http://bugs.python.org/issue11406\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eIssue 11406\u003c/a\u003e) are also\nkeen on a version of \u003ccode\u003eos.listdir()\u003c/code\u003e that yields filenames as it\niterates instead of returning them as one big list. This improves\nmemory efficiency for iterating very large directories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo, as well as providing a \u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e iterator function for calling\ndirectly, Python's existing \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e function can be sped up a\nhuge amount.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-implementation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eImplementation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-implementation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Implementation\" href=\"#implementation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe implementation of this proposal was written by Ben Hoyt (initial\nversion) and Tim Golden (who helped a lot with the C extension\nmodule). It lives on GitHub at \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir\"\u003ebenhoyt/scandir\u003c/a\u003e. (The implementation\nmay lag behind the updates to this PEP a little.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that this module has been used and tested (see \"Use in the wild\"\nsection in this PEP), so it's more than a proof-of-concept. However,\nit is marked as beta software and is not extensively battle-tested.\nIt will need some cleanup and more thorough testing before going into\nthe standard library, as well as integration into \u003ccode\u003eposixmodule.c\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-specifics-of-proposal\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecifics of proposal\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-specifics-of-proposal\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Specifics of proposal\" href=\"#specifics-of-proposal\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-os-scandir\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eos.scandir()\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-osscandir\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: os.scandir()\" href=\"#osscandir\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecifically, this PEP proposes adding a single function to the \u003ccode\u003eos\u003c/code\u003e\nmodule in the standard library, \u003ccode\u003escandir\u003c/code\u003e, that takes a single,\noptional string as its argument:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003escandir(path='.') -\u0026gt; generator of DirEntry objects\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLike \u003ccode\u003elistdir\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003escandir\u003c/code\u003e calls the operating system's directory\niteration system calls to get the names of the files in the given\n\u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e, but it's different from \u003ccode\u003elistdir\u003c/code\u003e in two ways:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInstead of returning bare filename strings, it returns lightweight\n\u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e objects that hold the filename string and provide\nsimple methods that allow access to the additional data the\noperating system may have returned.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt returns a generator instead of a list, so that \u003ccode\u003escandir\u003c/code\u003e acts\nas a true iterator instead of returning the full list immediately.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e yields a \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e object for each file and\nsub-directory in \u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e. Just like \u003ccode\u003elistdir\u003c/code\u003e, the \u003ccode\u003e'.'\u003c/code\u003e\nand \u003ccode\u003e'..'\u003c/code\u003e pseudo-directories are skipped, and the entries are\nyielded in system-dependent order. Each \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e object has the\nfollowing attributes and methods:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003ename\u003c/code\u003e: the entry's filename, relative to the scandir \u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e\nargument (corresponds to the return values of \u003ccode\u003eos.listdir\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e: the entry's full path name (not necessarily an absolute\npath) -- the equivalent of \u003ccode\u003eos.path.join(scandir_path,\nentry.name)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003einode()\u003c/code\u003e: return the inode number of the entry. The result is cached on\nthe \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e object, use \u003ccode\u003eos.stat(entry.path,\nfollow_symlinks=False).st_ino\u003c/code\u003e to fetch up-to-date information.\nOn Unix, no system call is required.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eis_dir(*, follow_symlinks=True)\u003c/code\u003e: similar to\n\u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path.is_dir()\u003c/code\u003e, but the return value is cached on the\n\u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e object; doesn't require a system call in most cases;\ndon't follow symbolic links if \u003ccode\u003efollow_symlinks\u003c/code\u003e is False\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eis_file(*, follow_symlinks=True)\u003c/code\u003e: similar to\n\u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path.is_file()\u003c/code\u003e, but the return value is cached on the\n\u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e object; doesn't require a system call in most cases;\ndon't follow symbolic links if \u003ccode\u003efollow_symlinks\u003c/code\u003e is False\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eis_symlink()\u003c/code\u003e: similar to \u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path.is_symlink()\u003c/code\u003e, but the\nreturn value is cached on the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e object; doesn't require a\nsystem call in most cases\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003estat(*, follow_symlinks=True)\u003c/code\u003e: like \u003ccode\u003eos.stat()\u003c/code\u003e, but the\nreturn value is cached on the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e object; does not require a\nsystem call on Windows (except for symlinks); don't follow symbolic links\n(like \u003ccode\u003eos.lstat()\u003c/code\u003e) if \u003ccode\u003efollow_symlinks\u003c/code\u003e is False\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll \u003cem\u003emethods\u003c/em\u003e may perform system calls in some cases and therefore\npossibly raise \u003ccode\u003eOSError\u003c/code\u003e -- see the \"Notes on exception handling\"\nsection for more details.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e attribute and method names were chosen to be the same\nas those in the new \u003ccode\u003epathlib\u003c/code\u003e module where possible, for\nconsistency. The only difference in functionality is that the\n\u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e methods cache their values on the entry object after the\nfirst call.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLike the other functions in the \u003ccode\u003eos\u003c/code\u003e module, \u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e accepts\neither a bytes or str object for the \u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e parameter, and\nreturns the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.name\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.path\u003c/code\u003e attributes with\nthe same type as \u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e. However, it is \u003cem\u003estrongly recommended\u003c/em\u003e\nto use the str type, as this ensures cross-platform support for\nUnicode filenames. (On Windows, bytes filenames have been deprecated\nsince Python 3.3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-os-walk\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eos.walk()\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-oswalk\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: os.walk()\" href=\"#oswalk\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs part of this proposal, \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e will also be modified to use\n\u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e rather than \u003ccode\u003elistdir()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eos.path.isdir()\u003c/code\u003e. This\nwill increase the speed of \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e very significantly (as\nmentioned above, by 2-20 times, depending on the system).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-examples\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eExamples\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-examples\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Examples\" href=\"#examples\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFirst, a very simple example of \u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e showing use of the\n\u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.name\u003c/code\u003e attribute and the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.is_dir()\u003c/code\u003e method:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef subdirs(path):\n \"\"\"Yield directory names not starting with '.' under given path.\"\"\"\n for entry in os.scandir(path):\n if not entry.name.startswith('.') and entry.is_dir():\n yield entry.name\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis \u003ccode\u003esubdirs()\u003c/code\u003e function will be significantly faster with scandir\nthan \u003ccode\u003eos.listdir()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eos.path.isdir()\u003c/code\u003e on both Windows and POSIX\nsystems, especially on medium-sized or large directories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOr, for getting the total size of files in a directory tree, showing\nuse of the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.stat()\u003c/code\u003e method and \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.path\u003c/code\u003e\nattribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef get_tree_size(path):\n \"\"\"Return total size of files in given path and subdirs.\"\"\"\n total = 0\n for entry in os.scandir(path):\n if entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=False):\n total += get_tree_size(entry.path)\n else:\n total += entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False).st_size\n return total\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis also shows the use of the \u003ccode\u003efollow_symlinks\u003c/code\u003e parameter to\n\u003ccode\u003eis_dir()\u003c/code\u003e -- in a recursive function like this, we probably don't\nwant to follow links. (To properly follow links in a recursive\nfunction like this we'd want special handling for the case where\nfollowing a symlink leads to a recursive loop.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that \u003ccode\u003eget_tree_size()\u003c/code\u003e will get a huge speed boost on Windows,\nbecause no extra stat call are needed, but on POSIX systems the size\ninformation is not returned by the directory iteration functions, so\nthis function won't gain anything there.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-notes-on-caching\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eNotes on caching\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-notes-on-caching\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Notes on caching\" href=\"#notes-on-caching\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e objects are relatively dumb -- the \u003ccode\u003ename\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e attributes are obviously always cached, and the \u003ccode\u003eis_X\u003c/code\u003e\nand \u003ccode\u003estat\u003c/code\u003e methods cache their values (immediately on Windows via\n\u003ccode\u003eFindNextFile\u003c/code\u003e, and on first use on POSIX systems via a \u003ccode\u003estat\u003c/code\u003e\nsystem call) and never refetch from the system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor this reason, \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e objects are intended to be used and\nthrown away after iteration, not stored in long-lived data structured\nand the methods called again and again.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf developers want \"refresh\" behaviour (for example, for watching a\nfile's size change), they can simply use \u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path\u003c/code\u003e objects,\nor call the regular \u003ccode\u003eos.stat()\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eos.path.getsize()\u003c/code\u003e functions\nwhich get fresh data from the operating system every call.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-notes-on-exception-handling\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eNotes on exception handling\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-notes-on-exception-handling\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Notes on exception handling\" href=\"#notes-on-exception-handling\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.is_X()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.stat()\u003c/code\u003e are explicitly methods\nrather than attributes or properties, to make it clear that they may\nnot be cheap operations (although they often are), and they may do a\nsystem call. As a result, these methods may raise \u003ccode\u003eOSError\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor example, \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.stat()\u003c/code\u003e will always make a system call on\nPOSIX-based systems, and the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.is_X()\u003c/code\u003e methods will make a\n\u003ccode\u003estat()\u003c/code\u003e system call on such systems if \u003ccode\u003ereaddir()\u003c/code\u003e does not\nsupport \u003ccode\u003ed_type\u003c/code\u003e or returns a \u003ccode\u003ed_type\u003c/code\u003e with a value of\n\u003ccode\u003eDT_UNKNOWN\u003c/code\u003e, which can occur under certain conditions or on\ncertain file systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOften this does not matter -- for example, \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e as defined in\nthe standard library only catches errors around the \u003ccode\u003elistdir()\u003c/code\u003e\ncalls.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlso, because the exception-raising behaviour of the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.is_X\u003c/code\u003e\nmethods matches that of \u003ccode\u003epathlib\u003c/code\u003e -- which only raises \u003ccode\u003eOSError\u003c/code\u003e\nin the case of permissions or other fatal errors, but returns False\nif the path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink -- it's often\nnot necessary to catch errors around the \u003ccode\u003eis_X()\u003c/code\u003e calls.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHowever, when a user requires fine-grained error handling, it may be\ndesirable to catch \u003ccode\u003eOSError\u003c/code\u003e around all method calls and handle as\nappropriate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor example, below is a version of the \u003ccode\u003eget_tree_size()\u003c/code\u003e example\nshown above, but with fine-grained error handling added:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef get_tree_size(path):\n \"\"\"Return total size of files in path and subdirs. If\n is_dir() or stat() fails, print an error message to stderr\n and assume zero size (for example, file has been deleted).\n \"\"\"\n total = 0\n for entry in os.scandir(path):\n try:\n is_dir = entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=False)\n except OSError as error:\n print('Error calling is_dir():', error, file=sys.stderr)\n continue\n if is_dir:\n total += get_tree_size(entry.path)\n else:\n try:\n total += entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False).st_size\n except OSError as error:\n print('Error calling stat():', error, file=sys.stderr)\n return total\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-support\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupport\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-support\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Support\" href=\"#support\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe scandir module on GitHub has been forked and used quite a bit (see\n\"Use in the wild\" in this PEP), but there's also been a fair bit of\ndirect support for a scandir-like function from core developers and\nothers on the python-dev and python-ideas mailing lists. A sampling:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epython-dev\u003c/strong\u003e: a good number of +1's and very few negatives for\nscandir and \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 471\u003c/a\u003e on \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135217.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis June 2014 python-dev thread\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlyssa Coghlan\u003c/strong\u003e, a core Python developer: \"I've had the local Red\nHat release engineering team express their displeasure at having to\nstat every file in a network mounted directory tree for info that is\npresent in the dirent structure, so a definite +1 to os.scandir from\nme, so long as it makes that info available.\"\n[\u003ca href=\"http://bugs.python.org/issue11406\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esource1\u003c/a\u003e]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTim Golden\u003c/strong\u003e, a core Python developer, supports scandir enough to\nhave spent time refactoring and significantly improving scandir's C\nextension module.\n[\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/tjguk/scandir\"\u003esource2\u003c/a\u003e]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChristian Heimes\u003c/strong\u003e, a core Python developer: \"+1 for something\nlike yielddir()\"\n[\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2012-November/017772.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esource3\u003c/a\u003e]\nand \"Indeed! I'd like to see the feature in 3.4 so I can remove my\nown hack from our code base.\"\n[\u003ca href=\"http://bugs.python.org/issue11406\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esource4\u003c/a\u003e]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGregory P. Smith\u003c/strong\u003e, a core Python developer: \"As 3.4beta1 happens\ntonight, this isn't going to make 3.4 so i'm bumping this to 3.5.\nI really like the proposed design outlined above.\"\n[\u003ca href=\"http://bugs.python.org/issue11406\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esource5\u003c/a\u003e]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGuido van Rossum\u003c/strong\u003e on the possibility of adding scandir to Python\n3.5 (as it was too late for 3.4): \"The ship has likewise sailed for\nadding scandir() (whether to os or pathlib). By all means experiment\nand get it ready for consideration for 3.5, but I don't want to add\nit to 3.4.\"\n[\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130583.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esource6\u003c/a\u003e]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupport for this PEP itself (meta-support?) was given by Alyssa (Nick) Coghlan\non python-dev: \"A PEP reviewing all this for 3.5 and proposing a\nspecific os.scandir API would be a good thing.\"\n[\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130588.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esource7\u003c/a\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-use-in-the-wild\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse in the wild\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-in-the-wild\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use in the wild\" href=\"#use-in-the-wild\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo date, the \u003ccode\u003escandir\u003c/code\u003e implementation is definitely useful, but has\nbeen clearly marked \"beta\", so it's uncertain how much use of it there\nis in the wild. Ben Hoyt has had several reports from people using it.\nFor example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChris F: \"I am processing some pretty large directories and was half\nexpecting to have to modify getdents. So thanks for saving me the\neffort.\" [via personal email]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ebschollnick: \"I wanted to let you know about this, since I am using\nScandir as a building block for this code. Here's a good example of\nscandir making a radical performance improvement over os.listdir.\"\n[\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir/issues/19\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/benhoyt/scandir/issues/19/hovercard\"\u003esource8\u003c/a\u003e]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAvram L: \"I'm testing our scandir for a project I'm working on.\nSeems pretty solid, so first thing, just want to say nice work!\"\n[via personal email]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatt Z: \"I used scandir to dump the contents of a network dir in\nunder 15 seconds. 13 root dirs, 60,000 files in the structure. This\nwill replace some old VBA code embedded in a spreadsheet that was\ntaking 15-20 minutes to do the exact same thing.\" [via personal\nemail]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOthers have \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir/issues/12\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/benhoyt/scandir/issues/12/hovercard\"\u003erequested a PyPI package\u003c/a\u003e for it, which has been\ncreated. See \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/scandir\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePyPI package\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGitHub stats don't mean too much, but scandir does have several\nwatchers, issues, forks, etc. Here's the run-down as of the stats as\nof July 7, 2014:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWatchers: 17\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStars: 57\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eForks: 20\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIssues: 4 open, 26 closed\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlso, because this PEP will increase the speed of \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e\nsignificantly, there are thousands of developers and scripts, and a lot\nof production code, that would benefit from it. For example, on GitHub,\nthere are almost as many uses of \u003ccode\u003eos.walk\u003c/code\u003e (194,000) as there are of\n\u003ccode\u003eos.mkdir\u003c/code\u003e (230,000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-rejected-ideas\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRejected ideas\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rejected-ideas\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Rejected ideas\" href=\"#rejected-ideas\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-naming\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eNaming\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-naming\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Naming\" href=\"#naming\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe only other real contender for this function's name was\n\u003ccode\u003eiterdir()\u003c/code\u003e. However, \u003ccode\u003eiterX()\u003c/code\u003e functions in Python (mostly found\nin Python 2) tend to be simple iterator equivalents of their\nnon-iterator counterparts. For example, \u003ccode\u003edict.iterkeys()\u003c/code\u003e is just an\niterator version of \u003ccode\u003edict.keys()\u003c/code\u003e, but the objects returned are\nidentical. In \u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e's case, however, the return values are\nquite different objects (\u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e objects vs filename strings), so\nthis should probably be reflected by a difference in name -- hence\n\u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee some \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135228.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003erelevant discussion on python-dev\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-wildcard-support\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWildcard support\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-wildcard-support\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Wildcard support\" href=\"#wildcard-support\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFindFirstFile\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eFindNextFile\u003c/code\u003e on Windows support passing a\n\"wildcard\" like \u003ccode\u003e*.jpg\u003c/code\u003e, so at first folks (this PEP's author\nincluded) felt it would be a good idea to include a\n\u003ccode\u003ewindows_wildcard\u003c/code\u003e keyword argument to the \u003ccode\u003escandir\u003c/code\u003e function so\nusers could pass this in.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHowever, on further thought and discussion it was decided that this\nwould be bad idea, \u003cem\u003eunless it could be made cross-platform\u003c/em\u003e (a\n\u003ccode\u003epattern\u003c/code\u003e keyword argument or similar). This seems easy enough at\nfirst -- just use the OS wildcard support on Windows, and something\nlike \u003ccode\u003efnmatch\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003ere\u003c/code\u003e afterwards on POSIX-based systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnfortunately the exact Windows wildcard matching rules aren't really\ndocumented anywhere by Microsoft, and they're quite quirky (see this\n\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2007/12/17/6785519.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eblog post\u003c/a\u003e),\nmeaning it's very problematic to emulate using \u003ccode\u003efnmatch\u003c/code\u003e or regexes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo the consensus was that Windows wildcard support was a bad idea.\nIt would be possible to add at a later date if there's a\ncross-platform way to achieve it, but not for the initial version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRead more on the \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2012-November/017770.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis Nov 2012 python-ideas thread\u003c/a\u003e\nand this \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135217.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eJune 2014 python-dev thread on PEP 471\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-methods-not-following-symlinks-by-default\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMethods not following symlinks by default\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-methods-not-following-symlinks-by-default\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Methods not following symlinks by default\" href=\"#methods-not-following-symlinks-by-default\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere was much debate on python-dev (see messages in \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135485.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis thread\u003c/a\u003e)\nover whether the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e methods should follow symbolic links or\nnot (when the \u003ccode\u003eis_X()\u003c/code\u003e methods had no \u003ccode\u003efollow_symlinks\u003c/code\u003e parameter).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInitially they did not (see previous versions of this PEP and the\nscandir.py module), but Victor Stinner made a pretty compelling case on\npython-dev that following symlinks by default is a better idea, because:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003efollowing links is usually what you want (in 92% of cases in the\nstandard library, functions using \u003ccode\u003eos.listdir()\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003eos.path.isdir()\u003c/code\u003e do follow symlinks)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ethat's the precedent set by the similar functions\n\u003ccode\u003eos.path.isdir()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path.is_dir()\u003c/code\u003e, so to do\notherwise would be confusing\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewith the non-link-following approach, if you wanted to follow links\nyou'd have to say something like \u003ccode\u003eif (entry.is_symlink() and\nos.path.isdir(entry.path)) or entry.is_dir()\u003c/code\u003e, which is clumsy\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs a case in point that shows the non-symlink-following version is\nerror prone, this PEP's author had a bug caused by getting this\nexact test wrong in his initial implementation of \u003ccode\u003escandir.walk()\u003c/code\u003e\nin scandir.py (see \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir/issues/4\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/benhoyt/scandir/issues/4/hovercard\"\u003eIssue #4 here\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn the end there was not total agreement that the methods should\nfollow symlinks, but there was basic consensus among the most involved\nparticipants, and this PEP's author believes that the above case is\nstrong enough to warrant following symlinks by default.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn addition, it's straightforward to call the relevant methods with\n\u003ccode\u003efollow_symlinks=False\u003c/code\u003e if the other behaviour is desired.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-direntry-attributes-being-properties\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDirEntry attributes being properties\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-direntry-attributes-being-properties\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: DirEntry attributes being properties\" href=\"#direntry-attributes-being-properties\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn some ways it would be nicer for the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e \u003ccode\u003eis_X()\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003estat()\u003c/code\u003e to be properties instead of methods, to indicate they're\nvery cheap or free. However, this isn't quite the case, as \u003ccode\u003estat()\u003c/code\u003e\nwill require an OS call on POSIX-based systems but not on Windows.\nEven \u003ccode\u003eis_dir()\u003c/code\u003e and friends may perform an OS call on POSIX-based\nsystems if the \u003ccode\u003edirent.d_type\u003c/code\u003e value is \u003ccode\u003eDT_UNKNOWN\u003c/code\u003e (on certain\nfile systems).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlso, people would expect the attribute access \u003ccode\u003eentry.is_dir\u003c/code\u003e to\nonly ever raise \u003ccode\u003eAttributeError\u003c/code\u003e, not \u003ccode\u003eOSError\u003c/code\u003e in the case it\nmakes a system call under the covers. Calling code would have to have\na \u003ccode\u003etry\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eexcept\u003c/code\u003e around what looks like a simple attribute access,\nand so it's much better to make them \u003cem\u003emethods\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-May/126184.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis May 2013 python-dev thread\u003c/a\u003e\nwhere this PEP author makes this case and there's agreement from a\ncore developers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-direntry-fields-being-static-attribute-only-objects\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDirEntry fields being \"static\" attribute-only objects\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-direntry-fields-being-static-attribute-only-objects\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: DirEntry fields being \u0026quot;static\u0026quot; attribute-only objects\" href=\"#direntry-fields-being-static-attribute-only-objects\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135303.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis July 2014 python-dev message\u003c/a\u003e,\nPaul Moore suggested a solution that was a \"thin wrapper round the OS\nfeature\", where the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e object had only static attributes:\n\u003ccode\u003ename\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003eis_X\u003c/code\u003e, with the \u003ccode\u003est_X\u003c/code\u003e attributes only\npresent on Windows. The idea was to use this simpler, lower-level\nfunction as a building block for higher-level functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAt first there was general agreement that simplifying in this way was\na good thing. However, there were two problems with this approach.\nFirst, the assumption is the \u003ccode\u003eis_dir\u003c/code\u003e and similar attributes are\nalways present on POSIX, which isn't the case (if \u003ccode\u003ed_type\u003c/code\u003e is not\npresent or is \u003ccode\u003eDT_UNKNOWN\u003c/code\u003e). Second, it's a much harder-to-use API\nin practice, as even the \u003ccode\u003eis_dir\u003c/code\u003e attributes aren't always present\non POSIX, and would need to be tested with \u003ccode\u003ehasattr()\u003c/code\u003e and then\n\u003ccode\u003eos.stat()\u003c/code\u003e called if they weren't present.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135312.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis July 2014 python-dev response\u003c/a\u003e\nfrom this PEP's author detailing why this option is a non-ideal\nsolution, and the subsequent reply from Paul Moore voicing agreement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-direntry-fields-being-static-with-an-ensure-lstat-option\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDirEntry fields being static with an ensure_lstat option\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-direntry-fields-being-static-with-an-ensure_lstat-option\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: DirEntry fields being static with an ensure_lstat option\" href=\"#direntry-fields-being-static-with-an-ensure_lstat-option\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnother seemingly simpler and attractive option was suggested by\nAlyssa Coghlan in this \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135261.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eJune 2014 python-dev message\u003c/a\u003e:\nmake \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.is_X\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.lstat_result\u003c/code\u003e properties, and\npopulate \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.lstat_result\u003c/code\u003e at iteration time, but only if\nthe new argument \u003ccode\u003eensure_lstat=True\u003c/code\u003e was specified on the\n\u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e call.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis does have the advantage over the above in that you can easily get\nthe stat result from \u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e if you need it. However, it has the\nserious disadvantage that fine-grained error handling is messy,\nbecause \u003ccode\u003estat()\u003c/code\u003e will be called (and hence potentially raise\n\u003ccode\u003eOSError\u003c/code\u003e) during iteration, leading to a rather ugly, hand-made\niteration loop:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eit = os.scandir(path)\nwhile True:\n try:\n entry = next(it)\n except OSError as error:\n handle_error(path, error)\n except StopIteration:\n break\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOr it means that \u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e would have to accept an \u003ccode\u003eonerror\u003c/code\u003e\nargument -- a function to call when \u003ccode\u003estat()\u003c/code\u003e errors occur during\niteration. This seems to this PEP's author neither as direct nor as\nPythonic as \u003ccode\u003etry\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eexcept\u003c/code\u003e around a \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry.stat()\u003c/code\u003e call.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnother drawback is that \u003ccode\u003eos.scandir()\u003c/code\u003e is written to make code faster.\nAlways calling \u003ccode\u003eos.lstat()\u003c/code\u003e on POSIX would not bring any speedup. In most\ncases, you don't need the full \u003ccode\u003estat_result\u003c/code\u003e object -- the \u003ccode\u003eis_X()\u003c/code\u003e\nmethods are enough and this information is already known.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135312.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBen Hoyt's July 2014 reply\u003c/a\u003e\nto the discussion summarizing this and detailing why he thinks the\noriginal \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 471\u003c/a\u003e proposal is \"the right one\" after all.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-return-values-being-name-stat-result-two-tuples\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReturn values being (name, stat_result) two-tuples\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-return-values-being-name-stat_result-two-tuples\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Return values being (name, stat_result) two-tuples\" href=\"#return-values-being-name-stat_result-two-tuples\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInitially this PEP's author proposed this concept as a function called\n\u003ccode\u003eiterdir_stat()\u003c/code\u003e which yielded two-tuples of (name, stat_result).\nThis does have the advantage that there are no new types introduced.\nHowever, the \u003ccode\u003estat_result\u003c/code\u003e is only partially filled on POSIX-based\nsystems (most fields set to \u003ccode\u003eNone\u003c/code\u003e and other quirks), so they're not\nreally \u003ccode\u003estat_result\u003c/code\u003e objects at all, and this would have to be\nthoroughly documented as different from \u003ccode\u003eos.stat()\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlso, Python has good support for proper objects with attributes and\nmethods, which makes for a saner and simpler API than two-tuples. It\nalso makes the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e objects more extensible and future-proof\nas operating systems add functionality and we want to include this in\n\u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also some previous discussion:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-May/126148.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMay 2013 python-dev thread\u003c/a\u003e\nwhere Alyssa Coghlan makes the original case for a \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e-style\nobject.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135244.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eJune 2014 python-dev thread\u003c/a\u003e\nwhere Alyssa Coghlan makes (another) good case against the two-tuple\napproach.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-return-values-being-overloaded-stat-result-objects\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReturn values being overloaded stat_result objects\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-return-values-being-overloaded-stat_result-objects\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Return values being overloaded stat_result objects\" href=\"#return-values-being-overloaded-stat_result-objects\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnother alternative discussed was making the return values to be\noverloaded \u003ccode\u003estat_result\u003c/code\u003e objects with \u003ccode\u003ename\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e\nattributes. However, apart from this being a strange (and strained!)\nkind of overloading, this has the same problems mentioned above --\nmost of the \u003ccode\u003estat_result\u003c/code\u003e information is not fetched by\n\u003ccode\u003ereaddir()\u003c/code\u003e on POSIX systems, only (part of) the \u003ccode\u003est_mode\u003c/code\u003e value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-return-values-being-pathlib-path-objects\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReturn values being pathlib.Path objects\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-return-values-being-pathlibpath-objects\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Return values being pathlib.Path objects\" href=\"#return-values-being-pathlibpath-objects\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWith Antoine Pitrou's new standard library \u003ccode\u003epathlib\u003c/code\u003e module, it\nat first seems like a great idea for \u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e to return instances\nof \u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path\u003c/code\u003e. However, \u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path\u003c/code\u003e's \u003ccode\u003eis_X()\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003estat()\u003c/code\u003e functions are explicitly not cached, whereas \u003ccode\u003escandir\u003c/code\u003e\nhas to cache them by design, because it's (often) returning values\nfrom the original directory iteration system call.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnd if the \u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path\u003c/code\u003e instances returned by \u003ccode\u003escandir\u003c/code\u003e cached\nstat values, but the ordinary \u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path\u003c/code\u003e objects explicitly\ndon't, that would be more than a little confusing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGuido van Rossum explicitly rejected \u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path\u003c/code\u003e caching stat in\nthe context of scandir \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130583.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e,\nmaking \u003ccode\u003epathlib.Path\u003c/code\u003e objects a bad choice for scandir return\nvalues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-possible-improvements\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePossible improvements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-possible-improvements\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Possible improvements\" href=\"#possible-improvements\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are many possible improvements one could make to scandir, but\nhere is a short list of some this PEP's author has in mind:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003escandir could potentially be further sped up by calling \u003ccode\u003ereaddir\u003c/code\u003e\n/ \u003ccode\u003eFindNextFile\u003c/code\u003e say 50 times per \u003ccode\u003ePy_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS\u003c/code\u003e block\nso that it stays in the C extension module for longer, and may be\nsomewhat faster as a result. This approach hasn't been tested, but\nwas suggested by on Issue 11406 by Antoine Pitrou.\n[\u003ca href=\"http://bugs.python.org/msg130125\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esource9\u003c/a\u003e]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003escandir could use a free list to avoid the cost of memory allocation\nfor each iteration -- a short free list of 10 or maybe even 1 may help.\nSuggested by Victor Stinner on a \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135232.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epython-dev thread on June 27\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-previous-discussion\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePrevious discussion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-previous-discussion\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Previous discussion\" href=\"#previous-discussion\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2012-November/017770.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eOriginal November 2012 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-ideas\u003c/a\u003e\nabout speeding up \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePython \u003ca href=\"http://bugs.python.org/issue11406\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eIssue 11406\u003c/a\u003e, which includes the original proposal for a\nscandir-like function\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-May/126119.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eFurther May 2013 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev\u003c/a\u003e\nthat refined the \u003ccode\u003escandir()\u003c/code\u003e API, including Alyssa Coghlan's\nsuggestion of scandir yielding \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e-like objects\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130572.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eNovember 2013 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev\u003c/a\u003e\nto discuss the interaction between scandir and the new \u003ccode\u003epathlib\u003c/code\u003e\nmodule\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135215.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eJune 2014 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev\u003c/a\u003e\nto discuss the first version of this PEP, with extensive discussion\nabout the API\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135377.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eFirst July 2014 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev\u003c/a\u003e\nto discuss his updates to \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 471\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135485.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSecond July 2014 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev\u003c/a\u003e\nto discuss the remaining decisions needed to finalize \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 471\u003c/a\u003e,\nspecifically whether the \u003ccode\u003eDirEntry\u003c/code\u003e methods should follow symlinks\nby default\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2485719/very-quickly-getting-total-size-of-folder\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eQuestion on StackOverflow\u003c/a\u003e\nabout why \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e is slow and pointers on how to fix it (this\ninspired the author of this PEP early on)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benhoyt/betterwalk\"\u003eBetterWalk\u003c/a\u003e, this PEP's\nauthor's previous attempt at this, on which the scandir code is based\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-copyright\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCopyright\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-copyright\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Copyright\" href=\"#copyright\"\u003e\u003csvg 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9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 hGyMdv"><section aria-labelledby="file-name-id-wide file-name-id-mobile" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 fGqKFv"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 eoaCFS js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><p dir="auto">PEP: 471 Title: os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory iterator Author: Ben Hoyt <<a href="mailto:benhoyt@gmail.com">benhoyt@gmail.com</a>> BDFL-Delegate: Victor Stinner <<a href="mailto:vstinner@python.org">vstinner@python.org</a>> Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 30-May-2014 Python-Version: 3.5 Post-History: 27-Jun-2014, 08-Jul-2014, 14-Jul-2014</p> <a name="user-content-abstract"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Abstract</h2><a id="user-content-abstract" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Abstract" href="#abstract"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PEP proposes including a new directory iteration function, <code>os.scandir()</code>, in the standard library. This new function adds useful functionality and increases the speed of <code>os.walk()</code> by 2-20 times (depending on the platform and file system) by avoiding calls to <code>os.stat()</code> in most cases.</p> <a name="user-content-rationale"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Rationale</h2><a id="user-content-rationale" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Rationale" href="#rationale"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Python's built-in <code>os.walk()</code> is significantly slower than it needs to be, because -- in addition to calling <code>os.listdir()</code> on each directory -- it executes the <code>stat()</code> system call or <code>GetFileAttributes()</code> on each file to determine whether the entry is a directory or not.</p> <p dir="auto">But the underlying system calls -- <code>FindFirstFile</code> / <code>FindNextFile</code> on Windows and <code>readdir</code> on POSIX systems -- already tell you whether the files returned are directories or not, so no further system calls are needed. Further, the Windows system calls return all the information for a <code>stat_result</code> object on the directory entry, such as file size and last modification time.</p> <p dir="auto">In short, you can reduce the number of system calls required for a tree function like <code>os.walk()</code> from approximately 2N to N, where N is the total number of files and directories in the tree. (And because directory trees are usually wider than they are deep, it's often much better than this.)</p> <p dir="auto">In practice, removing all those extra system calls makes <code>os.walk()</code> about <strong>8-9 times as fast on Windows</strong>, and about <strong>2-3 times as fast on POSIX systems</strong>. So we're not talking about micro-optimizations. See more <a href="https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir#benchmarks">benchmarks here</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">Somewhat relatedly, many people (see Python <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue11406" rel="nofollow">Issue 11406</a>) are also keen on a version of <code>os.listdir()</code> that yields filenames as it iterates instead of returning them as one big list. This improves memory efficiency for iterating very large directories.</p> <p dir="auto">So, as well as providing a <code>scandir()</code> iterator function for calling directly, Python's existing <code>os.walk()</code> function can be sped up a huge amount.</p> <a name="user-content-implementation"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Implementation</h2><a id="user-content-implementation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Implementation" href="#implementation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The implementation of this proposal was written by Ben Hoyt (initial version) and Tim Golden (who helped a lot with the C extension module). It lives on GitHub at <a href="https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir">benhoyt/scandir</a>. (The implementation may lag behind the updates to this PEP a little.)</p> <p dir="auto">Note that this module has been used and tested (see "Use in the wild" section in this PEP), so it's more than a proof-of-concept. However, it is marked as beta software and is not extensively battle-tested. It will need some cleanup and more thorough testing before going into the standard library, as well as integration into <code>posixmodule.c</code>.</p> <a name="user-content-specifics-of-proposal"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Specifics of proposal</h2><a id="user-content-specifics-of-proposal" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Specifics of proposal" href="#specifics-of-proposal"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <a name="user-content-os-scandir"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">os.scandir()</h3><a id="user-content-osscandir" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: os.scandir()" href="#osscandir"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Specifically, this PEP proposes adding a single function to the <code>os</code> module in the standard library, <code>scandir</code>, that takes a single, optional string as its argument:</p> <pre>scandir(path='.') -> generator of DirEntry objects </pre> <p dir="auto">Like <code>listdir</code>, <code>scandir</code> calls the operating system's directory iteration system calls to get the names of the files in the given <code>path</code>, but it's different from <code>listdir</code> in two ways:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Instead of returning bare filename strings, it returns lightweight <code>DirEntry</code> objects that hold the filename string and provide simple methods that allow access to the additional data the operating system may have returned.</li> <li>It returns a generator instead of a list, so that <code>scandir</code> acts as a true iterator instead of returning the full list immediately.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><code>scandir()</code> yields a <code>DirEntry</code> object for each file and sub-directory in <code>path</code>. Just like <code>listdir</code>, the <code>'.'</code> and <code>'..'</code> pseudo-directories are skipped, and the entries are yielded in system-dependent order. Each <code>DirEntry</code> object has the following attributes and methods:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><code>name</code>: the entry's filename, relative to the scandir <code>path</code> argument (corresponds to the return values of <code>os.listdir</code>)</li> <li><code>path</code>: the entry's full path name (not necessarily an absolute path) -- the equivalent of <code>os.path.join(scandir_path, entry.name)</code></li> <li><code>inode()</code>: return the inode number of the entry. The result is cached on the <code>DirEntry</code> object, use <code>os.stat(entry.path, follow_symlinks=False).st_ino</code> to fetch up-to-date information. On Unix, no system call is required.</li> <li><code>is_dir(*, follow_symlinks=True)</code>: similar to <code>pathlib.Path.is_dir()</code>, but the return value is cached on the <code>DirEntry</code> object; doesn't require a system call in most cases; don't follow symbolic links if <code>follow_symlinks</code> is False</li> <li><code>is_file(*, follow_symlinks=True)</code>: similar to <code>pathlib.Path.is_file()</code>, but the return value is cached on the <code>DirEntry</code> object; doesn't require a system call in most cases; don't follow symbolic links if <code>follow_symlinks</code> is False</li> <li><code>is_symlink()</code>: similar to <code>pathlib.Path.is_symlink()</code>, but the return value is cached on the <code>DirEntry</code> object; doesn't require a system call in most cases</li> <li><code>stat(*, follow_symlinks=True)</code>: like <code>os.stat()</code>, but the return value is cached on the <code>DirEntry</code> object; does not require a system call on Windows (except for symlinks); don't follow symbolic links (like <code>os.lstat()</code>) if <code>follow_symlinks</code> is False</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">All <em>methods</em> may perform system calls in some cases and therefore possibly raise <code>OSError</code> -- see the "Notes on exception handling" section for more details.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>DirEntry</code> attribute and method names were chosen to be the same as those in the new <code>pathlib</code> module where possible, for consistency. The only difference in functionality is that the <code>DirEntry</code> methods cache their values on the entry object after the first call.</p> <p dir="auto">Like the other functions in the <code>os</code> module, <code>scandir()</code> accepts either a bytes or str object for the <code>path</code> parameter, and returns the <code>DirEntry.name</code> and <code>DirEntry.path</code> attributes with the same type as <code>path</code>. However, it is <em>strongly recommended</em> to use the str type, as this ensures cross-platform support for Unicode filenames. (On Windows, bytes filenames have been deprecated since Python 3.3).</p> <a name="user-content-os-walk"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">os.walk()</h3><a id="user-content-oswalk" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: os.walk()" href="#oswalk"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">As part of this proposal, <code>os.walk()</code> will also be modified to use <code>scandir()</code> rather than <code>listdir()</code> and <code>os.path.isdir()</code>. This will increase the speed of <code>os.walk()</code> very significantly (as mentioned above, by 2-20 times, depending on the system).</p> <a name="user-content-examples"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Examples</h2><a id="user-content-examples" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Examples" href="#examples"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">First, a very simple example of <code>scandir()</code> showing use of the <code>DirEntry.name</code> attribute and the <code>DirEntry.is_dir()</code> method:</p> <pre>def subdirs(path): """Yield directory names not starting with '.' under given path.""" for entry in os.scandir(path): if not entry.name.startswith('.') and entry.is_dir(): yield entry.name </pre> <p dir="auto">This <code>subdirs()</code> function will be significantly faster with scandir than <code>os.listdir()</code> and <code>os.path.isdir()</code> on both Windows and POSIX systems, especially on medium-sized or large directories.</p> <p dir="auto">Or, for getting the total size of files in a directory tree, showing use of the <code>DirEntry.stat()</code> method and <code>DirEntry.path</code> attribute:</p> <pre>def get_tree_size(path): """Return total size of files in given path and subdirs.""" total = 0 for entry in os.scandir(path): if entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=False): total += get_tree_size(entry.path) else: total += entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False).st_size return total </pre> <p dir="auto">This also shows the use of the <code>follow_symlinks</code> parameter to <code>is_dir()</code> -- in a recursive function like this, we probably don't want to follow links. (To properly follow links in a recursive function like this we'd want special handling for the case where following a symlink leads to a recursive loop.)</p> <p dir="auto">Note that <code>get_tree_size()</code> will get a huge speed boost on Windows, because no extra stat call are needed, but on POSIX systems the size information is not returned by the directory iteration functions, so this function won't gain anything there.</p> <a name="user-content-notes-on-caching"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Notes on caching</h3><a id="user-content-notes-on-caching" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Notes on caching" href="#notes-on-caching"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The <code>DirEntry</code> objects are relatively dumb -- the <code>name</code> and <code>path</code> attributes are obviously always cached, and the <code>is_X</code> and <code>stat</code> methods cache their values (immediately on Windows via <code>FindNextFile</code>, and on first use on POSIX systems via a <code>stat</code> system call) and never refetch from the system.</p> <p dir="auto">For this reason, <code>DirEntry</code> objects are intended to be used and thrown away after iteration, not stored in long-lived data structured and the methods called again and again.</p> <p dir="auto">If developers want "refresh" behaviour (for example, for watching a file's size change), they can simply use <code>pathlib.Path</code> objects, or call the regular <code>os.stat()</code> or <code>os.path.getsize()</code> functions which get fresh data from the operating system every call.</p> <a name="user-content-notes-on-exception-handling"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Notes on exception handling</h3><a id="user-content-notes-on-exception-handling" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Notes on exception handling" href="#notes-on-exception-handling"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>DirEntry.is_X()</code> and <code>DirEntry.stat()</code> are explicitly methods rather than attributes or properties, to make it clear that they may not be cheap operations (although they often are), and they may do a system call. As a result, these methods may raise <code>OSError</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">For example, <code>DirEntry.stat()</code> will always make a system call on POSIX-based systems, and the <code>DirEntry.is_X()</code> methods will make a <code>stat()</code> system call on such systems if <code>readdir()</code> does not support <code>d_type</code> or returns a <code>d_type</code> with a value of <code>DT_UNKNOWN</code>, which can occur under certain conditions or on certain file systems.</p> <p dir="auto">Often this does not matter -- for example, <code>os.walk()</code> as defined in the standard library only catches errors around the <code>listdir()</code> calls.</p> <p dir="auto">Also, because the exception-raising behaviour of the <code>DirEntry.is_X</code> methods matches that of <code>pathlib</code> -- which only raises <code>OSError</code> in the case of permissions or other fatal errors, but returns False if the path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink -- it's often not necessary to catch errors around the <code>is_X()</code> calls.</p> <p dir="auto">However, when a user requires fine-grained error handling, it may be desirable to catch <code>OSError</code> around all method calls and handle as appropriate.</p> <p dir="auto">For example, below is a version of the <code>get_tree_size()</code> example shown above, but with fine-grained error handling added:</p> <pre>def get_tree_size(path): """Return total size of files in path and subdirs. If is_dir() or stat() fails, print an error message to stderr and assume zero size (for example, file has been deleted). """ total = 0 for entry in os.scandir(path): try: is_dir = entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=False) except OSError as error: print('Error calling is_dir():', error, file=sys.stderr) continue if is_dir: total += get_tree_size(entry.path) else: try: total += entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False).st_size except OSError as error: print('Error calling stat():', error, file=sys.stderr) return total </pre> <a name="user-content-support"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Support</h2><a id="user-content-support" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Support" href="#support"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The scandir module on GitHub has been forked and used quite a bit (see "Use in the wild" in this PEP), but there's also been a fair bit of direct support for a scandir-like function from core developers and others on the python-dev and python-ideas mailing lists. A sampling:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>python-dev</strong>: a good number of +1's and very few negatives for scandir and <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471" rel="nofollow">PEP 471</a> on <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135217.html" rel="nofollow">this June 2014 python-dev thread</a></li> <li><strong>Alyssa Coghlan</strong>, a core Python developer: "I've had the local Red Hat release engineering team express their displeasure at having to stat every file in a network mounted directory tree for info that is present in the dirent structure, so a definite +1 to os.scandir from me, so long as it makes that info available." [<a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue11406" rel="nofollow">source1</a>]</li> <li><strong>Tim Golden</strong>, a core Python developer, supports scandir enough to have spent time refactoring and significantly improving scandir's C extension module. [<a href="https://github.com/tjguk/scandir">source2</a>]</li> <li><strong>Christian Heimes</strong>, a core Python developer: "+1 for something like yielddir()" [<a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2012-November/017772.html" rel="nofollow">source3</a>] and "Indeed! I'd like to see the feature in 3.4 so I can remove my own hack from our code base." [<a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue11406" rel="nofollow">source4</a>]</li> <li><strong>Gregory P. Smith</strong>, a core Python developer: "As 3.4beta1 happens tonight, this isn't going to make 3.4 so i'm bumping this to 3.5. I really like the proposed design outlined above." [<a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue11406" rel="nofollow">source5</a>]</li> <li><strong>Guido van Rossum</strong> on the possibility of adding scandir to Python 3.5 (as it was too late for 3.4): "The ship has likewise sailed for adding scandir() (whether to os or pathlib). By all means experiment and get it ready for consideration for 3.5, but I don't want to add it to 3.4." [<a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130583.html" rel="nofollow">source6</a>]</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Support for this PEP itself (meta-support?) was given by Alyssa (Nick) Coghlan on python-dev: "A PEP reviewing all this for 3.5 and proposing a specific os.scandir API would be a good thing." [<a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130588.html" rel="nofollow">source7</a>]</p> <a name="user-content-use-in-the-wild"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use in the wild</h2><a id="user-content-use-in-the-wild" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use in the wild" href="#use-in-the-wild"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To date, the <code>scandir</code> implementation is definitely useful, but has been clearly marked "beta", so it's uncertain how much use of it there is in the wild. Ben Hoyt has had several reports from people using it. For example:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Chris F: "I am processing some pretty large directories and was half expecting to have to modify getdents. So thanks for saving me the effort." [via personal email]</li> <li>bschollnick: "I wanted to let you know about this, since I am using Scandir as a building block for this code. Here's a good example of scandir making a radical performance improvement over os.listdir." [<a href="https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir/issues/19" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/benhoyt/scandir/issues/19/hovercard">source8</a>]</li> <li>Avram L: "I'm testing our scandir for a project I'm working on. Seems pretty solid, so first thing, just want to say nice work!" [via personal email]</li> <li>Matt Z: "I used scandir to dump the contents of a network dir in under 15 seconds. 13 root dirs, 60,000 files in the structure. This will replace some old VBA code embedded in a spreadsheet that was taking 15-20 minutes to do the exact same thing." [via personal email]</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Others have <a href="https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir/issues/12" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/benhoyt/scandir/issues/12/hovercard">requested a PyPI package</a> for it, which has been created. See <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/scandir" rel="nofollow">PyPI package</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">GitHub stats don't mean too much, but scandir does have several watchers, issues, forks, etc. Here's the run-down as of the stats as of July 7, 2014:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Watchers: 17</li> <li>Stars: 57</li> <li>Forks: 20</li> <li>Issues: 4 open, 26 closed</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Also, because this PEP will increase the speed of <code>os.walk()</code> significantly, there are thousands of developers and scripts, and a lot of production code, that would benefit from it. For example, on GitHub, there are almost as many uses of <code>os.walk</code> (194,000) as there are of <code>os.mkdir</code> (230,000).</p> <a name="user-content-rejected-ideas"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Rejected ideas</h2><a id="user-content-rejected-ideas" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Rejected ideas" href="#rejected-ideas"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <a name="user-content-naming"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Naming</h3><a id="user-content-naming" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Naming" href="#naming"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The only other real contender for this function's name was <code>iterdir()</code>. However, <code>iterX()</code> functions in Python (mostly found in Python 2) tend to be simple iterator equivalents of their non-iterator counterparts. For example, <code>dict.iterkeys()</code> is just an iterator version of <code>dict.keys()</code>, but the objects returned are identical. In <code>scandir()</code>'s case, however, the return values are quite different objects (<code>DirEntry</code> objects vs filename strings), so this should probably be reflected by a difference in name -- hence <code>scandir()</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">See some <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135228.html" rel="nofollow">relevant discussion on python-dev</a>.</p> <a name="user-content-wildcard-support"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Wildcard support</h3><a id="user-content-wildcard-support" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Wildcard support" href="#wildcard-support"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>FindFirstFile</code>/<code>FindNextFile</code> on Windows support passing a "wildcard" like <code>*.jpg</code>, so at first folks (this PEP's author included) felt it would be a good idea to include a <code>windows_wildcard</code> keyword argument to the <code>scandir</code> function so users could pass this in.</p> <p dir="auto">However, on further thought and discussion it was decided that this would be bad idea, <em>unless it could be made cross-platform</em> (a <code>pattern</code> keyword argument or similar). This seems easy enough at first -- just use the OS wildcard support on Windows, and something like <code>fnmatch</code> or <code>re</code> afterwards on POSIX-based systems.</p> <p dir="auto">Unfortunately the exact Windows wildcard matching rules aren't really documented anywhere by Microsoft, and they're quite quirky (see this <a href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2007/12/17/6785519.aspx" rel="nofollow">blog post</a>), meaning it's very problematic to emulate using <code>fnmatch</code> or regexes.</p> <p dir="auto">So the consensus was that Windows wildcard support was a bad idea. It would be possible to add at a later date if there's a cross-platform way to achieve it, but not for the initial version.</p> <p dir="auto">Read more on the <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2012-November/017770.html" rel="nofollow">this Nov 2012 python-ideas thread</a> and this <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135217.html" rel="nofollow">June 2014 python-dev thread on PEP 471</a>.</p> <a name="user-content-methods-not-following-symlinks-by-default"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Methods not following symlinks by default</h3><a id="user-content-methods-not-following-symlinks-by-default" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Methods not following symlinks by default" href="#methods-not-following-symlinks-by-default"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">There was much debate on python-dev (see messages in <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135485.html" rel="nofollow">this thread</a>) over whether the <code>DirEntry</code> methods should follow symbolic links or not (when the <code>is_X()</code> methods had no <code>follow_symlinks</code> parameter).</p> <p dir="auto">Initially they did not (see previous versions of this PEP and the scandir.py module), but Victor Stinner made a pretty compelling case on python-dev that following symlinks by default is a better idea, because:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>following links is usually what you want (in 92% of cases in the standard library, functions using <code>os.listdir()</code> and <code>os.path.isdir()</code> do follow symlinks)</li> <li>that's the precedent set by the similar functions <code>os.path.isdir()</code> and <code>pathlib.Path.is_dir()</code>, so to do otherwise would be confusing</li> <li>with the non-link-following approach, if you wanted to follow links you'd have to say something like <code>if (entry.is_symlink() and os.path.isdir(entry.path)) or entry.is_dir()</code>, which is clumsy</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">As a case in point that shows the non-symlink-following version is error prone, this PEP's author had a bug caused by getting this exact test wrong in his initial implementation of <code>scandir.walk()</code> in scandir.py (see <a href="https://github.com/benhoyt/scandir/issues/4" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/benhoyt/scandir/issues/4/hovercard">Issue #4 here</a>).</p> <p dir="auto">In the end there was not total agreement that the methods should follow symlinks, but there was basic consensus among the most involved participants, and this PEP's author believes that the above case is strong enough to warrant following symlinks by default.</p> <p dir="auto">In addition, it's straightforward to call the relevant methods with <code>follow_symlinks=False</code> if the other behaviour is desired.</p> <a name="user-content-direntry-attributes-being-properties"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">DirEntry attributes being properties</h3><a id="user-content-direntry-attributes-being-properties" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: DirEntry attributes being properties" href="#direntry-attributes-being-properties"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In some ways it would be nicer for the <code>DirEntry</code> <code>is_X()</code> and <code>stat()</code> to be properties instead of methods, to indicate they're very cheap or free. However, this isn't quite the case, as <code>stat()</code> will require an OS call on POSIX-based systems but not on Windows. Even <code>is_dir()</code> and friends may perform an OS call on POSIX-based systems if the <code>dirent.d_type</code> value is <code>DT_UNKNOWN</code> (on certain file systems).</p> <p dir="auto">Also, people would expect the attribute access <code>entry.is_dir</code> to only ever raise <code>AttributeError</code>, not <code>OSError</code> in the case it makes a system call under the covers. Calling code would have to have a <code>try</code>/<code>except</code> around what looks like a simple attribute access, and so it's much better to make them <em>methods</em>.</p> <p dir="auto">See <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-May/126184.html" rel="nofollow">this May 2013 python-dev thread</a> where this PEP author makes this case and there's agreement from a core developers.</p> <a name="user-content-direntry-fields-being-static-attribute-only-objects"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">DirEntry fields being "static" attribute-only objects</h3><a id="user-content-direntry-fields-being-static-attribute-only-objects" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: DirEntry fields being "static" attribute-only objects" href="#direntry-fields-being-static-attribute-only-objects"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135303.html" rel="nofollow">this July 2014 python-dev message</a>, Paul Moore suggested a solution that was a "thin wrapper round the OS feature", where the <code>DirEntry</code> object had only static attributes: <code>name</code>, <code>path</code>, and <code>is_X</code>, with the <code>st_X</code> attributes only present on Windows. The idea was to use this simpler, lower-level function as a building block for higher-level functions.</p> <p dir="auto">At first there was general agreement that simplifying in this way was a good thing. However, there were two problems with this approach. First, the assumption is the <code>is_dir</code> and similar attributes are always present on POSIX, which isn't the case (if <code>d_type</code> is not present or is <code>DT_UNKNOWN</code>). Second, it's a much harder-to-use API in practice, as even the <code>is_dir</code> attributes aren't always present on POSIX, and would need to be tested with <code>hasattr()</code> and then <code>os.stat()</code> called if they weren't present.</p> <p dir="auto">See <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135312.html" rel="nofollow">this July 2014 python-dev response</a> from this PEP's author detailing why this option is a non-ideal solution, and the subsequent reply from Paul Moore voicing agreement.</p> <a name="user-content-direntry-fields-being-static-with-an-ensure-lstat-option"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">DirEntry fields being static with an ensure_lstat option</h3><a id="user-content-direntry-fields-being-static-with-an-ensure_lstat-option" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: DirEntry fields being static with an ensure_lstat option" href="#direntry-fields-being-static-with-an-ensure_lstat-option"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Another seemingly simpler and attractive option was suggested by Alyssa Coghlan in this <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135261.html" rel="nofollow">June 2014 python-dev message</a>: make <code>DirEntry.is_X</code> and <code>DirEntry.lstat_result</code> properties, and populate <code>DirEntry.lstat_result</code> at iteration time, but only if the new argument <code>ensure_lstat=True</code> was specified on the <code>scandir()</code> call.</p> <p dir="auto">This does have the advantage over the above in that you can easily get the stat result from <code>scandir()</code> if you need it. However, it has the serious disadvantage that fine-grained error handling is messy, because <code>stat()</code> will be called (and hence potentially raise <code>OSError</code>) during iteration, leading to a rather ugly, hand-made iteration loop:</p> <pre>it = os.scandir(path) while True: try: entry = next(it) except OSError as error: handle_error(path, error) except StopIteration: break </pre> <p dir="auto">Or it means that <code>scandir()</code> would have to accept an <code>onerror</code> argument -- a function to call when <code>stat()</code> errors occur during iteration. This seems to this PEP's author neither as direct nor as Pythonic as <code>try</code>/<code>except</code> around a <code>DirEntry.stat()</code> call.</p> <p dir="auto">Another drawback is that <code>os.scandir()</code> is written to make code faster. Always calling <code>os.lstat()</code> on POSIX would not bring any speedup. In most cases, you don't need the full <code>stat_result</code> object -- the <code>is_X()</code> methods are enough and this information is already known.</p> <p dir="auto">See <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135312.html" rel="nofollow">Ben Hoyt's July 2014 reply</a> to the discussion summarizing this and detailing why he thinks the original <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471" rel="nofollow">PEP 471</a> proposal is "the right one" after all.</p> <a name="user-content-return-values-being-name-stat-result-two-tuples"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Return values being (name, stat_result) two-tuples</h3><a id="user-content-return-values-being-name-stat_result-two-tuples" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Return values being (name, stat_result) two-tuples" href="#return-values-being-name-stat_result-two-tuples"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Initially this PEP's author proposed this concept as a function called <code>iterdir_stat()</code> which yielded two-tuples of (name, stat_result). This does have the advantage that there are no new types introduced. However, the <code>stat_result</code> is only partially filled on POSIX-based systems (most fields set to <code>None</code> and other quirks), so they're not really <code>stat_result</code> objects at all, and this would have to be thoroughly documented as different from <code>os.stat()</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">Also, Python has good support for proper objects with attributes and methods, which makes for a saner and simpler API than two-tuples. It also makes the <code>DirEntry</code> objects more extensible and future-proof as operating systems add functionality and we want to include this in <code>DirEntry</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">See also some previous discussion:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-May/126148.html" rel="nofollow">May 2013 python-dev thread</a> where Alyssa Coghlan makes the original case for a <code>DirEntry</code>-style object.</li> <li><a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135244.html" rel="nofollow">June 2014 python-dev thread</a> where Alyssa Coghlan makes (another) good case against the two-tuple approach.</li> </ul> <a name="user-content-return-values-being-overloaded-stat-result-objects"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Return values being overloaded stat_result objects</h3><a id="user-content-return-values-being-overloaded-stat_result-objects" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Return values being overloaded stat_result objects" href="#return-values-being-overloaded-stat_result-objects"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Another alternative discussed was making the return values to be overloaded <code>stat_result</code> objects with <code>name</code> and <code>path</code> attributes. However, apart from this being a strange (and strained!) kind of overloading, this has the same problems mentioned above -- most of the <code>stat_result</code> information is not fetched by <code>readdir()</code> on POSIX systems, only (part of) the <code>st_mode</code> value.</p> <a name="user-content-return-values-being-pathlib-path-objects"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Return values being pathlib.Path objects</h3><a id="user-content-return-values-being-pathlibpath-objects" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Return values being pathlib.Path objects" href="#return-values-being-pathlibpath-objects"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">With Antoine Pitrou's new standard library <code>pathlib</code> module, it at first seems like a great idea for <code>scandir()</code> to return instances of <code>pathlib.Path</code>. However, <code>pathlib.Path</code>'s <code>is_X()</code> and <code>stat()</code> functions are explicitly not cached, whereas <code>scandir</code> has to cache them by design, because it's (often) returning values from the original directory iteration system call.</p> <p dir="auto">And if the <code>pathlib.Path</code> instances returned by <code>scandir</code> cached stat values, but the ordinary <code>pathlib.Path</code> objects explicitly don't, that would be more than a little confusing.</p> <p dir="auto">Guido van Rossum explicitly rejected <code>pathlib.Path</code> caching stat in the context of scandir <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130583.html" rel="nofollow">here</a>, making <code>pathlib.Path</code> objects a bad choice for scandir return values.</p> <a name="user-content-possible-improvements"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Possible improvements</h2><a id="user-content-possible-improvements" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Possible improvements" href="#possible-improvements"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">There are many possible improvements one could make to scandir, but here is a short list of some this PEP's author has in mind:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>scandir could potentially be further sped up by calling <code>readdir</code> / <code>FindNextFile</code> say 50 times per <code>Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS</code> block so that it stays in the C extension module for longer, and may be somewhat faster as a result. This approach hasn't been tested, but was suggested by on Issue 11406 by Antoine Pitrou. [<a href="http://bugs.python.org/msg130125" rel="nofollow">source9</a>]</li> <li>scandir could use a free list to avoid the cost of memory allocation for each iteration -- a short free list of 10 or maybe even 1 may help. Suggested by Victor Stinner on a <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135232.html" rel="nofollow">python-dev thread on June 27</a>.</li> </ul> <a name="user-content-previous-discussion"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Previous discussion</h2><a id="user-content-previous-discussion" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Previous discussion" href="#previous-discussion"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2012-November/017770.html" rel="nofollow">Original November 2012 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-ideas</a> about speeding up <code>os.walk()</code></li> <li>Python <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue11406" rel="nofollow">Issue 11406</a>, which includes the original proposal for a scandir-like function</li> <li><a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-May/126119.html" rel="nofollow">Further May 2013 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev</a> that refined the <code>scandir()</code> API, including Alyssa Coghlan's suggestion of scandir yielding <code>DirEntry</code>-like objects</li> <li><a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130572.html" rel="nofollow">November 2013 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev</a> to discuss the interaction between scandir and the new <code>pathlib</code> module</li> <li><a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-June/135215.html" rel="nofollow">June 2014 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev</a> to discuss the first version of this PEP, with extensive discussion about the API</li> <li><a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135377.html" rel="nofollow">First July 2014 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev</a> to discuss his updates to <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471" rel="nofollow">PEP 471</a></li> <li><a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-July/135485.html" rel="nofollow">Second July 2014 thread Ben Hoyt started on python-dev</a> to discuss the remaining decisions needed to finalize <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471" rel="nofollow">PEP 471</a>, specifically whether the <code>DirEntry</code> methods should follow symlinks by default</li> <li><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2485719/very-quickly-getting-total-size-of-folder" rel="nofollow">Question on StackOverflow</a> about why <code>os.walk()</code> is slow and pointers on how to fix it (this inspired the author of this PEP early on)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/benhoyt/betterwalk">BetterWalk</a>, this PEP's author's previous attempt at this, on which the scandir code is based</li> </ul> <a name="user-content-copyright"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Copyright</h2><a id="user-content-copyright" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Copyright" href="#copyright"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This document has been placed in the public domain.</p> </article></div><button hidden=""></button></section></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> </div></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="find-result-marks-container" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 cCoXib"></div><button hidden="" data-testid="" data-hotkey-scope="read-only-cursor-text-area"></button><button hidden=""></button></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-app> </turbo-frame> </div> </turbo-frame> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="footer pt-8 pb-6 f6 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1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details> </template> <div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div> </div> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> </div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div> </body> </html>