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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Generations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aircraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Displayed_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displayed_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Displayed data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displayed_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_aircraft_specific_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_aircraft_specific_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military aircraft specific applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_aircraft_specific_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VTOL/STOL_approaches_and_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VTOL/STOL_approaches_and_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>VTOL/STOL approaches and landings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VTOL/STOL_approaches_and_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_aircraft_specific_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_aircraft_specific_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Civil aircraft specific applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_aircraft_specific_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhanced_flight_vision_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhanced_flight_vision_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Enhanced flight vision systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhanced_flight_vision_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_vision_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_vision_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Synthetic vision systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_vision_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tanks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Automobiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_development_and_experimental_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_development_and_experimental_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further development and experimental uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_development_and_experimental_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Head-up display</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3" title="جهاز عرض بمستوى الرأس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز عرض بمستوى الرأس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantalla_presentadora_frontal" title="Pantalla presentadora frontal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pantalla presentadora frontal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C5%AFhledov%C3%BD_displej" title="Průhledový displej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Průhledový displej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Statws_(g%C3%AAm_fideo)" title="Bar Statws (gêm fideo) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bar Statws (gêm fideo)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Head-up display" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up-Display" title="Head-up-Display – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Head-up-Display" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUD" title="HUD – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="HUD" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualizaci%C3%B3n_head-up" title="Visualización head-up – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Visualización head-up" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="صفحه‌نمایش جلو-سری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفحه‌نمایش جلو-سری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affichage_t%C3%AAte_haute" title="Affichage tête haute – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Affichage tête haute" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%B0%A9_%EC%8B%9C%ED%98%84%EA%B8%B0" title="전방 시현기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전방 시현기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penampil_atas-jemala" title="Penampil atas-jemala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penampil atas-jemala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Head-up display" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תצוגה עילית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תצוגה עילית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Head-up display" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Head-up display" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4" title="ヘッドアップディスプレイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘッドアップディスプレイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUD" title="HUD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HUD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_up_display" title="Head up display – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Head up display" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_Display" title="Head-up Display – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Head-up Display" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Индикатор на лобовом стекле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индикатор на лобовом стекле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Head-up display" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heijastusn%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6" title="Heijastusnäyttö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heijastusnäyttö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siktlinjesindikator" title="Siktlinjesindikator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Siktlinjesindikator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9F_%C3%BCst%C3%BC_g%C3%B6stergesi" title="Baş üstü göstergesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baş üstü göstergesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUD" title="HUD – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="HUD" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%AC%E9%A0%AD%E9%A1%AF%E7%A4%BA%E5%99%A8" title="抬頭顯示器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抬頭顯示器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q518461#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transparent display presenting data within normal sight lines of the user</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the military and vehicle technology. For its use in gaming, see <a href="/wiki/HUD_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="HUD (video gaming)">HUD (video gaming)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hud_on_the_cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hud_on_the_cat.jpg/220px-Hud_on_the_cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hud_on_the_cat.jpg/330px-Hud_on_the_cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hud_on_the_cat.jpg/440px-Hud_on_the_cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>HUD of an <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>head-up display</b>, or <b>heads-up display</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as a <b>HUD</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>head-up guidance system</b> (<b>HGS</b>), is any <a href="/wiki/See-through_display" title="See-through display">transparent display</a> that presents data without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints. The origin of the name stems from a <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">pilot</a> being able to view information with the head positioned "up" and looking forward, instead of angled down looking at lower instruments. A HUD also has the advantage that the pilot's eyes do not need to <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">refocus</a> to view the outside after looking at the optically nearer instruments. </p><p>Although they were initially developed for military aviation, HUDs are now used in commercial aircraft, automobiles, and other (mostly professional) applications. </p><p>Head-up displays were a precursor technology to <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> (AR), incorporating a subset of the features needed for the full AR experience, but lacking the necessary registration and tracking between the virtual content and the user's real-world environment.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PZL_TS-11F_Iskra_(HUD).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PZL_TS-11F_Iskra_%28HUD%29.jpg/220px-PZL_TS-11F_Iskra_%28HUD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PZL_TS-11F_Iskra_%28HUD%29.jpg/330px-PZL_TS-11F_Iskra_%28HUD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PZL_TS-11F_Iskra_%28HUD%29.jpg/440px-PZL_TS-11F_Iskra_%28HUD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>HUD mounted in a <a href="/wiki/PZL_TS-11_Iskra" title="PZL TS-11 Iskra">PZL TS-11 Iskra</a> jet trainer aircraft with a glass plate combiner and a convex collimating lens just below it</figcaption></figure> <p>A typical HUD contains three primary components: a <i>projector unit</i>, a <i>combiner</i>, and a <i>video generation computer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The projection unit in a typical HUD is an <a href="/wiki/Collimator#Optical_collimators" title="Collimator">optical collimator</a> setup: a <a href="/wiki/Convex_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Convex lens">convex lens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concave_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Concave mirror">concave mirror</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>, <a href="/wiki/LED_display" title="LED display">light emitting diode display</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal display</a> at its focus. This setup (a design that has been around since the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Reflector_sight" title="Reflector sight">reflector sight</a> in 1900) produces an image where the light is <a href="/wiki/Collimated" class="mw-redirect" title="Collimated">collimated</a>, i.e. the focal point is perceived to be at infinity. </p><p>The combiner is typically an angled flat piece of glass (a <a href="/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beam splitter</a>) located directly in front of the viewer, that redirects the projected image from projector in such a way as to see the field of view and the projected infinity image at the same time. Combiners may have special coatings that reflect the <a href="/wiki/Monochromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic">monochromatic</a> light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of light to pass through. In some optical layouts combiners may also have a curved surface to refocus the image from the projector. </p><p>The computer provides the interface between the HUD (i.e. the projection unit) and the systems/data to be displayed and generates the imagery and symbology to be displayed by the projection unit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than fixed mounted HUD, there are also <a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">head-mounted displays</a> (HMDs.) These include <a href="/wiki/Helmet-mounted_display" title="Helmet-mounted display">helmet-mounted displays</a> (both abbreviated HMD), forms of HUD that feature a display element that moves with the orientation of the user's head. </p><p>Many modern fighters (such as the <a href="/wiki/F/A-18" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18">F/A-18</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurofighter">Eurofighter</a>) use both a HUD and HMD concurrently. The <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a> was designed without a HUD, relying solely on the HMD, making it the first modern military fighter not to have a fixed HUD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generations">Generations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Generations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HUDs are split into four generations reflecting the technology used to generate the images. </p> <ul><li>First Generation—Use a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a> to generate an image on a phosphor screen, having the disadvantage of the phosphor screen coating degrading over time. The majority of HUDs in operation today are of this type.</li> <li>Second Generation—Use a solid state light source, for example <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>, which is modulated by an LCD screen to display an image. These systems do not fade or require the high voltages of first generation systems. These systems are on commercial aircraft.</li> <li>Third Generation—Use <a href="/wiki/Optical_waveguide" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical waveguide">optical waveguides</a> to produce images directly in the combiner rather than use a projection system.</li> <li>Fourth Generation—Use a scanning laser to display images and even video imagery on a clear transparent medium.</li></ul> <p>Newer micro-display imaging technologies are being introduced, including <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displays" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal displays">liquid crystal display</a> (LCD), <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_on_silicon" title="Liquid crystal on silicon">liquid crystal on silicon</a> (LCoS), <a href="/wiki/Digital_light_processing" title="Digital light processing">digital micro-mirrors</a> (DMD), and <a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic light-emitting diode">organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revi_C12-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Revi_C12-A.jpg/220px-Revi_C12-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Revi_C12-A.jpg/330px-Revi_C12-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Revi_C12-A.jpg/440px-Revi_C12-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Longitudinal cross-section of a basic <i>reflector sight</i> (1937 German Revi C12/A)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-130J_Co_Pilot%27s_Head-up_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/C-130J_Co_Pilot%27s_Head-up_display.jpg/220px-C-130J_Co_Pilot%27s_Head-up_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/C-130J_Co_Pilot%27s_Head-up_display.jpg/330px-C-130J_Co_Pilot%27s_Head-up_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/C-130J_Co_Pilot%27s_Head-up_display.jpg/440px-C-130J_Co_Pilot%27s_Head-up_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Copilot's HUD of a <a href="/wiki/C-130J" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130J">C-130J</a></figcaption></figure> <p>HUDs evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Reflector_sight" title="Reflector sight">reflector sight</a>, a pre-World War II <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>-free optical sight technology for <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gyro_gunsight" title="Gyro gunsight">gyro gunsight</a> added a <a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">reticle</a> that moved based on the speed and turn rate to solve for the amount of <a href="/wiki/Deflection_(ballistics)" title="Deflection (ballistics)">lead</a> needed to hit a target while maneuvering. </p><p>During the early 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment" title="Telecommunications Research Establishment">Telecommunications Research Establishment</a> (TRE), in charge of UK <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> development, found that <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighter</a> pilots were having a hard time reacting to the verbal instruction of the radar operator as they approached their targets. They experimented with the addition of a second radar display for the pilot, but found they had trouble looking up from the lit screen into the dark sky in order to find the target. In October 1942 they had successfully combined the image from the radar tube with a projection from their standard GGS Mk. II <a href="/wiki/Gyro_gunsight" title="Gyro gunsight">gyro gunsight</a> on a flat area of the windscreen, and later in the gunsight itself.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key upgrade was the move from the original <a href="/wiki/AI_Mk._IV_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Mk. IV radar">AI Mk. IV radar</a> to the microwave-frequency <a href="/wiki/AI_Mk._VIII_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Mk. VIII radar">AI Mk. VIII radar</a> found on the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a> <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighter</a>. This set produced an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial horizon">artificial horizon</a> that further eased head-up flying.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1955 the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>'s Office of Naval Research and Development did some research with a mockup HUD concept unit along with a <a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">sidestick controller</a> in an attempt to ease the pilot's burden flying modern jet aircraft and make the instrumentation less complicated during flight. While their research was never incorporated in any aircraft of that time, the crude HUD mockup they built had all the features of today's modern HUD units.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HUD technology was next advanced by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Buccaneer</a>, the prototype of which first flew on <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 1958. The aircraft was designed to fly at very low altitudes at very high speeds and drop bombs in engagements lasting seconds. As such, there was no time for the pilot to look up from the instruments to a bombsight. This led to the concept of a "Strike Sight" that would combine altitude, airspeed and the gun/bombsight into a single gunsight-like display. There was fierce competition between supporters of the new HUD design and supporters of the old electro-mechanical gunsight, with the HUD being described as a radical, even foolhardy option. </p><p>The Air Arm branch of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Ministry_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Ministry of Defence">UK Ministry of Defence</a> sponsored the development of a Strike Sight. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> (RAE) designed the equipment and the earliest usage of the term "head-up-display" can be traced to this time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production units were built by <a href="/wiki/Cintel" title="Cintel">Rank Cintel</a>, and the system was first integrated in 1958. The Cintel HUD business was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_(computer_company)" title="Elliott Brothers (computer company)">Elliott Flight Automation</a> and the Buccaneer HUD was manufactured and further developed, continuing up to a Mark III version with a total of 375 systems made; it was given a 'fit and forget' title by the Royal Navy and it was still in service nearly 25 years later. <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>, as the successor to Elliotts via GEC-Marconi Avionics, thus has a claim to the world's first head-up display in operational service.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar version that replaced the bombing modes with missile-attack modes was part of the <a href="/wiki/AIRPASS" title="AIRPASS">AIRPASS</a> HUD fitted to the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a> from 1959. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, it was soon noted that pilots flying with the new gunsights were becoming better at piloting their aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At this point, the HUD expanded its purpose beyond weapon aiming to general piloting. In the 1960s, French test-pilot Gilbert Klopfstein created the first modern HUD and a standardized system of HUD symbols so that pilots would only have to learn one system and could more easily transition between aircraft. The modern HUD used in <a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">instrument flight rules</a> approaches to landing was developed in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klopfstein pioneered HUD technology in military <a href="/wiki/Fighter_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter jet">fighter jets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, aiming to centralize critical flight data within the pilot's field of vision. This approach sought to increase the pilot's scan efficiency and reduce "task saturation" and <a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">information overload</a>. </p><p>Use of HUDs then expanded beyond military aircraft. In the 1970s, the HUD was introduced to commercial aviation, and in 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Cutlass_Supreme" title="Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme">Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme</a> became the first production car with a head-up display. </p><p>Until a few years ago, the Embraer 190, Saab 2000, Boeing 727, and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Classic</a> (737-300/400/500) and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">Next Generation</a> aircraft (737-600/700/800/900 series) were the only commercial passenger aircraft available with HUDs. However, the technology is becoming more common with aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadair_RJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadair RJ">Canadair RJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A318" title="Airbus A318">Airbus A318</a> and several business jets featuring the displays. HUDs have become standard equipment on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Airbus A320, A330, A340 and A380 families are currently undergoing the certification process for a HUD.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HUDs were also added to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> orbiter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_factors">Design factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headset_computer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a Headset computer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Headset_computer.png/220px-Headset_computer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Headset_computer.png/330px-Headset_computer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Headset_computer.png/440px-Headset_computer.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Headset computer</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several factors that interplay in the design of a HUD: </p> <ul><li><b>Field of View</b> – also "FOV", indicates the angle(s), vertically as well as horizontally, subtended at the pilot's eye, at which the combiner displays <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbology_(avionics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbology (avionics) (page does not exist)">symbology</a> in relation to the outside view. A narrow FOV means that the view (of a runway, for example) through the combiner might include little additional information beyond the perimeters of the runway environment; whereas a wide FOV would allow a 'broader' view. For aviation applications, the major benefit of a wide FOV is that an aircraft approaching the runway in a crosswind might still have the runway in view through the combiner, even though the aircraft is pointed well away from the runway threshold; whereas with a narrow FOV the runway would be 'off the edge' of the combiner, out of the HUD's view. Because human eyes are separated, each eye receives a different image. The HUD image is viewable by one or both eyes, depending on technical and budget limitations in the design process. Modern expectations are that both eyes view the same image, in other words a "binocular Field of View (FOV)".</li> <li><b>Collimation</b> – The projected image is <a href="/wiki/Collimated" class="mw-redirect" title="Collimated">collimated</a> which makes the light rays parallel. Because the light rays are parallel the lens of the human eye focuses on infinity to get a clear image. Collimated images on the HUD combiner are perceived as existing at or near optical <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinity</a>. This means that the pilot's eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside world and the HUD display – the image appears to be "out there", overlaying the outside world. This feature is critical for effective HUDs: not having to refocus between HUD-displayed symbolic information and the outside world onto which that information is overlaid is one of the main advantages of collimated HUDs. It gives HUDs special consideration in safety-critical and time-critical manoeuvres, when the few seconds a pilot needs in order to re-focus inside the cockpit, and then back outside, are very critical: for example, in the final stages of landing. Collimation is therefore a primary distinguishing feature of high-performance HUDs and differentiates them from consumer-quality systems that, for example, simply reflect uncollimated information off a car's windshield (causing drivers to refocus and shift attention from the road ahead.)</li> <li><b>Eyebox</b> – The <a href="/wiki/Collimator#Optical_collimators" title="Collimator">optical collimator</a> produces a cylinder of parallel light so the display can only be viewed while the viewer's eyes are somewhere within that cylinder, a three-dimensional area called the <i>head motion box</i> or <i>eyebox</i>. Modern HUD eyeboxes are usually about 5 lateral by 3 vertical by 6 longitudinal inches (13x8x15 cm.) This allows the viewer some freedom of head movement but movement too far up/down or left/right will cause the display to vanish off the edge of the collimator and movement too far back will cause it to crop off around the edge (<a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignette</a>.) The pilot is able to view the entire display as long as one eye is inside the eyebox.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Luminance/contrast</b> – Displays have adjustments in <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> and contrast to account for ambient lighting, which can vary widely (e.g. from the glare of bright clouds to moonless night approaches to minimally lit fields.)</li> <li><b>Boresight</b> – Aircraft HUD components are very accurately aligned with the aircraft's three axes – a process called <i><a href="/wiki/Gun_harmonisation" title="Gun harmonisation">boresighting</a></i> – so that displayed data conforms to reality typically with an accuracy of ±7.0 <a href="/wiki/Milliradian" title="Milliradian">milliradians</a> (±24 <a href="/wiki/Minutes_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minutes of arc">minutes of arc</a>), and may vary across the HUD's FOV. In this case the word "conform" means, "when an object is projected on the combiner and the actual object is visible, they will be aligned". This allows the display to show the pilot exactly where the artificial <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> is, as well as the aircraft's projected path with great accuracy. When <a href="#Enhanced_flight_vision_systems">Enhanced Vision</a> is used, for example, the display of runway lights is aligned with the actual runway lights when the real lights become visible. Boresighting is done during the aircraft's building process and can also be performed in the field on many aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Scaling</b> – The displayed image (flight path, pitch and yaw scaling, etc.), is scaled to present to the pilot a picture that overlays the outside world in an exact 1:1 relationship. For example, objects (such as a runway threshold) that are 3 degrees below the horizon as viewed from the cockpit must appear at the −3 degree index on the HUD display.</li> <li><b>Compatibility</b> – HUD components are designed to be compatible with other avionics, displays, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-14A_VF-33_Cockpitview.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/F-14A_VF-33_Cockpitview.JPEG/220px-F-14A_VF-33_Cockpitview.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/F-14A_VF-33_Cockpitview.JPEG/330px-F-14A_VF-33_Cockpitview.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/F-14A_VF-33_Cockpitview.JPEG/440px-F-14A_VF-33_Cockpitview.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Head-up display of an F-14A Tomcat</figcaption></figure> <p>On aircraft avionics systems, HUDs typically operate from dual independent redundant computer systems. They receive input directly from the sensors (<a href="/wiki/Pitot-static" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitot-static">pitot-static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyroscopic">gyroscopic</a>, navigation, etc.) aboard the aircraft and perform their own computations rather than receiving previously computed data from the flight computers. On other aircraft (the Boeing 787, for example) the HUD guidance computation for Low Visibility Take-off (LVTO) and low visibility approach comes from the same flight guidance computer that drives the autopilot. Computers are integrated with the aircraft's systems and allow connectivity onto several different data buses such as the <a href="/wiki/ARINC_429" title="ARINC 429">ARINC 429</a>, ARINC 629, and <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1553" title="MIL-STD-1553">MIL-STD-1553</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displayed_data">Displayed data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Displayed data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heads_up_display_symbology.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Heads_up_display_symbology.png/220px-Heads_up_display_symbology.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Heads_up_display_symbology.png/330px-Heads_up_display_symbology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Heads_up_display_symbology.png/440px-Heads_up_display_symbology.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Displayed data symbology of a head-up display</figcaption></figure> <p>Typical aircraft HUDs display <a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">airspeed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> line, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_heading" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft heading">heading</a>, turn/bank and <a href="/wiki/Slip_indicator#Turn_coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Slip indicator">slip/skid</a> indicators. These instruments are the minimum required by 14 CFR Part 91.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbology_(avionics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbology (avionics) (page does not exist)">symbols</a> and data are also available in some HUDs: </p> <ul><li><i>boresight</i> or <i>waterline</i> symbol — is fixed on the display and shows where the nose of the aircraft is actually pointing.</li> <li><i>flight path vector (FPV)</i> or <i>velocity vector</i> symbol — shows where the aircraft is actually going, as opposed to merely where it is pointed as with the boresight. For example, if the aircraft is <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">pitched</a> up but descending as may occur in high <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> flight or in flight through descending air, then the FPV symbol will be below the horizon even though the boresight symbol is above the horizon. During approach and landing, a pilot can fly the approach by keeping the FPV symbol at the desired descent angle and touchdown point on the runway.</li> <li><i>acceleration indicator</i> or <i>energy cue</i> — typically to the left of the FPV symbol, it is above it if the aircraft is accelerating, and below the FPV symbol if decelerating.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> indicator</i> — shows the wing's angle relative to the airflow, often displayed as <i>"α"</i>.</li> <li>navigation data and symbols — for approaches and landings, the flight guidance systems can provide visual cues based on navigation aids such as an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument Landing System">Instrument Landing System</a> or augmented <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/WAAS" class="mw-redirect" title="WAAS">Wide Area Augmentation System</a>. Typically this is a circle which fits inside the flight path vector symbol. Pilots can fly along the correct flight path by "flying to" the guidance cue.</li></ul> <p>Since being introduced on HUDs, both the FPV and acceleration symbols are becoming standard on head-down displays (HDD.) The actual form of the FPV symbol on an HDD is not standardized but is usually a simple aircraft drawing, such as a circle with two short angled lines, (180 ± 30 degrees) and "wings" on the ends of the descending line. Keeping the FPV on the horizon allows the pilot to fly level turns in various angles of bank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_aircraft_specific_applications">Military aircraft specific applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military aircraft specific applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-18_HUD_gun_symbology.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/F-18_HUD_gun_symbology.jpeg/220px-F-18_HUD_gun_symbology.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/F-18_HUD_gun_symbology.jpeg/330px-F-18_HUD_gun_symbology.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/F-18_HUD_gun_symbology.jpeg/440px-F-18_HUD_gun_symbology.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>FA-18 HUD while engaged in a mock <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfight</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the generic information described above, military applications include weapons system and sensor data such as: </p> <ul><li><i>target designation (TD)</i> indicator — places a cue over an air or ground target (which is typically derived from <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation system</a> data.)</li> <li><i>V<sub>c</sub></i> — closing velocity with target.</li> <li><i>Range</i> — to target, waypoint, etc.</li> <li><i>weapon seeker</i> or sensor line of sight — shows where a seeker or sensor is pointing.</li> <li><i>weapon status</i> — includes type and number of weapons selected, available, arming, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VTOL/STOL_approaches_and_landings"><span id="VTOL.2FSTOL_approaches_and_landings"></span>VTOL/STOL approaches and landings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: VTOL/STOL approaches and landings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1980s, the United States military tested the use of HUDs in vertical take off and landing (VTOL) and short take off and landing (STOL) aircraft. A HUD format was developed at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> to provide pilots of VTOL and STOL aircraft with complete flight guidance and control information for <a href="/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System#ILS_categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument Landing System">Category III C</a> terminal-area flight operations. This includes a large variety of flight operations, from STOL flights on land-based runways to VTOL operations on <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>. The principal features of this display format are the integration of the flightpath and pursuit guidance information into a narrow field of view, easily assimilated by the pilot with a single glance, and the superposition of vertical and horizontal situation information. The display is a derivative of a successful design developed for conventional transport aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_aircraft_specific_applications">Civil aircraft specific applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civil aircraft specific applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SVS_Cockpit_Gulfstream_GV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SVS_Cockpit_Gulfstream_GV.jpg/220px-SVS_Cockpit_Gulfstream_GV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/SVS_Cockpit_Gulfstream_GV.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>The cockpit of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_V" title="Gulfstream V">Gulfstream GV</a> with a synthetic vision system display. The HUD combiner is in front of the pilot (with a projector mounted above it). This combiner uses a curved surface to focus the image.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of head-up displays allows commercial aircraft substantial flexibility in their operations. Systems have been approved which allow reduced-visibility takeoffs, and landings, as well as full manual <a href="/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System#ILS_categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument Landing System">Category III A</a> landings and roll-outs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially expensive and physically large, these systems were only installed on larger aircraft able to support them. These tended to be the same aircraft that as standard supported autoland (with the exception of certain turbo-prop types<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that had HUD as an option) making the head-up display unnecessary for Cat III landings. This delayed the adoption of HUD in commercial aircraft. At the same time, studies have shown that the use of a HUD during landings decreases the lateral deviation from centerline in all landing conditions, although the touchdown point along the centerline is not changed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a>, MyGoFlight expects to receive a <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_type_certificate" title="Supplemental type certificate">STC</a> and to retail its SkyDisplay HUD for $25,000 without installation for a single piston-engine as the <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_SR22" title="Cirrus SR22">Cirrus SR22s</a> and more for <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Caravan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna Caravan">Cessna Caravans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-12" title="Pilatus PC-12">Pilatus PC-12s</a> single-engine turboprops: 5 to 10% of a traditional HUD cost albeit it is non-<a href="/wiki/Conformal_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformal projection">conformal</a>, not matching exactly the outside terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flight data from a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a> can be projected on the $1,800 Epic Optix Eagle 1 HUD.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhanced_flight_vision_systems">Enhanced flight vision systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Enhanced flight vision systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_flight_vision_system" title="Enhanced flight vision system">Enhanced flight vision system</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-15E_LANTIRN_IR_HUD_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/F-15E_LANTIRN_IR_HUD_image.jpg/220px-F-15E_LANTIRN_IR_HUD_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/F-15E_LANTIRN_IR_HUD_image.jpg/330px-F-15E_LANTIRN_IR_HUD_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/F-15E_LANTIRN_IR_HUD_image.jpg/440px-F-15E_LANTIRN_IR_HUD_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thermal_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal image">Thermal image</a> viewed through a head-up display</figcaption></figure> <p>In more advanced systems, such as the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA)-labeled 'Enhanced Flight Vision System',<sup id="cite_ref-14449-45_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14449-45-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a real-world visual image can be overlaid onto the combiner. Typically an <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> camera (either single or multi-band) is installed in the nose of the aircraft to display a conformed image to the pilot. "EVS Enhanced Vision System" is an industry-accepted term which the FAA decided not to use because "the FAA believes [it] could be confused with the system definition and operational concept found in 91.175(l) and (m)"<sup id="cite_ref-14449-45_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14449-45-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one EVS installation, the camera is actually installed at the top of the vertical stabilizer rather than "as close as practical to the pilots eye position". When used with a HUD however, the camera must be mounted as close as possible to the pilots eye point as the image is expected to "overlay" the real world as the pilot looks through the combiner. </p><p>"Registration", or the accurate overlay of the EVS image with the real world image, is one feature closely examined by authorities prior to approval of a HUD based EVS. This is because of the importance of the HUD matching the real world and therefore being able to provide accurate data rather than misleading information. </p><p>While the EVS display can greatly help, the FAA has only relaxed operating regulations<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so an aircraft with EVS can perform a <a href="/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System#ILS_categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument Landing System">CATEGORY I approach to CATEGORY II minimums</a>. In all other cases the flight crew must comply with all "unaided" visual restrictions. (For example, if the runway visibility is restricted because of fog, even though EVS may provide a clear visual image it is not appropriate (or legal) to maneuver the aircraft using only the EVS below 100 feet above ground level.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_vision_systems">Synthetic vision systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Synthetic vision systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vision_system" title="Synthetic vision system">synthetic vision system</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synthetic_Vision.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Synthetic_Vision.JPG/220px-Synthetic_Vision.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Synthetic_Vision.JPG/330px-Synthetic_Vision.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Synthetic_Vision.JPG/440px-Synthetic_Vision.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A synthetic vision system display (Honeywell)</figcaption></figure> <p>HUD systems are also being designed to display a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic vision">synthetic vision system</a> (SVS) graphic image, which uses high precision navigation, attitude, altitude and terrain databases to create realistic and intuitive views of the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1st SVS head down image shown on the right, immediately visible indicators include the airspeed tape on the left, altitude tape on the right, and turn/bank/slip/skid displays at the top center. The boresight symbol (-v-) is in the center and directly below that is the flight path vector (FPV) symbol (the circle with short wings and a vertical stabilizer.) The horizon line is visible running across the display with a break at the center, and directly to the left are numbers at ±10 degrees with a short line at ±5 degrees (the +5 degree line is easier to see) which, along with the horizon line, show the pitch of the aircraft. Unlike this color depiction of SVS on a head down primary flight display, the SVS displayed on a HUD is monochrome – that is, typically, in shades of green. </p><p>The image indicates a wings level aircraft (i.e. the flight path vector symbol is flat relative to the horizon line and there is zero roll on the turn/bank indicator.) Airspeed is 140 knots, altitude is 9,450 feet, heading is 343 degrees (the number below the turn/bank indicator.) Close inspection of the image shows a small purple circle which is displaced from the flight path vector slightly to the lower right. This is the guidance cue coming from the Flight Guidance System. When stabilized on the approach, this purple symbol should be centered <i>within</i> the FPV. </p><p>The terrain is entirely computer generated from a high resolution terrain database. </p><p>In some systems, the SVS will calculate the aircraft's current flight path, or possible flight path (based on an aircraft performance model, the aircraft's current energy, and surrounding terrain) and then turn any obstructions red to alert the flight crew. Such a system might have helped prevent the crash of <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_965" title="American Airlines Flight 965">American Airlines Flight 965</a> into a mountain in December 1995.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the left side of the display is an SVS-unique symbol, with the appearance of a purple, diminishing sideways ladder, and which continues on the right of the display. The two lines define a "tunnel in the sky". This symbol defines the desired trajectory of the aircraft in three dimensions. For example, if the pilot had selected an airport to the left, then this symbol would curve off to the left and down. If the pilot keeps the flight path vector alongside the trajectory symbol, the craft will fly the optimum path. This path would be based on information stored in the Flight Management System's database and would show the FAA-approved approach for that airport. </p><p>The tunnel in the sky can also greatly assist the pilot when more precise four-dimensional flying is required, such as the decreased vertical or horizontal clearance requirements of <a href="/wiki/Required_Navigation_Performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Required Navigation Performance">Required Navigation Performance</a> (RNP.) Under such conditions the pilot is given a graphical depiction of where the aircraft should be and where it should be going rather than the pilot having to mentally integrate altitude, airspeed, heading, energy and longitude and latitude to correctly fly the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanks">Tanks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In mid-2017, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> will begin trials of <a href="/wiki/Elbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbit">Elbit</a>'s Iron Vision, the world's first helmet-mounted head-up display for tanks. Israel's Elbit, which developed the helmet-mounted display system for the <a href="/wiki/F-35" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35">F-35</a>, plans Iron Vision to use a number of externally mounted cameras to project the 360° view of a tank's surroundings onto the helmet-mounted visors of its crew members. This allows the crew members to stay inside the tank, without having to open the hatches to see outside.<sup id="cite_ref-janes.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automobiles">Automobiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Automobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_head-up_display" title="Automotive head-up display">Automotive head-up display</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E60hud.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/E60hud.JPG/220px-E60hud.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/E60hud.JPG/330px-E60hud.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/E60hud.JPG/440px-E60hud.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>HUD in a <a href="/wiki/BMW_E60" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW E60">BMW E60</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_Up_Display_of_a_Toyota_Prius.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Head_Up_Display_of_a_Toyota_Prius.JPG/220px-Head_Up_Display_of_a_Toyota_Prius.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Head_Up_Display_of_a_Toyota_Prius.JPG/330px-Head_Up_Display_of_a_Toyota_Prius.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Head_Up_Display_of_a_Toyota_Prius.JPG/440px-Head_Up_Display_of_a_Toyota_Prius.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2273" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>The green arrow on the windshield near the top of this picture is a Head-Up Display on a 2013 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>. It toggles between the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> navigation instruction arrow and the speedometer. The arrow is animated to appear scrolling forward as the car approaches the turn. The image is projected without any kind of glass combiner.</figcaption></figure> <p>These displays are becoming increasingly available in production cars, and usually offer <a href="/wiki/Speedometer" title="Speedometer">speedometer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachometer" title="Tachometer">tachometer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System#Navigation_equations" title="Global Positioning System">navigation system</a> displays. <a href="/wiki/Automotive_night_vision" title="Automotive night vision">Night vision</a> information is also displayed via HUD on certain automobiles. In contrast to most HUDs found in aircraft, automotive head-up displays are not parallax-free. The display may not be visible to a driver wearing sunglasses with polarised lenses. </p><p>Add-on HUD systems also exist, projecting the display onto a glass combiner mounted above or below the windshield, or using the windshield itself as the combiner. </p><p>The first in-car HUD was developed by General Motors Corporation in 1999 with the function of displaying the navigation service in front of the driver's line of sight. Moving into 2010, AR technology was introduced and combined with the existing in-car HUD. Based on this technology, the navigation service began to be displayed on the windshield of the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer Corporation</a> introduced a HUD navigation system that replaces the driver-side sun visor and visually overlays animations of conditions ahead, a form of <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality (AR.)</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developed by Pioneer Corporation, AR-HUD became the first aftermarket automotive Head-Up Display to use a direct-to-eye laser beam scanning method, also known as <a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">virtual retinal display</a> (VRD.) AR-HUD's core technology involves a miniature laser beam scanning display developed by MicroVision, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet" title="Motorcycle helmet">Motorcycle helmet</a> HUDs are also commercially available.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, it has been argued that conventional HUDs will be replaced by holographic <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">AR</a> technologies, such as the ones developed by <a href="/wiki/WayRay" title="WayRay">WayRay</a> that use <a href="/wiki/Holographic_optical_element" title="Holographic optical element">holographic optical elements</a> (HOE.) The HOE allows for a wider field of view while reducing the size of the device and making the solution customizable for any car model.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercedes Benz introduced an Augmented Reality-based Head Up Display<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Faurecia invested in an eye gaze and finger controlled head up display.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_development_and_experimental_uses">Further development and experimental uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further development and experimental uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HUDs have been proposed or are being experimentally developed for a number of other applications. In military settings, a HUD can be used to overlay tactical information such as the output of a laser <a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">rangefinder</a> or squadmate locations to <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantrymen</a>. A prototype HUD has also been developed that displays information on the inside of a swimmer's goggles or <a href="/wiki/Diving_mask#Types_of_diving_mask" title="Diving mask">of a scuba diver's mask</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HUD systems that project information directly onto the wearer's <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> with a low-powered <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">virtual retinal display</a>) are also being tested.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A HUD product developed in 2012 could perform real-time language translation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an implementation of an <a href="/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display" title="Optical head-mounted display">Optical head-mounted display</a>, the <a href="/wiki/EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a> product allows superimposed computer-generated graphic files to be displayed on a lens. The <a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a> was another early product. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acronyms_and_abbreviations_in_avionics" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics">Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit">Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HUD_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="HUD (video gaming)">HUD (video gaming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost" title="Pepper's ghost">Pepper's ghost</a> - A stage play version of a similar reflection effect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_positional_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="VR positional tracking">VR positional tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-up_display&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford Dictionary of English, Angus Stevenson, Oxford University Press – 2010, page 809 (<i>head-up display (N.Amer. also heads-up display)</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/what-is-augmented-reality/">"Augmented reality brings VR to the real world in all sorts of exciting ways"</a>. <i>Digital Trends</i>. 2019-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Trends&rft.atitle=Augmented+reality+brings+VR+to+the+real+world+in+all+sorts+of+exciting+ways&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fcomputing%2Fwhat-is-augmented-reality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_H._PrevicWilliam_R._Ercoline2004" class="citation book cs1">Fred H. Previc; William R. Ercoline (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYP7m9m2RocC&pg=PA452"><i>Spatial Disorientation in Aviation</i></a>. AIAA. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60086-451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60086-451-3"><bdi>978-1-60086-451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spatial+Disorientation+in+Aviation&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=AIAA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-60086-451-3&rft.au=Fred+H.+Previc&rft.au=William+R.+Ercoline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYP7m9m2RocC%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._N._Jarrett2005" class="citation book cs1">D. N. Jarrett (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESR4-pns2JMC&pg=PA189"><i>Cockpit engineering</i></a>. Ashgate Pub. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-1751-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-1751-3"><bdi>0-7546-1751-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cockpit+engineering&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Ashgate+Pub.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-1751-3&rft.au=D.+N.+Jarrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DESR4-pns2JMC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMMMAwAACAAJ">"The History of Air Intercept Radar & the British Nightfigher"</a>, Pen & Sword, 2007, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNwDAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA101">"Windshield TV Screen To Aid Blind Flying."</a> <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, March 1955, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Kim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/books/1/">Rupture of the Virtual</a>, Digital Commons Macalester College, 2016, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rochester Avionics Archives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spitzer, Cary R., ed. "Digital Avionics Handbook". Head-Up Displays. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris,_G.Thomas,_G.Wagner,_M.Forbes_Smith,_C.2005" class="citation book cs1">Norris, G.; Thomas, G.; Wagner, M. & Forbes Smith, C. (2005). <i>Boeing 787 Dreamliner—Flying Redefined</i>. Aerospace Technical Publications International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9752341-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9752341-2-9"><bdi>0-9752341-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boeing+787+Dreamliner%E2%80%94Flying+Redefined&rft.pub=Aerospace+Technical+Publications+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9752341-2-9&rft.au=Norris%2C+G.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+G.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+M.&rft.au=Forbes+Smith%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071207164904/http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/07_12_03_a318_hud.html">"Airbus A318 approved for Head Up Display"</a>. Airbus.com. 2007-12-03. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/07_12_03_a318_hud.html">the original</a> on December 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airbus+A318+approved+for+Head+Up+Display&rft.pub=Airbus.com&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airbus.com%2Fen%2Fpresscentre%2Fpressreleases%2Fpressreleases_items%2F07_12_03_a318_hud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCary_R._Spitzer2000" class="citation book cs1">Cary R. Spitzer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A69m3ADmHGkC&pg=SA4-PA7"><i>Digital Avionics Handbook</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3687-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3687-9"><bdi>978-1-4200-3687-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Avionics+Handbook&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-3687-9&rft.au=Cary+R.+Spitzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA69m3ADmHGkC%26pg%3DSA4-PA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/MainFrame?OpenFrameSet">"14 CFR Part 91"</a>. Airweb.faa.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14+CFR+Part+91&rft.pub=Airweb.faa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airweb.faa.gov%2FRegulatory_and_Guidance_Library%2FrgFAR.nsf%2FMainFrame%3FOpenFrameSet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vernon K. Merrick, Glenn G. Farris, and Andrejs A. Vanags. "A Head Up Display for Application to V/STOL Aircraft Approach and Landing". NASA Ames Research Center 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/examiners_inspectors/8700/hbga/media/hbga9916.doc">Order: 8700.1 Appendix: 3 Bulletin Type: Flight Standards Handbook Bulletin for General Aviation (HBGA) Bulletin Number: HBGA 99-16 Bulletin Title: Category III Authorization for Parts 91 and 125 Operators with Head-Up Guidance Systems (HGS); LOA and Operations Effective Date: 8-31-99</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001014951/http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/examiners_inspectors/8700/hbga/media/hbga9916.doc">Archived</a> October 1, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falcon 2000 Becomes First Business Jet Certified Category III A by JAA and FAA; Aviation Weeks Show News Online September 7, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgDAC.nsf/0/650d5669656fd15086256eeb0066a6cf?OpenDocument">"Design Guidance for a HUD System is contained in Draft Advisory Circular AC 25.1329-1X, "Approval of Flight Guidance Systems" dated 10/12/2004"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clothier%2C+Julie.+%22Smart+Goggles+Easy+on+the+Eyes%22.+CNN.Com.+27+June+2005.+CNN.+Accessed+22+February+2007&rft.pub=Edition.cnn.com&rft.au=Clothier%2C+Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2005%2FTECH%2F06%2F23%2Fspark.goggle%2Findex.html%3Fsection%3Dcnn_tech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanagiotis_Fiambolis" class="citation web cs1">Panagiotis Fiambolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413063727/http://www.cs.nps.navy.mil/people/faculty/capps/4473/projects/fiambolis/vrd/vrd_full.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) Technology". Virtual Retinal Display Technology. Naval Postgraduate School. 13 February 2007"</a>. Cs.nps.navy.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.nps.navy.mil/people/faculty/capps/4473/projects/fiambolis/vrd/vrd_full.html">the original</a> on April 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Virtual+Retinal+Display+%28VRD%29+Technology%22.+Virtual+Retinal+Display+Technology.+Naval+Postgraduate+School.+13+February+2007&rft.pub=Cs.nps.navy.mil&rft.au=Panagiotis+Fiambolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.nps.navy.mil%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fcapps%2F4473%2Fprojects%2Ffiambolis%2Fvrd%2Fvrd_full.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2001" class="citation news cs1">Lake, Matt (2001-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/technology/26HOWW.html">"Lake, Matt (26 April 2001). "How It Works: Retinal Displays Add a Second Data Layer"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lake%2C+Matt+%2826+April+2001%29.+%22How+It+Works%3A+Retinal+Displays+Add+a+Second+Data+Layer%22&rft.date=2001-04-26&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F04%2F26%2Ftechnology%2F26HOWW.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead-up+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borghino, Dario (29 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizmag.com/language-translating-glasses/23494/">Augmented reality glasses perform real-time language translation</a>. <i>gizmag</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Head-up_displays" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Head-up displays">Head-up displays</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rochesteravionicarchives.co.uk/collection/head-up-display-hud/buccaneer-hud-pilot-s-display-unit">Rochester Archives Article—'Buccaneer HUD PDU'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4607449.stm">BBC Article—'Pacman comes to life virtually'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01142442">'Clinical evaluation of the 'head-up' display of anesthesia data'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968-1%20-%200233.html">'When will the Head-up go Civil' – <i>Flight</i> 1968 archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rochesteravionicarchives.co.uk/about-us/history-elliott-brothers/">'Elliott Brothers to BAE SYSTEMS' – a short history of Elliott Brothers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207155448/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%202714.html"><i>Head-up Over the Hills</i></a> – a 1964 <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a></i> article on flying using an early Specto head-up display</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinpost.com/articles/17338/20140717/jaguar-unveils-virtual-widescreen-technology-assist-drivers.htm">Jaguar Unveils 'Virtual Widescreen' Technology to Assist Drivers – Latin Post</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaviationgeekclub.com/the-story-of-how-all-miramar-tomcat-squadrons-got-the-funds-to-purchase-riflescopes-to-attach-to-the-hud-of-their-f-14-fighter-jets/">The story of how all Miramar Tomcat squadrons got the funds to purchase riflescopes to attach to the HUD of their F-14 fighter jets</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Automobile_roof" title="Automobile roof">Roof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_rack" title="Roof rack">rack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(car)" title="Spoiler (car)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_member_engine" title="Stressed member engine">Stressed member engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subframe" title="Subframe">Subframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonneau" title="Tonneau">Tonneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_lid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk lid">Trunk lid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Compartments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood/bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">Trunk/boot/dickie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Car_door" title="Car door">Doors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_doors" title="Butterfly doors">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_canopy" title="Vehicle canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gull-wing_door" title="Gull-wing door">Gull-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_doors" title="Scissor doors">Scissor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_door_(car)" title="Sliding door (car)">Sliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_door" title="Suicide door">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_doors" title="Swan doors">Swan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_glass" title="Vehicle glass">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_run_channel" title="Glass run channel">Glass run channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_(car)" title="Greenhouse (car)">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_window" title="Opera window">Opera window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_window" title="Power window">Power window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_glass" title="Quarter glass">Quarter glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroof" title="Sunroof">Sunroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">Windshield/windscreen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">washer fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windscreen_wiper" title="Windscreen wiper">wiper</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">Bumper sticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_feeler" title="Curb feeler">Curb feeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-end_bra" title="Front-end bra">Front-end bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_ornament" title="Hood ornament">Hood ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_instruments" title="List of vehicle instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_black" title="Japan black">Japan black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_bar" title="Nerf bar">Nerf bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniview_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniview technology">Omniview technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire/tyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">run-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">spare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_departure_angles" title="Approach and departure angles">Approach and departure angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakover_angle" title="Breakover angle">Breakover angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_height" title="Ride height">Ride height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_center" title="Roll center">Roll center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_radius" title="Turning radius">Turning radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_distribution" title="Weight distribution">Weight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Exterior<br />equipment</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_horn" title="Vehicle horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-view_mirror" title="Side-view mirror">Side-view mirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_side-view_mirror" title="Power side-view mirror">power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_hitch" title="Tow hitch">Tow hitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_deflector" title="Window deflector">Window deflector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Registration plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_plate" title="Vanity plate">vanity plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number" title="Vehicle identification number">Vehicle identification number (VIN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automobiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automobiles">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flight_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flight_instruments" title="Template:Flight instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flight_instruments" title="Template talk:Flight instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flight_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flight instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flight_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">Flight instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot-static</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machmeter" title="Machmeter">Machmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscopic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn coordinator">Turn coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn indicator">Turn indicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">Inertial navigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Magnetic compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Integrated_GPS/INS" title="Space Integrated GPS/INS">SIGI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_inertial_reference_unit" title="Air data inertial reference unit">Air data inertial reference unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">ECAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">Integrated standby instrument system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_flight_display" title="Primary flight display">Primary flight display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_speeds" title="V speeds">V speeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extended_reality_(XR)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extended_reality" title="Template:Extended reality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extended_reality" title="Template talk:Extended reality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extended_reality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extended reality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extended_reality_(XR)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality (XR)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality (MR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality (VR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_virtual_reality" title="Cinematic virtual reality">Cinematic virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_reality" title="Computer-mediated reality">Computer-mediated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-set_virtual_production" title="On-set virtual production">On-set virtual production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">Persistent world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projection_augmented_model" title="Projection augmented model">Projection augmented model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">Real life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room-scale" title="Room-scale">Room-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">Six degrees of freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_applications" title="Virtual reality applications">Virtual reality applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_sickness" title="Virtual reality sickness">Virtual reality sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display" title="Optical head-mounted display">optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_reality_headsets" title="List of virtual reality headsets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_tracking" title="Pose tracking">Pose tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_reprojection" title="Asynchronous reprojection">Asynchronous reprojection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveated_rendering" title="Foveated rendering">Foveated rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based modeling and rendering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_viewpoint_television" title="Free viewpoint television">Free viewpoint television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera" title="Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera">Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_photography" title="VR photography">VR photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_suit" title="Haptic suit">Haptic suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_treadmill" title="Omnidirectional treadmill">Omnidirectional treadmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberith_Virtualizer" title="Cyberith Virtualizer">Cyberith Virtualizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_Motion" title="Leap Motion">Leap Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Touch" title="Oculus Touch">Oculus Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razer_Hydra" title="Razer Hydra">Razer Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuix_Omni" title="Virtuix Omni">Virtuix Omni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizdish_ROVR" title="Wizdish ROVR">Wizdish ROVR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reality_Labs" title="Reality Labs">Reality Labs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niantic,_Inc." title="Niantic, Inc.">Niantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokoko_(company)" title="Rokoko (company)">Rokoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varjo" title="Varjo">Varjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Apple Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden-i" title="Golden-i">Golden-i headsets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_Vive" title="HTC Vive">HTC Vive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_3" title="Meta Quest 3">Meta Quest 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_3S" title="Meta Quest 3S">3S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft HoloLens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HoloLens_2" title="HoloLens 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Virtual_Reality" title="Open Source Virtual Reality">OSVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_4" title="Pico 4">PICO 4 Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR2" title="PlayStation VR2">PlayStation VR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_Index" title="Valve Index">Valve Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix Blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AntVR" title="AntVR">AntVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CastAR" title="CastAR">castAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPL_Research" title="VPL Research">EyePhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Google Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Google Daydream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Image" title="Liquid Image">Liquid Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Go" title="Oculus Go">Oculus Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Quest" title="Oculus Quest">Oculus Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus Rift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift_CV1" title="Oculus Rift CV1">CV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift_S" title="Oculus Rift S">Rift S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_2" title="Quest 2">Meta Quest 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_Pro" title="Meta Quest Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_4" title="Pico 4">PICO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Gear_VR" title="Samsung Gear VR">Samsung Gear VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorama" title="Sensorama">Sensorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixthSense" title="SixthSense">SixthSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Damocles_(virtual_reality)" title="The Sword of Damocles (virtual reality)">The Sword of Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VFX1_Headgear" title="VFX1 Headgear">VFX1 Headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuality_(product)" title="Virtuality (product)">Virtuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR-1" title="VR-1">VR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreleased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_VR" title="Sega VR">Sega VR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARToolKit" title="ARToolKit">ARToolKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_graffiti" title="Virtual graffiti">virtual graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVR" title="OpenVR">OpenVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenXR" title="OpenXR">OpenXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_game" title="Pervasive game">Pervasive game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_related_to_augmented_reality" title="List of software related to augmented reality">Software related to augmented reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuforia_Augmented_Reality_SDK" title="Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK">Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HTC_Vive_games" title="List of HTC Vive games">List of HTC Vive games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Meta_Quest_games" title="List of Meta Quest games">List of Meta Quest games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oculus_Rift_games" title="List of Oculus Rift games">List of Oculus Rift games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_VR_games" title="List of PlayStation VR games">List of PlayStation VR games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_VR2_games" title="List of PlayStation VR2 games">VR2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Bekaert" title="Philippe Bekaert">Philippe Bekaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Birrell" title="Simon Birrell">Simon Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bolas" title="Mark Bolas">Mark Bolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Bradley_(actor)" title="Brendan Bradley (actor)">Brendan Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1tjan_Burger" title="Boštjan Burger">Boštjan Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Cruz-Neira" title="Carolina Cruz-Neira">Carolina Cruz-Neira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Darling" title="Ela Darling">Ela Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_K._Feiner" title="Steven K. Feiner">Steven K. Feiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Fisher_(technologist)" title="Scott Fisher (technologist)">Scott Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Foster_II" title="Jerome Foster II">Jerome Foster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuchs" title="Henry Fuchs">Henry Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Furness_III" title="Thomas A. Furness III">Thomas A. Furness III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Heilig" title="Morton Heilig">Morton Heilig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Howlett" title="Eric Howlett">Eric Howlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Iribe" title="Brendan Iribe">Brendan Iribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_W._Krueger" title="Myron W. Krueger">Myron W. Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Laurel" title="Brenda Laurel">Brenda Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_C._Lin" title="Ming C. Lin">Ming C. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Bowen_Loftin" title="R. Bowen Loftin">R. Bowen Loftin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Luckey" title="Palmer Luckey">Palmer Luckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Stephen_Meadows" title="Mark Stephen Meadows">Mark Stephen Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_and_Uri_Kranot" title="Michelle and Uri Kranot">Michelle and Uri Kranot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Parisi_(software_developer)" title="Tony Parisi (software developer)">Tony Parisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonny_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Nonny de la Peña">Nonny de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Petridis" title="Elia Petridis">Elia Petridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Robinett" title="Warren Robinett">Warren Robinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Sandin" title="Daniel J. Sandin">Daniel J. Sandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Schmalstieg" title="Dieter Schmalstieg">Dieter Schmalstieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Sproull" title="Bob Sproull">Bob Sproull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stenger" title="Nicole Stenger">Nicole Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tachi" title="Susumu Tachi">Susumu Tachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emerging_technologies" title="Template talk:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emerging_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Displays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Next_generation_of_display_technology" title="Next generation of display technology">Next generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-emission_display" title="Field-emission display">FED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_liquid_crystal_display" title="Ferroelectric liquid crystal display">FLCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display" title="Interferometric modulator display">iMoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_TV" title="Laser TV">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser-powered_phosphor_display" title="Laser-powered phosphor display">LPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroLED" title="MicroLED">MicroLED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">OLET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">QD-LED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display" title="Surface-conduction electron-emitter display">SED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-film_dielectric_electroluminescent_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology">TDEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-multiplexed_optical_shutter" title="Time-multiplexed optical shutter">TMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_pixel_display&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telescopic pixel display (page does not exist)">TPD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Screenless_video" title="Screenless video">Screenless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_contact_lens" title="Bionic contact lens">Bionic contact lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display" title="Optical head-mounted display">Optical head-mounted display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_display" title="Flexible display">Flexible display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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