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<li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_peace_discussions:_2002–2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_peace_discussions:_2002–2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First peace discussions: 2002–2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_peace_discussions:_2002–2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Early contacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploratory_talks_in_Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploratory_talks_in_Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Exploratory talks in Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploratory_talks_in_Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restored_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restored_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Restored negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restored_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_conflict:_2017–2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_conflict:_2017–2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Continued conflict: 2017–2022</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_conflict:_2017–2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2019_Bogotá_car_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_Bogotá_car_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>2019 Bogotá car bombing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_Bogotá_car_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_Venezuelan_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_Venezuelan_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>2019 Venezuelan protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_Venezuelan_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_ceasefire_over_coronavirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_ceasefire_over_coronavirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>2020 ceasefire over coronavirus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_ceasefire_over_coronavirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_peace_negotiations:_2022–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_peace_negotiations:_2022–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Second peace negotiations: 2022–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_peace_negotiations:_2022–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revival_of_peace_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_peace_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Revival of peace talks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_peace_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FARC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FARC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>FARC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FARC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FARC_dissidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FARC_dissidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>FARC dissidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FARC_dissidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tupamaros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tupamaros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Tupamaros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tupamaros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Liberation Army (Colombia)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="جيش التحرير الوطني (كولومبيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيش التحرير الوطني (كولومبيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Армія нацыянальнага вызвалення (Калумбія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армія нацыянальнага вызвалення (Калумбія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Армия за национално освобождение (Колумбия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Армия за национално освобождение (Колумбия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional" title="Ejército de Liberación Nacional – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ejército de Liberación Nacional" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_d%27Alliberament_Nacional_(Col%C3%B2mbia)" title="Exèrcit d'Alliberament Nacional (Colòmbia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit d'Alliberament Nacional (Colòmbia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_osvobozeneck%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da_(Kolumbie)" title="Národní osvobozenecká armáda (Kolumbie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní osvobozenecká armáda (Kolumbie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_(Kolumbien)" title="Ejército de Liberación Nacional (Kolumbien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ejército de Liberación Nacional (Kolumbien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_(Colombia)" title="Ejército de Liberación Nacional (Colombia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército de Liberación Nacional (Colombia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELN-UC" title="ELN-UC – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ELN-UC" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_(%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="ارتش آزادیبخش ملی (کلمبیا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش آزادیبخش ملی (کلمبیا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_lib%C3%A9ration_nationale_(Colombie)" title="Armée de libération nationale (Colombie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée de libération nationale (Colombie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_(Colombia)" title="Exército de Liberación Nacional (Colombia) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exército de Liberación Nacional (Colombia)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%A9%EA%B5%B0_(%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84)" title="국민해방군 (콜롬비아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민해방군 (콜롬비아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="नेशनल लिबरेशन आर्मी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेशनल लिबरेशन आर्मी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esercito_di_Liberazione_Nazionale_(Colombia)" title="Esercito di Liberazione Nazionale (Colombia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esercito di Liberazione Nazionale (Colombia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELN" title="ELN – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ELN" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Rizgariya_Netewey%C3%AE_(Kolombiya)" title="Artêşa Rizgariya Neteweyî (Kolombiya) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Artêşa Rizgariya Neteweyî (Kolombiya)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81l%C4%81s_atbr%C4%ABvo%C5%A1anas_armija_(Kolumbija)" title="Nacionālās atbrīvošanas armija (Kolumbija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālās atbrīvošanas armija (Kolumbija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%89_(%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="جيش التحرير الوطنى (كولومبيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيش التحرير الوطنى (كولومبيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eis%C3%A9rcito_de_Lhiberta%C3%A7on_Nacional_(Col%C3%B3mbia)" title="Eisército de Lhibertaçon Nacional (Colómbia) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eisército de Lhibertaçon Nacional (Colómbia)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Bevrijdingsleger_(Colombia)" title="Nationaal Bevrijdingsleger (Colombia) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationaal Bevrijdingsleger (Colombia)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D_(%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2)" title="民族解放軍 (コロンビア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民族解放軍 (コロンビア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional" title="Ejército de Liberación Nacional – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ejército de Liberación Nacional" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Wyzwolenia_Narodowego_(Kolumbia)" title="Armia Wyzwolenia Narodowego (Kolumbia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Armia Wyzwolenia Narodowego (Kolumbia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Revolutionary left-wing group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ejército de Liberación Nacional" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ejército de Liberación Nacional (disambiguation)">Ejército de Liberación Nacional (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">National Liberation Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_(Colombia)_(logo).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e0/Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_%28Colombia%29_%28logo%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="149" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the ELN</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Restrepo" title="Camilo Torres Restrepo">Camilo Torres Restrepo</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Bautista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Bautista (page does not exist)">Nicolás Rodríguez Bautista</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Bautista" class="extiw" title="es:Nicolás Rodríguez Bautista">es</a>]</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_(ELN_commander)" title="Antonio García (ELN commander)">Antonio García</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Beltr%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pablo Beltrán (page does not exist)">Pablo Beltrán</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Beltr%C3%A1n_(guerrillero)" class="extiw" title="es:Pablo Beltrán (guerrillero)">es</a>]</span></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Sierra_Granados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Sierra Granados (page does not exist)">Rafael Sierra Granados</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_An%C3%ADbal_Giraldo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustavo Aníbal Giraldo (page does not exist)">Gustavo Aníbal Giraldo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1964–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label">Especially in the departments of <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Choco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Department" title="Norte de Santander Department">Norte de Santander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bajo_Cauca_Antioquia" title="Bajo Cauca Antioquia">Bajo Cauca Antioquia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Guerrilla_Coordinating_Board" title="Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board">Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (from 2014) <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupamaro_flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Tupamaro_flag.png/25px-Tupamaro_flag.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Tupamaro_flag.png/38px-Tupamaro_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Tupamaro_flag.png/50px-Tupamaro_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="225" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tupamaro_(Venezuela)" title="Tupamaro (Venezuela)">Tupamaro</a><sup id="cite_ref-ELNtup_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELNtup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">FARC-EP</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Government of Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitarism in Colombia">Right-wing paramilitary groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/FARC_dissidents" title="FARC dissidents">FARC dissidents</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Government of the United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flag</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_ELN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/150px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/225px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/300px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Liberation Army</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Ejército de Liberación Nacional</i>, <b>ELN</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla group">guerrilla insurgency group</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involved in the continuing <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-europa2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has existed in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> since 1964. The ELN advocates a composite <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> ideology of <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>. In 2013, it was estimated that the ELN forces consisted of between 1,380 and 3,000 guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desmovilizacion_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desmovilizacion-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colombiaarmy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colombiaarmy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to former ELN national directorate member Felipe Torres, one fifth of ELN supporters have taken up arms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ELN has been classified as a <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist organization</a> by the governments of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)" title="Special:EditPage/National Liberation Army (Colombia)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Liberation Army was founded in 1964, by <a href="/wiki/Fabio_V%C3%A1squez_Casta%C3%B1o" title="Fabio Vásquez Castaño">Fabio Vásquez Castaño</a> and other Colombian rebels trained in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. The group included "urban intellectuals" influenced by <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the ELN was headed by a series of Roman Catholic priests, exponents of liberation theology. Most notable was <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Restrepo" title="Camilo Torres Restrepo">Camilo Torres Restrepo</a> (1929–66), a well-known university professor (egalitarian and Marxist–Leninist) who was openly critical of the what he considered grossly unequal income among the <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> of Colombia. His attraction to the <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical</a> ideas of liberation theology led him to join the ELN, a guerrilla army intent upon effecting the <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> praxis of liberation theology among the poor people of Colombia. Priest Camilo was killed in his first combat as an ELN guerrilla, and so became the exemplar ELN soldier, to be emulated by ELN guerrillas and other liberation theology priests from the lower ranks of the Roman Catholic priesthood. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camilo_Torres_con_campesinos_colombianos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Camilo_Torres_con_campesinos_colombianos.jpg/165px-Camilo_Torres_con_campesinos_colombianos.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Camilo_Torres_con_campesinos_colombianos.jpg/248px-Camilo_Torres_con_campesinos_colombianos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Camilo_Torres_con_campesinos_colombianos.jpg/330px-Camilo_Torres_con_campesinos_colombianos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>ELN guerrilla: Priest <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Restrepo" title="Camilo Torres Restrepo">Camilo Torres</a> among the peasants of Colombia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ELN_guerrilla_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ELN_guerrilla_poster.jpg/220px-ELN_guerrilla_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ELN_guerrilla_poster.jpg/330px-ELN_guerrilla_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ELN_guerrilla_poster.jpg/440px-ELN_guerrilla_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>"Neither Surrender, Nor Deliverance" reads the poster of the <i>Ejército de Liberación Nacional</i> at the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">National University of Colombia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years following its foundation, it brought together more students and young activists from cities than peasants, a social composition that distinguishes it from the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">FARC</a> guerrillas, who are essentially peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, after suffering military defeat and internal crises, the ELN was commanded by the Spanish priest Father <a href="/wiki/Manuel_P%C3%A9rez_(guerrilla_leader)" title="Manuel Pérez (guerrilla leader)">Manuel Pérez Martínez</a> (1943–98), alias <i>El Cura Pérez</i>, who shared leadership with Nicolás Rodríguez Bautista, alias "Gabino". <i>El Cura Pérez</i> presided over the National Liberation Army as one of its most recognized figures until he died of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> in 1998. He was instrumental in establishing the ideology of the ELN, a composite of Cuban revolutionary theory and liberation theology that proposes the establishment in Colombia of a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and communist regime to resolve the socioeconomic problems of chronic <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, and the exclusion of most Colombians from their country's government. </p><p>The ELN guerrillas survived the heavy fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian National Army">Colombian National Army</a>'s Operation Anorí (1973–74), and then reconstituted their forces, with partial assistance from the Colombian Government of President <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_Michelsen" title="Alfonso López Michelsen">Alfonso López Michelsen</a> (1974–78), who allowed the ELN to break from and escape encirclement by the Colombian army. President López Michelsen helped the ELN in the hope of initiating peace negotiations with them in order to end the civil war. After this, the National Liberation Army of Colombia resumed financing its military operations by means of <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnap</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> of money from Colombian and foreign <a href="/wiki/Oil_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil company">petroleum companies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> of the private <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drug trade</a> of Colombia. </p><p>The ELN did not participate in the peace negotiations conducted between the Colombian government of President <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Andrés Pastrana Arango</a> (1998–2002) and FARC, yet did participate in an exploratory conference about possibly participating in peace negotiations. A Colombian government initiative towards granting the ELN a <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">demilitarized zone</a> in the southern region of the <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar Department</a> was thwarted by <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> political pressure from the <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia</a> (AUC) whose <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> conduct anti-guerrilla operations in that part of the Bolívar Department. </p><p>Peace talks began in 2022, but in August 2024 the Colombian government announced an end to a six-month ceasefire, as the ELN had returned to its practice of kidnapping civilians for ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_peace_discussions:_2002–2017"><span id="First_peace_discussions:_2002.E2.80.932017"></span>First peace discussions: 2002–2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First peace discussions: 2002–2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_contacts">Early contacts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early contacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcha_20_de_julio_-_%22%C2%BFY_los_secuestrados_del_ELN_qu%C3%A9%3F%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Marcha_20_de_julio_-_%22%C2%BFY_los_secuestrados_del_ELN_qu%C3%A9%3F%22.jpg/220px-Marcha_20_de_julio_-_%22%C2%BFY_los_secuestrados_del_ELN_qu%C3%A9%3F%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Marcha_20_de_julio_-_%22%C2%BFY_los_secuestrados_del_ELN_qu%C3%A9%3F%22.jpg/330px-Marcha_20_de_julio_-_%22%C2%BFY_los_secuestrados_del_ELN_qu%C3%A9%3F%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Marcha_20_de_julio_-_%22%C2%BFY_los_secuestrados_del_ELN_qu%C3%A9%3F%22.jpg/440px-Marcha_20_de_julio_-_%22%C2%BFY_los_secuestrados_del_ELN_qu%C3%A9%3F%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Protest march against ELN kidnapping: "So, what about those [people] kidnapped by the ELN?"</figcaption></figure><p>Previous contacts continued during the early days of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe_V%C3%A9lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro Uribe Vélez">Álvaro Uribe Vélez</a> government but eventually were severed, neither party being fully trusting of the other. Only in mid-2004 did the ELN and the government began to make a series of moves that, with the announced mediation of the <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, lead to another round of exploratory talks. </p><p>On July 24, 2004 the ELN apparently abducted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Misael_Vacca_Ram%C3%ADrez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misael Vacca Ramírez (page does not exist)">Misael Vacca Ramírez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> of Yopal, though their reasons were not clarified. The kidnappers said that Ramírez would be released with a message, but "<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gal%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Galán">Francisco Galán</a>", a senior jailed ELN commander who has often acted as an intermediary between the government and the ELN's high command, said he did not know whether the group was responsible. The Bishop was subsequently released by ELN members, in good health, on July 27, after his kidnapping had been condemned by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, among others. As far as is publicly known, he did not have any message to announce on behalf of the ELN. </p><p>Eventually, the ELN questioned Mexico's participation in the talks, arguing that it did not have confidence in the actions of a government which voted against <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s Cuba during a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> vote. This led the Mexican government to end its participation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exploratory_talks_in_Cuba">Exploratory talks in Cuba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exploratory talks in Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2005, the ELN and the Colombian government began a new round of exploratory talks in Havana, Cuba, with the presence of the ELN's military commander "<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_(ELN_commander)" title="Antonio García (ELN commander)">Antonio García</a>", as well as "Francisco Galán" and "Ramiro Vargas". This was considered the direct result of three months of previous consultations with representatives of different sectors of public society through the figure of a "House of Peace" (<i>Casa de Paz</i> in Spanish). </p><p>Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> joined both parties at the talks as observers. </p><p>The talks ended by December 22 and both parties agreed to meet again in January 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a series of preliminary meetings, the next round of talks was later rescheduled for early-mid February.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the February talks, which moved at a slow pace, the government decided to formally suspend capture orders for "Antonio García" and "Ramiro Vargas", recognizing them as negotiators and, implicitly, as political actors. The move was also joined by the creation of what was termed an alternative and complementary mechanism that could be used to deal with difficult issues and matters that concerned both parties, outside the main negotiating table. A formal negotiation process has yet to begin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 23, the ELN freed a Colombian soldier that it had kidnapped on February 25, delivering him to the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, saying that it was a unilateral sign of good will.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ELN's "Antonio García" expected to visit Cuba from April 17 to April 28, participating in different meetings with representatives of several political, economic and social sectors. The third round of the exploratory talks would have originally taken place in La Habana, Cuba from May 2 to May 12.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third round of talks was later moved to take place from April 25 to April 28. Both parties reiterated their respect for the content and spirit of all previous agreements, and that they would continue working towards the design of a future peace process. The Colombian government and the ELN intend to study documents previously elaborated during the "House of Peace" stage, as well as documents from other participants and observers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parties expected to meet again after Colombia's May 28 presidential elections. </p><p>On August 30, 2007 the ELN said that in the statement the dialogues in Havana ended without agreement because of "two different conceptions of peace and methods to get to it". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restored_negotiations">Restored negotiations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Restored negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colombian President <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a> invited ELN spokesman "Francisco Galán" for new talks about peace on April 3, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two spoke in the presidential palace. After the meeting Galán says the ELN will return to the negotiation table.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ELN released a press note shortly after that saying the rebel group "does not share the views" of "Galán" and dismissed him as their spokesman. The Marxist rebels did say they will continue to let "Galán" negotiate between the Colombian government and the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 7, 2008 18 ELN guerillas surrendered to the Colombian army in the northwestern province of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Choc%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Chocó">Chocó</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2016 the resumption of peace talks between the parties were announced, but were put on hold until the release of all hostages still kept by the ELN.<sup id="cite_ref-Wola_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wola-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last hostages were finally released in February 2017 and the talks commenced in the same month, with Pablo Beltrán and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Camilo_Restrepo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Camilo Restrepo (page does not exist)">Juan Camilo Restrepo</a> heading the delegations of the ELN and the Colombian government, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Wola_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wola-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 4, 2017, the ELN and President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> of Colombia announced a truce to begin on October 1 and to last at least until January 12, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From May 25 to May 29 the group had a ceasefire in order to allow for "favourable conditions" during the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_presidential_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian presidential election, 2018">2018 Colombian presidential election</a>. The ELN said it hoped "that this spirit of conciliation of the ELN is answered with a similar behaviour" from the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_conflict:_2017–2022"><span id="Continued_conflict:_2017.E2.80.932022"></span>Continued conflict: 2017–2022</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Continued conflict: 2017–2022"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_Bogotá_car_bombing"><span id="2019_Bogot.C3.A1_car_bombing"></span>2019 Bogotá car bombing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2019 Bogotá car bombing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Bogot%C3%A1_car_bombing" title="2019 Bogotá car bombing">2019 Bogotá car bombing</a></div> <p>On 17 January 2019, the ELN performed a car bombing at the <a href="/wiki/General_Santander_National_Police_Academy" title="General Santander National Police Academy">General Santander National Police Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. The truck detonated and killed 21 people, including the perpetrator, and injured 68 others.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the deadliest attack on the Colombian capital since the <a href="/wiki/2003_El_Nogal_Club_bombing" title="2003 El Nogal Club bombing">2003 El Nogal Club bombing</a> and the first attack on the capital since the <a href="/wiki/2017_Centro_Andino_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Centro Andino bombing">2017 Centro Andino bombing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ELN accepted responsibility for the attack and justified it as a response to the bombings made by the Colombian government during the unilateral ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the bombing, President <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Duque_M%C3%A1rquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Iván Duque Márquez">Iván Duque Márquez</a> announced on 18 January that peace dialogue between the Government of Colombia and the ELN was officially suspended. Duque also demanded that Cuba extradite the ten ELN leaders that found refuge on the island nation during peace talks and the reactivation of their <a href="/wiki/Interpol_notice" title="Interpol notice">Interpol Red Notices</a>, and criticized <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> for providing refuge for the ELN on the Colombia-Venezuela border.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the request, Cuba's Foreign Minister announced that Cuba would abide by the protocols of ongoing negotiations between both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_Venezuelan_protests">2019 Venezuelan protests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2019 Venezuelan protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="2019 Venezuelan protests">2019 Venezuelan protests</a></div> <p>The <i>Redes</i> Foundation denounced in the Colombian Public Ministry that armed groups made up of National Liberation Army members and FARC dissidents, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan National Police">Bolivarian National Police</a> and FAES officials, murdered two Venezuelan protesters, Eduardo José Marrero and Luigi Ángel Guerrero, during a protest in the frontier city of <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_T%C3%A1chira" title="San Cristóbal, Táchira">San Cristóbal</a>, in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira state</a>. Other protesters were injured during the shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-ELN2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELN2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_ceasefire_over_coronavirus">2020 ceasefire over coronavirus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2020 ceasefire over coronavirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2020, the National Liberation Army (ELN) declared a unilateral one-month ceasefire during the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, to start on April 1.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Luis Fernando Navarro asserted on January 5, 2021 that the ELN lost 700 members through targeted attacks in 2020, and that it still had 2,500 armed combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_peace_negotiations:_2022–present"><span id="Second_peace_negotiations:_2022.E2.80.93present"></span>Second peace negotiations: 2022–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second peace negotiations: 2022–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revival_of_peace_talks">Revival of peace talks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revival of peace talks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 November 2022, after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Colombian_presidential_election" title="2022 Colombian presidential election">election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a> breathed new life into the peace process, delegates of the ELN and the new <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Colombia" title="Council of Ministers of Colombia">Colombian government</a> met in Venezuela to resume the peace talks that faltered in January 2019, after the Bogotá car bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-AlJaz_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJaz-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiations continued into the first week of December 2022, with representatives of the ELN and the Colombian government meeting for the continuation of peace talks in <a href="/wiki/El_%C3%81vila_National_Park" title="El Ávila National Park">El Ávila National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PL_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the occasion, ELN chief negotiator Pablo Beltrán stated that Colombians have to work towards reconciliation and recreate a new nation in peace and equity and in a similar spirit Danilo Rueda, the High Commissioner for Peace in Colombia, stated that peace is not only a question of laying down arms, but a process linked to the need for change.<sup id="cite_ref-PL_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the conclusion of the first round of talks, the ELN announced a unilateral holiday truce lasting from <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">24 December 2022</a> until 2 January 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-AlJaz2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJaz2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Mexico agreed to be an official guarantor to the peace process, it was chosen as the host country for the second round of talks, expected to begin in January 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the addition of Mexico, along with Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, Norway and Venezuela, there are now five guarantor countries to the peace process.<sup id="cite_ref-Reut_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reut-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After misunderstandings arose regarding a bilateral ceasefire between the ELN and the government, an emergency meeting took place on 21 January in Caracas to reassure both sides of their intentions and to set a date for the second round of negotiations, scheduled to commence on 12 February 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Reut_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reut-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the restart of peace talks, the influential ELN-commander Antonio Garcia criticised the approach of the Colombian government, stating that "the peace process cannot be used as an ‘umbrella’ for other issues”.<sup id="cite_ref-AlJaz4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJaz4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former commander of the ELN, Carlos Velandia, dismissed this stance as posturing ahead of the next round of talks, which commenced on time in Mexico City, opining that the ELN wants to negotiate its own accord and not be lumped in with other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-AlJaz4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJaz4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Colombian government appointed <a href="/wiki/Vera_Grabe_Loewenherz" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera Grabe Loewenherz">Vera Grabe Loewenherz</a> as its head negotiator with the ELN in December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-elpais111223_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elpais111223-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> has listed the ELN as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">Foreign Terrorist Organization</a> because of its reputation for ransom <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnappings</a> and armed attacks on Colombia's infrastructure. In April 2004, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> added the ELN to its list of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> organizations for those actions and its breaches of <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian law">humanitarian law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-europa2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ELN's main source of income are businesses and <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> civilians in its areas of operation. To enforce these "taxes", they frequently take civilians captive to use as leverage. While the ELN uses the terms "war taxes" and "retentions" for these actions, critics insist they constitute "extortion" and "kidnapping".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Calle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Calle (page does not exist)">Claudia Calle</a>, spokesperson for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%ADs_Libre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="País Libre (page does not exist)">País Libre</a>, a Colombian foundation for victims of abductions, 153 hostages had died "in the hands of the ELN" between 2000 and 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to País Libre, ELN abducted over 3,000 people between 2000 and 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations">Relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FARC">FARC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: FARC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ELN also occasionally operated with the <a href="/wiki/FARC-EP" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC-EP">FARC-EP</a>, and like FARC, it has targeted civilians, according to a February 2005 report by the United Nations <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Human Rights">High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>: "During 2004, the FARC-EP and the ELN carried out a series of attacks against the civilian population, including several massacres of civilians and kidnappings by the FARC-EP. There were occasional joint actions by the FARC-EP and the ELN."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-2006, mutual rivalries between local FARC and ELN forces escalated into hostilities in <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>, along the border with Venezuela. According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, "the FARC have for some years moved to take over ELN territory near the Venezuelan border, and the smaller rebel army reacted by killing several FARC militants". A statement posted on FARC's homepage accused the ELN of "attacks that we only expected from the enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 May 2008 the ELN wrote a letter to the FARC secretariat, seeking cooperation with Colombia's largest rebel group to overcome "the difficulties we are experiencing in today's Colombian insurgent movement".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter was published on the ELN website.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 June 2017, FARC ceased to be an armed group, disarming itself and handing over its weapons to the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FARC_dissidents">FARC dissidents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: FARC dissidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/InSight_Crime" title="InSight Crime">InSight Crime</a>, the ELN and <a href="/wiki/FARC_dissidents" title="FARC dissidents">FARC dissidents</a> allegedly met together in Venezuela to form a potential alliance in October 2018. Sources based in the <a href="/wiki/Arauca,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arauca, Colombia">Arauca department</a> in Colombia provided the information, with reports that the groups would participate in illicit activity together. It was also alleged that former FARC commander <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Iván Márquez">Iván Márquez</a> participated in the talks with the ELN.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1990s, the ELN began to establish positions in the western border states of Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ELN grew close to Venezuelan officials during the tenure of Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, with Chávez approving relationships with the group.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>InSight Crime also states that Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> was tolerant of the ELN, explaining that "ELN’s expansion in Venezuela has been marked by the Maduro administration’s inaction and even encouragement towards the group"; according to the group, the ELN operates in at least 12 of the 23 states of Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venezuelan NGO Fundación Redes has reported that the Venezuelan military had possibly armed ELN members.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, ELN supported Maduro during the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a> and said they "will fight" US troops if they invade Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tupamaros"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ELN has received support from the <a href="/wiki/Tupamaro_(Venezuela)" title="Tupamaro (Venezuela)">Tupamaro</a> movement in Venezuela, a Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">colectivo</a> and political party. The Tupamaro movement supported the ELN's dialogue with the Colombian government, stating, "The Tupamaro Revolutionary Movement, now more than ever, stands in solidarity with this sister organization in the historic struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">neo-Granadian</a> oligarchy and <a href="/wiki/Yankee_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankee imperialism">Yankee imperialism</a>. We strongly ratify all of our support for the guerrillas and the ELN High Command, in the process that is developed with the participation of the Colombian people in the resolution of the armed conflict and the construction of peace with social justice".<sup id="cite_ref-ELNtup_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELNtup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Colombia" title="Terrorism in Colombia">Terrorism in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Ecuador" title="Terrorism in Ecuador">Terrorism in Ecuador</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/departamentos-de-colombia-con-mayor-presencia-del-eln-170462">"Estos son los departamentos donde hace presencia el Eln"</a>. eltiempo.com. 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estos+son+los+departamentos+donde+hace+presencia+el+Eln&rft.pub=eltiempo.com&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Fcolombia%2Fotras-ciudades%2Fdepartamentos-de-colombia-con-mayor-presencia-del-eln-170462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/references/terrorist-organizations/">"Terrorist Organizations"</a>. <i>CIA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA&rft.atitle=Terrorist+Organizations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Freferences%2Fterrorist-organizations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verdadabierta.com/negociacion-y-desmovilizacion-con-grupos-armados-m-19-epl-prt-maql-y-crs">"Negociación y desmovilización con grupos armados (M-19, Epl, Prt, Maql y Crs)"</a>. 2012-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negociaci%C3%B3n+y+desmovilizaci%C3%B3n+con+grupos+armados+%28M-19%2C+Epl%2C+Prt%2C+Maql+y+Crs%29&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverdadabierta.com%2Fnegociacion-y-desmovilizacion-con-grupos-armados-m-19-epl-prt-maql-y-crs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELNtup-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ELNtup_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELNtup_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eln-voces.com/comunicado-del-movimiento-revolucionario-tupamaro/">"Comunicado Del Movimiento Revolucionario Tupamaro"</a>. <i>Colombian National Liberation Army</i> (in European Spanish). 13 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colombian+National+Liberation+Army&rft.atitle=Comunicado+Del+Movimiento+Revolucionario+Tupamaro&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feln-voces.com%2Fcomunicado-del-movimiento-revolucionario-tupamaro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://twitter.com/redstreamnet/status/1746949222757286040?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet">https://twitter.com/redstreamnet/status/1746949222757286040?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46922869">"Cómo es la guerrilla colombiana del ELN autora del atentado con carro bomba que dejó 21 muertos en Bogotá"</a>. <i>BBC News Mundo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Mundo&rft.atitle=C%C3%B3mo+es+la+guerrilla+colombiana+del+ELN+autora+del+atentado+con+carro+bomba+que+dej%C3%B3+21+muertos+en+Bogot%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-america-latina-46922869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europa2005_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europa2005_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf">Council Decision of 21 December 2005.</a> Official Journal of the European Union. Accessed 2008-07-06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-rebels-oil-idUSBRE99H16T20131018">"Colombia's ELN rebels release oil workers after brief capture -police"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. October 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Colombia%27s+ELN+rebels+release+oil+workers+after+brief+capture+-police&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-colombia-rebels-oil-idUSBRE99H16T20131018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desmovilizacion-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-desmovilizacion_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/desmovilizacion-principal-arma-contra-las-guerrillas_13077339-4">"Desmovilización, principal arma contra las guerrillas"</a> (in Spanish). eltiempo.com. 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noticias+de+Cali%2C+Valle+y+Colombia+%E2%80%93+Periodico%3A+Diario+El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Vera+Grabe+es+designada+como+jefe+negociadora+del+Gobierno+en+la+mesa+con+el+ELN&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.com.co%2Fcolombia%2Fvera-grabe-es-designada-como-jefe-negociadora-del-gobierno-en-la-mesa-con-el-eln-1125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports98/colombia/Colom989-05.htm">V. Guerilla Violations of International Humanitarian Law.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213145647/http://www.hrw.org/reports98/colombia/Colom989-05.htm">Archived</a> February 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Human Right Watch. Accessed 2008-07-06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022102359/http://colombiareports.com/2008/07/11/153-hostages-died-in-the-hands-of-the-eln/">"153 hostages died in the hands of the ELN"</a>. 11 July 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colombiareports.com/2008/06/27/eln-hostages-are-forgotten-about-says-pais-libre/">the original</a> on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ELN+hostages+are+forgotten+about%2C+says+Pa%C3%ADs+Libre&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.com%2F2008%2F06%2F27%2Feln-hostages-are-forgotten-about-says-pais-libre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hchr.org.co/documentoseinformes/informes/altocomisionado/Informe2004_eng.doc">Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in Colombia (word document).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060657/http://www.hchr.org.co/documentoseinformes/informes/altocomisionado/Informe2004_eng.doc">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Accessed 2008-07-06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/5070408.stm">Colombian rebels turn on allies</a>. BBC News. Accessed 2008-07-06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519065050/http://colombiareports.com/2008/06/06/eln-seeks-fusion-with-farc//">"ELN seeks cooperation with FARC"</a>. Colombia Reports. June 6, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colombiareports.com/2008/06/06/eln-seeks-fusion-with-farc/">the original</a> on May 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ELN+seeks+cooperation+with+FARC&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.com%2F2008%2F06%2F06%2Feln-seeks-fusion-with-farc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080606185008/http://www.nodo50.org/eln-voces/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255&Itemid=1">"Open letter to the FARC secretariat"</a>. ELN. May 26, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nodo50.org/eln-voces/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255&Itemid=1">the original</a> on 2008-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Open+letter+to+the+FARC+secretariat&rft.date=2008-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodo50.org%2Feln-voces%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D255%26Itemid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colombiareports.com/farc-demobilization-ends-8100-arms-22000kg-explosives-removed/">"Colombia's Farc officially ceases to be an armed group"</a>. <i>colombiareports.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=colombiareports.com&rft.atitle=Colombia%27s+Farc+officially+ceases+to+be+an+armed+group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolombiareports.com%2Ffarc-demobilization-ends-8100-arms-22000kg-explosives-removed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2018" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, Shannon (2018-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/farc-dissidents-eln-turn-venezuela-criminal-enclave/">"FARC Dissidents and the ELN Turn Venezuela Into Criminal Enclave"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InSight_Crime" title="InSight Crime">InSight Crime</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InSight+Crime&rft.atitle=FARC+Dissidents+and+the+ELN+Turn+Venezuela+Into+Criminal+Enclave&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightcrime.org%2Fnews%2Fanalysis%2Ffarc-dissidents-eln-turn-venezuela-criminal-enclave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Venezuela: A Mafia State?</i>. Medellín, Colombia: <a href="/wiki/InSight_Crime" title="InSight Crime">InSight Crime</a>. 2018. p. 18. <q>But Colombia was not content with simply exporting cocaine to Venezuela. By the 1990s, it was also exporting its civil conflict, with the rebel armies of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – FARC) and the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional – ELN) taking up residence in Venezuela's border states. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colombia%3A+Evidence+suggests+Ch%C3%A1vez+gave+FARC+%24300M&rft.date=2008-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Famericas%2F03%2F03%2Fecuador.colombia%2F%3Firef%3Dmpstoryview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.insightcrime.org/noticias/analisis/eln-opera-12-estados-venezuela/">"El ELN opera en 12 estados de Venezuela"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InSight_Crime" title="InSight Crime">InSight Crime</a></i>. 13 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InSight+Crime&rft.atitle=El+ELN+opera+en+12+estados+de+Venezuela&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.insightcrime.org%2Fnoticias%2Fanalisis%2Feln-opera-12-estados-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2018" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, Shannon (2018-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/eln-present-half-venezuela/">"ELN Now Present in Half of Venezuela"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InSight_Crime" title="InSight Crime">InSight Crime</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InSight+Crime&rft.atitle=ELN+Now+Present+in+Half+of+Venezuela&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightcrime.org%2Fnews%2Fanalysis%2Feln-present-half-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2019" class="citation news cs1">Charles, Mathew (2 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/02/eln-interview-colombian-marxist-guerrillas-will-fight-us-troops/">"ELN interview: Colombian Marxist guerrillas 'will fight' US troops if they invade Venezuela"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=ELN+interview%3A+Colombian+Marxist+guerrillas+%27will+fight%27+US+troops+if+they+invade+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-02-02&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2F02%2Feln-interview-colombian-marxist-guerrillas-will-fight-us-troops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Liberation+Army+%28Colombia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eln-voces.net/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrialibre.org/">ELN – Patrialibre.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1746914.stm">An ELN profile on BBC news</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/world/Rebel-leader39s-daring-escape-is.5764841.jp">Rebel Leader's Daring Escape is Blow to Colombia's Government</a> by Jeremy McDermott, October 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hchr.org.co/documentoseinformes/informes/altocomisionado/informes.php3?cod=8&cat=11">UN High Commissioner for Human Rights – Colombia 2005 Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728133623/https://www.hchr.org.co/documentoseinformes/informes/altocomisionado/informes.php3?cod=8&cat=11">Archived</a> 2020-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Spanish and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8341093.stm">Colombia's ELN Rebels Show New Vigour</a> by Jeremy McDermott, <i>BBC News</i>, November 5, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21677414-former-combatants-colombias-internal-armed-conflict-spent-two-years-painting-their-experiences">Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombia</a> – (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colombian_conflict_(1964–present)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colombia_conflict" title="Template:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colombia_conflict" title="Template talk:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colombian_conflict_(1964–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a> (1964–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:110%;text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Participants </p> </th> <th colspan="1" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Colombian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Colombian conflict">Timeline</a> </p> </th> <th style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Key aspects </p> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:10pt; padding:0.25em 0;"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i> </i></div> </td> <td width="30%" rowspan="3" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia (1948–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetalia_Republic" title="Marquetalia Republic">Marquetalia Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">The National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Dominican_Republic_Embassy_siege_in_Bogot%C3%A1" title="1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá">Dominican Embassy siege (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_siege" title="Palace of Justice siege">Palace of Justice siege (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAS_Building_bombing" title="DAS Building bombing">DAS Building bombing (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Colombia)#Decline_and_Extermination" title="Patriotic Union (Colombia)">Patriotic Union Party extermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_exchange" title="Humanitarian exchange">Humanitarian exchange</a> <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapirip%C3%A1n_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapiripán Massacre">Mapiripán Massacre (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Cagu%C3%A1n_DMZ" title="El Caguán DMZ">El Caguán DMZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999%E2%80%932002_FARC%E2%80%93Government_peace_process" title="1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process">Failed peace process (1999–2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bojay%C3%A1_massacre" title="Bojayá massacre">Bojayá massacre (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Deputies_hostage_crisis" title="Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis">Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_El_Nogal_Club_bombing" title="2003 El Nogal Club bombing">El Nogal Club bombing (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Neiva_bombing" title="2003 Neiva bombing">Neiva bombing (2003)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_parapolitics_scandal" title="Colombian parapolitics scandal">Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Emmanuel" title="Operation Emmanuel">Operation Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22False_positives%22_scandal" title=""False positives" scandal">"False positives" scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">Andean diplomatic crisis (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaque" title="Operation Jaque">Operation Jaque (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operacion_Fenix" title="Operacion Fenix">Operation Fenix (2008)</a> <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_massacres" title="Nariño massacres">Nariño massacres (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Colombian_clashes" title="2013 Colombian clashes">2013 Colombian clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Renewed peace process (2012–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Colombian_peace_agreement_referendum" title="2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum">Peace agreement referendum (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Huila_attack" title="2022 Huila attack">2022 Huila attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Peace" title="Total Peace">Total Peace concept</a></li></ul> <div> </div> </td> <td width="20%" rowspan="7" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Government aspects</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_security" title="Democratic security">Democratic security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Patriota" title="Plan Patriota">Plan Patriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Colombia" title="Human rights in Colombia">Human rights in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Politics of Colombia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Illegal drug trade</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Illegal drug trade in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Snowcap" title="Operation Snowcap">Operation Snowcap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_campaign" title="Catatumbo campaign">Catatumbo campaign</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Kidnappings</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnappings_in_Colombia" title="Kidnappings in Colombia">Kidnappings in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_hostages_held_by_FARC" title="List of political hostages held by FARC">FARC political hostages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Lawsuits</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinaltrainal_v._Coca-Cola_Co." title="Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co.">Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Rodriquez_v._Drummond_Co." title="Estate of Rodriquez v. Drummond Co.">Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Chiquita_Brands_International" title="Doe v. Chiquita Brands International">Doe v. Chiquita (2007)</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th colspan="1" style="background:LightGoldenrodYellow; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">Guerrillas</a><br /> </th> <th style="background:mistyrose; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Government of Colombia</a> </th> <th style="background:lavender; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_Colombia" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia">Paramilitaries</a><br /> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_ELN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/22px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/33px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/44px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ELN</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_EPL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="270" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberation_Army" title="Popular Liberation Army">EPL</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/FARC_dissidents" title="FARC dissidents">FARC dissidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_the_Pacific" title="Indigenous Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Pacific">FARIP</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former guerrillas</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">FARC-EP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_FARC" title="List of attacks attributed to FARC">List of FARC attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_M-19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/22px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/33px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/44px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement">M19</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammer_and_sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/20px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/40px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Student_Workers_Movement" title="Peasant Student Workers Movement">MOEC</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Guerrilla_Coordinating_Board" title="Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board">CGSB</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_ERP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Colombia)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Colombia)">ERP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Armado_Quintin_Lame" title="Movimiento Armado Quintin Lame">MAQL</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_Colombian_Communist_Party" title="Clandestine Colombian Communist Party">PCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Foro de São Paulo">Foro de São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Colombia_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)">PC de C (M-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Three" title="Colombia Three">Colombia Three</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANNCOL" title="ANNCOL">ANNCOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighters%2BLovers" title="Fighters+Lovers">Fighters+Lovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Colombia" title="Drug cartel">Colombian drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia#Farcpolitics_Scandal" title="Corruption in Colombia">Some Colombian politicians</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td width="15%" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military Forces of Colombia</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Air_Force" title="Colombian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Naval_Infantry" title="Colombian Naval Infantry">Colombian Naval Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">National Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Migration" title="Colombia Migration">Migración Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Attorney_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Attorney General of Colombia">Attorney General units</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former government program</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CONVIVIR" title="CONVIVIR">CONVIVIR</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DynCorp" title="DynCorp">DynCorp International</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Verification_Mission_in_Colombia" title="United Nations Verification Mission in Colombia">Mission in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eagles">Águilas Negras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rastrojos" title="Los Rastrojos">Los Rastrojos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_del_Golfo" title="Clan del Golfo">Clan Úsuga</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former paramilitaries</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">AUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alianza_Americana_Anticomunista" title="Alianza Americana Anticomunista">AAA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yair_Klein" title="Yair Klein">Spearhead Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONVIVIR" title="CONVIVIR">CONVIVIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Colombia" title="Drug cartel">Colombian drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican drug cartel"> Mexican drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Some Colombian<br /> military personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_parapolitics_scandal" title="Colombian parapolitics scandal">Some Colombian politicians</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122590730">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4834778-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82047325">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ejercito de Liberación Nacional (Kolumbie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2017953017&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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