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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Arme (corps militaire)</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arme_(corps_militaire)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminologie_militaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminologie_militaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Terminologie militaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminologie_militaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOCU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOCU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>DOCU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOCU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intendance_militaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intendance_militaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Intendance militaire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intendance_militaire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Intendance militaire</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intendance_militaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Guerre à l'Ère moderne</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Guerre à l'Ère moderne</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>L'introduction de la poudre en Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_«_Révolution_militaire_»_à_la_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_«_Révolution_militaire_»_à_la_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>La « Révolution militaire » à la Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_«_Révolution_militaire_»_à_la_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_«_Grand_Siècle_»_(XVIIème_siècle)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_«_Grand_Siècle_»_(XVIIème_siècle)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Le « Grand Siècle » (XVIIème siècle)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_«_Grand_Siècle_»_(XVIIème_siècle)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_XVIIIème_siècle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_XVIIIème_siècle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Le XVIIIème siècle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_XVIIIème_siècle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_pensée_militaire_européenne_à_l'Ère_moderne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_pensée_militaire_européenne_à_l'Ère_moderne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>La pensée militaire européenne à l'Ère moderne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_pensée_militaire_européenne_à_l'Ère_moderne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MATOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MATOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>MATOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MATOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Évolution de l'Art de la guerre à l'époque de la poudre noire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Évolution de l'Art de la guerre à l'époque de la poudre noire</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chine_et_Empire_mongol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chine_et_Empire_mongol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chine et Empire mongol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chine_et_Empire_mongol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chine_ancienne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chine_ancienne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Chine ancienne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chine_ancienne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Mongol Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Islamic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-15th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.1</span> <span>15th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.2</span> <span>16th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.3</span> <span>17th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safavid_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Safavid Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Mughal Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Mysore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Mysore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Kingdom of Mysore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Mysore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>L'introduction de la poudre en Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Firearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_Plate_Armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Plate_Armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1</span> <span>Role of Plate Armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Plate_Armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_flintlock_muskets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_flintlock_muskets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2</span> <span>Transition to flintlock muskets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_flintlock_muskets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Nature of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infantry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Infantry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Cavalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_polygonal_fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_polygonal_fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Beginning of polygonal fortifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_polygonal_fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Naval warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guerres_de_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerres_de_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Guerres de religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Guerres_de_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Guerres de religion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Guerres_de_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Origines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_(XVIème_siècle)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_(XVIème_siècle)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Renaissance (XVIème siècle)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_(XVIème_siècle)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XVIIème_siècle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XVIIème_siècle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>XVIIème siècle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XVIIème_siècle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIème-XVIIIème_siècles)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIème-XVIIIème_siècles)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Guerres intérieures et guerres civiles à caractère religieux en Europe (XVIème-XVIIIème siècles)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIème-XVIIIème_siècles)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Les_guerres_intérieures_au_Royaume-Uni_(XVIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_guerres_intérieures_au_Royaume-Uni_(XVIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Les guerres intérieures au Royaume-Uni (XVIème et XVIIIème siècles)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_guerres_intérieures_au_Royaume-Uni_(XVIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pays-Bas_espagnols_:_la_révolte_des_Gueux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pays-Bas_espagnols_:_la_révolte_des_Gueux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Pays-Bas espagnols : la révolte des Gueux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pays-Bas_espagnols_:_la_révolte_des_Gueux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_:_la_révocation_de_l'Édit_de_Nantes_et_ses_conséquences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_:_la_révocation_de_l'Édit_de_Nantes_et_ses_conséquences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>France : la révocation de l'Édit de Nantes et ses conséquences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_:_la_révocation_de_l'Édit_de_Nantes_et_ses_conséquences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Littérature et écrivains militaires</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Littérature et écrivains militaires</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Premiers_historiographes_militaires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premiers_historiographes_militaires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Premiers historiographes militaires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premiers_historiographes_militaires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquité_méso-orientale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquité_méso-orientale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Antiquité méso-orientale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquité_méso-orientale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Chine ancienne : des origines à la Dynastie des Tang (Xème siècle ap. J.C.)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiographie_de_la_Chine_impériale_après_les_Tang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiographie_de_la_Chine_impériale_après_les_Tang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2.1</span> <span>Historiographie de la Chine impériale après les Tang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiographie_de_la_Chine_impériale_après_les_Tang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquité_greco-latine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquité_greco-latine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Antiquité greco-latine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquité_greco-latine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moyen-âge_européen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moyen-âge_européen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Moyen-âge européen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moyen-âge_européen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Littérature_épique_et_poésie_militaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Littérature_épique_et_poésie_militaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Littérature épique et poésie militaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Littérature_épique_et_poésie_militaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>L' « Art de la guerre » : la polémologie didactique raisonnée</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chine_ancienne_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chine_ancienne_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Chine ancienne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chine_ancienne_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquité_gréco-romaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquité_gréco-romaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Antiquité gréco-romaine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquité_gréco-romaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Littérature_militaire_arabo-musulmane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Littérature_militaire_arabo-musulmane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Littérature militaire arabo-musulmane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Littérature_militaire_arabo-musulmane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moyen-âge_et_Renaissance_en_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moyen-âge_et_Renaissance_en_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Moyen-âge et Renaissance en Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moyen-âge_et_Renaissance_en_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XVIIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles_en_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XVIIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles_en_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles en Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XVIIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles_en_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_règlements_militaires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_règlements_militaires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.6</span> <span>Les règlements militaires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_règlements_militaires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mémorialistes_militaires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mémorialistes_militaires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Mémorialistes militaires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mémorialistes_militaires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moyen_Âge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moyen_Âge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Moyen Âge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moyen_Âge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ouvrages_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ouvrages_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Ouvrages techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ouvrages_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Polémologie et historiographie militaire modernes (XIXème-XXIème siècles)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiographie_militaire_moderne_:_mémorialistes_et_historiens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiographie_militaire_moderne_:_mémorialistes_et_historiens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Historiographie militaire moderne : mémorialistes et historiens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiographie_militaire_moderne_:_mémorialistes_et_historiens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traités_didactiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traités_didactiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Traités didactiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traités_didactiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Études_historiques_militaires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Études_historiques_militaires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.3</span> <span>Études historiques militaires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Études_historiques_militaires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Correspondants de guerre et « presse militaire »</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reportages_et_correspondants_de_guerre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reportages_et_correspondants_de_guerre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Reportages et correspondants de guerre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reportages_et_correspondants_de_guerre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presse_scientifique_et_technique_spécialisée" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presse_scientifique_et_technique_spécialisée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>Presse scientifique et technique spécialisée</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presse_scientifique_et_technique_spécialisée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autres_domaines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autres_domaines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.3</span> <span>Autres domaines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autres_domaines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Polémologie sociale et politique et sociologie militaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guerre_et_société" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerre_et_société"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Guerre et société</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerre_et_société-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_théoriciens_de_la_«_Guerre_révolutionnaire_»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_théoriciens_de_la_«_Guerre_révolutionnaire_»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.2</span> <span>Les théoriciens de la « Guerre révolutionnaire »</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_théoriciens_de_la_«_Guerre_révolutionnaire_»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociologie_militaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociologie_militaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.3</span> <span>Sociologie militaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociologie_militaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traités_et_ouvrages_doctrinaires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traités_et_ouvrages_doctrinaires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10.1</span> <span>Traités et ouvrages doctrinaires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traités_et_ouvrages_doctrinaires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10.2</span> <span>Varia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span><span>Iconographie</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Littérature_militaire_japonaise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Littérature_militaire_japonaise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span><span>Littérature militaire japonaise</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Littérature_militaire_japonaise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traités_militaires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traités_militaires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14.1</span> <span>Traités militaires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traités_militaires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Littérature_épique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Littérature_épique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14.2</span> <span>Littérature épique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Littérature_épique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_littérature_militaire_dans_la_culture_culture_japonaise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_littérature_militaire_dans_la_culture_culture_japonaise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14.3</span> <span>La littérature militaire dans la culture culture japonaise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_littérature_militaire_dans_la_culture_culture_japonaise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14.4</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14.5</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14.6</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14.7</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOCU_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOCU_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15</span> <span><span>DOCU</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOCU_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beutepanzer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beutepanzer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Beutepanzer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beutepanzer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Beutepanzer</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beutepanzer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Première_Guerre_mondiale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Première_Guerre_mondiale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Première Guerre mondiale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Première_Guerre_mondiale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Deuxième Guerre mondiale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Les_matériels_tchécoslovaques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_matériels_tchécoslovaques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Les matériels tchécoslovaques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_matériels_tchécoslovaques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campagnes_de_Pologne_et_de_l'Ouest_(1939-1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campagnes_de_Pologne_et_de_l'Ouest_(1939-1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Campagnes de Pologne et de l'Ouest (1939-1940)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campagnes_de_Pologne_et_de_l'Ouest_(1939-1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_«_Baukommando_Becker_»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_«_Baukommando_Becker_»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Le « <i>Baukommando Becker</i> »</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_«_Baukommando_Becker_»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Front_de_l'Est" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front_de_l'Est"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Front de l'Est</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front_de_l'Est-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matériels_anglo-saxons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matériels_anglo-saxons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Matériels anglo-saxons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matériels_anglo-saxons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.1</span> <span>Notes.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MATOS_&_DOCU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MATOS_&_DOCU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>MATOS & DOCU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MATOS_&_DOCU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp_fortifié" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_fortifié"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Camp fortifié</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Camp_fortifié-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Camp fortifié</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Camp_fortifié-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guerres_coloniales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerres_coloniales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Guerres coloniales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerres_coloniales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflits_modernes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflits_modernes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Conflits modernes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflits_modernes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guerres_d'Indochine_et_du_Viet-Nâm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerres_d'Indochine_et_du_Viet-Nâm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Guerres d'Indochine et du Viet-Nâm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerres_d'Indochine_et_du_Viet-Nâm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes._2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes._2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.1</span> <span>Notes.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes._2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-talkpageheader"> </div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Arme_(corps_militaire)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Arme_(corps_militaire)"><span id="Arme_.28corps_militaire.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span><a href="/wiki/Arme_(corps_militaire)" title="Arme (corps militaire)">Arme (corps militaire)</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Arme (corps militaire)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Une <b>arme</b> en tant que composante des forces armées d'une nation, se définit comme l'ensemble des effectifs, moyens et armements affectés à un type particulier de missions. Jusqu'au XIXème siècle, les armées étaient traditionnellement composées de quatre grandes armes : la <a href="/wiki/Cavalerie" title="Cavalerie">cavalerie</a>, l' <a href="/wiki/Infanterie" title="Infanterie">infanterie</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Artillerie" title="Artillerie">artillerie</a> et le <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nie_militaire" title="Génie militaire">génie</a>. </p><p>Avec les développements technologiques qui marquèrent l' « art de la guerre » depuis le début du XXème siècle, de nouvelles armes ont fait leur apparition au sein des armées modernes : l' arme des transmissions, du renseignement militaire et, depuis la <a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale" title="Première Guerre mondiale">Première Guerre mondiale</a>, l'arme blindée et l'arme aérienne. La <a href="/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a> a vu l'apparition de l'arme nucléaire qui, au fil de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_froide" title="Guerre froide">Guerre froide</a> est devenue l' arme « nucléaire, bactériologique et chimique » ( désignée communément sous le sigle « N.B.C. » ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliographie" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliographie-Arme_(corps_militaire)"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliographie-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span>Bibliographie<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliographie-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Articles_connexes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_connexes-Arme_(corps_militaire)"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Articles_connexes-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span>Articles connexes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Articles_connexes-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminologie_militaire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Terminologie_militaire-Articles_connexes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Terminologie_militaire-Articles_connexes"></span>Terminologie militaire<span 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externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_et_références" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_et_références-Arme_(corps_militaire)"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_et_références-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span>Notes et références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_et_références-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes-Notes_et_références"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes-Notes_et_références"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes-Notes_et_références"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références" data-mw-thread-id="h-Références-Notes_et_références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Références-Notes_et_références"></span>Références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Références-Notes_et_références"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Glossaire_militaire" title="Catégorie:Glossaire militaire">Catégorie:Glossaire militaire</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="DOCU" data-mw-thread-id="h-DOCU-Arme_(corps_militaire)"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-DOCU-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span>DOCU<span data-mw-comment-end="h-DOCU-Arme_(corps_militaire)"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : DOCU"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Intendance_militaire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Intendance_militaire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Intendance_militaire"></span><a href="/wiki/Intendance_militaire" title="Intendance militaire">Intendance militaire</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Intendance_militaire"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Intendance militaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L' <b>intendance militaire</b> est constituée par l'ensemble des moyens et personnels affectés, au sein des <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e" title="Armée">forces armées</a>, au soutien et à l'appui <a href="/wiki/Logistique" title="Logistique">logistique</a> des forces combattantes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:American_soldiers_riding_Mark_I_series_tank_army.mil-2008-06-16-120221.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/American_soldiers_riding_Mark_I_series_tank_army.mil-2008-06-16-120221.jpg/220px-American_soldiers_riding_Mark_I_series_tank_army.mil-2008-06-16-120221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/American_soldiers_riding_Mark_I_series_tank_army.mil-2008-06-16-120221.jpg/330px-American_soldiers_riding_Mark_I_series_tank_army.mil-2008-06-16-120221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/American_soldiers_riding_Mark_I_series_tank_army.mil-2008-06-16-120221.jpg/440px-American_soldiers_riding_Mark_I_series_tank_army.mil-2008-06-16-120221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="1561"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliographie_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliographie_2-Intendance_militaire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliographie_2-Intendance_militaire"></span>Bibliographie<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliographie_2-Intendance_militaire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Articles_connexes_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_connexes_2-Intendance_militaire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Articles_connexes_2-Intendance_militaire"></span>Articles connexes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Articles_connexes_2-Intendance_militaire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intendance_militaire_(France)" title="Intendance militaire (France)">Intendance militaire (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ball_Express" title="Red Ball Express">Red Ball Express</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Liens_externes_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Liens_externes_2-Intendance_militaire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Liens_externes_2-Intendance_militaire"></span>Liens externes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Liens_externes_2-Intendance_militaire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_et_références_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_et_références_2-Intendance_militaire"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_2"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_et_références_2-Intendance_militaire"></span>Notes et références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_et_références_2-Intendance_militaire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_2-Notes_et_références_2"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_2-Notes_et_références_2"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_2-Notes_et_références_2"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Références_2-Notes_et_références_2"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_2"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Références_2-Notes_et_références_2"></span>Références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Références_2-Notes_et_références_2"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span id="Guerre_.C3.A0_l.27.C3.88re_moderne"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerre_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%88re_moderne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerre à l'Ère moderne (page inexistante)">Guerre à l'Ère moderne</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Guerre à l'Ère moderne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css general">Article principal : <a href="/wiki/%C3%88re_moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Ère moderne">Ère moderne</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe" data-mw-thread-id="h-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span id="L.27introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span>L'introduction de la poudre en Europe<span data-mw-comment-end="h-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : L'introduction de la poudre en Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89volution_de_l%27Art_de_la_guerre_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_de_la_poudre_noire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Évolution de l'Art de la guerre à l'époque de la poudre noire (page inexistante)">Évolution de l'Art de la guerre à l'époque de la poudre noire</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="La_«_Révolution_militaire_»_à_la_Renaissance" data-mw-thread-id="h-La_«_Révolution_militaire_»_à_la_Renaissance-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span id="La_.C2.AB_R.C3.A9volution_militaire_.C2.BB_.C3.A0_la_Renaissance"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-La_«_Révolution_militaire_»_à_la_Renaissance-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span>La « Révolution militaire » à la Renaissance<span data-mw-comment-end="h-La_«_Révolution_militaire_»_à_la_Renaissance-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=19" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La « Révolution militaire » à la Renaissance"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerre_%C3%A0_la_Renaissance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerre à la Renaissance (page inexistante)">Guerre à la Renaissance</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Le_«_Grand_Siècle_»_(XVIIème_siècle)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Le_«_Grand_Siècle_»_(XVIIème_siècle)-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span id="Le_.C2.AB_Grand_Si.C3.A8cle_.C2.BB_.28XVII.C3.A8me_si.C3.A8cle.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Le_«_Grand_Siècle_»_(XVIIème_siècle)-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span>Le « Grand Siècle » (XVIIème siècle)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Le_«_Grand_Siècle_»_(XVIIème_siècle)-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=20" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le « Grand Siècle » (XVIIème siècle)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Le_XVIIIème_siècle" data-mw-thread-id="h-Le_XVIIIème_siècle-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span id="Le_XVIII.C3.A8me_si.C3.A8cle"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Le_XVIIIème_siècle-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span>Le XVIIIème siècle<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Le_XVIIIème_siècle-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=21" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le XVIIIème siècle"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="La_pensée_militaire_européenne_à_l'Ère_moderne" data-mw-thread-id="h-La_pensée_militaire_européenne_à_l'Ère_moderne-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span id="La_pens.C3.A9e_militaire_europ.C3.A9enne_.C3.A0_l.27.C3.88re_moderne"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-La_pensée_militaire_européenne_à_l'Ère_moderne-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span>La pensée militaire européenne à l'Ère moderne<span data-mw-comment-end="h-La_pensée_militaire_européenne_à_l'Ère_moderne-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=22" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La pensée militaire européenne à l'Ère moderne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litt%C3%A9rature_et_%C3%A9crivains_militaires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Littérature et écrivains militaires (page inexistante)">Littérature et écrivains militaires</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliographie_3" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliographie_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliographie_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span>Bibliographie<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliographie_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=23" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bruno Colson : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.fr/books?id=_p-SfaAwdMMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=bruno+colson&hl=fr&ei=E8s-TfWsJ4qWhQfFvMiYCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>L'art de la guerre de Machiavel à Clausewitz</i></a>, Presses universitaires de Namur, 2002 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2870373694" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2870373694"><span class="nowrap">2870373694</span></a>)</small></li> <li>Michel Fortmann : <i>Les cycles de Mars : Révolutions militaires et édification étatique de la Renaissance à nos jours</i>, Economica, Bibliothèque Stratégique, 2009 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2717856862" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2717856862"><span class="nowrap">2717856862</span></a>)</small> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2717856866" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2717856866"><span class="nowrap">978-2717856866</span></a>)</small></li> <li>Émile Wanty : <i>L'art de la guerre</i> Marabout Université, Éditions Gérard & Co, Verviers, 1967 pour les tomes 1 et 2 et 1968 pour le tome 3.<span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"/></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Articles_connexes_3" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_connexes_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Articles_connexes_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span>Articles connexes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Articles_connexes_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=24" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recrutement_militaire_en_France_avant_1789" title="Recrutement militaire en France avant 1789">Recrutement militaire en France avant 1789</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Liens_externes_3" data-mw-thread-id="h-Liens_externes_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Liens_externes_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span>Liens externes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Liens_externes_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=25" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jasinski.co.uk/wojna/index.htm">Polish Warfare 1450 to 1699</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_et_références_3" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_et_références_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_3"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_et_références_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span>Notes et références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_et_références_3-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=26" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" class="extiw" title="en:Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_warfare?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_3" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_3-Notes_et_références_3"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_3-Notes_et_références_3"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_3-Notes_et_références_3"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=27" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références_3" data-mw-thread-id="h-Références_3-Notes_et_références_3"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_3"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Références_3-Notes_et_références_3"></span>Références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Références_3-Notes_et_références_3"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=28" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint wikilien_alternatif" style="clear:right; float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;width:250px;border:solid #AAAAAA 1px; background:#f9f9f9;padding:0px;font-size:90%;text-align:left;"> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td style="line-height:50px;vertical-align:middle;position:relative" align="center" valign="middle"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="commons:"><img alt="wikilien alternatif2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></span> </p> </td> <td valign="middle"> <p><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> propose des documents multimédia libres sur <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Warfare_of_the_Early_Modern_era?uselang=fr">Thib Phil/Bac à sable 8</a></b>.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="MATOS" data-mw-thread-id="h-MATOS-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-MATOS-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MATOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MATOS (page inexistante)">MATOS</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-MATOS-Guerre_à_l'Ère_moderne"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=29" title="Modifier le code source de la section : MATOS"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" class="extiw" title="en:Early modern warfare">en:Early modern warfare</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span id=".C3.89volution_de_l.27Art_de_la_guerre_.C3.A0_l.27.C3.A9poque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89volution_de_l%27Art_de_la_guerre_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9poque_de_la_poudre_noire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Évolution de l'Art de la guerre à l'époque de la poudre noire (page inexistante)">Évolution de l'Art de la guerre à l'époque de la poudre noire</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=30" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Évolution de l'Art de la guerre à l'époque de la poudre noire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r216721251">.mw-parser-output .texte-rouge{color:var(--color-destructive,#ff0000)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-day .mw-parser-output .texte-rouge{color:#ff0000}</style><span class="texte-rouge">TITRE PROVISOIRE</span> </p><p>L'« Art de la guerre » de la fin du <a href="/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge" title="Moyen Âge">Moyen Âge</a> au XIXème siècle is associated with the start of the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" class="mw-disambig" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive. Gunpowder was first invented in China and then later spread to western nations of the Middle East. It then found its way into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Europe (page inexistante)">Eastern Europe</a> following the invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, who had employed <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">Chinese</a> gunpowder-based <a href="/wiki/Weapons" title="Weapons">weapons</a> to conquer parts of Europe and the Middle East. </p><p>Later it arrived into <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Europe (page inexistante)">Western Europe</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, when European forces discovered the substance from the Islamic forces they faced. It was brought to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian subcontinent (page inexistante)">Indian subcontinent</a> by the Middle East as well in the 14th century. Prior to the 15th century, gunpowder was used on a limited basis, but its use became universal in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early modern period (page inexistante)">early modern period</a>, its apex occurring during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleonic Wars (page inexistante)">Napoleonic Wars</a> from 1792 to 1815. </p><p>The understanding of "gunpowder warfare", expressed here, comes from the works of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Roberts (historian) (page inexistante)">Michael Roberts</a> who argued that a military revolution occurred in the 16th century that forever changed warfare, and society in general. Since he wrote in the 1950s his narrative has been augmented and challenged by other scholars. When exactly the revolution occurred is debated, and whether it was a revolution or a slow transformation is also discussed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cannon_pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cannon_pic.jpg/220px-Cannon_pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cannon_pic.jpg/330px-Cannon_pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cannon_pic.jpg/440px-Cannon_pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="395"/></a><figcaption>A small cast-iron cannon on a carriage.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Arquebusiers_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Arquebusiers_1.jpg/220px-Arquebusiers_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Arquebusiers_1.jpg/330px-Arquebusiers_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Arquebusiers_1.jpg/440px-Arquebusiers_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="645"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Gunpowder and flame projector tubes were first invented and used in military combat in <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">China</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology">technology</a> was transmitted elsewhere, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_of_Song_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technology of Song Dynasty (page inexistante)">advanced technological innovation</a> during the Chinese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Dynasty (page inexistante)">Song Dynasty</a> (AD 960–1279). The <a href="/wiki/Cannon" class="mw-disambig" title="Cannon">cannon</a> later arrived in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslim world (page inexistante)">Muslim world</a> in the 13th century, where the <a href="/wiki/Explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive">explosive</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_cannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hand cannon (page inexistante)">hand cannon</a> was invented. These then reached the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian Peninsula (page inexistante)">Iberian Peninsula</a>, with gunpowder described in Europe by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> in 1216 and 1248; however, for a long time European gunpowder weapons were unpredictable, unwieldy and difficult to deploy. As a result, they were mainly used for attacking <a href="/wiki/Castle" class="mw-disambig" title="Castle">castles</a> and other defences, a task that was equally well suited to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undermining&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undermining (page inexistante)">undermining</a> or non-explosive weapons. </p><p>The development of the siege cannon did have an important effect: it soon made existing <a href="/wiki/Castle" class="mw-disambig" title="Castle">castle</a> designs, such as majestic <a href="/wiki/Tower" class="mw-disambig" title="Tower">towers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlon" class="mw-disambig" title="Merlon">merlons</a>, obsolete. Fortresses with sloping walls, to deflect <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cannon_projectiles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cannon projectiles (page inexistante)">cannon shots</a>, brought the <a href="/wiki/Siege" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege">siege</a> back to being one of the central aspects of warfare during this era. The <i><a href="/wiki/Trace_italienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace italienne">trace italienne</a></i> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_fort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star fort (page inexistante)">Star fort</a> became the new fortress designs, although building them was generally vastly expensive. Small states and local aristocrats rarely had the money to build these defences, and these groups lost power in favour of the centralized governments. The once mighty city states of Italy became parts of the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Roman Empire (page inexistante)">Holy Roman Empires</a>, while the small states of <a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">Germany</a> were forced into vassalage to a greater power or to coalitions of the larger states. </p><p>Weaponry is often placed at the forefront of technological advancement and the invention of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arquebus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arquebus (page inexistante)">arquebus</a> soon began an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arms_race&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arms race (page inexistante)">arms race</a>. The useful but still unwieldy weapon was refined and reduced in size through many rapid developments culminating in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoothbore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smoothbore (page inexistante)">smoothbore</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musket (page inexistante)">musket</a> around 1600. These small, portable, personal weapons, which could fire projectiles over rapidly increasing distances with greater accuracy, heralded the growth of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern warfare (page inexistante)">modern warfare</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustavus Adolphus (page inexistante)">Gustavus Adolphus</a> pioneered the use of lighter field artillery in the 1630s. In naval warfare, the cannon maintained its position of pre-eminence due to the fact that guns were aimed by positioning the angle of the ship more commonly than not. Small arms never had a fraction of the importance in naval gunpowder warfare as they had on land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Chine_et_Empire_mongol" data-mw-thread-id="h-Chine_et_Empire_mongol-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Chine_et_Empire_mongol-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span>Chine et Empire mongol<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Chine_et_Empire_mongol-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=31" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chine et Empire mongol"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chine_ancienne" data-mw-thread-id="h-Chine_ancienne-Chine_et_Empire_mongol"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Chine_ancienne-Chine_et_Empire_mongol"></span>Chine ancienne<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Chine_ancienne-Chine_et_Empire_mongol"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=32" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chine ancienne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/200px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/300px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/400px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="864"/></a><figcaption>Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i> manuscript of 1044 AD.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/200px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/300px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/400px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"/></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_Cannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hand Cannon (page inexistante)">Hand Cannon</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan Dynasty (page inexistante)">Yuan Dynasty</a> (1279–1368)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg/200px-Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg/300px-Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg/400px-Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="822"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Arms_of_Ming_army5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Arms_of_Ming_army5.jpg/200px-Arms_of_Ming_army5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Arms_of_Ming_army5.jpg/300px-Arms_of_Ming_army5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Arms_of_Ming_army5.jpg/400px-Arms_of_Ming_army5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="183"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ming_musketeers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ming_musketeers.jpg/200px-Ming_musketeers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ming_musketeers.jpg/300px-Ming_musketeers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ming_musketeers.jpg/400px-Ming_musketeers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="501"/></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming Dynasty (page inexistante)">Ming Dynasty</a> (1368-1644) Chinese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musketeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musketeer (page inexistante)">musketeers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many regions participated in gunpowder warfare during this period. The first civilization that employed the use of gunpowder in warfare was medieval China, beginning in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (page inexistante)">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a> period (907–960 AD). </p><p>The impetus for the development of gunpowder weapons in China was increasing encroachment by tribes on its borders.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> From the 10th century until the 13th century, advances in military technology aided the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Dynasty (page inexistante)">Song Dynasty</a> in its defense against their hostile neighbors to the north, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanguts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanguts (page inexistante)">Tanguts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitans" title="Khitans">Khitans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. </p><p>The discovery of gunpowder in the 9th century and the subsequent invention of firearms in the 12th century both coincided with long periods of disunity during which there was some immediate use for infantry and siege weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-chase_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The years 904–906 saw the use of incendiary projectiles called 'flying fires' (<i>fei-huo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcoltxt (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcoltxt</a> argues that gunpowder was first used in warfare in China in 919 as a fuse for the ignition of another incendiary, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_fire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek fire (page inexistante)">Greek fire</a>. The earliest depiction of a gunpowder weapon is a mid-10th century silk banner from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> that shows a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire-lance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire-lance (page inexistante)">fire-lance</a>, precursor of the gun.<sup id="cite_ref-gun_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gun-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest surviving recipes for gunpowder can be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-chase_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> of 1044, which contains three: two for use in incendiary bombs to be thrown by siege engines and one intended as fuel for poison smoke bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> One of the recipes describes a 'thorny fire-ball' bomb designed with caltrops to catch and stick to targets and set them alight. It calls for a mixture of sulfur, saltpeter, charcoal and other filler and combustible ingredients to be packaged into a ball that is lit just prior to being launched from a trebuchet.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formulas in the <i>Wujing zongyao</i> range from 27 to 50 percent nitrate.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_345_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_345-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> Experimenting with different levels of saltpeter content eventually produced bombs, grenades, and mines, in addition to giving fire-arrows a new lease on life.<sup id="cite_ref-chase_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 12th century, there were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cast iron (page inexistante)">cast iron</a> grenades filled with gunpowder formulations capable of bursting through their metal containers.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_347_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_347-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> The 14th century <i>Huolongjing</i> contains gunpowder recipes with nitrate levels ranging from 12% to 91%, six of which approach the theoretical composition for maximal explosive force.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_345_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_345-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcoltxt (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcoltxt</a> argues that the use of gunpowder in artillery as an explosive (as opposed to a mere incendiary) was made possible by improvements in the refinement of sulfur from <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> during the Song Dynasty. </p><p>In the battles of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tangdao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tangdao (page inexistante)">Tangdao</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Caishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Caishi (page inexistante)">Caishi</a>, which both took place in 1161, combatants employed both grenades and soft-case bombs packed with lime and sulfur.<sup id="cite_ref-partington_240_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partington_240-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_166_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_166-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_476_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_476-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> In 1221, cast iron bombs thrown by hand, sling, and catapult are mentioned, yet earlier in 1161 <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebuchet">trebuchets</a> on Song Dynasty naval warships were used to launch gunpowder bombs at the opposing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_Dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) (page inexistante)">Jin Dynasty</a> navy.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_476_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_476-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Tê-An Shou Chhêng Lu</i>, an account of the siege of De'an in 1132, records that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Dynasty (page inexistante)">Song</a> forces used fire-lances against the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan dating to the 12th century of a figure carrying a vase-shaped <a href="/wiki/Bombard" class="mw-disambig" title="Bombard">bombard</a> with flames and a cannonball coming out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> The oldest gun ever discovered, dated to 1288, has a muzzle bore diameter of 2.5 cm; the second oldest, dated to 1332, has a muzzle bore diameter of 10.5 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1341 poem 'The Iron Cannon Affair', one of the first accounts of the use of gunpowder artillery in China, Zhang Xian wrote that a cannonball fired from an eruptor could 'pierce the heart or belly when it strikes a man or horse, and can even transfix several persons at once'.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> During wartime, the Chinese used the early gunpowder weapons in defense against the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, and the weapon was taken up by the Mongol conquerors later. An account of a 1359 battle near Hangzhou records that both the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming Dynasty (page inexistante)">Ming Chinese</a> and Mongol sides were equipped with cannon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 13th century saw the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Rocket" class="mw-disambig" title="Rocket">rocketry</a> and its use in both peace and war.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divine_Engine_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divine Engine Division (page inexistante)">Divine Engine Division</a>, which helped the <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a> overthrow the Mongols and create the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming Dynasty (page inexistante)">Ming Dynasty</a> around 1368, used entirely gunpowder weaponry. </p><p>In the middle of the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Jiao_Yu" title="Jiao Yu">Jiao Yu</a>, who had served Ming Dynasty founder <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a> as an artillery officer and become one of his confidants, compiled a military treatise called the <i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i>. In addition to descriptions of old standbys like gunpowder recipes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_arrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire arrow (page inexistante)">fire arrows</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_lance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire lance (page inexistante)">fire lances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannon" class="mw-disambig" title="Cannon">cannons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombard" class="mw-disambig" title="Bombard">bombards</a>, the <i>Huolongjing</i> also described poisonous gunpowder recipes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval mine (page inexistante)">naval mines</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land mine (page inexistante)">land mines</a> which employed a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheellock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheellock (page inexistante)">wheellock</a> and falling weight mechanism, <a href="/wiki/Rocket" class="mw-disambig" title="Rocket">rocket</a> launchers and even <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multistage_rocket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multistage rocket (page inexistante)">multistage rockets</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvtxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvtxt (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvtxt</a> suggests that the proto-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shell_(projectile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shell (projectile) (page inexistante)">shells</a> described in the <i>Huolongjing</i> may be among the first of their kind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_Empire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mongol_Empire-Chine_et_Empire_mongol"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mongol_Empire-Chine_et_Empire_mongol"></span>Mongol Empire<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mongol_Empire-Chine_et_Empire_mongol"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=33" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mongol Empire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 13th century, explosive projectiles were being used by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in their invasions of <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japan</a>. A set of scrolls commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Takezaki_Suenaga" title="Takezaki Suenaga">Takezaki Suenaga</a>, a Japanese warrior who fought against the Mongols, depict the Mongol’s use of an exploding shell, known as a teppo. In addition, several more explosive shells have been discovered off the coast of Japan where several ships of the Mongol fleet sank during their second invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Islamic_world" data-mw-thread-id="h-Islamic_world-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Islamic_world-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span>Islamic world<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Islamic_world-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=34" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Islamic world"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period" data-mw-thread-id="h-Medieval_period-Islamic_world"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Medieval_period-Islamic_world"></span>Medieval period<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Medieval_period-Islamic_world"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=35" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Medieval period"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder some time after 1240, but before 1280, by which time Hasan al-Rammah had written, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to "his father and forefathers", <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcoltxt (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcoltxt</a> argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by "the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth". </p><p>Hasan al-Rammah included 107 gunpowder recipes in his <i>al-furusiyyah wa al-manasib al-harbiyya</i> (<i>The Book of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices</i>), 22 of which are for rockets. If one takes the median of 17 of these 22 compositions for rockets (75% nitrates, 9.06% sulphur and 15.94% carbon), it is almost identical with the reported ideal recipe (75% potassium nitrate, 10% sulphur, and 15% carbon).<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedY_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedY-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Hassan claims that "the first cannon in history"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> was used by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ain_Jalut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ain Jalut (page inexistante)">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> in 1260;<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedY_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedY-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> Khan claims that it was invading <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> and cites <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> antagonism towards early gunmen in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan_6-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the refusal of their <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" class="mw-redirect" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> forces to use firearms contributed to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safavid (page inexistante)">Safavid</a> rout at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaldiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chaldiran (page inexistante)">Chaldiran</a> in 1514.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan_6-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest surviving documentary evidence for the use of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_cannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hand cannon (page inexistante)">hand cannon</a>, considered the oldest type of <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Small arms">portable firearm</a> and a forerunner of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handgun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handgun (page inexistante)">handgun</a>, are from several Arabic manuscripts dated to the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-History-Channel_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-Channel-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> Al-Hassan argues that these are based on earlier originals and that they report hand-held cannons being used by the Mamluks at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedY_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedY-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ottoman_Empire-Islamic_world"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ottoman_Empire-Islamic_world"></span>Ottoman Empire<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ottoman_Empire-Islamic_world"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=36" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Ottoman Empire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tarasnice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tarasnice.jpg/220px-Tarasnice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tarasnice.jpg/330px-Tarasnice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tarasnice.jpg/440px-Tarasnice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="664"/></a><figcaption> Tarasnice from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hussite_wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussite wars (page inexistante)">Hussite wars</a> (1419-1434)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png/220px-Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png/330px-Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png/440px-Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="442"/></a><figcaption>The bronze Dardanelles cannon, used by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Empire (page inexistante)">Ottoman Turks</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fall of Constantinople (page inexistante)">siege of Constantinople</a> in 1453.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Grand_Turk(36).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grand_Turk%2836%29.jpg/220px-Grand_Turk%2836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grand_Turk%2836%29.jpg/330px-Grand_Turk%2836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grand_Turk%2836%29.jpg/440px-Grand_Turk%2836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"/></a><figcaption>Muskets and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayonet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayonet (page inexistante)">bayonets</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/Frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Turk_(frigate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Turk (frigate) (page inexistante)">Grand Turk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman Empire had been one of the first Middle Eastern states (that extended into Europe, making them the first European state as well) to effectively use gunpowder weapons and used them to great effect conquering much of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle East (page inexistante)">Middle East</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Africa (page inexistante)">North Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. In the 17th century the state began to stagnate as more modern technologies and strategies were not adopted. Specifically, the Ottoman Empire was slow to adopt innovations like boring cannon (rather than casting them in a mold), making the conversion from <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> firearms to <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintlock">flintlocks</a>, and the lightening of field guns and carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In part this was because the military elite had become a powerful force in the empire and change threatened their positions. <a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a> theorizes that one contributing factor to the Ottoman reluctance to adopt the flintlock musket, despite its superiority over the matchlock ignition system, was the dusty climate of much of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle East (page inexistante)">Middle East</a> which could cause problems with reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the Ottoman Empire between the 15th and 18th centuries has been assessed as a third-tier military producer, that is a producer which copies existing technologies, but does not capture the underlying process of innovation (first-tier producer) or adaption (second-tier producer).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> Other research, though, complicates that view. A Chinese military manual published in 1644 compared Ottoman and European firearms in the following manner:<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Firearms have been in use since the beginning of the dynasty, and field armies in battle formation have found them convenient and useful to carry along...Since muskets have been transmitted to China, these weapons have lost their effectiveness...In battle formation, aside from various cannon such as the "three generals," the breach loading swivel gun, and the "hundred-league thunder," nothing has more range or power than the Ottoman musket. The next best is the European one.</p></blockquote> <p>The fact that Ottoman firearms were considered by 17th century Chinese writers to be superior to European firearms demonstrates that the Ottoman Empire was at least a second tier producer of muskets during this period. However, some claim that the 'European' firearms the Chinese researcher tested were actually Japanese arquebuses based on fifty year old Portuguese models. The design of the Ottoman matchlock is substantially different from that of the European variety and it in turn influenced the matchlocks produced in both <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safavid Empire (page inexistante)">Safavid</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Iran (page inexistante)">Persia</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mughal Empire (page inexistante)">Mughal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of India (page inexistante)">India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15th_Century" data-mw-thread-id="h-15th_Century-Ottoman_Empire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-15th_Century-Ottoman_Empire"></span>15th Century<span data-mw-comment-end="h-15th_Century-Ottoman_Empire"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=37" title="Modifier le code source de la section : 15th Century"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman Empire was one of the first states to put gunpowder weapons into widespread use. The famous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janissary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janissary (page inexistante)">Janissary</a> corps of the Ottoman army began using matchlock muskets as early as the 1440s.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> The army of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_the_Conqueror&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet the Conqueror (page inexistante)">Mehmet the Conqueror</a>, which conquered <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1453, included both artillery and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans brought to the siege sixty-nine guns in fifteen separate batteries and trained them at the walls of the city. The barrage of Ottoman cannon fire lasted forty days, and they are estimated to have fired 19,320 times.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle3-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16th_Century" data-mw-thread-id="h-16th_Century-Ottoman_Empire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-16th_Century-Ottoman_Empire"></span>16th Century<span data-mw-comment-end="h-16th_Century-Ottoman_Empire"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=38" title="Modifier le code source de la section : 16th Century"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 16th century saw the first widespread use of the <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> musket as a decisive weapon on the battlefield with the Turks becoming leaders in this regard. The first of these campaigns was the campaign against the Persians in 1514 under Yavuz Sultan Selim, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_the_Grim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim the Grim (page inexistante)">Selim the Grim</a>. Armed with gunpowder weapons, his army defeated the Persians at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaldiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chaldiran (page inexistante)">Battle of Chaldiran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinross_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinross-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> After his victory over the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safavids (page inexistante)">Safavids</a>, Selim turned his attention towards the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" class="mw-disambig" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The decisive battle of his campaign against the Mamluks, and the battle which highlighted the importance of the musket in the Ottoman military, was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Raydaniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Raydaniyah (page inexistante)">Battle of Raydaniyah</a>, fought in 1517. There, Selim outflanked the entrenched Mamluk artillery, and attacked the Mamluk forces with his Janissaries. The Janissaries, armed with firearms, destroyed the Mamluk army, armed mostly with traditional swords and javelins.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle4-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reference was made by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" class="mw-disambig" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> to a sea battle outside <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiddah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiddah (page inexistante)">Jiddah</a>, in 1517, between Portuguese and Ottoman vessels. The Muslim force under Salman Reis had "<i>three or four basilisks firing balls of thirty palms in circumference</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-guilmartin_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilmartin-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> This was estimated to be a cannon of about 90 inch bore "<i>firing cut stone balls of approximately 1,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pound (mass) (page inexistante)">pounds</a></i> (453 kg)".<sup id="cite_ref-guilmartin_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilmartin-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Selim, he was succeeded by his son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suleiman the Magnificent (page inexistante)">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>. During his reign, <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" class="mw-disambig" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> weapons continued to be used effectively. One important example, is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mohacs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mohacs (page inexistante)">Battle of Mohacs</a> in 1526. During this battle, Ottoman artillery, and Janissaries armed with muskets, were able to cut down charging Hungarian cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinross2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinross2-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17th_Century" data-mw-thread-id="h-17th_Century-Ottoman_Empire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-17th_Century-Ottoman_Empire"></span>17th Century<span data-mw-comment-end="h-17th_Century-Ottoman_Empire"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=39" title="Modifier le code source de la section : 17th Century"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the cannon and musket were employed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Empire (page inexistante)">Ottomans</a> long beforehand, by the 17th century they witnessed how ineffective the traditional cavalry charges were in the face of concentrated musket-fire volleys.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_5_6_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan_5_6-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> In a report given by an Ottoman general in 1602, he confessed that the army was in a distressed position due to the emphasis in European forces for musket-wielding infantry, while the Ottomans relied heavily on cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_5_6_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan_5_6-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter it was suggested that the janisseries, who were already trained and equipped with muskets, become more heavily involved in the imperial army while led by their <i>agha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_5_6_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan_5_6-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the middle of the 17th century, the continued reliance of the Ottomans on over-heavy ordnance had been made out by European officers as a liability. <a href="/wiki/Raimondo_Montecuccoli" title="Raimondo Montecuccoli">Raimondo Montecuccoli</a>, the Habsburg commander who defeated the Ottomans at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1664)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664) (page inexistante)">Battle of Saint Gotthard</a> commented on Ottoman cannon: </p> <dl><dd><i>This enormous artillery produces great damage when it hits, but it is awkward to move and it requires too much time to reload and site. Furthermore, it consumes a great amount of powder, besides cracking and breaking the wheels and the carriages and even the ramparts on which it is placed . . . our artillery is more handy and more efficient and here resides our advantage over the cannon of the Turks.</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safavid_Empire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Safavid_Empire-Islamic_world"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Safavid_Empire-Islamic_world"></span>Safavid Empire<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Safavid_Empire-Islamic_world"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=40" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Safavid Empire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after the Ottoman Empire, two other Muslim gunpowder empires appeared: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safavid Empire (page inexistante)">Safavid Empire</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persian Empire (page inexistante)">Persia</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mughal Empire (page inexistante)">Mughal Empire</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of India (page inexistante)">India</a>. They both began in the early 16th century but later collapsed in the 18th century. </p><p>The refusal of their <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" class="mw-redirect" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> forces to use firearms contributed to the Safavid rout at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaldiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chaldiran (page inexistante)">Chaldiran</a> in 1514.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_6_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan_6-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this initial reluctance, the Persians very rapidly acquired the art of making and using handguns. A Venetian envoy, Vincenzo di Alessandri, in a report presented to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Ten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Ten (page inexistante)">Council of Ten</a> on 24 September 1572, observes: </p> <dl><dd>"<i>They used for arms, swords, lances, arquebuses, which all the soldiers carry and use; their arms are also superior and better tempered than those of any other nation. The barrels of the arquebuses are generally six spans long, and carry a ball little less than three ounces in weight. They use them with such facility that it does not hinder them drawing their bows nor handling their swords, keeping the latter hung at their saddle bows till occasion requires them. The arquebus is then put away behind the back so that one weapon does not impede the use of the other.</i>"</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_Empire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mughal_Empire-Islamic_world"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mughal_Empire-Islamic_world"></span>Mughal Empire<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mughal_Empire-Islamic_world"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=41" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mughal Empire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>, the founder of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mughal Empire (page inexistante)">Mughal Empire</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian subcontinent (page inexistante)">Indian subcontinent</a>, employed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firearm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firearm (page inexistante)">firearms</a>, gun carts and movable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_artillery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field artillery (page inexistante)">artillery</a> in battle. In particular, he used them at the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Panipat_(1526)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Panipat (1526) (page inexistante)">Battle of Panipat (1526)</a> to defeat the much larger forces of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Lodhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim Lodhi (page inexistante)">Ibrahim Lodhi</a>, the last ruler of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delhi Sultanate (page inexistante)">Delhi Sultanate</a>. Other battles he fought using gunpowder weapons include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khanwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Khanwa (page inexistante)">Battle of Khanwa</a> in 1527 against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rana_Sanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rana Sanga (page inexistante)">Rana Sanga</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ghaghra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ghaghra (page inexistante)">Battle of Ghaghra</a> in 1529. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/220px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/330px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/440px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="678"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> invented the first <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket" class="mw-disambig" title="Rocket">rockets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" class="mw-disambig" title="India">India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>His descendants also employed gunpowder weapons in their expansion of the Mughal Empire, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akbar_the_Great&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akbar the Great (page inexistante)">Akbar the Great</a> at the second <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Panipat_(1556)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Panipat (1556) (page inexistante)">Battle of Panipat (1556)</a> against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adil_Shah_Suri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adil Shah Suri (page inexistante)">Adil Shah Suri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemu" class="mw-disambig" title="Hemu">Hemu</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sur_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sur Dynasty (page inexistante)">Sur Dynasty</a>. In <i>circa</i> 1582, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fathullah_Shirazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fathullah Shirazi (page inexistante)">Fathullah Shirazi</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persian people (page inexistante)">Persian</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of India (page inexistante)">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymath" class="mw-disambig" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, invented the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autocannon (page inexistante)">autocannon</a>, the earliest multi-shot gun. As opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Polybolos" title="Polybolos">polybolos</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeating_crossbow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repeating crossbow (page inexistante)">repeating crossbows</a> used earlier in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Greece (page inexistante)">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">China</a>, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun barrel">gun barrels</a> that fired <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hand_cannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hand cannon (page inexistante)">hand cannons</a> loaded with gunpowder.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> Another <a href="/wiki/Cannon" class="mw-disambig" title="Cannon">cannon</a>-related machine he created could clean sixteen gun barrels simultaneously, and was operated by a cow.<sup id="cite_ref-Amir_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amir-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> He also developed a seventeen-barrelled cannon, fired with a <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Mysore" data-mw-thread-id="h-Kingdom_of_Mysore-Islamic_world"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Kingdom_of_Mysore-Islamic_world"></span>Kingdom of Mysore<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Kingdom_of_Mysore-Islamic_world"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=42" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Kingdom of Mysore"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket" class="mw-disambig" title="Rocket">rockets</a> were developed by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, a Muslim ruler of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South India (page inexistante)">South Indian</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mysore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mysore (page inexistante)">Kingdom of Mysore</a>. He successfully used these iron rockets against the larger forces of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Mysore_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars (page inexistante)">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> rockets of this period were much more advanced than what the British had seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile (up to 2 km range). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (page inexistante)">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> and the capture of the Mysore iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development and were soon put into use in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleonic Wars (page inexistante)">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Europe" data-mw-thread-id="h-Europe-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Europe-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span>Europe<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Europe-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=43" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe_2-Europe"><span id="L.27introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe_2"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe_2-Europe"></span>L'introduction de la poudre en Europe<span data-mw-comment-end="h-L'introduction_de_la_poudre_en_Europe_2-Europe"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=44" title="Modifier le code source de la section : L'introduction de la poudre en Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:15jh_castle_siege.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/15jh_castle_siege.jpg/220px-15jh_castle_siege.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/15jh_castle_siege.jpg/330px-15jh_castle_siege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/15jh_castle_siege.jpg/440px-15jh_castle_siege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1017"/></a><figcaption>Scène de siège à la fin du <a href="/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge" title="Moyen Âge">Moyen Âge</a> (fin du XVème siècle). L'infanterie y est représentée amplement dotée d'armes de tir et notamment de <a href="/wiki/Couleuvrine" title="Couleuvrine">couleuvrines</a> ou « canons à main », précurseurs de l' <a href="/wiki/Arquebuse" title="Arquebuse">arquebuse</a>. L'usage de plus en plus généralisé des armes à feu mettra finalement un terme à la prépondérance de la <a href="/wiki/Chevalerie" title="Chevalerie">Chevalerie</a> sur les champs de bataille de la <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, l'infanterie, appuyée par l'artillerie, devenant désormais la « reine des batailles ».</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Coulevriniers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coulevriniers.jpg/220px-Coulevriniers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coulevriniers.jpg/330px-Coulevriniers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coulevriniers.jpg/440px-Coulevriniers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="960"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firearms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Firearms-Europe"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Firearms-Europe"></span>Firearms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Firearms-Europe"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=45" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Firearms"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The power of aristocracies fell throughout Western Europe during this period in relation to the state. Their 200-400 year old ancestral castles were no longer useful defences against artillery. The nobility's role in warfare was also eroded as the Medieval heavy cavalry lost its central role in battle. The heavy cavalry made up of armored knights had been fading in importance in the Late Middle Ages. The English <a href="/wiki/Longbow" class="mw-redirect" title="Longbow">longbow</a> and the Swiss <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pike_(weapon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pike (weapon) (page inexistante)">pike</a> had both proven their ability to devastate larger armed forces of mounted knights. However, the proper use of the longbow required a lifetime of training, making it impossible to amass very large forces. </p><p>The proper use of the pike required complex operations in formation and a great deal of fortitude and cohesion by the pikemen, again making amassing large forces difficult. Starting in the early 14th century, plate armour pieces were added to the traditional protective linked mail armour of knights and men-at-arms to guard against the arrows of the longbow and crossbow. By 1415 the first "hand cannons" were deployed by some infantrymen, and the earliest small bore arquebuses, with burning "match locks" appeared on the battlefield in the later 15th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_Plate_Armour" data-mw-thread-id="h-Role_of_Plate_Armour-Firearms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Role_of_Plate_Armour-Firearms"></span>Role of Plate Armour<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Role_of_Plate_Armour-Firearms"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=46" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Role of Plate Armour"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During an interval that lasted for 250 years (1400 to 1650), extensive plate armour was worn in virtually all major European battles, by both some infantrymen(usually pikemen) and almost all mounted troops. Plate armour was expected to deflect edged weapons and to stop an arquebus or pistol ball fired from a distance, and it usually did. The threat (firearms) and remedy (plate armour)for it tended to work as long as the velocity and weight of the ball was quite low, but over time more effective firearms, like flintlock muskets (entering use after 1650) could kill an armoured man at a distance of even 100 yards (though without accuracy). </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flintlock_musket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flintlock musket (page inexistante)">flintlock musket</a>, carried by most infantrymen other than pikemen after 1650, fired a heavier charge and ball than the matchlock arquebus. A recruit could be trained to use a musket in a matter of weeks. Since the muskets themselves were extremely inaccurate, training in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marksmanship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marksmanship (page inexistante)">marksmanship</a> was of little benefit. A musket did not require the great physical strength of a pikeman, or the fairly rare skills of a horseman. Unlike their arquebus predecessors, flintlock muskets could neutralize even the most heavily armoured cavalry forces. </p><p>Since a firearm requires little training to operate, the order and respect maintained by mounted cavalry in Europe and their Eastern equivalents could now be undermined by a peasant with a gun. Though well-smithed plate armour could still prevent the penetration of gunpowder-weapons, by 1690 it had become no match for massed firearms in a frontal attack and its use ended, even among the cavalry. By the end of the 17th century, soldiers in the infantry and most cavalry units alike preferred the higher mobility to be had from a completely unarmoured state to the slight protection but greatly lessened mobility offered by wearing plate armour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_flintlock_muskets" data-mw-thread-id="h-Transition_to_flintlock_muskets-Firearms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Transition_to_flintlock_muskets-Firearms"></span>Transition to flintlock muskets<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Transition_to_flintlock_muskets-Firearms"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=47" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Transition to flintlock muskets"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arquebus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arquebus (page inexistante)">arquebus</a>, in use from 1410, was one of the first hand-held <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firearm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firearm (page inexistante)">firearms</a> that were relatively light (they still required a stand to balance them) and could be operated by one person. One of these weapons was first recorded as being used in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Agincourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Agincourt (page inexistante)">Battle of Agincourt</a> in 1415, although this was still very much a medieval battle. The term <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musket (page inexistante)">musket</a> originally applied to a heavier form of the arquebus, which fired a shot that could pierce plate armour, though only at close range. In the 16th century, it still had to be mounted on a support stick to keep it steady. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caliver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caliver (page inexistante)">caliver</a> was the lighter form of the arquebus. By 1600 these firearms were phased out in favour of a new lighter matchlock <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musket (page inexistante)">musket</a>. Throughout the 16th century and up until 1690, muskets were of the <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> design. </p><p>However, the matchlock design was superseded in the 1690s by the <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> musket, which was less prone to misfires and had a faster reloading rate. By this time, only light cavalry scouting units, "the eyes of the army" continued to wear front and back armor plates to protect themselves from distant or undisciplined musket-equipped troops. </p><p>While soldiers armed with firearms could inflict great damage on cavalry at a moderate distance, at close quarters the cavalry could slaughter the musket-armed infantry if they could break their formation and close to engage in melee combat. For many years infantry formations included a mix of troops armed with both firearms to provide striking power and pikes to allow for the defence of the arqubusiers or musketeers from a cavalry charge. The invention of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayonet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayonet (page inexistante)">bayonet</a> allowed these two weapons to be combined into one in the 1690s, which transformed the infantry into the most important branch of the early modern military—one that uniformly made use of flintlock muskets tipped with bayonets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_war" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nature_of_war-Europe"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nature_of_war-Europe"></span>Nature of war<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nature_of_war-Europe"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=48" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Nature of war"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Image à remplacer:SiegeOfHulst.jpg|thumb|right|1645 - Siege of the city of <a href="/wiki/Hulst_(Pays-Bas)" title="Hulst (Pays-Bas)">Hulst</a> (situated in the Dutch province of Zeeland) by Frederick Henry. Sieges dominated warfare of this era </p><p>This period saw the size and scale of warfare greatly increase. The number of combatants involved escalated steadily from the mid 16th century and dramatically expanded after the 1660s. For example, the King of France could field around 20,000 men in total for his wars against Spain in the 1550s, but could mobilize up to 500,000 men into the field by 1700 in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_Spanish_Succession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War of Spanish Succession (page inexistante)">War of Spanish Succession</a>. Moreover, wars became increasingly deadly in this period. This may in part be attributed to improvements in weapons technology and in the techniques of using it (for example infantry volley fire). </p><p>However, the main reason was that armies were now much bigger, but logistical support for them was inadequate. This meant that armies tended to devastate civilian areas in an effort to feed themselves, causing famines and population displacement. This was exacerbated by the increasing length of conflicts, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty Years' War (page inexistante)">Thirty Years' War</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty Years' War (page inexistante)">Eighty Years' War</a>, which subjected fought over areas to repeated devastation. For this reason, the wars of this era were among the most lethal before the modern period. </p><p>For example, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty Years' War (page inexistante)">Thirty Years' War</a> and the contemporary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms (page inexistante)">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>, were the most bloody conflicts in the history of Germany and Britain respectively before the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_World_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First World War (page inexistante)">First World War</a>. Another factor adding to bloodshed in war was the lack of a clear set of rules concerning the treatment of prisoners and non-combatants. While prisoners were usually ransomed for money or other prisoners, they were sometimes slaughtered out of hand - as at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dungans_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dungans Hill (page inexistante)">battle of Dungans Hill</a> in 1647. </p><p>One of the reasons for warfare's increased impact was its indecisiveness. Armies were slow moving in an era before good roads and canals. Battles were relatively rare as armies could manoeuvre for months, with no direct conflict. In addition, battles were often made irrelevant by the proliferation of advanced, bastioned fortifications. To control an area, armies had to take fortified towns, regardless of whether they defeated their enemies field armies. As a result, by far the most common battles of the era were <a href="/wiki/Siege" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege">sieges</a>, hugely time-consuming and expensive affairs. Storming a fortified city could result in massive casualties and cities which did not surrender before an assault were usually brutally sacked -for example <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Magdeburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sack of Magdeburg (page inexistante)">Magdeburg</a> in 1631 or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Drogheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Drogheda (page inexistante)">Drogheda</a> in 1649. In addition, both garrisons and besiegers often suffered heavily from disease. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg/220px-Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg/330px-Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="481"/></a><figcaption>Gustavus Adolphus at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Breitenfield_(1631)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Breitenfield (1631) (page inexistante)">Battle of Breitenfield</a>. Adolphus was perhaps the greatest military innovator of this era</figcaption></figure> <p>The indecisive nature of conflict meant wars were long and endemic. Conflicts stretched on for decades and many states spent more years at war than they did at peace. The Spanish attempt to reconquer the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch Revolt (page inexistante)">Dutch Revolt</a> became bogged down in endless siege warfare. The expense caused the Spanish monarchy to declare bankruptcy several times, beginning in 1577. </p><p>The changes in warfare eventually made the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" class="mw-disambig" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> forces of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and Middle Ages obsolete. However this was a gradual change. As late as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty Years' War (page inexistante)">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–48), most troops were mercenaries. However, after this conflict, most states invested in better disciplined and more ideologically inspired troops. For a time mercenaries became important as trainers and administrators, but soon these tasks were also taken by the state. The massive size of these armies required a large supporting force of administrators. The newly centralized states were forced to set up vast organized bureaucracies to manage these armies, which some historians argue is the basis of the modern bureaucratic state. </p><p>The combination of increased taxes and increased centralisation of government functions caused a series of revolts across Europe such as the <a href="/wiki/Fronde" class="mw-disambig" title="Fronde">Fronde</a> in France and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Civil War (page inexistante)">English Civil War</a>. In many countries, the resolution of this conflict was the rise of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute monarchy (page inexistante)">monarchical absolutism</a>. Only in England and the Netherlands did representative government evolve as an alternative. From the late 17th century, states learned how to finance wars through long term low interest loans from national banking institutions like the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>. The first state to master this process was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch Republic (page inexistante)">Dutch Republic</a>. </p><p>This transformation in the armies of Europe had great social impact. <a href="/wiki/J.F.C._Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="J.F.C. Fuller">J.F.C. Fuller</a> famously stated that "the musket made the infantryman and the infantryman made the democrat." This argument states that the defence of the state now rested on the common man, not on the aristocrats, revolts by the underclass, that had routinely been defeated in the Middle Ages, could now conceivably threaten the power of the state. However, aristocrats continued to monopolise the officer corps of almost all early modern armies, including their high command. </p><p>Moreover, popular revolts almost always failed unless they had the support and patronage of the noble or gentry classes. The new armies, because of their vast expense, were also dependent on taxation and the commercial classes who also began to demand a greater role in society. The great commercial powers of the Dutch and English matched much larger states in military might. As any man could be quickly trained in the use of a musket, it became far easier to form massive armies. The inaccuracy of the weapons necessitated large groups of massed soldiers. This led to a rapid swelling of the size of armies. </p><p>For the first time huge masses of the population could enter combat, rather than just the highly skilled professionals. It has been argued that the drawing of men from across the nation into an organized corps helped breed national unity and patriotism, and during this period the modern notion of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nation state (page inexistante)">nation state</a> was born. However, this would only become apparent after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Revolutionary_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Revolutionary Wars (page inexistante)">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> would become the defining paradigm of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern warfare (page inexistante)">modern warfare</a>. </p><p>Before then, however, most national armies were in fact composed of many nationalities. For example, although the Swedish Army under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustavus_Adolphus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustavus Adolphus (page inexistante)">Gustavus Adolphus</a> was originally recruited by a kind of national conscription, the losses of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty Years' War (page inexistante)">Thirty Years' War</a> meant that by 1648 over 80% of its troops were foreign mercenaries. In Spain, armies were recruited from all the Spanish European territories including Spain, Italy, Wallonia and Germany. The French recruited soldiers from Germany, Switzerland and elsewhere as well as from France. Britain recruited <a href="/wiki/Hesse" class="mw-disambig" title="Hesse">Hessian</a> troops until the late 18th century. Irish Catholics made careers for themselves in the armies of many European states (See the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flight of the Wild Geese (page inexistante)">Flight of the Wild Geese</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infantry" data-mw-thread-id="h-Infantry-Europe"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Infantry-Europe"></span>Infantry<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Infantry-Europe"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=49" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Infantry"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column_(formation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Column (formation) (page inexistante)">Column</a></b> - This formation was typically used while marching, although with sufficient will and mass it was effective at breaking through line formations, albeit with heavy casualties. </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_(formation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Line (formation) (page inexistante)">Line</a></b> - A simple two- or three-rank deep line formation allowed most muskets to be brought to bear and was the most commonly used battle formation. Often the first rank would kneel after firing to allow the second rank to fire. </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infantry_square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infantry square (page inexistante)">Square</a></b> - This formation was used against cavalry. Bayonets would be fixed, the first line would kneel with their muskets angled upward (much like a pike.) The second and third lines would fire at the cavalry when it came close. This formation was very ineffective when faced with combined cavalry and infantry, or artillery fire in the case of plain squares. </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skirmishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skirmishers (page inexistante)">Skirmishers</a></b> - Light infantry would advance and be the first to fire to draw the enemy to attack. Sharpshooters would not target common soldiers, but the officers so that the men were without leadership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavalry" data-mw-thread-id="h-Cavalry-Europe"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Cavalry-Europe"></span>Cavalry<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Cavalry-Europe"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=50" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Cavalry"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Battle_of_Lutzen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Lutzen.jpg/250px-Battle_of_Lutzen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Lutzen.jpg/375px-Battle_of_Lutzen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Lutzen.jpg/500px-Battle_of_Lutzen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1421"/></a><figcaption>The death of King Gustavus II Adolphus in cavalry melee on 16 November 1632 at the Battle of Lützen</figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of gunpowder reduced the importance of the once-dominant heavy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavalry (page inexistante)">cavalry</a>, but it remained effective in a new role into the 19th century. The cavalry, along with the infantry, became more professional in this period but it retained its greater social and military prestige than the infantry. Light cavalry was introduced for skirmishing and scouting because of its advantage in speed and mobility. The new types of cavalry units introduced in this period were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragoons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragoons (page inexistante)">dragoons</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mounted_infantry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mounted infantry (page inexistante)">mounted infantry</a>. </p><p>Dragoons were intended to travel on horseback but fight on foot and were armed with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbines (page inexistante)">carbines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistols" class="mw-disambig" title="Pistols">pistols</a>. Even orthodox cavalry carried firearms, especially the pistol, which they used in a tactic known as the <a href="/wiki/Caracole" class="mw-disambig" title="Caracole">caracole</a>. Cavalry charges using swords on undisciplined infantry could still be quite decisive, but a frontal charge against well-ordered musketeers and pikemen was all but futile. Cavalry units, from the 16th century on, were more likely to charge other cavalry on the flanks of an infantry formation and try to work their way behind the enemy infantry. When they achieved this and pursued a fleeing enemy, heavy cavalry could still destroy an enemy army. </p><p>However, the power formerly wielded by a heavy cavalry-focused army was at an end. For the first time in millennia, the settled people of the agricultural regions could defeat the horse peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> in open combat. The power of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol">Mongols</a> was broken in <a href="/wiki/Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia">Russia</a> and, no longer threatened from the east, Russia began to assert itself as a major force in European affairs. Never again would nomads from the east threaten to overrun Europe or the Middle East. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kazan_(1552)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Kazan (1552) (page inexistante)">Siege of Kazan (1552)</a>, Russia had employed cavalry, infantry armed with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arquebus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arquebus (page inexistante)">arquebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">Streltsy</a>), artillery and <a href="/wiki/Sapper" class="mw-disambig" title="Sapper">sappers</a>, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khanate_of_Kazan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khanate of Kazan (page inexistante)">Khanate of Kazan</a> had only employed cavalry. The use of sappers proved decisive. </p><p>The one exception to this was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Empire (page inexistante)">Ottoman Empire</a>, which had been founded by Turkish horsemen. Arguably the world's greatest power for almost the entirety of the early modern period, the Ottomans were some of the first to embrace gunpowder artillery and firearms and integrated them into their already formidable fighting abilities. As European infantry became better armed and disciplined, by about 1700, the Ottoman forces began to be regularly defeated by the troops of the Austrian Habsburgs and other Western forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_polygonal_fortifications" data-mw-thread-id="h-Beginning_of_polygonal_fortifications-Europe"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Beginning_of_polygonal_fortifications-Europe"></span>Beginning of polygonal fortifications<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Beginning_of_polygonal_fortifications-Europe"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=51" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Beginning of polygonal fortifications"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Komarno1594.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Komarno1594.jpg/220px-Komarno1594.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Komarno1594.jpg/330px-Komarno1594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Komarno1594.jpg/440px-Komarno1594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="999"/></a><figcaption>Siège de la ville de Komarno, sur le <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, par les Ottomans en 1594.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:G%C3%B6ttingen-City-Model.1630-View.to.North.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/G%C3%B6ttingen-City-Model.1630-View.to.North.JPG/220px-G%C3%B6ttingen-City-Model.1630-View.to.North.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/G%C3%B6ttingen-City-Model.1630-View.to.North.JPG/330px-G%C3%B6ttingen-City-Model.1630-View.to.North.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/G%C3%B6ttingen-City-Model.1630-View.to.North.JPG/440px-G%C3%B6ttingen-City-Model.1630-View.to.North.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136"/></a><figcaption>Model of city with polygonal fortifications</figcaption></figure> <p>The period from 1500–1801 saw a rapid advance in techniques of fortification in Europe. Whereas medieval castles had relied on high walls to keep out attackers, early modern fortifications had to withstand artillery bombardments. To do this, engineers developed a style of fortress known as the <i>trace italienne</i> or "Italian style". These had low, thick, sloping walls, that would either absorb or glance off cannon fire. </p><p>In addition, they were shaped like stars, with bastions protruding at sharp angles. The reason for this was to ensure that every bastion could be supported with fire from an adjacent bastion, leaving no "dead ground" for an attacker to take cover in. These new fortifications quickly negated the advantages cannon had offered to besiegers. </p><p>A polygonal fort is a <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> in the style that evolved around the middle of the 18th century, in response to the development of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shell_(projectile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shell (projectile) (page inexistante)">explosive shells</a>. </p><p>The complex and sophisticated designs of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_fort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star fort (page inexistante)">star forts</a> that preceded them were highly effective against cannon assault, but proved much less effective against the more accurate fire of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rifled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rifled (page inexistante)">rifled</a> guns and the destructive power of explosive shells. The polygonal style of fortification is also described as a "flankless fort". Many such forts were built in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (page inexistante)">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Empire (page inexistante)">British Empire</a> during the government of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (page inexistante)">Lord Palmerston</a>, and so they are also often referred to as Palmerston forts. Their low profile makes them easy to overlook. </p><p>In response to the vulnerabilities of star forts, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_engineers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military engineers (page inexistante)">military engineers</a> evolved a much simpler but more robust style of fortification. </p><p>An example of this style can be seen at <a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> in the United States of America, the home of the famous battle where the "Star Spangled Banner" was penned by F.S. Key. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Japan" data-mw-thread-id="h-Japan-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Japan-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span>Japan<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Japan-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=52" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Japan"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Battle_of_Nagashino_17-18th_century_painted_screen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Battle_of_Nagashino_17-18th_century_painted_screen.png/220px-Battle_of_Nagashino_17-18th_century_painted_screen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Battle_of_Nagashino_17-18th_century_painted_screen.png/330px-Battle_of_Nagashino_17-18th_century_painted_screen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Battle_of_Nagashino_17-18th_century_painted_screen.png/440px-Battle_of_Nagashino_17-18th_century_painted_screen.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="713"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan the pattern of military development was somewhat different from that in Europe or the Middle East. Soon after contact with Portuguese traders in the year 1543, firearms were adopted in the nation and an era of gunpowder warfare followed for several decades, culminating at the famous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nagashino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Nagashino (page inexistante)">Battle of Nagashino</a> in 1575, where <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volley_fire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volley fire (page inexistante)">volley fire</a> was introduced. The Japanese under <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> also used firearms against the Koreans and Chinese during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imjin_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imjin War (page inexistante)">Imjin War</a> of the 1590s, which proved effective, yet the Chinese and Koreans matched this with farther-range cannon fire. </p><p>Once the Japanese home islands were unified in the early 17th century, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokugawa_Shogunate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokugawa Shogunate (page inexistante)">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> launched an effort to solidify the power of the feudal samurai class and banned the use and manufacture of all firearms (as well as repairs to feudal castles). Between the seventeenth and late 19th centuries Japanese warfare remained medieval and its society feudal in nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Naval_warfare" data-mw-thread-id="h-Naval_warfare-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Naval_warfare-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span>Naval warfare<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Naval_warfare-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=53" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Naval warfare"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spread of European power around the world was closely tied to naval developments in this period. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caravel (page inexistante)">caravel</a> for the first time made unruly seas like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic Ocean (page inexistante)">Atlantic Ocean</a> open to exploration, trade, and military conquest. While in all previous eras, European navies had been largely confined to operations in coastal waters, and were generally used only in a support role for land-based forces, this changed with the introduction of the new vessels like the caravel, carack and galleon and the increasing importance of international waterborne trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The new caravels were large enough and powerful enough to be armed with cannons with which they could bombard both shoreline defenses and other vessels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Articles_connexes_4" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_connexes_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Articles_connexes_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span>Articles connexes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Articles_connexes_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=54" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerre_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%88re_moderne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerre à l'Ère moderne (page inexistante)">Guerre à l'Ère moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwacha" title="Hwacha">Hwacha</a> - <a href="/wiki/Singijeon" title="Singijeon">Singijeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Caishi" title="Bataille de Caishi">Bataille de Caishi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Tangdao" title="Bataille de Tangdao">Bataille de Tangdao</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliographie_4" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliographie_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliographie_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span>Bibliographie<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliographie_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=55" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Liens_externes_4" data-mw-thread-id="h-Liens_externes_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Liens_externes_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span>Liens externes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Liens_externes_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=56" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drizzle.com/~celyn/jherek/16thMilSci.pdf"><i>Military Science in Western Europe in the 16th Century</i>.</a> (PDF).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_et_références_4" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_et_références_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_4"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_et_références_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span>Notes et références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_et_références_4-Évolution_de_l'Art_de_la_guerre_à_l'époque_de_la_poudre_noire"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=57" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_4" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_4-Notes_et_références_4"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_4-Notes_et_références_4"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_4-Notes_et_références_4"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=58" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références_4" data-mw-thread-id="h-Références_4-Notes_et_références_4"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_4"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Références_4-Notes_et_références_4"></span>Références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Références_4-Notes_et_références_4"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=59" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chase-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chase_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chase_2-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-chase_2-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gernet1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques_Gernet1996"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jacques <span class="nom_auteur">Gernet</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A History of Chinese Civilization</cite>, 2nd, <time>1996</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 311<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span> :<blockquote><p>« <span class="lang-en" lang="en">The discovery originated from the alchemical researches made in the Taoist circles of the T'ang age, but was soon put to military use in the years 904–6. It was a matter at that time of incendiary projectiles called 'flying fires' (<i>fei-huo</i>).</span> »</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gun-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-gun_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_345-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_345_7-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_345_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_347-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_347_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-partington_240-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-partington_240_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Partington, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_166-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_166_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_476-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_476_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_3_476-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_3_476_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#NeedhamCullen1976">Needham et Cullen 1976</a>, Volume 4, Part 3, 476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Conlan, T: Scrolls of the Mongol Invasion of Japan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a> 'Around 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of saltpeter ("Chinese snow") from the East, perhaps through India. They knew of gunpowder soon afterward. They also learned about fireworks ("Chinese flowers") and rockets ("Chinese arrows"). Arab warriors had acquired fire lances before 1280. Around that same year, a Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote a book that, as he put it, "treats of machines of fire to be used for amusement or for useful purposes." He talked of rockets, fireworks, fire lances, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources. He gave instructions for the purification of saltpeter and recipes for making different types of gunpowder.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AhmedY-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AhmedY_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedY_22-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedY_22-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hassan"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ahmad_Y_Hassan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Y_Hassan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Y Hassan (page inexistante)">Ahmad Y <span class="nom_auteur">Hassan</span></a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part III</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">History of Science and Technology in Islam</span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan_6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-khan_6_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-khan_6_25-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-khan_6_25-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-Channel-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-History-Channel_26-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">« {{{1}}} »</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwGfw1YW9Js">Part 4</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0R3ZbzhRp_k">Part 5</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jonathan Grant, "Rethinking the Ottoman Decline: Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_World_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of World History (page inexistante)">Journal of World History</a></i>, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1999) 179-201 (182)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle_28-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle_28-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolle1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Nicolle1995"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David <span class="nom_auteur">Nicolle</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Janissaries</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Osprey" class="mw-disambig" title="Osprey">Osprey</a>, <time>1995</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1-85532-413-X" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1-85532-413-X"><span class="nowrap">1-85532-413-X</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 22<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Janissaries&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft.date=1995&rft.pages=22&rft.isbn=1-85532-413-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jonathan Grant, "Rethinking the Ottoman Decline: Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries", <i>Journal of World History</i>, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1999) 179-201 (181)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Chase_30-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chase2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kenneth_Chase2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Kenneth <span class="nom_auteur">Chase</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Firearms: A Global History to 1700</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>2003</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-521-82274-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-521-82274-2"><span class="nowrap">0-521-82274-2</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 2<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms%3A+A+Global+History+to+1700&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=2&rft.isbn=0-521-82274-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2_31-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolle2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Nicolle2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David <span class="nom_auteur">Nicolle</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium</cite>, London, <a href="/wiki/Osprey" class="mw-disambig" title="Osprey">Osprey</a>, <time>2000</time>, 29–30 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1-84176-091-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1-84176-091-9"><span class="nowrap">1-84176-091-9</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+1453%3A+The+end+of+Byzantium&rft.place=London&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=29%E2%80%9330&rft.isbn=1-84176-091-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle3_32-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolle1983"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Nicolle1983"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David <span class="nom_auteur">Nicolle</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Osprey" class="mw-disambig" title="Osprey">Osprey</a>, <time>1983</time>, 29–30 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-85045-511-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-85045-511-1"><span class="nowrap">0-85045-511-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Ottoman+Turks+1300-1774&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft.date=1983&rft.tpages=29%E2%80%9330&rft.isbn=0-85045-511-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinross-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinross_33-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kinross1977"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lord_Kinross1977"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Lord <span class="nom_auteur">Kinross</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire</cite>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, <time>1977</time>, 166–167 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-688-08093-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-688-08093-6"><span class="nowrap">0-688-08093-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Centuries%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Turkish+Empire&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Lord&rft.date=1977&rft.tpages=166%E2%80%93167&rft.isbn=0-688-08093-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle4_34-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolle1983"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Nicolle1983"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David <span class="nom_auteur">Nicolle</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Osprey" class="mw-disambig" title="Osprey">Osprey</a>, <time>1983</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-85045-511-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-85045-511-1"><span class="nowrap">0-85045-511-1</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 31<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Ottoman+Turks+1300-1774&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft.date=1983&rft.pages=31&rft.isbn=0-85045-511-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guilmartin-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-guilmartin_35-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-guilmartin_35-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinross2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinross2_36-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kinross1977"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lord_Kinross1977"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Lord <span class="nom_auteur">Kinross</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire</cite>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, <time>1977</time>, 186–187 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-688-08093-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-688-08093-6"><span class="nowrap">0-688-08093-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Centuries%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Turkish+Empire&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Lord&rft.date=1977&rft.tpages=186%E2%80%93187&rft.isbn=0-688-08093-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan_5_6-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-khan_5_6_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-khan_5_6_37-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-khan_5_6_37-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Harvcolnb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Harvcolnb (page inexistante)">Modèle:Harvcolnb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jonathan Grant, "Rethinking the Ottoman Decline: Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries", <i>Journal of World History</i>, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1999) 179-201 (191)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">A. K. Bag (2005), "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu", <i>Indian Journal of History of Science</i> <b>40</b> (3), pp. 431-436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amir-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Amir_40-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Friedrich_Christian_Charles_August1890"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Friedrich Christian Charles August, Gustav von Buchwald, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Emperor Akbar</cite>, Trübner & Co., <time>1890</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-bE9AAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&client=firefox-a#PPA281,M1">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Akbar&rft.date=1890&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bE9AAAAMAAJ%26printsec%3Dtitlepage%26client%3Dfirefox-a%23PPA281%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">« {{{1}}} »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Roddam Narasimha (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/2382/01/tr_pd_du_8503_R66305.pdf">Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D.</a> National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Art_de_la_guerre" title="Catégorie:Art de la guerre">Catégorie:Art de la guerre</a> </p><p><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uso_bellico_della_polvere_da_sparo" class="extiw" title="it:Uso bellico della polvere da sparo">it:Uso bellico della polvere da sparo</a> <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidlig_moderne_krigf%C3%B8ring" class="extiw" title="no:Tidlig moderne krigføring">no:Tidlig moderne krigføring</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barutlu_silahlarla_sava%C5%9F" class="extiw" title="tr:Barutlu silahlarla savaş">tr:Barutlu silahlarla savaş</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Guerres_de_religion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guerres_de_religion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guerres_de_religion"></span><a href="/wiki/Guerres_de_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerres de religion">Guerres de religion</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guerres_de_religion"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=60" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Guerres de religion"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le terme de <b>guerres de religion</b> désigne une série de conflits qui, en <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, opposèrent les <a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">protestants</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Catholicisme" title="Catholicisme">catholiques</a> aux <a href="/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a> et <a href="/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a> siècles<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Par ailleurs, à la fin du <a href="/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> et au début du <a href="/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9vocation_de_l%27%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes" title="Révocation de l'édit de Nantes">Révocation de l'édit de Nantes</a> (1685) amena le roi de France <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV de France">Louis XIV</a> à lancer une série de campagnes de <a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cutions_religieuses" title="Persécutions religieuses">persécutions religieuses</a> - connues notamment sous le nom de « <i><a href="/wiki/Dragonnades" title="Dragonnades">Dragonnades</a></i> » - contre les populations protestantes à l'intérieur même du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_France" title="Royaume de France">Royaume de France</a>, celles-ci aboutissant finalement à la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_des_C%C3%A9vennes" title="Guerre des Cévennes">Guerre des Cévennes</a> menée contre les <a href="/wiki/Camisards" class="mw-redirect" title="Camisards">Camisards</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Origines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Origines-Guerres_de_religion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Origines-Guerres_de_religion"></span>Origines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Origines-Guerres_de_religion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=61" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origines"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_protestante" title="Réforme protestante">Réforme protestante</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Renaissance_(XVIème_siècle)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Renaissance_(XVIème_siècle)-Guerres_de_religion"><span id="Renaissance_.28XVI.C3.A8me_si.C3.A8cle.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Renaissance_(XVIème_siècle)-Guerres_de_religion"></span>Renaissance (XVIème siècle)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Renaissance_(XVIème_siècle)-Guerres_de_religion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=62" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Renaissance (XVIème siècle)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Bartolomeinatten,_scen_fr%C3%A5n,_efter_samtida_gravyrer_1,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bartolomeinatten%2C_scen_fr%C3%A5n%2C_efter_samtida_gravyrer_1%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/220px-Bartolomeinatten%2C_scen_fr%C3%A5n%2C_efter_samtida_gravyrer_1%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bartolomeinatten%2C_scen_fr%C3%A5n%2C_efter_samtida_gravyrer_1%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/330px-Bartolomeinatten%2C_scen_fr%C3%A5n%2C_efter_samtida_gravyrer_1%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bartolomeinatten%2C_scen_fr%C3%A5n%2C_efter_samtida_gravyrer_1%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/440px-Bartolomeinatten%2C_scen_fr%C3%A5n%2C_efter_samtida_gravyrer_1%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="5872"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Massacre_de_la_Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, le 24 aout 1572</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Oudewater_moord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oudewater_moord.jpg/220px-Oudewater_moord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oudewater_moord.jpg/330px-Oudewater_moord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oudewater_moord.jpg/440px-Oudewater_moord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="649"/></a><figcaption>Massacre de la population de la ville néerlandaise d'Oudewater par les Espagnols pendant la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Quatre-Vingts_Ans" title="Guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans">Guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>En <a href="/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse">Suisse</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Guerres_de_Kappel" title="Guerres de Kappel">guerres de Kappel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a> et <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>) sont les premières guerres de religion qui ont eu lieu en Europe.</li></ul> <ul><li>En <a href="/wiki/Basse-Navarre" title="Basse-Navarre">Basse-Navarre</a>, royaume distinct du royaume de France au <a href="/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerres_de_religion_(Navarre)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerres de religion (Navarre) (page inexistante)">conflit de même nature</a> eut lieu de <a href="/wiki/1560" title="1560">1560</a> à <a href="/wiki/1572" title="1572">1572</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>En <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Guerres_de_religion_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerres de religion (France)">guerres de religion</a> constituent une série de huit conflits qui se sont déroulés entre <a href="/wiki/1562" title="1562">1562</a> et <a href="/wiki/1598" title="1598">1598</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Dans les <a href="/wiki/Pays-Bas_espagnols" title="Pays-Bas espagnols">Pays-Bas espagnols</a>, les guerres de religion ont pris la forme d'une guerre d'indépendance connue sous le nom de <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Quatre-Vingts_Ans" title="Guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans">Guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="XVIIème_siècle" data-mw-thread-id="h-XVIIème_siècle-Guerres_de_religion"><span id="XVII.C3.A8me_si.C3.A8cle"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-XVIIème_siècle-Guerres_de_religion"></span>XVIIème siècle<span data-mw-comment-end="h-XVIIème_siècle-Guerres_de_religion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=63" title="Modifier le code source de la section : XVIIème siècle"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>La <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Trente_ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de Trente ans">Guerre de Trente ans</a> opposa de 1618 à 1648, les Princes et souverains protestants et catholiques.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIème-XVIIIème_siècles)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè-Guerres_de_religion"><span id="Guerres_int.C3.A9rieures_et_guerres_civiles_.C3.A0_caract.C3.A8re_religieux_en_Europe_.28XVI.C3.A8me-XVIII.C3.A8me_si.C3.A8cles.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè-Guerres_de_religion"></span>Guerres intérieures et guerres civiles à caractère religieux en Europe (XVIème-XVIIIème siècles)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè-Guerres_de_religion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=64" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Guerres intérieures et guerres civiles à caractère religieux en Europe (XVIème-XVIIIème siècles)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_guerres_intérieures_au_Royaume-Uni_(XVIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Les_guerres_intérieures_au_Royaume-Uni_(XVIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles)-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè"><span id="Les_guerres_int.C3.A9rieures_au_Royaume-Uni_.28XVI.C3.A8me_et_XVIII.C3.A8me_si.C3.A8cles.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Les_guerres_intérieures_au_Royaume-Uni_(XVIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles)-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè"></span>Les guerres intérieures au Royaume-Uni (XVIème et XVIIIème siècles)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Les_guerres_intérieures_au_Royaume-Uni_(XVIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles)-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=65" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Les guerres intérieures au Royaume-Uni (XVIème et XVIIIème siècles)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/Guerres_des_Trois_Royaumes" title="Guerres des Trois Royaumes">Guerres des Trois Royaumes</a> et <a href="/wiki/Jacobitisme" title="Jacobitisme">Jacobitisme</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pays-Bas_espagnols_:_la_révolte_des_Gueux" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pays-Bas_espagnols_:_la_révolte_des_Gueux-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè"><span id="Pays-Bas_espagnols_:_la_r.C3.A9volte_des_Gueux"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pays-Bas_espagnols_:_la_révolte_des_Gueux-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè"></span>Pays-Bas espagnols : la révolte des Gueux<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pays-Bas_espagnols_:_la_révolte_des_Gueux-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=66" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Pays-Bas espagnols : la révolte des Gueux"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_des_Gueux" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre des Gueux">Guerre des Gueux</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_:_la_révocation_de_l'Édit_de_Nantes_et_ses_conséquences" data-mw-thread-id="h-France_:_la_révocation_de_l'Édit_de_Nantes_et_ses_conséquences-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè"><span id="France_:_la_r.C3.A9vocation_de_l.27.C3.89dit_de_Nantes_et_ses_cons.C3.A9quences"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-France_:_la_révocation_de_l'Édit_de_Nantes_et_ses_conséquences-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè"></span>France : la révocation de l'Édit de Nantes et ses conséquences<span data-mw-comment-end="h-France_:_la_révocation_de_l'Édit_de_Nantes_et_ses_conséquences-Guerres_intérieures_et_guerres_civiles_à_caractère_religieux_en_Europe_(XVIè"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=67" title="Modifier le code source de la section : France : la révocation de l'Édit de Nantes et ses conséquences"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Articles_connexes_5" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_connexes_5-Guerres_de_religion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Articles_connexes_5-Guerres_de_religion"></span>Articles connexes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Articles_connexes_5-Guerres_de_religion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=68" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_Armada" title="Invincible Armada">Invincible Armada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliographie_5" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliographie_5-Guerres_de_religion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliographie_5-Guerres_de_religion"></span>Bibliographie<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliographie_5-Guerres_de_religion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=69" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Liens_externes_5" data-mw-thread-id="h-Liens_externes_5-Guerres_de_religion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Liens_externes_5-Guerres_de_religion"></span>Liens externes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Liens_externes_5-Guerres_de_religion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=70" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_et_références_5" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_et_références_5-Guerres_de_religion"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_5"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_et_références_5-Guerres_de_religion"></span>Notes et références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_et_références_5-Guerres_de_religion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=71" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_5" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_5-Notes_et_références_5"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_5-Notes_et_références_5"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_5-Notes_et_références_5"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=72" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références_5" data-mw-thread-id="h-Références_5-Notes_et_références_5"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_5"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Références_5-Notes_et_références_5"></span>Références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Références_5-Notes_et_références_5"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=73" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographie-histoire-ucp.org/spip.php?article262">Les guerres de religion en Europe 1500-1650</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires" data-mw-thread-id="h-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature_et_.C3.A9crivains_militaires"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litt%C3%A9rature_et_%C3%A9crivains_militaires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Littérature et écrivains militaires (page inexistante)">Littérature et écrivains militaires</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=74" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Littérature et écrivains militaires"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En Europe, l' <a href="/wiki/%C3%89poque_moderne" title="Époque moderne">Époque moderne</a> voit une production particulièrement riche dans le domaine de la « littérature militaire savante ». </p><p><a href="/wiki/Science_militaire" title="Science militaire">Science militaire</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Premiers_historiographes_militaires" data-mw-thread-id="h-Premiers_historiographes_militaires-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Premiers_historiographes_militaires-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Premiers historiographes militaires<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Premiers_historiographes_militaires-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=75" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Premiers historiographes militaires"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Historiographie" title="Historiographie">Historiographie</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquité_méso-orientale" data-mw-thread-id="h-Antiquité_méso-orientale-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"><span id="Antiquit.C3.A9_m.C3.A9so-orientale"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Antiquité_méso-orientale-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"></span>Antiquité méso-orientale<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Antiquité_méso-orientale-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=76" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Antiquité méso-orientale"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chroniques des guerres de Ramsès II</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"><span id="Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_.C3.A0_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_.28X.C3.A8me_si.C3.A8cle_ap._J.C..29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"></span>Chine ancienne : des origines à la Dynastie des Tang (Xème siècle ap. J.C.)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=77" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chine ancienne : des origines à la Dynastie des Tang (Xème siècle ap. J.C.)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Chronologie_du_monde_chinois" title="Chronologie du monde chinois">Chronologie du monde chinois</a>.</div></div> <dl><dt>Antiquité pré-impériale.</dt> <dt>Dynastie Qin.</dt> <dt>Dynastie Han occidentale - Dynastie Xin - Dynastie Han occidentale.</dt> <dt>IIIème-VIIème siècles :<b> Trois Royaumes - Dynastie Jin - Dynasties du Nord et du Sud - Dynastie Sui.</b></dt> <dt>Dynastie Tang.</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Bei Qi shu</i> (北齊書), official history of the Northern Qi, by Li Baiyao</li> <li><i>Bei shi</i> (北史), official history of the Northern Dynasties, by Li Yanshou</li> <li><i>Chen shu</i> (陳書), official history of the Chen dynasty, by Yao Silian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historiographie_de_la_Chine_impériale_après_les_Tang" data-mw-thread-id="h-Historiographie_de_la_Chine_impériale_après_les_Tang-Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)"><span id="Historiographie_de_la_Chine_imp.C3.A9riale_apr.C3.A8s_les_Tang"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Historiographie_de_la_Chine_impériale_après_les_Tang-Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)"></span>Historiographie de la Chine impériale après les Tang<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Historiographie_de_la_Chine_impériale_après_les_Tang-Chine_ancienne_:_des_origines_à_la_Dynastie_des_Tang_(Xème_siècle_ap._J.C.)"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=78" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historiographie de la Chine impériale après les Tang"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Période des Cinq Dynasties et des Dix Royaumes.</dt> <dt>Dynastie Song.</dt> <dt>Dynastie Yuan.</dt> <dt>Dynastie Ming.</dt> <dt>Dynastie Qing.</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>An nan ji lüe</i> (安南紀略) history of the war against Annam</li> <li><i>Ba le bu ji lüe</i> (巴勒布紀略) history of the first Gurkha war</li> <li><i>Zhong shu zheng kao</i> (中樞政考), compendium on the military institutions of the Qing</li> <li><i>Dong zheng ji</i> (東征集), history of the conquest of Taiwan 1723 by Lan Dingyuan <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquité_greco-latine" data-mw-thread-id="h-Antiquité_greco-latine-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"><span id="Antiquit.C3.A9_greco-latine"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Antiquité_greco-latine-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"></span>Antiquité greco-latine<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Antiquité_greco-latine-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=79" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Antiquité greco-latine"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg/220px-Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg/330px-Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg/440px-Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="509"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Homère et la guerre de Troie</li> <li>Jules et sa Guerre des Gaules</li></ul> <p>Hérodote, Tite-Live, Xénophon </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moyen-âge_européen" data-mw-thread-id="h-Moyen-âge_européen-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"><span id="Moyen-.C3.A2ge_europ.C3.A9en"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Moyen-âge_européen-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"></span>Moyen-âge européen<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Moyen-âge_européen-Premiers_historiographes_militaires"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=80" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Moyen-âge européen"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Littérature_épique_et_poésie_militaire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Littérature_épique_et_poésie_militaire-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature_.C3.A9pique_et_po.C3.A9sie_militaire"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Littérature_épique_et_poésie_militaire-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Littérature épique et poésie militaire<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Littérature_épique_et_poésie_militaire-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=81" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Littérature épique et poésie militaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pop%C3%A9e" title="Épopée">Épopée</a>.</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">Chanson de geste</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.be/books?id=3rQ9uigINxwC&pg=PA346&lpg=PA346&dq=art+de+la+guerre+renaissance&source=bl&ots=6zTo6y4noO&sig=WRMT836bhnYIzVtjAmn_T_qgBEE&hl=fr&ei=0Y84TfCFOcexhQej6MnUCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=art%20de%20la%20guerre%20renaissance&f=false">Renaissance de l'épopée: la poésie épique en France de 1572 à 1623 Par Bruno Méniel</a> - Google Books</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée" data-mw-thread-id="h-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span id="L.27_.C2.AB_Art_de_la_guerre_.C2.BB_:_la_pol.C3.A9mologie_didactique_raisonn.C3.A9e"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>L' « Art de la guerre » : la polémologie didactique raisonnée<span data-mw-comment-end="h-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=82" title="Modifier le code source de la section : L' « Art de la guerre » : la polémologie didactique raisonnée"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>« La guerre est aussi ancienne que le monde... Mais l'instruction pratique, si féconde qu'elle soit, ne suffit pas. L'art de la guerre, « le plus grand de tous, après celui de gouverner »<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>note 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, exige encore de laborieuses méditations. »</p></blockquote><p style="margin:-0.7em 0 0.3em 6em">— Victor Develay, <cite>Présentation du « <i>Traité de l'Art militaire</i> » de Végèce<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>note 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> <p>Pensée militaire : ensemble des doctrines et théories relatives à la conduite de la guerre et à la gestion des moyens militaires. Premières ébauches théoriques en Chine. Rien de significatif dans les civilisations du Croissant fertile ( Moyen Orient ) ou Egypte. Début en Occident : Grèce et Rome antiques : est le fait de « théoriciens purs » comme <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A9nophon" title="Xénophon">Xénophon</a> ou d'historiens comme <a href="/wiki/Titus_Livius" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Livius">Titus Livius</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9tone" title="Suétone">Suétone</a> ( commentaires critiques des évènements militaires ) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chine_ancienne_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Chine_ancienne_2-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Chine_ancienne_2-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span>Chine ancienne<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Chine_ancienne_2-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=83" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chine ancienne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_de_la_guerre_et_sciences_militaires_en_Extr%C3%AAme-orient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art de la guerre et sciences militaires en Extrême-orient (page inexistante)">Art de la guerre et sciences militaires en Extrême-orient</a>.</div></div> <blockquote><p>« A l'autre extrémité d'un continent immense<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>note 3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, cette pensée <small>(<i>militaire</i>-NdA)</small> était née et se développait depuis des siècles, transmise par tradition orale. Celle-ci se fixa et prit forme au VIe siècle av. J.-C. dans l'enseignement d'un général nommé Sun-Tse. Il est probable que ce corps de doctrine, toujours oral, s'est modifié, altéré au cours des siècles; que certaines parties ont été corrigées ou complétées par d'autres penseurs : Se-Ma au IVe siècle, Ou-Tse, au IIIe siècle av. J.-C. L'essentiel est que l'on se trouve devant un ensemble cohérent qui dénote une <i>continuité</i> remarquable de la pensée militaire. La doctrine de Sun-Tse se réfère déjà à des pratiques séculaires. Elle n'est pas simplement faite de technique et de principes; elle va au fond des choses, au-delà des règles, en reflétant des conceptions philosophiques, car les généraux chinois étaient aussi des mandarins, de hauts lettrés »</p></blockquote><p style="margin:-0.7em 0 0.3em 6em">— Emile Wanty, <cite>L'art de la Guerre</cite></p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Jiang_ziya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jiang_ziya.jpg/220px-Jiang_ziya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jiang_ziya.jpg/330px-Jiang_ziya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jiang_ziya.jpg/440px-Jiang_ziya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="1074"/></a><figcaption>Portrait de <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Ziya" title="Jiang Ziya">Jiang Ziya</a> tiré de l'Encyclopédie <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sancai_Tuhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sancai Tuhu (page inexistante)">Sancai Tuhu</a></i> rédigée au début du XVIIème siècle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les plus vieux textes militaires chinois sont aussi anciens que la <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_chinoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation chinoise">civilisation chinoise</a> elle-même. Les armées du <a href="/wiki/Empire_chinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire chinois">Céleste empire</a> ont longtemps bénéficié de cette riche tradition stratégique, influencée par des textes tels que « <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Art_de_la_guerre" title="L'Art de la guerre">L'Art de la guerre</a></i> » de <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> qui ont profondément influencé la pensée militaire<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Bien que la philosophie <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">confucéenne</a> traditionnelle chinoise ait toujours favorisé des solutions politiques pacifiques et affiché du mépris pour la force militaire brutale, les militaires ont été influents dans les affaires de la plupart des États chinois. Les travaux des stratèges bien connus tels que <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> et <a href="/wiki/Sun_Bin" title="Sun Bin">Sun Bin</a> ont fortement influencé la philosophie militaire, la guerre et le discours politique à travers la longue <a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Chine" title="Histoire de la Chine">histoire de la Chine</a>. Des œuvres comme <i>L'art de la guerre</i> ont également bénéficié d'un fort écho dans le monde entier, influençant des personnalités ou des institutions aussi radicalement divergeantes que le <a href="/wiki/Parti_communiste_chinois" title="Parti communiste chinois">Parti communiste chinois</a> ou l'ancien <a href="/wiki/Secr%C3%A9taire_%C3%A0_la_D%C3%A9fense_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Secrétaire à la Défense des États-Unis">Secrétaire à la Défense</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>note 4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>The most well known of these military texts are the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Military_Classics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven Military Classics (page inexistante)">Seven Military Classics</a></i>. The texts were canonized under this name during the 11th century AD, and from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Dynasty (page inexistante)">Song Dynasty</a> onwards were included in most military encyclopedias.<sup id="cite_ref-Ven_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ven-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> For imperial officers, either some or all of the works were required reading to merit promotion, analogous to the requirement for all bureaucrats to study and become familiar with <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius'</a> work. There were many <a href="/wiki/Anthology" class="mw-disambig" title="Anthology">anthologies</a> with different notations and analyses by scholars throughout the centuries leading up to the present versions in Western publishing. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party of China</a> also studied the texts during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Civil War (page inexistante)">Chinese Civil War</a> as well as many European and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military of the United States (page inexistante)">American military</a> minds<sup id="cite_ref-Ven_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ven-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquité_gréco-romaine" data-mw-thread-id="h-Antiquité_gréco-romaine-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"><span id="Antiquit.C3.A9_gr.C3.A9co-romaine"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Antiquité_gréco-romaine-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span>Antiquité gréco-romaine<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Antiquité_gréco-romaine-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=84" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Antiquité gréco-romaine"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Tactique_militaire_utilis%C3%A9e_par_Alexandre_le_Grand" title="Tactique militaire utilisée par Alexandre le Grand">Tactique militaire utilisée par Alexandre le Grand</a>.</div></div> <p>Empirisme antique : <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_le_Grand" title="Alexandre le Grand">Alexandre le Grand</a> et <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A9nophon" title="Xénophon">Xénophon</a> - Grèce / <a href="/wiki/Polybe" title="Polybe">Polybe</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89n%C3%A9e_le_Tacticien" title="Énée le Tacticien">Énée le Tacticien</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Frontinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Julius Frontinus">Sextus Julius Frontinus</a> (ca. 40–103 AD) wrote a theoretical treatise on military science, which is lost. His extant work on military matters, the Stratagems (Latin: Strategemata), is a collection of examples of military stratagems from Greek and Roman history, for the use of generals. He draws on his own experience as a general in Germany under Domitian, but similarities between the anecdotes he records and versions of other Roman authors like Valerius Maximus and Livy suggest that he drew mainly on literary sources.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9g%C3%A8ce" title="Végèce">Végèce</a> : <a href="/wiki/Epitoma_rei_militaris" title="Epitoma rei militaris">Epitoma rei militaris</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Littérature_militaire_arabo-musulmane" data-mw-thread-id="h-Littérature_militaire_arabo-musulmane-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature_militaire_arabo-musulmane"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Littérature_militaire_arabo-musulmane-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span>Littérature militaire arabo-musulmane<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Littérature_militaire_arabo-musulmane-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=85" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Littérature militaire arabo-musulmane"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moyen-âge_et_Renaissance_en_Europe" data-mw-thread-id="h-Moyen-âge_et_Renaissance_en_Europe-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"><span id="Moyen-.C3.A2ge_et_Renaissance_en_Europe"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Moyen-âge_et_Renaissance_en_Europe-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span>Moyen-âge et Renaissance en Europe<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Moyen-âge_et_Renaissance_en_Europe-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=86" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Moyen-âge et Renaissance en Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le grand vide médiéval : <i>elle</i> ( la civilisation du Moyen Âge) <i> perd le secret de presque toutes les sciences humaines; elle se contente d'organiser des rudiments de pouvoir politique; elle désapprend l'art de la guerre. Une grande civilisation qui ne sait plus ni organiser des armées ni se battre, dans laquelle les luttes entre les hommes ne sont que tumultes et chocs de petites foules amorphes, servies par deux seuls instruments: le fer et le feu, dans leur forme élémentaire!</i> - GUGLIELMO FERRERO, Nicollo Machiavel, Conferencia, Journal de l'Université de annales, Paris, 1935. </p><p>A développer : élaboration d'un <i>corpus</i> doctrinaire et « pédagogique » à partir de l'étude de l'Histoire - pour la Renaissance voir p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Machiavel" title="Nicolas Machiavel">Nicolas Machiavel</a> - les premiers théoriciens militaires européens cherchant à donner quelque légitimité à leurs écrits « didactiques » par des leçons d'histoire militaire ancienne - en particulier avec des réf à l'antiquité hellénistique et romaine - appuyant leurs thèses et idées. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Blaise_de_Monluc" title="Blaise de Monluc">Blaise de Monluc</a> - Ayant commencé sa carrière militaire en 1515 comme archer au sein d'une compagnie d'ordonnance, il quitte volontairement la cavalerie pour servir comme officier d'infanterie - il sera Colonel-général de l'infanterie française - et devient un spécialiste de la guerre de siège, offensive et défensive, et des coups de main, s'illustrant lors des campagnes d'Italie pendant la première moitié du XVIème siècle puis pendant les Guerres de religion. Il est fait Maréchal de France en 1572 avant de prendre sa retraite pendant laquelle il rédigera ses <i>Commentaires</i>. Ceux-ci sont tout autant un témoignage sur les moeurs et l'histoire militaire de son temps qu'une sorte de manuel d'instruction et de traité pédagogique sur l'« art de la guerre » à l'usage des « cadres ». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XVIIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles_en_Europe" data-mw-thread-id="h-XVIIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles_en_Europe-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"><span id="XVII.C3.A8me_et_XVIII.C3.A8me_si.C3.A8cles_en_Europe"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-XVIIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles_en_Europe-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span>XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles en Europe<span data-mw-comment-end="h-XVIIème_et_XVIIIème_siècles_en_Europe-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=87" title="Modifier le code source de la section : XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles en Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte_de_Guibert" title="Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert">Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_règlements_militaires" data-mw-thread-id="h-Les_règlements_militaires-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"><span id="Les_r.C3.A8glements_militaires"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Les_règlements_militaires-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span>Les règlements militaires<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Les_règlements_militaires-L'_«_Art_de_la_guerre_»_:_la_polémologie_didactique_raisonnée"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=88" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Les règlements militaires"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A traiter ici ???? Renaissance : premier traités militaires et naissance des armées nationales « modernes » ⇒ premiers règlements militaires </p><p>L’Edict et Ordonnance sur le fait de la conduicte des gens de guerre et discipline militaire du 27 mai 1596 : une source normative pour l’histoire sociale des armées modernes, in Bulletin de la Commission royale pour la publication des anciennes lois et ordonnances de Belgique, 46, 2005, p. 9-37 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Mémorialistes_militaires" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mémorialistes_militaires-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span id="M.C3.A9morialistes_militaires"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mémorialistes_militaires-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Mémorialistes militaires<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mémorialistes_militaires-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=89" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mémorialistes militaires"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Combattants et témoins contemporains, civils ou militaires, des évènements rapportés. </p><p>Xénophon ( encore lui !!! ) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moyen_Âge" data-mw-thread-id="h-Moyen_Âge-Mémorialistes_militaires"><span id="Moyen_.C3.82ge"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Moyen_Âge-Mémorialistes_militaires"></span>Moyen Âge<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Moyen_Âge-Mémorialistes_militaires"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=90" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Moyen Âge"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance" data-mw-thread-id="h-Renaissance-Mémorialistes_militaires"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Renaissance-Mémorialistes_militaires"></span>Renaissance<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Renaissance-Mémorialistes_militaires"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=91" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Renaissance"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Ouvrages_techniques" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ouvrages_techniques-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ouvrages_techniques-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Ouvrages techniques<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ouvrages_techniques-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=92" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Ouvrages techniques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitruve" title="Vitruve">Vitruve</a> sur les machines de siège</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antérieur à de Vinci, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Giorgio_Martini" title="Francesco di Giorgio Martini">Francesco di Giorgio Martini</a>, ingénieur de la <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(p%C3%A9riode_historique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance (période historique)">Renaissance</a>, présente dans ses <a href="/wiki/Connaissance_technique#Les_carnets_d’ingénieurs" title="Connaissance technique">carnets</a> un dessin remarquable connu sous le nom de « l'automobile », vaguement ressemblant à un véhicule à quatre roues<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</i></li></ul> <ul><li>The 1650 book by <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Siemienowicz" title="Kazimierz Siemienowicz">Kazimierz Siemienowicz</a> "<i>Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima</i>" <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> was one of the most important contemporary publications on the subject of artillery. For over two centuries this work was used in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> as a basic artillery manual</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span id="Pol.C3.A9mologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_.28XIX.C3.A8me-XXI.C3.A8me_si.C3.A8cles.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Polémologie et historiographie militaire modernes (XIXème-XXIème siècles)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=93" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Polémologie et historiographie militaire modernes (XIXème-XXIème siècles)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiographie_militaire_moderne_:_mémorialistes_et_historiens" data-mw-thread-id="h-Historiographie_militaire_moderne_:_mémorialistes_et_historiens-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"><span id="Historiographie_militaire_moderne_:_m.C3.A9morialistes_et_historiens"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Historiographie_militaire_moderne_:_mémorialistes_et_historiens-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"></span>Historiographie militaire moderne : mémorialistes et historiens<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Historiographie_militaire_moderne_:_mémorialistes_et_historiens-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=94" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historiographie militaire moderne : mémorialistes et historiens"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Mémorialistes.</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Roch_Coignet" title="Jean-Roch Coignet">Jean-Roch Coignet</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historiens.</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Bernhardi" title="Theodor von Bernhardi">Theodor von Bernhardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rogniat" title="Joseph Rogniat">Joseph Rogniat</a> : voir : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/vegece/intro.htm">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traités_didactiques" data-mw-thread-id="h-Traités_didactiques-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"><span id="Trait.C3.A9s_didactiques"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Traités_didactiques-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"></span>Traités didactiques<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Traités_didactiques-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=95" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Traités didactiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Vomkriege.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vomkriege.jpg/220px-Vomkriege.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vomkriege.jpg/330px-Vomkriege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vomkriege.jpg/440px-Vomkriege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1072"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Théoriciens de la « guerre moderne » après 1918.</dt></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Études_historiques_militaires" data-mw-thread-id="h-Études_historiques_militaires-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"><span id=".C3.89tudes_historiques_militaires"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Études_historiques_militaires-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"></span>Études historiques militaires<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Études_historiques_militaires-Polémologie_et_historiographie_militaire_modernes_(XIXème-XXIème_siècles)"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=96" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Études historiques militaires"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Sciences_auxiliaires_de_l%27histoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences auxiliaires de l'histoire">Sciences auxiliaires de l'histoire</a>.</div></div> <ul><li>XIXème en Europe : <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a> - <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kn%C3%B6tel" title="Richard Knötel">Richard Knötel</a> - ...</li> <li>L'uniformologie.</li></ul> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Uniformologie" title="Uniformologie">Uniformologie</a>.</div></div> <p>Les premiers essais d'uniformologie raisonnée à la fin du XVIIIème siècle - début du XIXième siècle. </p><p>Même s'il y eut bien avant cela déjà un certain goût pour l'iconographie militaire (voir les livres d'heures médiévaux ou les cahiers napoléoniens illustrés du Bourgeois de Hambourg), ce n'est que dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle que l'engouement pour l'étude des uniformes (anciens ou « contemporains ») ne débuta réellement, dans la foulée de la rétro-mania médiévaliste lancée par Viollet-le-Duc. Les premiers ouvrages dans ce domaine sont d'ailleurs assez proches dans leur style et leur présentation (albums illustrés) du travail du grand illustrateur français du Moyen Âge. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kn%C3%B6tel" title="Richard Knötel">Richard Knötel</a> peut sans conteste être considéré comme le père de l'uniformologie puisqu'il est l'un des tout premiers à avoir publié des ouvrages illustrés spécifiquement consacrés à ce domaine de la recherche historique, comme suite à ses propres travaux « archéologiques » menés avec la plus grande rigueur scientifique. Le terme d’<i>uniformologie</i> est lui même dérivé du titre de ses ouvrages, <i>Uniformenkunde</i> pouvant être littéralement traduit par <i>art/savoir/science des uniformes</i>. En France, paraissait dès <a href="/wiki/1862" title="1862">1862</a> le <i>Dictionnaire des armées de terre et de mer, encyclopédie militaire et maritime</i> (2 volumes, 1862-1864) d'<a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Chesnel" title="Adolphe de Chesnel">Adolphe de Chesnel</a>, ouvrage rehaussé de gravures de très bonne facture qui constituent une des premières tentatives d'étude uniformologie en France avec les lithographies de son contemporain <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bellang%C3%A9" title="Hippolyte Bellangé">Hippolyte Bellangé</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»" data-mw-thread-id="h-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span id="Correspondants_de_guerre_et_.C2.AB_presse_militaire_.C2.BB"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Correspondants de guerre et « presse militaire »<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=97" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Correspondants de guerre et « presse militaire »"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_la_presse_%C3%A9crite" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoire de la presse écrite">Histoire de la presse écrite</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:William_Waud_Leslies_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/William_Waud_Leslies_1862.jpg/220px-William_Waud_Leslies_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/William_Waud_Leslies_1862.jpg/330px-William_Waud_Leslies_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/William_Waud_Leslies_1862.jpg/440px-William_Waud_Leslies_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="790"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reportages_et_correspondants_de_guerre" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reportages_et_correspondants_de_guerre-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reportages_et_correspondants_de_guerre-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"></span>Reportages et correspondants de guerre<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reportages_et_correspondants_de_guerre-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=98" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Reportages et correspondants de guerre"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge" title="Moyen Âge">Moyen Âge</a> : <a href="/wiki/Tapisserie_de_Bayeux" title="Tapisserie de Bayeux">Tapisserie de Bayeux</a> - Chronique illustrée contemporaine des faits</li></ul> <p>Apparition au XIXème : déjà au temps des guerres révolutionnaires puis guerres du Risorgimento italien, Guerre de Crimée, Guerre de Sécession, Guerres pour l'unification allemande dans les années 1860, Guerres coloniales ... </p><p>Développement d'une « presse spécialisée » dans le reportage militaire - <a href="/wiki/Raids_(magazine)" title="Raids (magazine)">Raids (magazine)</a> - <a href="/wiki/Assaut_(magazine)" title="Assaut (magazine)">Assaut (magazine)</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presse_scientifique_et_technique_spécialisée" data-mw-thread-id="h-Presse_scientifique_et_technique_spécialisée-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"><span id="Presse_scientifique_et_technique_sp.C3.A9cialis.C3.A9e"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Presse_scientifique_et_technique_spécialisée-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"></span>Presse scientifique et technique spécialisée<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Presse_scientifique_et_technique_spécialisée-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=99" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Presse scientifique et technique spécialisée"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Au 19ème : journaux et bulletins consacrés aux « sciences militaires » </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autres_domaines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Autres_domaines-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Autres_domaines-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"></span>Autres domaines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Autres_domaines-Correspondants_de_guerre_et_«_presse_militaire_»"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=100" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Autres domaines"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/La_Sabretache" title="La Sabretache">La Sabretache</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span id="Pol.C3.A9mologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Polémologie sociale et politique et sociologie militaire<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=101" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Polémologie sociale et politique et sociologie militaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guerre_et_société" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guerre_et_société-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"><span id="Guerre_et_soci.C3.A9t.C3.A9"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guerre_et_société-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"></span>Guerre et société<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guerre_et_société-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=102" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Guerre et société"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%A9mologie" title="Polémologie">Polémologie</a>.</div></div> <p>Déjà ébauché par Sun Tsé ( voir les commentaires de Wanty ) </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_protestante" title="Réforme protestante">Réformateurs religieux</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Huss" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Huss">Jean Huss</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Zwingli" title="Ulrich Zwingli">Ulrich Zwingli</a> : réflexion éthique et critique morale de la guerre<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Machiavel" title="Nicolas Machiavel">Nicolas Machiavel</a> dans son « Art de la guerre » ne se limite pas aux études de tactiques et de stratégie mais s'attarde aussi sur les aspects politiques de la guerre, thème sur lequel il se penchera également dans son ouvrage « Le Prince ». </p><p>Étude des aspects socio-économiques, politiques et culturels du « phénomène guerre » : voir p.ex. Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels ( « études militaires » sur la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_S%C3%A9cession" title="Guerre de Sécession">Guerre de Sécession</a> ). Références au « <a href="/wiki/Darwinisme_social" title="Darwinisme social">Darwinisme social</a> » dans la justification politique, « historiciste » voire « morale » de la guerre. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Bernhardi" title="Friedrich von Bernhardi">Friedrich von Bernhardi</a> : In <i>Deutschland und der Nächste Krieg</i> (1911), Bernhardi stated that war "is a biological necessity," and that it was in accordance with "the natural law, upon which all the laws of Nature rest, the law of the struggle for existence." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bouthoul" title="Gaston Bouthoul">Gaston Bouthoul</a> évidemment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_théoriciens_de_la_«_Guerre_révolutionnaire_»" data-mw-thread-id="h-Les_théoriciens_de_la_«_Guerre_révolutionnaire_»-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"><span id="Les_th.C3.A9oriciens_de_la_.C2.AB_Guerre_r.C3.A9volutionnaire_.C2.BB"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Les_théoriciens_de_la_«_Guerre_révolutionnaire_»-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"></span>Les théoriciens de la « Guerre révolutionnaire »<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Les_théoriciens_de_la_«_Guerre_révolutionnaire_»-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=103" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Les théoriciens de la « Guerre révolutionnaire »"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociologie_militaire" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sociologie_militaire-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sociologie_militaire-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"></span>Sociologie militaire<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sociologie_militaire-Polémologie_sociale_et_politique_et_sociologie_militaire"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=104" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Sociologie militaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Sociologie_militaire" title="Sociologie militaire">Sociologie militaire</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Articles_connexes_6" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_connexes_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Articles_connexes_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Articles connexes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Articles_connexes_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=105" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Historien_militaire" title="Catégorie:Historien militaire">Catégorie:Historien militaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Th%C3%A9oricien_militaire" title="Catégorie:Théoricien militaire">Catégorie:Théoricien militaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_militaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d'écrivains militaires">Liste d'écrivains militaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Correspondant_de_guerre" title="Catégorie:Correspondant de guerre">Catégorie:Correspondant de guerre</a></li></ul> <p>Ferdinand Lecomte - Basil Henry Liddell Hart - Xénophon </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliographie_6" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliographie_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliographie_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Bibliographie<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliographie_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=106" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Louis Burgener : <i>L'art militaire chez Villehardouin et chez Froissart</i>, Les Éditions du Chandelier, 1948.</li> <li>Bruno Colson : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.fr/books?id=_p-SfaAwdMMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=bruno+colson&hl=fr&ei=E8s-TfWsJ4qWhQfFvMiYCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>L'art de la guerre de Machiavel à Clausewitz</i></a>, Presses universitaires de Namur, 2002 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2870373694" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2870373694"><span class="nowrap">2870373694</span></a>)</small></li> <li>Henri Delpech : <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/latactiqueauxii00delpgoog#page/n7/mode/2up">La Tactique au XIIIème siècle</a>'</i>, Alphonse Picard Éditeur, Paris 1886.</li> <li>Michel Fortmann : <i>Les cycles de Mars : Révolutions militaires et édification étatique de la Renaissance à nos jours</i>, Economica, Bibliothèque Stratégique, 2009 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2717856862" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2717856862"><span class="nowrap">2717856862</span></a>)</small> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2717856866" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2717856866"><span class="nowrap">978-2717856866</span></a>)</small></li> <li>M Reinaud, membre de l'<a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_inscriptions_et_belles-lettres" title="Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres">Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</a> : <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k777210">De l'art militaire chez les Arabes au Moyen-age</a></i>, <i>Journal asiatique</i>, année 1848 -n°9.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rogniat" title="Joseph Rogniat">Joseph Rogniat</a> : <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k86557d.pdf">Considérations sur l'art de la guerre</a></i> (1816). Réédition : Hachette, Paris, 1978.</li> <li>Émile Wanty : <i>L'art de la guerre</i> Marabout Université, Éditions Gérard & Co, Verviers, 1967 pour les tomes 1 et 2 et 1968 pour le tome 3.<span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"/></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traités_et_ouvrages_doctrinaires" data-mw-thread-id="h-Traités_et_ouvrages_doctrinaires-Bibliographie_6"><span id="Trait.C3.A9s_et_ouvrages_doctrinaires"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Traités_et_ouvrages_doctrinaires-Bibliographie_6"></span>Traités et ouvrages doctrinaires<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Traités_et_ouvrages_doctrinaires-Bibliographie_6"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=107" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Traités et ouvrages doctrinaires"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Carl Von Clausewitz, Niccolò Machiavelli, Antoine-Henri de Jomini<i> :<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.fr/books?id=a3BfRPELOocC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Clausewitz&hl=fr&ei=-YJZTaf4B8qGhQeF67CcDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Prince, on War & the Art of War - Special Edition of Three All-Time Classics on Politics & War</a></i>, Arc Manor Ed., Rockville (USA) 2007 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780978653651" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780978653651"><span class="nowrap">9780978653651</span></a>)</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Varia-Bibliographie_6"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Varia-Bibliographie_6"></span>Varia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Varia-Bibliographie_6"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=108" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Varia"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Ouvrages et articles en langue française.</dt></dl> <ul><li>Louis Albert Beauvais : <i>Etudes Francaises de Litterature Militaire</i> (1855), Kessinger Publishing 2010 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/1161013539" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/1161013539"><span class="nowrap">1161013539</span></a>)</small> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1161013535" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1161013535"><span class="nowrap">978-1161013535</span></a>)</small></li> <li>A. de Favitski de Probobysz : <i>Répertoire bibliographique de la littérature militaire et coloniale française depuis cent ans </i>, Imp. G. Thone, Paris 1935.</li> <li>Bruno Méniel : <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.fr/books?id=3rQ9uigINxwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Renaissance+de+l'%C3%A9pop%C3%A9e:+la+po%C3%A9sie+%C3%A9pique+en+France+de+1572+%C3%A0+1623+Par+Bruno+M%C3%A9niel&hl=fr&ei=fIBZTfLBGKOqhAfSg4nVDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">Renaissance de l'épopée: la poésie épique en France de 1572 à 1623</a></i>, Librairie Droz S.A., Genève 2004 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2600008772" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2600008772"><span class="nowrap">2600008772</span></a>)</small> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0082-6081">0082-6081</a></span>)</small></li> <li>Frédérique Verrier : <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.be/books?id=Acut4gAyiF8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Les+armes+de+Minerve:+l'Humanisme+militaire+dans+l'Italie+du+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle&source=bl&ots=Ccbnjjfjm0&sig=sSmdsmnhu9QC07YXuGbA14owHSI&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=DiBzUPfOJ4mg0QXmrYGIAQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA">Les armes de Minerve: l'Humanisme militaire dans l'Italie du XVIe siècle</a></i>, Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne 1997 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2840500787" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2840500787"><span class="nowrap">2840500787</span></a>)</small></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ouvrages et articles en langue anglaise.</dt></dl> <ul><li>Glenn R Wilkinson : <i>Depictions and Images of War in Edwardian Newspapers 1899-1914</i>, Palgrave MacMillan 2003, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0333717430" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0333717430"><span class="nowrap">0333717430</span></a>)</small>, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780333717431" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780333717431"><span class="nowrap">9780333717431</span></a>)</small> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alibris.com/search/books/isbn/9780333717431">Presentation</a></li> <li>Dr A. Rahman Zaky : <i>A preliminary Bibliography of Medieval Arabic Military Literature</i>, Gladius, IV (1965), pp. 107-112, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0436-029X">0436-029X</a></span>)</small> [gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/download/191/194-1-PB.pdf]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Liens_externes_6" data-mw-thread-id="h-Liens_externes_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Liens_externes_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Liens externes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Liens_externes_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=109" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Genavae" title="Militia Genavae">Militia Genavae</a> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militiagenavae.ch/histoire-reformes-militaires.html">Réforme militaire au XVIème siècle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_et_références_6" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_et_références_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_6"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_et_références_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span>Notes et références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_et_références_6-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=110" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_6" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_6-Notes_et_références_6"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_6-Notes_et_références_6"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_6-Notes_et_références_6"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=111" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> : <i>Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire</i>, cité par l'auteur.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Librairie militaire, maritime et polytechnique, J. Corréard Éditeur, Paris, 1859.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">L'Eurasie - NdA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cette section est partiellement issue de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé «<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_military_texts" class="extiw" title="en:List of Chinese military texts">List of Chinese military texts</a>» (voir la <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_history_of_List_of_Chinese_military_texts" class="extiw" title="en:Revision history of List of Chinese military texts">liste des auteurs</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références_6" data-mw-thread-id="h-Références_6-Notes_et_références_6"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_6"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Références_6-Notes_et_références_6"></span>Références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Références_6-Notes_et_références_6"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=112" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Source pour cette section : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/literature_alphabet.html">Chinese Literature - Alphabetical index of book titles and authors</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Griffith (2006), 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Hwang, Ching Chane. "Gender and Global Politics of the Asia-Pacific." MacMillan Publishers. p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ven-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ven_51-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Ven_51-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Van_de_Ven2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hans_J._Van_de_Ven2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Hans J. <span class="nom_auteur">Van de Ven</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Warfare in Chinese History</cite>, BRILL, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9004117741" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9004117741"><span class="nowrap">9004117741</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=IXKkCXDvYFYC">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 7<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Chinese+History&rft.aulast=Van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=7&rft.isbn=9004117741&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXKkCXDvYFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADiscussion+utilisateur%3AThib+Phil%2FBac+%C3%A0+sable+8"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : français">(fr)</abbr> <a href="#BG">B. Gilles (1960)</a>, <i>Les Ingénieurs de la Renaissance</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ordway, Vice-Commander of Artillery of the Polish king, Wladyslaw IV, <i>Great Art of Artillery, the First Part</i>, also known as <i>The Complete Art of Artillery</i>, pp.407–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ren/summary/v058/58.1solon.html">La pensée militaire de Zwingli</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Art_de_la_guerre" title="Catégorie:Art de la guerre">Catégorie:Art de la guerre</a> <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Science_auxiliaire_de_l%27histoire" title="Catégorie:Science auxiliaire de l'histoire">Catégorie:Science auxiliaire de l'histoire</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Iconographie" data-mw-thread-id="h-Iconographie-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Iconographie-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r216721240">.mw-parser-output .texte-vert{color:var(--color-success,#008000)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-day .mw-parser-output .texte-vert{color:#008000}</style><span class="texte-vert">Iconographie</span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Iconographie-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=113" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Iconographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A REPLACER DANS LE TEXTE DEFINITIF </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Philippe_de_Commines_ag1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Philippe_de_Commines_ag1.jpg/93px-Philippe_de_Commines_ag1.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Philippe_de_Commines_ag1.jpg/140px-Philippe_de_Commines_ag1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Philippe_de_Commines_ag1.jpg/186px-Philippe_de_Commines_ag1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1100"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Blaise-monluc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Blaise-monluc.jpg/79px-Blaise-monluc.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Blaise-monluc.jpg/119px-Blaise-monluc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Blaise-monluc.jpg/159px-Blaise-monluc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="614"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Art_of_War-1573.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Art_of_War-1573.jpg/96px-Art_of_War-1573.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Art_of_War-1573.jpg/145px-Art_of_War-1573.jpg 1.5x, 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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fotothek_df_tg_0000945_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fotothek_df_tg_0000945_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd.jpg/79px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000945_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fotothek_df_tg_0000945_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd.jpg/118px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000945_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fotothek_df_tg_0000945_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd.jpg/158px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000945_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="820"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fotothek_df_tg_0000978_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd_%5E_Kompanie_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Aufstellung_%5E_Arkebusiere_%5E_Lanzie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fotothek_df_tg_0000978_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd_%5E_Kompanie_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Aufstellung_%5E_Arkebusiere_%5E_Lanzie.jpg/120px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000978_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd_%5E_Kompanie_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Aufstellung_%5E_Arkebusiere_%5E_Lanzie.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fotothek_df_tg_0000978_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd_%5E_Kompanie_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Aufstellung_%5E_Arkebusiere_%5E_Lanzie.jpg/180px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000978_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd_%5E_Kompanie_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Aufstellung_%5E_Arkebusiere_%5E_Lanzie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fotothek_df_tg_0000978_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd_%5E_Kompanie_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Aufstellung_%5E_Arkebusiere_%5E_Lanzie.jpg/240px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000978_Kriegskunst_%5E_Pferd_%5E_Kompanie_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Aufstellung_%5E_Arkebusiere_%5E_Lanzie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="639"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Pamphlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pamphlet.jpg/78px-Pamphlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pamphlet.jpg/117px-Pamphlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pamphlet.jpg/156px-Pamphlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="548"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Littérature_militaire_japonaise" data-mw-thread-id="h-Littérature_militaire_japonaise-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature_militaire_japonaise"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Littérature_militaire_japonaise-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r216721240"><span class="texte-vert">Littérature militaire japonaise</span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Littérature_militaire_japonaise-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=114" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Littérature militaire japonaise"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les premiers écrits japonais ne datent que du VIIIe siècle de notre ère, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traités_militaires" data-mw-thread-id="h-Traités_militaires-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"><span id="Trait.C3.A9s_militaires"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Traités_militaires-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span>Traités militaires<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Traités_militaires-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=115" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Traités militaires"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Littérature_épique" data-mw-thread-id="h-Littérature_épique-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature_.C3.A9pique"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Littérature_épique-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span>Littérature épique<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Littérature_épique-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=116" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Littérature épique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_littérature_militaire_dans_la_culture_culture_japonaise" data-mw-thread-id="h-La_littérature_militaire_dans_la_culture_culture_japonaise-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"><span id="La_litt.C3.A9rature_militaire_dans_la_culture_culture_japonaise"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-La_littérature_militaire_dans_la_culture_culture_japonaise-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span>La littérature militaire dans la culture culture japonaise<span data-mw-comment-end="h-La_littérature_militaire_dans_la_culture_culture_japonaise-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=117" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La littérature militaire dans la culture culture japonaise"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes_7" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_connexes_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Articles_connexes_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span>Articles connexes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Articles_connexes_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=118" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie_7" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliographie_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliographie_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span>Bibliographie<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliographie_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=119" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes_7" data-mw-thread-id="h-Liens_externes_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Liens_externes_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span>Liens externes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Liens_externes_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=120" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_et_références_7" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_et_références_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_7"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_et_références_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span>Notes et références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_et_références_7-Littérature_militaire_japonaise"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=121" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="DOCU_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-DOCU_2-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-DOCU_2-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r216721240"><span class="texte-vert">DOCU</span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-DOCU_2-Littérature_et_écrivains_militaires"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=122" title="Modifier le code source de la section : DOCU"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.net4war.com/annuaire/annuaire.php?catAff=425">NET4WAR</a></li> <li>Diffusion des écrits militaires chinois en Europe : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.1789-1815.com/bibl_amiot_chine.htm">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratisc.org/pub_RICHARDOT.html">VEGECE ET LA CULTURE MILITAIRE AU MOYEN AGE (Ve-XVe siècles)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.be/search?q=jacob+de+gheys&rlz=1C1CHFX_frBE466BE466&aq=f&oq=jacob+de+gheys&aqs=chrome.0.57j0l3.4899j0&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#rlz=1C1CHFX_frBE466BE466&q=jacob+de+gheyn+renaissance&spell=1&sa=X&ei=1bhzUa6wAcv60gXMhYG4AQ&ved=0CCwQBSgA&fp=1&biw=1024&bih=677&bav=on.2,or.r_cp.r_qf.&cad=b">Jacob de Gheyn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Beutepanzer" data-mw-thread-id="h-Beutepanzer"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Beutepanzer"></span><a href="/wiki/Beutepanzer" title="Beutepanzer">Beutepanzer</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Beutepanzer"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=123" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Beutepanzer"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Première_Guerre_mondiale" data-mw-thread-id="h-Première_Guerre_mondiale-Beutepanzer"><span id="Premi.C3.A8re_Guerre_mondiale"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Première_Guerre_mondiale-Beutepanzer"></span>Première Guerre mondiale<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Première_Guerre_mondiale-Beutepanzer"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=124" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Première Guerre mondiale"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00292,_Charleroi,_Panzer-Reparaturwerkstatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00292%2C_Charleroi%2C_Panzer-Reparaturwerkstatt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00292%2C_Charleroi%2C_Panzer-Reparaturwerkstatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00292%2C_Charleroi%2C_Panzer-Reparaturwerkstatt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00292%2C_Charleroi%2C_Panzer-Reparaturwerkstatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00292%2C_Charleroi%2C_Panzer-Reparaturwerkstatt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00292%2C_Charleroi%2C_Panzer-Reparaturwerkstatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="noprint wikilien_alternatif" style="clear:right; float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;width:250px;border:solid #AAAAAA 1px; background:#f9f9f9;padding:0px;font-size:90%;text-align:left;"> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td style="line-height:50px;vertical-align:middle;position:relative" align="center" valign="middle"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="commons:"><img alt="wikilien alternatif2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></span> </p> </td> <td valign="middle"> <p><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> propose des documents multimédia libres sur <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beutepanzer_of_World_War_I?uselang=fr">Thib Phil/Bac à sable 8</a></b>.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Im <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erster_Weltkrieg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erster Weltkrieg (page inexistante)">Ersten Weltkrieg</a> fielen den <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Kaiserreich" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Kaiserreich">deutschen</a> Streitkräften so viele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich_von_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_und_Irland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vereinigtes Königreich von Großbritannien und Irland (page inexistante)">britische</a> Tanks (meist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_IV_(Panzer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark IV (Panzer) (page inexistante)">Mark IV</a>) in die Hände, dass diese die Anzahl der selbst produzierten Panzer bei weitem überschritten. Es wurden Sammellager und Reparaturwerkstätten eingerichtet und <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geschwader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geschwader (page inexistante)">Panzerschwadronen</a> mit den Beutepanzern aufgestellt. Die Tanks wurde mit dem <a href="/wiki/Eisernes_Kreuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisernes Kreuz">Eisernen Kreuz</a>, als Hoheitszeichen, versehen und erhielten zum Teil einen neuen Tarnanstrich. <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale" data-mw-thread-id="h-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale-Beutepanzer"><span id="Deuxi.C3.A8me_Guerre_mondiale"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale-Beutepanzer"></span>Deuxième Guerre mondiale<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale-Beutepanzer"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=125" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Deuxième Guerre mondiale"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint wikilien_alternatif" style="clear:right; float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;width:250px;border:solid #AAAAAA 1px; background:#f9f9f9;padding:0px;font-size:90%;text-align:left;"> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td style="line-height:50px;vertical-align:middle;position:relative" align="center" valign="middle"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="commons:"><img alt="wikilien alternatif2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></span> </p> </td> <td valign="middle"> <p><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> propose des documents multimédia libres sur <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beutepanzer_of_World_War_II?uselang=fr">Thib Phil/Bac à sable 8</a></b>.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_matériels_tchécoslovaques" data-mw-thread-id="h-Les_matériels_tchécoslovaques-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"><span id="Les_mat.C3.A9riels_tch.C3.A9coslovaques"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Les_matériels_tchécoslovaques-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span>Les matériels tchécoslovaques<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Les_matériels_tchécoslovaques-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=126" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Les matériels tchécoslovaques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/Panzer_35(t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer 35(t)">Panzer 35(t)</a> et <a href="/wiki/Panzer_38(t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer 38(t)">Panzer 38(t)</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campagnes_de_Pologne_et_de_l'Ouest_(1939-1940)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Campagnes_de_Pologne_et_de_l'Ouest_(1939-1940)-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"><span id="Campagnes_de_Pologne_et_de_l.27Ouest_.281939-1940.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Campagnes_de_Pologne_et_de_l'Ouest_(1939-1940)-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span>Campagnes de Pologne et de l'Ouest (1939-1940)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Campagnes_de_Pologne_et_de_l'Ouest_(1939-1940)-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=127" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Campagnes de Pologne et de l'Ouest (1939-1940)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_«_Baukommando_Becker_»" data-mw-thread-id="h-Le_«_Baukommando_Becker_»-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"><span id="Le_.C2.AB_Baukommando_Becker_.C2.BB"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Le_«_Baukommando_Becker_»-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span>Le « <i>Baukommando Becker</i> »<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Le_«_Baukommando_Becker_»-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=128" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le « Baukommando Becker »"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front_de_l'Est" data-mw-thread-id="h-Front_de_l'Est-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"><span id="Front_de_l.27Est"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Front_de_l'Est-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span>Front de l'Est<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Front_de_l'Est-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=129" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Front de l'Est"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matériels_anglo-saxons" data-mw-thread-id="h-Matériels_anglo-saxons-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"><span id="Mat.C3.A9riels_anglo-saxons"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Matériels_anglo-saxons-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span>Matériels anglo-saxons<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Matériels_anglo-saxons-Deuxième_Guerre_mondiale"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=130" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Matériels anglo-saxons"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Articles_connexes_8" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_connexes_8-Beutepanzer"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Articles_connexes_8-Beutepanzer"></span>Articles connexes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Articles_connexes_8-Beutepanzer"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=131" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marder_I" title="Marder I">Marder I</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliographie_8" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliographie_8-Beutepanzer"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliographie_8-Beutepanzer"></span>Bibliographie<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliographie_8-Beutepanzer"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=132" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bruno Collin : <i>Combats sur le Cercle Polaire - Somua et Hotchkiss dans la taïga</i> in <i>Batailles & Blindés</i>, n°45 ( Octobre-Novembre 2011 ), pp 8-19.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Liens_externes_8" data-mw-thread-id="h-Liens_externes_8-Beutepanzer"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Liens_externes_8-Beutepanzer"></span>Liens externes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Liens_externes_8-Beutepanzer"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=133" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_et_références_8" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_et_références_8-Beutepanzer"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_8"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_et_références_8-Beutepanzer"></span>Notes et références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_et_références_8-Beutepanzer"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=134" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en allemand intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beutepanzer" class="extiw" title="de:Beutepanzer">Beutepanzer</a> » 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data-mw-comment-end="h-Références_7-Notes_et_références_8"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=136" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> </div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_V%C3%A9hicules_blind%C3%A9s_de_combat_allemands_de_la_SGM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèle:Palette Véhicules blindés de combat allemands de la SGM (page inexistante)">Modèle:Palette Véhicules blindés de combat allemands de la SGM</a> </p> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire_militaire" 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mondiale">Catégorie:Char de la Seconde Guerre mondiale</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="MATOS_&_DOCU" data-mw-thread-id="h-MATOS_&_DOCU-Beutepanzer"><span id="MATOS_.26_DOCU"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-MATOS_&_DOCU-Beutepanzer"></span>MATOS & DOCU<span data-mw-comment-end="h-MATOS_&_DOCU-Beutepanzer"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=137" title="Modifier le code source de la section : MATOS & DOCU"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Camp_fortifié" data-mw-thread-id="h-Camp_fortifié"><span id="Camp_fortifi.C3.A9"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Camp_fortifié"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camp_fortifi%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camp fortifié (page inexistante)">Camp fortifié</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Camp_fortifié"></span></h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=138" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Camp fortifié"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Guerres_coloniales" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guerres_coloniales-Camp_fortifié"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guerres_coloniales-Camp_fortifié"></span>Guerres coloniales<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guerres_coloniales-Camp_fortifié"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=139" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Guerres coloniales"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Fort_Alamo" title="Siège de Fort Alamo">Siège de Fort Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Rorke%27s_Drift" title="Bataille de Rorke's Drift">Bataille de Rorke's Drift</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Conflits_modernes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Conflits_modernes-Camp_fortifié"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Conflits_modernes-Camp_fortifié"></span>Conflits modernes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Conflits_modernes-Camp_fortifié"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=140" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Conflits modernes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guerres_d'Indochine_et_du_Viet-Nâm" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guerres_d'Indochine_et_du_Viet-Nâm-Conflits_modernes"><span id="Guerres_d.27Indochine_et_du_Viet-N.C3.A2m"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guerres_d'Indochine_et_du_Viet-Nâm-Conflits_modernes"></span>Guerres d'Indochine et du Viet-Nâm<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guerres_d'Indochine_et_du_Viet-Nâm-Conflits_modernes"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=141" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Guerres d'Indochine et du Viet-Nâm"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Articles_connexes_9" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_connexes_9-Camp_fortifié"><span data-mw-comment-start="" 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section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Liens_externes_9" data-mw-thread-id="h-Liens_externes_9-Camp_fortifié"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Liens_externes_9-Camp_fortifié"></span>Liens externes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Liens_externes_9-Camp_fortifié"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=144" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes_et_références_9" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes_et_références_9-Camp_fortifié"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_9"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes_et_références_9-Camp_fortifié"></span>Notes et références<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes_et_références_9-Camp_fortifié"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=145" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes._2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes._2-Notes_et_références_9"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes._2-Notes_et_références_9"></span>Notes.<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes._2-Notes_et_références_9"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:Thib_Phil/Bac_%C3%A0_sable_8&action=edit&section=146" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes."><span>modifier le 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