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border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>What American politicians fail to understand (or at least it seems to me) is that today's Azerbaijan is quite a different place than the chaotic, war-torn, nearly failed state that the United States dealt with in its early years of independence.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Thomas Goltz, American author and journalist best known for his accounts of conflict in the Caucasus region during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox" style="float: right; clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Azerbaijan</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Azerbaijan.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/195px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="98" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/293px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/390px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>10,123,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>41,666 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>4,721 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>72.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.756 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>30 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.723 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>39 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The <b>Republic of Azerbaijan</b> (Azeri: <i>Azərbaycan</i>; the end is actually pronounced "John") is a majority <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> country in the rugged Caucasus region. It borders <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Azerbaijan is also notable for having significant <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> deposits from which <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> historically benefited. Its capital and largest city is Baku. </p><p>Like the other Caucasus states, Azerbaijan spent much of its early history bounced around between various empires, eventually being seized from Safavid Iran by the Russian Empire in the 19th century. After the Russian Empire collapsed in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Azerbaijan became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. During this chaotic period, Azeris and Armenians engaged in ethnic cleansing and civil warring. On the plus side, however, this brief period of independence saw Azerbaijan become the first parliamentary state in the Muslim world and the first majority-Muslim country to grant women equal political rights as men.<sup id="cite_ref-womenwwi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womenwwi-2">[2]</a></sup> This independence was short-lived because <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and the Red Army knew that the nascent <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> could not survive without access to Azerbaijan's oil deposits. Thus, the Red Army invaded Azerbaijan and established it as one of the Soviet republics. </p><p>Along with being used as a country-sized oil rig by the Soviets, Azerbaijan became embroiled in a territorial dispute with its fellow Soviet Republic, Armenia, over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Although populated with an ethnic Armenian majority, the Nagorno-Karabakh region had been placed under Azeri jurisdiction by the Soviet government. This issue grew in importance and tension, and ethnic civil war began once more in the 1980s and intensified from there. The situation rapidly became uncontrollable, and the Soviet's solution of conducting a huge massacre in Baku only made things worse. The Soviet Union stopped being a Union in 1991, and Azerbaijan almost immediately engaged Armenia in warfare over the land dispute. It ended in 1994 with a cease-fire which solved nothing; much of Azerbaijan's territory would remain occupied by Armenian armed forces until 2023. As you can expect, that had been Azerbaijan's principal foreign policy concern during those thirty-two years. </p><p>Despite its large Muslim population and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">geographic location</a>, it is a fairly secular state,<sup id="cite_ref-ce_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-3">[3]</a></sup> and only 21% of Azeris consider religion important in their daily lives.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Compared to its neighbors, it is generally pro-Western and has frosty relations with Russia. The moderately pro-Western and anti-Russian Georgian government has found an ally in Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-ce_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>Despite rampant government corruption, Azerbaijan has an HDI on par with most Eastern European countries, and its economy is doing quite well due to the rich oil deposits found there. </p><p>Most notably of all, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXnDub9JCfI%7C">they have a national anthem that sounds like something you'd play over Darth Vader storming the Rebel base.</a> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Islam_and_invasions"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Islam and invasions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Safavid_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Safavid era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Russian_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Russian rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Soviet_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Independence_and_war"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Independence and war</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Authoritarianism"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Authoritarianism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Foreign_relations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Armenia_and_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_dispute"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Armenophobia"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Armenophobia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg/200px-Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg/300px-Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg/400px-Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5272" data-file-height="5108" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_ShirvanshahsBurialVault_004_1365.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Shirvanshah mausoleum in Baku.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history">Early history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Human settlement in Azerbaijan dates back to at least the Stone Age. Between 900 and 700 BCE, ethnic Persians rose to power in Central Asia, and they eventually formed the Achaemenid Empire in 550 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The Persians spread <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrianism</a> throughout the Azerbaijan region until they were conquered by Alexander the Great. After that interruption, however, Azerbaijan remained under Persian rule until the spread of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 1]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Islam_and_invasions">Islam and invasions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islam and invasions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>This prolonged period of Persian rule ended in the mid 600s CE with the Rashidun Caliphate's decades-long conquest of the Sassanian Persian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> Along with Arab conquerors, the Islamic religion arrived and received many converts. After a time, however, the age of Arab caliphates ended with the Abbasid dynasty, and the Azerbaijan region was then invaded and conquered by Turkic speakers from Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-introislam_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introislam-8">[7]</a></sup> These Turks established the Seljuk Empire, which introduced Turkish culture and was the most significant influence on the modern Azeri nation. </p><p>Under the leadership of Hulegu Khan, the Mongols invaded Azerbaijan in the early 1200s; the Mongol Empire ruled Azerbaijan as part of the Ilkhanate.<sup id="cite_ref-introislam_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introislam-8">[7]</a></sup> The Mongol Empire fell apart, but that wasn't the end of Azerbaijan's Mongol troubles. Timur Lenk, an Uzbek Mongol warlord, decided to start his own Mongol Empire by invading Central Asia and Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-timurlenk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timurlenk-9">[8]</a></sup> Timur then became a powerful Mongol leader who declared himself the "defender of Islam" and launched genocides against Indian Hindus, Egyptian and Turkish "usurpers", and Middle Eastern Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> Azerbaijan was also swept up in this wave of conquest, and the region's ruling Shirvanshah dynasty became a vassal state of the Timurid Empire. The Shirvanshas maintained a high degree of autonomy and presided over one of the cultural high points of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> This era has left great architectural heritage like the Shirvanshah palace and mausoleum. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Safavid_era">Safavid era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Safavid era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg/275px-Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg/413px-Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg/550px-Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Court of Safavid Shah Suleiman I, 1670.</div></div></div> <p>In Azerbaijan, the Safavid dynasty arose after the collapse of the Timurid Empire, and they reunited the Persian region and took Azerbaijan as one of its client states.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> The Safavids became perhaps the most important dynasty in Iranian history, responsible for converting the entire area to Shia Islam rather than Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shiacon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shiacon-15">[14]</a></sup> The Safavids simultaneously converted Azerbaijan to Shia Islam as well. </p><p>The Safavids accomplished this by harshly persecuting Sunnis.<sup id="cite_ref-shiacon_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shiacon-15">[14]</a></sup> The rationale behind this was largely political, as the Safavids wanted to make Persia as distinct as possible from their Ottoman Empire rival. Methods of forced conversion included massacres, destruction of Sunni mosques, and confiscation of property.<sup id="cite_ref-shiacon_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shiacon-15">[14]</a></sup> The imposition of Shia Islam was especially harsh in Azerbaijan, where various massacres occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> Later in the dynasty's history, wars escalated rapidly between the Safavids and the Ottomans. Dozens of wars ensued between the two empires; many were fought in the Caucasus region and caused devastation throughout places like Armenia and Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> also started expanding into the Caucasus region, bringing all three of the region's empires into constant warfare. Azerbaijan was home to Baku, a significant port city on the Caspian Sea, making the area desirable to the Russian Empire, which lacked many warm-water ports. Russia proved to have better staying power than the other two empires, and by 1812, they forced Persia to cede much of the Caucasus, including Azerbaijan, to Russian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_rule">Russian rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russian rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neft.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neft.jpg/300px-Neft.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neft.jpg/450px-Neft.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neft.jpg/600px-Neft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="590" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Neft.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cossack patrol in Baku, 1905.</div></div></div> <p>At first, Russian rule was fairly light-handed since the Russians were only concerned with Azerbaijan's ability to serve as a port. However, towards the late 19th century, oil became very valuable, and prospectors discovered a shitload of it in Azerbaijan. Suddenly, Azerbaijan became the black jewel in the Russian imperial crown, and ethnic Russians started flooding into the region to get a piece of the oil industry.<sup id="cite_ref-boomtown_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boomtown-20">[19]</a></sup> The population of Baku increased from 13,000 in the 1860s to 112,000 in 1897 and 215,000 in 1913, making Baku the largest city in the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-boomtown_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boomtown-20">[19]</a></sup> By this point, about a third of Baku's population was Russian. </p><p>In 1905, however, revolutionary unrest in Russia also gave rise to inter-ethnic tension in Azerbaijan between Azeris, Armenians, and Russians. This situation exploded into a series of riots and massacres across the entire Caucasus region, in which all sides killed thousands of people until the Russian military regained order in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg/275px-Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="275" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Azerbaijan_in_1918.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Soldiers of Azerbaijan in Baku, 1918.</div></div></div> <p>Urbanization and industrialization in Azerbaijan also contributed to social radicalism, with <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> parties forming to push for a different kind of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> Many of these people would later be absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> faction during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. As happened elsewhere in the Russian Empire, racial tensions and political radicalism fully boiled over in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, Bolshevik-aligned leaders declared Azerbaijan a Soviet Republic. However, Muslim Azeri nationalists separately and simultaneously declared the "Azerbaijan People's Democratic Republic" and formed the "Army of Islam" to defend it.<sup id="cite_ref-revolution_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revolution-23">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>The Army of Islam proceeded to forcibly occupy Baku, oust the Bolsheviks, and set up its own government. During this time, Azerbaijan became the first Muslim-majority country to create a parliamentary republic and the first Muslim-majority country to grant women legal equality with men.<sup id="cite_ref-womenwwi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womenwwi-2">[2]</a></sup> However, all was not well, as political struggles between the nationalists and Bolsheviks and racial tensions led to a mass slaughter of about 25,000 people, mostly Azeris.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup> </p><p>Things got even worse when it became clear that the Soviet Red Army was preparing to invade Azerbaijan. Although this was technically an act of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, Vladimir Lenin justified the attack by stating that the Red Army couldn't win the ongoing Russian Civil War without access to Azerbaijan's oil fields.<sup id="cite_ref-revolution_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revolution-23">[22]</a></sup> With Azerbaijan too busy dealing with Armenian separatists and other internal threats, the Azeri army couldn't mount a successful defense. The Azeri army was tenacious, but the situation was hopeless for them, and they suffered about 20,000 deaths during the short war of reconquest.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> Azerbaijan became part of the new <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Soviet_rule">Soviet rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soviet rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Poster_of_Azerbaijan_1938._Stalin.jpg" class="new" title="File:Poster of Azerbaijan 1938. Stalin.jpg">File:Poster of Azerbaijan 1938. Stalin.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Stalin-era <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> from Azerbaijan.</div></div></div> <p>In mid-1920, the Red Army occupied Nakhichevan, an Azerbaijani enclave between Armenia and northwestern Iran; in 1921, a referendum confirmed that its residents wished to be a part of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> When you look at the map on the top of this page, there's a chunk of Azerbaijan floating by itself. That's Nakhichevan. </p><p>During the harsh rule of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, Azerbaijan suffered alongside the other Soviet republics from purges, massacres, and the consequences of forced collectivization.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> However, like the other Soviet republics, this period saw Azerbaijan make impressive gains in literacy and industrialization. It was just too bad that so many people didn't live to see these improvements. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Azerbaijan became one of the most critical places in the entire world. Throughout the 1930s, Azerbaijan produced more than half of the Soviet Union's oil.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Since the USSR was heavily dependent on this oil to fuel its war machine and since the Germans were looking for their own sources of oil, it was only natural that <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s armies would target the region for conquest. Hence Operation <i>Fall Blau</i>, the Wehrmacht's name for the 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia, had the ultimate goal of seizing Azerbaijan's oil fields.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> This operation led to the Battle of Stalingrad, where the Soviets won a decisive victory that turned the tide of the eastern war.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> </p><p>After the war, though, Azerbaijan's importance to the Soviet Union started to decline. Soviet oil production moved on to other regions, and the region's economic growth thus slowed down considerably starting in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> With the economy going into the toilet (a situation that only got worse during the Brezhnev stagnation period), Azeris and Armenians had no better activities than returning to inter-ethnic conflict. Hoo-boy. The main stressing issue this time was, as ever, the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which had a majority Armenian population but had been placed under the administration of the Azerbaijan SSR. Ethnic clashes escalated rapidly throughout the decades, peaking in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-lastsoviet_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lastsoviet-32">[31]</a></sup> The Soviet government, weakened by decades of stagnation and weakened again by the liberalization reforms of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, proved unable to manage the situation. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Independence_and_war">Independence and war</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Independence and war">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg/300px-Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg/450px-Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg/600px-Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="663" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Azeri soldiers during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, 1992.</div></div></div> <p>In this atmosphere of race war and government inaction, radical Azeris launched multiple pogroms of ethnic Armenians, killing many thousands of people.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> In 1990, the situation had become so bad that Gorbachev ordered a direct intervention. Soviet tanks and troops stormed the Azerbaijani capital of Baku, killing between 130 and 300 people.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> Soviet troops reportedly shot people at point-blank range, ran over cars with tanks, bombarded hospitals, prevented the medical personnel from helping the wounded, and literally bayoneted the survivors. This event completely broke any remaining loyalty Azeris had to Moscow. </p><p>In 1991, Azerbaijan didn't hesitate to make a break for the door alongside Armenia and the other disloyal Soviet republics. The Soviet Union had collapsed, but that wasn't the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem. Azerbaijan wanted to keep its old Soviet borders, while Armenia wanted to annex Nagorno-Karabakh in the name of <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a>. This situation escalated into a full war in 1991. </p><p>Although Azerbaijan, on paper, had superior military forces, they were fatally weakened by the need to deal with Armenians who already lived within their borders. For this reason, they were unable to prevent Armenia's invasion and occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding territory. As is often the case in wars based on ethnic hatred, the Nagorno-Karabakh War was exceptionally violent and featured atrocities by both sides. For instance, in the village of Maraga, Azeri soldiers indiscriminately murdered civilians and burned the entire village.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> In Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh's largest city, Azeri forces besieged the city and bombarded it with artillery, killing and injuring many thousands of people.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> The Armenians weren't much nicer. In Garadaghly, Armenian troops killed about 20 civilians to "avenge" the death of one of their fallen comrades.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup> In the Khojaly massacre, Armenian troops committed a mass murder of between 200 and 600 Azeri civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, both sides agreed to a cease-fire, effectively a peace of exhaustion, that froze the war and the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup> This "troubled peace" ended in September 2020, when Azerbaijan attacked again with an enhanced military and began the worst bout of fighting yet, leaving hundreds dead and cities on both sides bombed.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> The war ended with Azerbaijan getting the upper hand. At this point, <a href="/wiki/Putin" class="mw-redirect" title="Putin">Putin</a> stepped in and brokered a peace in which Azerbaijan got a lot of territory around Nagorno-Karabakh, but not Nagorno-Karabakh itself, and Russian troops would guard the rest of the place. This was a win-win for him - he gained brownie points with Azerbaijan but kept Armenia dependent on Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></sup> The Russians only plan to stay for five years, although Russia being tied up in their <a href="/wiki/Ukraine#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a> would lead to another conflict nearly three years after that in September 2023, with Azerbaijan again emerging victorious. Artsakh agreed to dissolve itself, with nearly the entire Armenian population fleeing to Armenia. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Authoritarianism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Although Azerbaijan is secular and ostensibly a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, it has become a one-party state at this point, with the authoritarian New Azerbaijan Party being the only party with any real chance of taking power. The former president of Azerbaijan and the person who started the NAP, Heydər Əliyev, has a significant cult of personality that extended to his son (the current president) upon his death. The government of Azerbaijan has made arbitrary arrests and taken political prisoners,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup> and the conditions within prisons are awful.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup> Elections tend to use the same tactics as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, ensuring that the New Azerbaijan Party stays in power.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Sound familiar?</a> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png/275px-Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png/413px-Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png/550px-Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="837" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagorno-Karabakh_Map2.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Azeri territory (as recognized internationally) occupied by Armenia until 2023.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Armenia_and_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_dispute">Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Nagorno-Karabakh (Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ, Azeri: Dağlıq Qarabağ) is a disputed territory in western Azerbaijan. Although Azerbaijan currently controls it and is internationally recognized as the rightful owner,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup> until 2023 the <i>de-facto</i> owner of most of the territory was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" class="extiw" title="wp:Republic of Artsakh" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> a primarily Armenian (ethnically and linguistically) state with limited international recognition. Armenia had aided Artsakh in its secession from Azerbaijan,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> with some considering it to be a territory of Armenia,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> despite Armenia keeping its distance from the idea of uniting the two. During its existence, several US states and subdivisions of other countries recognized Artsakh, but no <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> member states recognized it as independent, not even Armenia, though an attempt was made.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> Prior to Artsakh's dissolution, there had been no compromise, though not for lack of trying.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> </p><p>Following the transfer of power from Serzh Sargsyan to Nikol Pashinyan as PM, Pashinyan said he would make Nagorno-Karabakh part of Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup> He expressed interest in three-way diplomatic discussions between Artsakh, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, but Azerbaijan was opposed to Artsakh being part of the discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> </p><p>These tensions were destined to erupt. Open warfare resumed on 27 September 2020, when Azerbaijan launched an offensive against Artsakh, regaining all of the occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh and capturing one-third of Nagorno-Karabakh itself, including Shusha and Hadrut, two hugely important cultural areas for both nations. <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup>In the 2020 Azerbaijan-Artsakh war, Turkey started airlifting <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> into Artsakh to fight on behalf of Azerbaijan. The Azeris proceeded to use the Syrians as cannon fodder to minimize Azeri casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> On 10 November 2020, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> stepped in to mediate a trilateral ceasefire between Armenia and Azerbaijan, which was successful, but at a cost. Many Armenians felt betrayed by Russia, who ensured (alongside Armenia's Pashinyan, who saw the writing on the law) all the remaining occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh were formally returned to Azerbaijani control. The Republic of Artsakh became an isolated rump state connected with Armenia only by a narrow Russian-controlled corridor. <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023, Azerbaijan launched another offensive against Artsakh.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup> It only lasted one day. The Armenian government of Artsakh surrendered to Azerbaijan. <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup> Facing potential extermination, or at the very least due to fears of potential extermination, almost the entire population of Artsakh fled to Armenia by October 2023. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> </p><p>To complete Azerbaijan's humiliation of Armenia, Artsakh president Samvel Shahramanyan signed a 28 September decree dissolving all of Artsakh's institutions by 1 January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup> Before that date was reached, Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator">President Ilham Aliyev</a> visited the region on 15 October and officially raised the flag of Azerbaijan at the building that was previously used as the Artsakh Presidential Palace. <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 2023 war, Azerbaijan imposed a blockade on Artsakh, intending to squeeze the population as much as possible before launching another counteroffensive. Now, around 100,000 people are refugees from Artsakh. People displaced from Artsakh have been granted the status of "temporary protection, rather than citizenship or refugee status." Only after "receiving a document confirming this status" along with temporary registration "can forcibly displaced people receive their pensions or child benefits." <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup> Now, the "underequipped and unprepared" Armenians lost whatever faith they had in their government, forever embittered at the loss of Artsakh. <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup> </p><p>On 22 December 2023, Shahramanyan said that there was no official document stipulating the dissolution of government institutions, implying that Artsakh may continue as a government in exile. <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup> However, this statement was called out by Armenian government and state-affiliated media, who accused him of sabotaging the peace process between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The following day, Shahramanyan's former advisor clarified that the statement was not official.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Armenophobia">Armenophobia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Armenophobia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Our goal is the complete <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">elimination of Armenians</a>. You, <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>, already eliminated the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in the 1930s and 40s, right? You should be able to understand us.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Hacıbala Abutalıbov, mayor of Baku, while in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Bavaria</a> (2005)</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenophobia" class="extiw" title="wp:Armenophobia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Armenophobia">Armenophobia</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (anti-Armenian sentiment) is prevalent in Azeri society, with <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">stereotypes</a> about Armenians being commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-arm_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arm-67">[66]</a></sup> This is primarily due to ethnic Armenians being used as a scapegoat for the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute, and virtually all Armenians have fled Azerbaijan as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-arm_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arm-67">[66]</a></sup> At the start of the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute in 1988, the problem was even worse: an extremely violent <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> took place in Sumgait in late February, and at least 53 people were killed (exact counts vary) while others identified as Armenians were raped and tortured.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pgrm_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pgrm-69">[68]</a></sup> Soviet authorities were slow to react to the massacre, while Azerbaijani officers were even worse at responding.<sup id="cite_ref-pgrm_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pgrm-69">[68]</a></sup> In 2004, an Azeri army lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder">murdered</a> an Armenian lieutenant in his sleep at a NATO program in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>; he was given a presidential pardon, <i>promoted to major</i>, and given all of the pay that he lost.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup> People may be turned away from Azerbaijan for having Armenian-sounding names,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup> even if they aren't actually Armenian.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:64px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_city_at_night.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Baku_city_at_night.jpg/225px-Baku_city_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Baku_city_at_night.jpg/338px-Baku_city_at_night.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Baku_city_at_night.jpg/450px-Baku_city_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Baku, Azerbaijan's capital city. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_Gechresh_Azerbaijan_03.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Food_Gechresh_Azerbaijan_03.jpg/225px-Food_Gechresh_Azerbaijan_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Food_Gechresh_Azerbaijan_03.jpg/338px-Food_Gechresh_Azerbaijan_03.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Food_Gechresh_Azerbaijan_03.jpg/450px-Food_Gechresh_Azerbaijan_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Azeri meat dish. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:64px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg/225px-Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg/338px-Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg/450px-Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1370" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Azerbaijan's rugged landscape. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:46.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerigirls.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Azerigirls.JPG/225px-Azerigirls.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="162" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Azerigirls.JPG/338px-Azerigirls.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Azerigirls.JPG/450px-Azerigirls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="414" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Azeri girls in traditional garb. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:51.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_Bibi-EybatMosque_004_8705.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Baku_Bibi-EybatMosque_004_8705.jpg/225px-Baku_Bibi-EybatMosque_004_8705.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="152" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Baku_Bibi-EybatMosque_004_8705.jpg/338px-Baku_Bibi-EybatMosque_004_8705.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Baku_Bibi-EybatMosque_004_8705.jpg/450px-Baku_Bibi-EybatMosque_004_8705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6053" data-file-height="4098" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Bibi-Heybat Mosque, originally built by the Shirvanshahs. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Persian rule would return with the Safavids, however. Centuries after the introduction of Islam to Azerbaijan.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. <i>Wikiquote.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-womenwwi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-womenwwi_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-womenwwi_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951). <i>The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921</i>. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–270. ISBN 978-0-8305-0076-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ce-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ce_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ce_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/Secularism_in_Azerbaijan_June%202015.pdf">Secularism in Azerbaijan and the Threat of Radicalisation in the Region</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/114211/alabamians-iranians-common.aspx">What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Dizadji, M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.C (2010). <i>Journey from Tehran to Chicago: My Life in Iran and the United States, and a Brief History of Iran.</i> USA: Trafford Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 9781426929182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" class="extiw" title="wp:Muslim conquest of Persia" rel="nofollow">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-introislam-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-introislam_8-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-introislam_8-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/azerbaijan/5.htm">Azerbaijan: The Introduction of Islam and the Turkish Language</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timurlenk-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-timurlenk_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Timur">Timur</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/news/why-hamilton-doesnt-live-up-to-the-hype/">Tamerlane’s Reign of Terror</a> <i>History Answers UK</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listverse.com/2018/01/15/10-terrors-of-the-tyrant-tamerlane/">10 Terrors Of The Tyrant Tamerlane</a> <i>Listverse</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="extiw" title="wp:Shirvanshah" rel="nofollow">Shirvanshah</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" class="extiw" title="wp:Safavid dynasty" rel="nofollow">Safavid dynasty</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Akiner, Shirin (5 July 2004). <i>The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security</i>. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203641675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shiacon-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shiacon_15-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shiacon_15-1">14.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shiacon_15-2">14.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" class="extiw" title="wp:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam" rel="nofollow">Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" class="extiw" title="wp:History of Azerbaijan" rel="nofollow">History of Azerbaijan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2004). <i>The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity.</i> Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-135-79837-6. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Axworthy. Ir<i>an: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day</i>. Penguin UK, 6 nov. 2008 ISBN 0141903414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell, Svante (2001). <i>Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus</i>. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1162-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boomtown-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boomtown_20-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boomtown_20-1">19.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/azerbaijan/7.htm">Russian Influences in the Nineteenth Century</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%9307" class="extiw" title="wp:Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07" rel="nofollow">Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/azerbaijan/8.htm">Azerbaijan: The Spirit of Revolution</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revolution-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-revolution_23-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-revolution_23-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/azerbaijan/9.htm">Azerbaijan: World War I and Independence</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Days" class="extiw" title="wp:March Days" rel="nofollow">March Days</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope, Hugh (2006). <i>Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world.</i> New York: The Overlook Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-58567-804-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/azerbaijan/10.htm">Azerbaijan: Within the Soviet Union</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/azerbaijan/11.htm">Azerbaijan: Stalin and Post-Stalin Politics</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2db.com/country/Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan in WWII</a>. <i>World War II Database.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2days.com/blue-operation-fall-blau.html">BLUE, OPERATION (FALL BLAU) (JUNE–NOVEMBER 1942)</a>. <i>Daily Chronicles of World War II</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="extiw" title="wp:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" rel="nofollow">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lastsoviet-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lastsoviet_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/armenia/14.htm">Armenia: The New Nationalism</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" class="extiw" title="wp:Sumgait pogrom" rel="nofollow">Sumgait pogrom</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_pogrom" class="extiw" title="wp:Baku pogrom" rel="nofollow">Baku pogrom</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraga_massacre" class="extiw" title="wp:Maraga massacre" rel="nofollow">Maraga massacre</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Blogs/News-from-Arye-Gut/Black-January-became-the-starting-point-for-independence-of-Azerbaijan-537065">Bloody "Black January" became the starting point for independence of Azerbaijan</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraga_massacre" class="extiw" title="wp:Maraga massacre" rel="nofollow">Maraga massacre</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bloodshed in the Caucasus: escalation of the armed conflict in Nagorno Karabakh</i>. Human Rights Watch, 1992. ISBN 1-56432-081-2, 9781564320810, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Garadaghly" class="extiw" title="wp:Capture of Garadaghly" rel="nofollow">Capture of Garadaghly</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">de Waal, Thomas (2004). <i>Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war.</i> ABC-CLIO. pp. 172–173. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek_Protocol" class="extiw" title="wp:Bishkek Protocol" rel="nofollow">Bishkek Protocol</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-azerbaijan-archive-armenia-army-a517562831a5aa3995c6652f610c934a">Azerbaijan, Armenia report shelling of cities despite truce</a>. <i>Associated Press.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/10/nagorno-karabakh-peace-deal-turkey-russia-reshapes-regional-geopolitics">Nagorno-Karabakh peace deal reshapes regional geopolitics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/azerbaijan-political-prisoner-adnan-hajizade-goes-to-reddit-2012-7">What It's Like To Be A Political Prisoner For 17 Months In A Third World Country</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/azerbaijan-warms-up-for-eurovision-by-torturing-musicians-7580619.html">Azerbaijan warms up for Eurovision by torturing musicians</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2010/11/2010118152810836488.html">Monitors criticise Azeri elections</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/ga10693.doc.htm">General Assembly Adopts Resolution Reaffirming Territorial Integrity of Azerbaijan, Demanding Withdrawal of all Armenian Forces</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/WR95/HELSINKI-01.htm">Armenia - Human Rights Developments</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002055014/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=armenia-expects-russian-support-in-karabakh-war-2011-05-20">Armenia expects Russian support in Karabakh war</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.am/eng/news/325703.html">Armenia government approves bill on recognition of Karabakh independence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/politics/news/18270/">No Progress at Kocharian-Aliyev Meeting in Bucharest</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/world/europe/armenia-nikol-pashinyan-prime-minister.html">He Was a Protester a Month Ago. Now, Nikol Pashinyan Leads Armenia.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-armenia-azerbaijan/armenias-new-pm-signals-continuity-on-karabakh-seeks-talks-with-azerbaijan-idUSKBN1IA2VK">Armenia's new PM signals continuity on Karabakh, seeks talks with Azerbaijan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/27/heavy-fighting-erupts-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakh-region">"Fighting erupts between Armenia, Azerbaijan over disputed region," Al Jazeera</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-55238803">https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-55238803</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54885906">"Nagorno-Karabakh: Russia deploys peacekeeping troops to region," BBC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20230919182727/https://worldview.stratfor.com/situation-report/armenia-azerbaijan-baku-launches-military-operation-nagorno-karabakh">"Armenia, Azerbaijan: Baku Launches Military Operation In Nagorno-Karabakh," Stratfor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230928-nagorno-karabakh-to-dissolve-ending-independence-dream">"Karabakh separatists to disband after surrender to Azerbaijan," France24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/azerbaijan-armenia-nagorno-karabakh-5488386cb18c4333d00721365730cdf9">"Russia says Armenian separatists surrender arms after Azerbaijan reclaims Nagorno-Karabakh," Avet Demourian, Associated Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/en/europe/20230930-nagorno-karabakh-almost-empty-as-most-of-population-flees-to-armenia">"Nagorno-Karabakh almost empty as most of population flees to Armenia," RFI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nagorno-karabakh-republic-will-cease-exist-jan-1-2024-nagorno-karabakh-2023-09-28/">"Nagorno-Karabakh Republic will cease to exist from Jan 1 2024 - Nagorno-Karabakh authorities," Reuters</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20231015-azerbaijan-president-raises-national-flag-in-nagorno-karabakh-capital">"Azerbaijan's president raises national flag in Nagorno-Karabakh capital," France24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianweekly.com/2024/01/03/from-scratch-the-forced-displacement-and-new-lives-of-artsakh-refugees/">"From Scratch: The Forced Displacement and New Lives of Artsakh Refugees," Siranush Sargsyan, Armenian Weekly</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/live-die-artsakh-armenians-glendale">"To Live and Die for Artsakh," Marten Weiner, Tablet Magazine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20231222-nagorno-karabakh-dissolution-not-valid-says-armenian-separatist-leader">"Nagorno-Karabakh dissolution not valid, says Armenian separatist leader," France24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=81082&lang=3">"Arminfo: Vladimir Grigoryan leaves post of adviser to Artsakh president"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arm-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-arm_67-0">66.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-arm_67-1">66.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921073055/http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_02/02_CbC_eng/02-cbc-azerbaijan-eng.pdf">ECRI Report on Azerbaijan</a> (pp. 19 – 20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkrusa.org/nk_conflict/sumgait_massacre.shtml">A Genocide Gone Unpunished - Pogroms of Armenians in Sumgait</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pgrm-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pgrm_69-0">68.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pgrm_69-1">68.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://100years100facts.com/facts/massacre-armenians-sumgait-soviet-azerbaijan-began-february-27-1988/">Massacre of Armenians in Sumgait</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19463968">Azeri killer Ramil Safarov: Concern over Armenian anger</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/2011/07/citing-ethnicity-azerbaijan-bars-photojournalist.php">Citing ethnicity, Azerbaijan bars photojournalist</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haberler.com/soyadi-ermeni-diye-azerbaycan-a-sokulmadi-6089254-haberi/">Soyadı 'Ermeni' Diye Azerbaycan'a Sokulmadı</a> (in Turkish)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a 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title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a 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