Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html class="no-js" lang="en">  <head> <title>Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo - NASA/ADS</title>  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//styles/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//styles/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//styles/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" /> <link rel="manifest" href="//styles/favicon/site.webmanifest" /> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//styles/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="NASA ADS" /> <meta name="application-name" content="NASA ADS" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffc40d" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/styles/css/styles.css"> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <link rel="canonical" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10814555O/abstract"/> <meta name="description" content="Unique among animals, humans eat a diet rich in cooked and nonthermally processed food. The ancestors of modern humans who invented food processing (including cooking) gained critical advantages in survival and fitness through increased caloric intake. However, the time and manner in which food processing became biologically significant are uncertain. Here, we assess the inferred evolutionary consequences of food processing in the human lineage by applying a Bayesian phylogenetic outlier test to a comparative dataset of feeding time in humans and nonhuman primates. We find that modern humans spend an order of magnitude less time feeding than predicted by phylogeny and body mass (4.7% vs. predicted 48% of daily activity). This result suggests that a substantial evolutionary rate change in feeding time occurred along the human branch after the human-chimpanzee split. Along this same branch, Homo erectus shows a marked reduction in molar size that is followed by a gradual, although erratic, decline in H. sapiens. We show that reduction in molar size in early Homo (H. habilis and H. rudolfensis) is explicable by phylogeny and body size alone. By contrast, the change in molar size to H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens cannot be explained by the rate of craniodental and body size evolution. Together, our results indicate that the behaviorally driven adaptations of food processing (reduced feeding time and molar size) originated after the evolution of Homo but before or concurrent with the evolution of H. erectus, which was around 1.9 Mya.">  <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:title" content="Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NASA/ADS"> <meta property="og:description" content="Unique among animals, humans eat a diet rich in cooked and nonthermally processed food. The ancestors of modern humans who invented food processing (including cooking) gained critical advantages in survival and fitness through increased caloric intake. However, the time and manner in which food processing became biologically significant are uncertain. Here, we assess the inferred evolutionary consequences of food processing in the human lineage by applying a Bayesian phylogenetic outlier test to a comparative dataset of feeding time in humans and nonhuman primates. We find that modern humans spend an order of magnitude less time feeding than predicted by phylogeny and body mass (4.7% vs. predicted 48% of daily activity). This result suggests that a substantial evolutionary rate change in feeding time occurred along the human branch after the human-chimpanzee split. Along this same branch, Homo erectus shows a marked reduction in molar size that is followed by a gradual, although erratic, decline in H. sapiens. We show that reduction in molar size in early Homo (H. habilis and H. rudolfensis) is explicable by phylogeny and body size alone. By contrast, the change in molar size to H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens cannot be explained by the rate of craniodental and body size evolution. Together, our results indicate that the behaviorally driven adaptations of food processing (reduced feeding time and molar size) originated after the evolution of Homo but before or concurrent with the evolution of H. erectus, which was around 1.9 Mya."> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10814555O/abstract"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/styles/img/transparent_logo.svg"> <meta property="article:published_time" content="08/2011"> <meta property="article:author" content="Organ, Chris"> <meta property="article:author" content="Nunn, Charles L."> <meta property="article:author" content="Machanda, Zarin"> <meta property="article:author" content="Wrangham, Richard W.">  <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Proceedings of the National Academy of Science"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Organ, Chris;Nunn, Charles L.;Machanda, Zarin;Wrangham, Richard W."> <meta name="citation_title" content="Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo"> <meta name="citation_date" content="08/2011"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="108"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="35"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="14555"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1073/pnas.1107806108"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0027-8424"> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10814555O/abstract"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="08/2011"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2011PNAS..10814555O/PUB_PDF"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="14559" /> <link title="schema(PRISM)" rel="schema.prism" href="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/" /> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="08/2011" /> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="PNAS" /> <meta name="prism.issn" content="0027-8424" /> <meta name="prism.volume" content="108" /> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="14555" /> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="14559" /> <link title="schema(DC)" rel="schema.dc" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1073/pnas.1107806108" /> <meta name="dc.date" content="08/2011" /> <meta name="dc.source" content="PNAS" /> <meta name="dc.title" content="Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo" /> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Organ, Chris"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Nunn, Charles L."> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Machanda, Zarin"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Wrangham, Richard W.">  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Unique among animals, humans eat a diet rich in cooked and nonthermally processed food. The ancestors of modern humans who invented food processing (including cooking) gained critical advantages in survival and fitness through increased caloric intake. However, the time and manner in which food processing became biologically significant are uncertain. Here, we assess the inferred evolutionary consequences of food processing in the human lineage by applying a Bayesian phylogenetic outlier test to a comparative dataset of feeding time in humans and nonhuman primates. We find that modern humans spend an order of magnitude less time feeding than predicted by phylogeny and body mass (4.7% vs. predicted 48% of daily activity). This result suggests that a substantial evolutionary rate change in feeding time occurred along the human branch after the human-chimpanzee split. Along this same branch, Homo erectus shows a marked reduction in molar size that is followed by a gradual, although erratic, decline in H. sapiens. We show that reduction in molar size in early Homo (H. habilis and H. rudolfensis) is explicable by phylogeny and body size alone. By contrast, the change in molar size to H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens cannot be explained by the rate of craniodental and body size evolution. 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<li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Nunn%2C+Charles+L.%22">Nunn, Charles L.</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Machanda%2C+Zarin%22">Machanda, Zarin</a> </li>; <li class="author"><a href="/search/?q=author%3A%22Wrangham%2C+Richard+W.%22">Wrangham, Richard W.</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="s-abstract-text"> <h4 class="sr-only">Abstract</h4> <p> Unique among animals, humans eat a diet rich in cooked and nonthermally processed food. The ancestors of modern humans who invented food processing (including cooking) gained critical advantages in survival and fitness through increased caloric intake. However, the time and manner in which food processing became biologically significant are uncertain. Here, we assess the inferred evolutionary consequences of food processing in the human lineage by applying a Bayesian phylogenetic outlier test to a comparative dataset of feeding time in humans and nonhuman primates. We find that modern humans spend an order of magnitude less time feeding than predicted by phylogeny and body mass (4.7% vs. predicted 48% of daily activity). This result suggests that a substantial evolutionary rate change in feeding time occurred along the human branch after the human-chimpanzee split. Along this same branch, Homo erectus shows a marked reduction in molar size that is followed by a gradual, although erratic, decline in H. sapiens. We show that reduction in molar size in early Homo (H. habilis and H. rudolfensis) is explicable by phylogeny and body size alone. By contrast, the change in molar size to H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens cannot be explained by the rate of craniodental and body size evolution. Together, our results indicate that the behaviorally driven adaptations of food processing (reduced feeding time and molar size) originated after the evolution of Homo but before or concurrent with the evolution of H. erectus, which was around 1.9 Mya. </p> </div> <br> <dl class="s-abstract-dl-horizontal"> <dt>Publication:</dt> <dd> <div id="article-publication">Proceedings of the National Academy of Science</div> </dd> <dt>Pub Date:</dt> <dd>August 2011</dd> <dt>DOI:</dt> <dd> <span> <a href="/link_gateway/2011PNAS..10814555O/doi:10.1073/pnas.1107806108" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1073/pnas.1107806108</a> <i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> </span> </dd> <dt>Bibcode:</dt> <dd> <a href="/abs/2011PNAS..10814555O/abstract"> 2011PNAS..10814555O </a> <i class="icon-help" title="The bibcode is assigned by the ADS as a unique identifier for the paper."></i> </dd> </dl> </article> </div> <div data-widget="ShowCitations"></div> <div data-widget="ShowReferences"></div> <div data-widget="ShowCoreads"></div> <div data-widget="ShowSimilar"></div> <div data-widget="ShowTableofcontents"></div> <div data-widget="ShowGraphics"></div> <div data-widget="ShowExportcitation" data-origin="abstract"></div> <div data-widget="ShowMetrics" data-allow-redirect="false"></div> <div data-widget="MetaTagsWidget"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="s-right-col-container col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-3 col-lg-2 s-right-column" id="right-col-container" > <div data-widget="ShowResources"> <div data-reactroot="" class="s-right-col-widget-container" style="padding: 10px" > <div> <div class="resources__container"> <div class="resources__full__list"> <div class="resources__header__row"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o" aria-hidden="true"> </i> <div class="resources__header__title">full text sources</div> </div> <div class="resources__content"> <div class="resources__content__title">Publisher</div> <div class="resources__content__links"> <span> <a href="/link_gateway/2011PNAS..10814555O/PUB_PDF" rel="noopener" class="resources__content__link " > <i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o" aria-hidden="true"> </i> </a> <div class="resources__content__link__separator">|</div> </span> <span> <a href="/link_gateway/2011PNAS..10814555O/PUB_HTML" rel="noopener" class="resources__content__link " > <i class="fa fa-file-text" aria-hidden="true"> </i> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-widget="ShowAssociated"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-widget="ShowGraphicsSidebar"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-container"> <div data-widget="FooterWidget"> <div class="footer s-footer"> <footer> <div class="__footer_wrapper"> <div class="__footer_brand"> 漏 The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System <div class="__footer_brand_extra"> <p> <i class="fa fa-envelope"></i> adshelp[at]cfa.harvard.edu </p> <p> The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement <em>NNX16AC86A</em> </p> </div> <div class="__footer_brand_logos"> <a href="http://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/styles/img/nasa.svg" alt="NASA logo" id="nasa-logo"> </a> <a href="http://www.si.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img id="smithsonian-logo" src="/styles/img/smithsonian.svg" alt="Smithsonian logo"> </a> <a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/styles/img/cfa.png" title="Harvard Center for Astrophysics logo" id="cfa-logo"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="__footer_list"> <div class="__footer_list_title"> Resources </div> <ul class="__footer_links"> <li> <a href="/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> About ADS </a> </li> <li> <a href="//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/help/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i> ADS Help </a> </li> <li> <a href="//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/help/whats_new/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-bullhorn"></i> What's New </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/careers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-group"></i> Careers@ADS </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="__footer_list"> <div class="__footer_list_title"> Social </div> <ul class="__footer_links"> <li> <a href="//twitter.com/adsabs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-twitter"></i> @adsabs </a> </li> <li> <a href="//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/blog/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i class="fa fa-newspaper-o"></i> ADS Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="__footer_list"> <div class="__footer_list_title"> Project </div> <ul class="__footer_links"> <li> <a href="/core/never">Switch to full ADS</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsisdownorjustme.herokuapp.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Is ADS down? 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b.innerHTML += autoValues[i].match.substr(val.length); } // Insert a input field that will hold the current array item's value: b.innerHTML += "<input type='hidden' value='" + autoValues[i].value + "'>"; // Listen to clicks on the item value (DIV element): b.addEventListener("click", function(e) { var terms = searchBox.value.split(/\s+/); // Remove the current part of the input used for matching terms.pop(); // Insert the value for the autocomplete text field: terms.push(this.getElementsByTagName("input")[0].value); searchBox.value = terms.join(" "); // Move cursor position inside quotes/parenthesis if needed searchBox.focus(); if (searchBox.value[searchBox.value.length-1] === '"' || searchBox.value[searchBox.value.length-1] === ')') { searchBox.setSelectionRange(searchBox.value.length-1, searchBox.value.length-1); } // Close the list of autocompleted values closeAllLists(); }); a.appendChild(b); } } if (a.children.length > 0) { // By default, enter will select the first entry currentFocus = 0; 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// Add class "autocomplete-active": x[currentFocus].classList.add("autocomplete-active"); } function removeActive(x) { // Remove the "active" class from all autocomplete items: for (var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) { x[i].classList.remove("autocomplete-active"); } } function closeAllLists(elmnt) { // Close all autocomplete lists in the document, except the one passed as an argument: var x = document.getElementsByClassName("autocomplete-items"); for (var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) { if (elmnt != x[i] && elmnt != searchBox) { x[i].parentNode.removeChild(x[i]); } } } // Any other clicks in the document: document.addEventListener("click", function (e) { closeAllLists(e.target); }); } var autoList = [ { value: 'author:""', label: 'Author', match: 'author:"' }, { value: 'author:"^"', label: 'First Author', match: 'first author' }, { value: 'author:"^"', label: 'First Author', match: 'author:"^' }, { value: 'bibcode:""', label: 'Bibcode', desc: 'e.g. bibcode:1989ApJ...342L..71R', match: 'bibcode:"' }, { value: 'bibstem:""', label: 'Publication', desc: 'e.g. bibstem:ApJ', match: 'bibstem:"' }, { value: 'bibstem:""', label: 'Publication', desc: 'e.g. bibstem:ApJ', match: 'publication (bibstem)' }, { value: 'arXiv:', label: 'arXiv ID', match: 'arxiv:' }, { value: 'doi:', label: 'DOI', match: 'doi:' }, { value: 'full:""', label: 'Full text search', desc: 'title, abstract, and body', match: 'full:' }, { value: 'full:""', label: 'Full text search', desc: 'title, abstract, and body', match: 'fulltext' }, { value: 'full:""', label: 'Full text search', desc: 'title, abstract, and body', match: 'text' }, { value: 'year:', label: 'Year', match: 'year' }, { value: 'year:1999-2005', label: 'Year Range', desc: 'e.g. 1999-2005', match: 'year range' }, { value: 'aff:""', label: 'Affiliation', match: 'aff:' }, { value: 'abs:""', label: 'Search abstract + title + keywords', match: 'abs:' }, { value: 'database:astronomy', label: 'Limit to papers in the astronomy database', match: 'database:astronomy' }, { value: 'database:physics', label: 'Limit to papers in the physics database', match: 'database:physics' }, { value: 'title:""', label: 'Title', match: 'title:"' }, { value: 'orcid:', label: 'ORCiD identifier', match: 'orcid:' }, { value: 'object:', label: 'SIMBAD object (e.g. object:LMC)', match: 'object:' }, { value: 'property:refereed', label: 'Limit to refereed', desc: '(property:refereed)', match: 'refereed' }, { value: 'property:refereed', label: 'Limit to refereed', desc: '(property:refereed)', match: 'property:refereed' }, { value: 'property:notrefereed', label: 'Limit to non-refereed', desc: '(property:notrefereed)', match: 'property:notrefereed' }, { value: 'property:notrefereed', label: 'Limit to non-refereed', desc: '(property:notrefereed)', match: 'notrefereed' }, { value: 'property:eprint', label: 'Limit to eprints', desc: '(property:eprint)', match: 'eprint' }, { value: 'property:eprint', label: 'Limit to eprints', desc: '(property:eprint)', match: 'property:eprint' }, { value: 'property:openaccess', label: 'Limit to open access', desc: '(property:openaccess)', match: 'property:openaccess' }, { value: 'property:openaccess', label: 'Limit to open access', desc: '(property:openaccess)', match: 'openaccess' }, { value: 'doctype:software', label: 'Limit to software', desc: '(doctype:software)', match: 'software' }, { value: 'doctype:software', label: 'Limit to software', desc: '(doctype:software)', match: 'doctype:software' }, { value: 'property:inproceedings', label: 'Limit to papers in conference proceedings', desc: '(property:inproceedings)', match: 'proceedings' }, { value: 'property:inproceedings', label: 'Limit to papers in conference proceedings', desc: '(property:inproceedings)', match: 'property:inproceedings' }, { value: 'citations()', label: 'Citations', desc: 'Get papers citing your search result set', match: 'citations(' }, { value: 'references()', label: 'References', desc: 'Get papers referenced by your search result set', match: 'references(' }, { value: 'trending()', label: 'Trending', desc: 'Get papers most read by users who recently read your search result set', match: 'trending(' }, { value: 'reviews()', label: 'Review Articles', desc: 'Get most relevant papers that cite your search result set', match: 'reviews(' }, { value: 'useful()', label: 'Useful', desc: 'Get papers most frequently cited by your search result set', match: 'useful(' }, { value: 'similar()', label: 'Similar', desc: 'Get papers that have similar full text to your search result set', match: 'similar(' }, ]; // initiate the autocomplete function on the "q" element, and pass along the operators array as possible autocomplete values: inputBox = document.getElementById("q") if (inputBox) { inputBox.focus() // autofucs inputBox.setSelectionRange(inputBox.value.length, inputBox.value.length); // bring cursor to the end autocomplete(inputBox, autoList); } </script> <script> (function() { // turn off no-js if we have javascript document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace("no-js", "js"); function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var decodedCookie = decodeURIComponent(document.cookie); var ca = decodedCookie.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0) == ' ') { c = c.substring(1); } if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) { return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } } return ""; } (function() { // looks for the cookie, and sets true if its 'always' const coreCookie = getCookie('core') === 'always'; // only load bumblebee if we detect the core cookie and we are on abstract page if (coreCookie || (!(/^\/abs\//.test(document.location.pathname)) && !coreCookie)) { return; 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Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo - NASA/ADS