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Reilly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignatius_J._Reilly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myrna_Minkoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myrna_Minkoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Myrna Minkoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myrna_Minkoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irene_Reilly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irene_Reilly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Irene Reilly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irene_Reilly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ignatius_at_the_movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignatius_at_the_movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ignatius at the movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignatius_at_the_movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederacy_and_New_Orleans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederacy_and_New_Orleans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Confederacy</i> and New Orleans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederacy_and_New_Orleans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_difficult_path_to_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_difficult_path_to_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The difficult path to publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_difficult_path_to_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Critical reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spol%C4%8Den%C3%AD_hlupc%C5%AF" title="Spolčení hlupců – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spolčení hlupců" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Verschw%C3%B6rung_der_Idioten" title="Die Verschwörung der Idioten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Die Verschwörung der Idioten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_conjura_de_los_necios" title="La conjura de los necios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La conjura de los necios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergelen_batzarra" title="Ergelen batzarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ergelen batzarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اتحادیه ابلهان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحادیه ابلهان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Conjuration_des_imb%C3%A9ciles" title="La Conjuration des imbéciles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Conjuration des imbéciles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_conxura_dos_necios" title="A conxura dos necios – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A conxura dos necios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_banda_di_idioti" title="Una banda di idioti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Una banda di idioti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="რეგვენების შეთქმულება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეგვენების შეთქმულება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Алаңгазарлар бирдиги – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алаңгазарлар бирдиги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Een_samenzwering_van_idioten" title="Een samenzwering van idioten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Een samenzwering van idioten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A Confederacy of Dunces" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumskallarnas_sammansv%C3%A4rjning" title="Dumskallarnas sammansvärjning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dumskallarnas sammansvärjning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1980 novel by John Kennedy Toole</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">A Confederacy of Dunces <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.author=%5B%5BJohn+Kennedy+Toole%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BLouisiana+State+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=405+%28paperback%29&rft_id=info:oclcnum/5336849"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederacy_of_dunces_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Confederacy_of_dunces_cover.jpg/200px-Confederacy_of_dunces_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/Confederacy_of_dunces_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">tragicomedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1980</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (hardback & paperback), <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-book</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">405 (paperback)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1980_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Award</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> (1981)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0657-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0657-7">0-8071-0657-7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5336849">5336849</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">813/.5/4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PS3570.O54 C66 1980</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>A Confederacy of Dunces</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">picaresque novel</a> by American novelist <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a> which reached publication in 1980, eleven years after Toole's death.<sup id="cite_ref-gemsbok_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemsbok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published through the efforts of writer <a href="/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy">Walker Percy</a> (who also contributed a foreword) and Toole's mother, Thelma, the book became first a <a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">cult classic</a>, then a mainstream success; it earned Toole a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> in 1981, and is now considered a <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canonical</a> work of modern <a href="/wiki/Southern_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern literature">literature of the Southern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book's title refers to an <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigram</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s essay <i><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_Various_Subjects,_Moral_and_Diverting" title="Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting">Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting</a></i>: "When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign, that the <a href="/wiki/Dunce" title="Dunce">dunces</a> are all in confederacy against him." </p><p><i>Dunces</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">picaresque novel</a> featuring the misadventures of protagonist Ignatius J. Reilly, a lazy, overweight, misanthropic, self-styled scholar who lives at home with his mother. He is an educated but slothful 30-year-old man living in the <a href="/wiki/Uptown_New_Orleans" title="Uptown New Orleans">Uptown neighborhood</a> of early-1960s <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> who, in his quest for employment, has various adventures with colorful <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a> characters. Toole wrote the novel in 1963 during his last few months in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. It is hailed for its accurate depictions of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans dialects</a>. Toole based Reilly in part on his college professor friend Bob Byrne. Byrne's slovenly, eccentric behavior was anything but professorial, and Reilly mirrored him in these respects. The character was also based on Toole himself, and several personal experiences served as inspiration for passages in the novel. While at Tulane, Toole filled in for a friend at a job as a hot <a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamale</a> cart vendor, and worked at a family owned and operated clothing factory. Both of these experiences were later adopted into his fiction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ignatius J. Reilly is an overweight and unemployed thirty-year-old with a master's degree in Medieval History who lives with his mother in New Orleans. He utterly loathes the modern world, which he feels has lost the medieval values of "geometry and theology". One afternoon Ignatius is waiting on the street for his mother. He is dressed in a green hunting cap, voluminous tweed trousers, a red plaid flannel shirt and a muffler. Officer Angelo Mancuso approaches Ignatius because he reckons he looks like a suspicious character and demands that he produce identification. Affronted and outraged by Mancuso's unwarranted zeal and officious manner, Ignatius protests his innocence to the crowd while denouncing the city's vices and the graft of the local police. An elderly man, Claude Robichaux, takes Ignatius's side, denouncing Officer Mancuso and the police as communists. Mrs. Reilly arrives and demands that Mancuso arrest Robichaux as the cause of the disturbance. In the resulting uproar, Ignatius and his mother escape, taking refuge in the Night of Joy, a bar and strip club, in case Officer Mancuso is still in pursuit. </p><p>At the police station Robichaux meets Burma Jones, a young black man who also been wrongly arrested, he claims, but seems resigned to his fate. The Sergeant tells Mancuso off for arresting Robichaux and punishes him for his uselessness by making him start to wear a different costume every day on the beat, beginning with a ballerina outfit. </p><p>At the Night of Joy the bar owner arrives and throws Ignatius and his mother out, saying they are bringing the tone of the place down. Mrs. Reilly has drunk too much. As a result, she crashes her car. The compensation she owes for the accident totals $1,020, a sizable amount of money in early 1960s New Orleans. Ignatius is forced to work for the first time in many years in order to help his mother pay the debt. </p><p>At the police station, Jones is told he must get a job or be arrested for vagrancy. He reluctantly starts work as a janitor at the Night of Joy. The owner can get away with paying him below the minimum wage and treating him badly because Jones knows if he loses the job, he will be in jail. The only way he can fight back, he decides, is to try to sabotage the business if opportunities occur. </p><p>Darlene, the bar hostess, has an ambition to perform there as a stripper, and has devised an act involving her pet cockatoo. She has trained the cockatoo to pull off rings that hold her costume together. </p><p>Ignatius answers an ad for a position in the office at the Levy Pants factory. Here he performs no useful work, but does arbitrarily throw away several entire file cabinet drawers full of important files. He sends an insulting letter to a complaining customer on official stationery over the owner's signature. He carries out a regular and aggressive correspondence with his college friend Myrna Minkoff in New York. She criticizes his self-centered lifestyle and urges him to join her in radical political agitation. To impress Myrna, Ignatius tries (unsuccessfully) to incite the black workforce at the pants factory into a violent demonstration for better pay. </p><p>Dismissed from this job, he chances into employment pushing a hot dog cart. He makes no sales and spends most of his time consuming the stock himself. His boss insists that he wear a pirate outfit to try to entice trade from tourists in the Latin Quarter. </p><p>Ignatius gets the idea that universal peace could be brought about by inciting gay men to encourage all the homosexuals in the armed forces to declare themselves, and substitute love making for warfare. To this end he attends a wild gay party in the Latin Quarter looking for recruits to his cause, but when he begins to harangue the guests he is thrown out. </p><p>He arrives at the Night of Joy to find Jones at the door dressed as a plantation slave and Darlene about to have her opening night stripping as a Southern Belle character. Jones urges him in, hoping that trouble will ensue. When Darlene takes to the stage her cockatoo spies the gold pirate earring dangling from Ignatius’s ear and flies at it, causing chaos. </p><p>Ignatius spills out into the street and is rescued by Jones from being hit by a passing bus. Ignatius faints. </p><p>When Ignatius gets home his mother has had enough and phones for an ambulance to take him away to the mental hospital. Just then Myrna arrives at the door, having come from New York to rescue Ignatius from his lifestyle. Ignatius urges her to drive him away right then, and on the road they pass the ambulance heading to Mrs. Reilly's house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_characters">Major characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignatius_J._Reilly">Ignatius J. Reilly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ignatius J. Reilly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ignatius Jacques Reilly is something of a modern <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Quijano" title="Alonso Quijano">Don Quixote</a>—eccentric, idealistic, and creative, sometimes to the point of delusion.<sup id="cite_ref-gemsbok_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemsbok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his foreword to the book, Walker Percy describes Ignatius as a "slob extraordinary, a mad <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hardy" title="Oliver Hardy">Oliver Hardy</a>, a fat Don Quixote, a perverse <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> rolled into one". He disdains modernity, particularly <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a>. The disdain becomes his obsession: he goes to movies in order to mock their perversity and express his outrage with the contemporary world's lack of "theology and geometry". He prefers the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic philosophy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and the Early Medieval philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also enjoys many modern comforts and conveniences and is given to claiming that the <a href="/wiki/Redneck_(stereotype)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redneck (stereotype)">rednecks</a> of rural Louisiana hate all modern technology, which they associate with unwanted change. The workings of his <a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">pyloric valve</a> play an important role in his life, reacting strongly to incidents in a fashion that he likens to <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> in terms of prophetic significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ignatius is of the mindset that he does not belong in the world and that his numerous failings are the work of some higher power. He continually refers to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Fortuna_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortuna (mythology)">Fortuna</a> as having spun him downwards on her <a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae">wheel of fortune</a>. Ignatius loves to eat, and his masturbatory fantasies lead in strange directions. His mockery of obscene images is portrayed as a defensive posture to hide their titillating effect on him. Although considering himself to have an expansive and learned worldview, Ignatius has an aversion to ever leaving the town of his birth, and frequently bores friends and strangers with the story of his sole, abortive journey out of New Orleans, a trip to <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a> on a Greyhound <a href="/wiki/PD-4501_Scenicruiser" title="PD-4501 Scenicruiser">Scenicruiser</a> bus, which Ignatius recounts as a traumatic ordeal of extreme horror. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myrna_Minkoff">Myrna Minkoff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Myrna Minkoff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Myrna Minkoff, referred to by Ignatius as "that minx," is a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">beatnik</a> from New York City, whom Ignatius met while she was in college in New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-gemsbok_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemsbok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though their political, social, religious, and personal orientations could hardly be more different, Myrna and Ignatius fascinate one another. The novel repeatedly refers to Myrna and Ignatius having engaged in tag-team attacks on the teachings of their college professors. For most of the novel, she is seen only in the regular correspondence which the two sustain since her return to New York, a correspondence heavily weighted with sexual analysis on the part of Myrna and contempt for her apparent sacrilegious activity by Ignatius. Officially, they both deplore everything the other stands for. Though neither of them will admit it, their correspondence indicates that, separated though they are by half a continent, many of their actions are meant to impress one another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irene_Reilly">Irene Reilly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Irene Reilly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mrs. Irene Reilly is the mother of Ignatius. She has been widowed for 21 years. At first, she allows Ignatius his space and drives him where he needs to go; however, over the course of the novel she learns to stand up for herself. She also has a drinking problem, most frequently indulging in <a href="/wiki/Muscatel" title="Muscatel">muscatel</a>, although Ignatius exaggerates that she is a raving, abusive <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">drunk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gemsbok_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemsbok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She falls for Claude Robichaux, a fairly well-off man with a railroad pension and rental properties. At the end of the novel, she decides she will marry Claude. But first, she agrees with Santa Battaglia (who has not only recently become Mrs. Reilly's new best friend, but also harbors an intense dislike for Ignatius) that Ignatius is insane and arranges to have him sent to a <a href="/wiki/Mental_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental hospital">mental hospital</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Santa Battaglia, a "grammaw" who is friends with Mrs. Reilly and has a marked disdain for Ignatius</li> <li>Claude Robichaux, an old man constantly on the lookout for any "<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communiss</a>" who might infiltrate the United States; he takes an interest in protecting Irene</li> <li>Angelo Mancuso, an inept police officer, the nephew of Santa Battaglia, who, after an abortive attempt to arrest Ignatius as a "suspicious character," features prominently in the novel as Ignatius's self-perceived <a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">nemesis</a></li> <li>Lana Lee, a pornographic model who runs the "Night of Joy", a downscale French Quarter strip club</li> <li>George, Lana's distributor, who sells photographs of her to high-school children</li> <li>Darlene, a goodhearted but none-too-bright girl, who aspires to be a "Night of Joy" stripper, with a pet <a href="/wiki/Cockatoo" title="Cockatoo">cockatoo</a></li> <li>Burma Jones, a black janitor for the "Night of Joy" who holds on to his below-<a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> job only to avoid being arrested for vagrancy</li> <li>Mr. Clyde, the frustrated owner of Paradise Vendors, a hot dog vendor business, who inadvisedly employs Ignatius as a vendor</li> <li>Gus Levy, the reluctant, mostly absentee owner of Levy Pants, an inherited family business in the <a href="/wiki/Bywater,_New_Orleans" title="Bywater, New Orleans">Bywater</a> neighborhood where Ignatius briefly works</li> <li>Mrs. Levy, Gus's wife, who attempts to <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyze</a> her husband and Miss Trixie despite being completely unqualified to do so</li> <li>Miss Trixie, an aged clerk at Levy Pants who suffers from <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_hoarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsive hoarding">compulsive hoarding</a></li> <li>Mr. Gonzalez, the meek office manager at Levy Pants</li> <li>Dorian Greene, a flamboyant French Quarter homosexual who puts on elaborate parties</li> <li>Frieda Club, Betty Bumper, and Liz Steele, a trio of aggressive lesbians who run afoul of Ignatius</li> <li>Dr. Talc, a mediocre professor at <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a> who had the misfortune of teaching Myrna and Ignatius</li> <li>Miss Annie, the disgruntled neighbor of the Reillys who professes an addiction to headache medicine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ignatius_at_the_movies">Ignatius at the movies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ignatius at the movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toole provides comical descriptions of two of the films Ignatius watches without naming them; they can be recognized as <i><a href="/wiki/Billy_Rose%27s_Jumbo" title="Billy Rose's Jumbo">Billy Rose's Jumbo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/That_Touch_of_Mink" title="That Touch of Mink">That Touch of Mink</a></i>, both <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a> features released in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-NMAL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another passage, Ignatius declines to see another film, a "widely praised Swedish drama about a man who was losing his soul". This is most likely <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Light" title="Winter Light">Winter Light</a></i>, released in early 1963. In another passage, Irene Reilly recalls the night Ignatius was conceived: after she and her husband viewed <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Dust_(1932_film)" title="Red Dust (1932 film)">Red Dust</a></i>, released in October 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1980136_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1980136-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confederacy_and_New_Orleans"><i>Confederacy</i> and New Orleans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Confederacy and New Orleans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanalStreetPostcardIgnatiusEraHolmses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CanalStreetPostcardIgnatiusEraHolmses.jpg/220px-CanalStreetPostcardIgnatiusEraHolmses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CanalStreetPostcardIgnatiusEraHolmses.jpg/330px-CanalStreetPostcardIgnatiusEraHolmses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CanalStreetPostcardIgnatiusEraHolmses.jpg/440px-CanalStreetPostcardIgnatiusEraHolmses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canal_Street,_New_Orleans" title="Canal Street, New Orleans">Canal Street, New Orleans</a> in the late 1950s; the <a href="/wiki/D._H._Holmes" title="D. H. Holmes">D. H. Holmes</a> store at right</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRStateMuseumJuly08LuckyDogCartA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRStateMuseumJuly08LuckyDogCartA.jpg/220px-BRStateMuseumJuly08LuckyDogCartA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRStateMuseumJuly08LuckyDogCartA.jpg/330px-BRStateMuseumJuly08LuckyDogCartA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRStateMuseumJuly08LuckyDogCartA.jpg/440px-BRStateMuseumJuly08LuckyDogCartA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A "Lucky Dogs" cart from the era of the novel</figcaption></figure> <p>The book is famous for its rich depiction of New Orleans and the city's dialects, including <a href="/wiki/Yat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yat dialect">Yat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tulane_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tulane-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many locals and writers think that it is the best and most accurate depiction of the city in a work of fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A bronze statue of Ignatius J. Reilly is located under the clock on the down-river side of the 800 block of <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street,_New_Orleans" title="Canal Street, New Orleans">Canal Street, New Orleans</a>, the former site of the <a href="/wiki/D._H._Holmes" title="D. H. Holmes">D. H. Holmes</a> Department Store, now the Hyatt French Quarter Hotel. The statue mimics the opening scene: Ignatius waits for his mother under the D.H. Holmes clock, clutching a Werlein's shopping bag, dressed in a hunting cap, flannel shirt, baggy pants and scarf, 'studying the crowd of people for signs of bad taste.' The statue is modeled on New Orleans actor <a href="/wiki/John_McConnell_(actor)" title="John McConnell (actor)">John "Spud" McConnell</a>, who portrayed Ignatius in a stage version of the novel. </p><p>Various local businesses are mentioned in addition to D. H. Holmes, including <a href="/wiki/P._P._Werlein" title="P. P. Werlein">Werlein</a>'s Music Store and local cinemas such as the Prytania Theater. Some readers from elsewhere assume Ignatius's favorite soft drink, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Nut" title="Dr. Nut">Dr. Nut</a>, to be fictitious, but it was an actual local soft drink brand of the era. The "Paradise Hot Dogs" vending carts are an easily recognized satire of those actually branded "Lucky Dogs". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of <i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i> reflects the structure of Ignatius's favorite book, Boethius' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Consolation of Philosophy">The Consolation of Philosophy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Boethius' book, <i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i> is divided into chapters that are further divided into a varying number of subchapters. Key parts of some chapters are outside of the main narrative. In <i>Consolation</i>, sections of narrative prose alternate with <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">metrical</a> verse. In <i>Confederacy,</i> such narrative interludes vary more widely in form and include light <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">verse</a>, journal entries by Ignatius, and also letters between himself and Myrna. A copy of <i>The Consolation of Philosophy</i> within the narrative itself also becomes an explicit <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a> in several ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_difficult_path_to_publication">The difficult path to publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The difficult path to publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As outlined in the introduction to a later revised edition, the book would never have been published if Toole's mother had not found a smeared <a href="/wiki/Carbon_copy" title="Carbon copy">carbon copy</a> of the manuscript left in the house following Toole's 1969 death at 31. She was persistent and tried several different publishers, to no avail. </p><p>Thelma repeatedly called <a href="/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy">Walker Percy</a>, an author and college instructor at <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans" title="Loyola University New Orleans">Loyola University New Orleans</a>, to demand for him to read it. He initially resisted; however, as he recounts in the book's foreword: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...the lady was persistent, and it somehow came to pass that she stood in my office handing me the hefty manuscript. There was no getting out of it; only one hope remained—that I could read a few pages and that they would be bad enough for me, in good conscience, to read no farther. Usually I can do just that. Indeed the first paragraph often suffices. My only fear was that this one might not be bad enough, or might be just good enough, so that I would have to keep reading. In this case I read on. And on. First with the sinking feeling that it was not bad enough to quit, then with a prickle of interest, then a growing excitement, and finally an incredulity: surely it was not possible that it was so good.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The book was published by <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">LSU Press</a> in 1980. It won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> in 1981. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Audio" title="Blackstone Audio">Blackstone Audio</a> released an unabridged <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a> of the novel, read by Barrett Whitener. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> in New Orleans retains a collection of Toole's papers, and some early drafts have been found, the location of the original manuscript is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-manuscript_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manuscript-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1984, LSU staged a musical adaptation of the book, with book and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Galati" title="Frank Galati">Frank Galati</a> and music by Edward Zelnis; actor Scott Harlan played Ignatius.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Shale" title="Kerry Shale">Kerry Shale</a> read the book for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>'s <i>Book at Bedtime</i> in 1982, and later adapted the book into a one-man show which he performed at the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Festival" title="Adelaide Festival">Adelaide Festival</a> in 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Gate Theatre in London, and for BBC Radio.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been repeated attempts to turn the book into a film. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Ramis" title="Harold Ramis">Harold Ramis</a> was to write and direct an adaptation, starring <a href="/wiki/John_Belushi" title="John Belushi">John Belushi</a> as Ignatius and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a> as Burma Jones, but Belushi's death prevented this. Later, <a href="/wiki/John_Candy" title="John Candy">John Candy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Farley" title="Chris Farley">Chris Farley</a> were touted for the lead, but both of them, like Belushi, also died at an early age, leading many to ascribe a <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">curse</a> to the role of Ignatius.<sup id="cite_ref-slate_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Director <a href="/wiki/John_Waters_(filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Waters (filmmaker)">John Waters</a> was interested in directing an adaptation that would have starred <a href="/wiki/Divine_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine (actor)">Divine</a>, who also died at an early age, as Ignatius.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British performer and writer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a> was at one point commissioned to adapt Toole's book for the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent to New Orleans by Paramount Studios in 1997 to get background for a screenplay adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Goodman" title="John Goodman">John Goodman</a>, a longtime resident of New Orleans, was slated to play Ignatius at one point.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A version adapted by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a> and Scott Kramer, and slated to be directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_Green" title="David Gordon Green">David Gordon Green</a>, was scheduled for release in 2005. The film was to star <a href="/wiki/Will_Ferrell" title="Will Ferrell">Will Ferrell</a> as Ignatius and <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tomlin" title="Lily Tomlin">Lily Tomlin</a> as Irene. A staged reading of the script took place at the 8th <a href="/wiki/Nantucket_Film_Festival" title="Nantucket Film Festival">Nantucket Film Festival</a>, with Ferrell as Ignatius, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Meara" title="Anne Meara">Anne Meara</a> as Irene, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudd" title="Paul Rudd">Paul Rudd</a> as Officer Mancuso, <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Johnston" title="Kristen Johnston">Kristen Johnston</a> as Lana Lee, <a href="/wiki/Mos_Def" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos Def">Mos Def</a> as Burma Jones, <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Perez" title="Rosie Perez">Rosie Perez</a> as Darlene, <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Dukakis" title="Olympia Dukakis">Olympia Dukakis</a> as Santa Battaglia and Miss Trixie, <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Lyonne" title="Natasha Lyonne">Natasha Lyonne</a> as Myrna, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cumming" title="Alan Cumming">Alan Cumming</a> as Dorian Greene, <a href="/wiki/John_Shea" title="John Shea">John Shea</a> as Gonzales, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Eisenberg" title="Jesse Eisenberg">Jesse Eisenberg</a> as George, John Conlon as Claude Robichaux, <a href="/wiki/Jace_Alexander" title="Jace Alexander">Jace Alexander</a> as Bartender Ben, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Weston" title="Celia Weston">Celia Weston</a> as Miss Annie, Miss Inez & Mrs. Levy, and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Hedaya" title="Dan Hedaya">Dan Hedaya</a> as Mr. Levy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various reasons are cited as to why the Soderbergh version has yet to be filmed. They include disorganization and lack of interest at <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hill" title="Helen Hill">Helen Hill</a> the head of the Louisiana State Film Commission being murdered, and the devastating effects of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> on New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-slate_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked why the film was never made, Will Ferrell has said it is a "mystery".<sup id="cite_ref-slash_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slash-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, there was a version in negotiation with director <a href="/wiki/James_Bobin" title="James Bobin">James Bobin</a> and potentially starring <a href="/wiki/Zach_Galifianakis" title="Zach Galifianakis">Zach Galifianakis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2013 interview, Steven Soderbergh remarked "I think it's cursed. I'm not prone to superstition, but that project has got bad mojo on it."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2015, <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Theatre_Company" title="Huntington Theatre Company">Huntington Theatre Company</a> introduced a stage version of <i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hatcher" title="Jeffrey Hatcher">Jeffrey Hatcher</a> in their Avenue of the Arts/BU Theatre location in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Nick_Offerman" title="Nick Offerman">Nick Offerman</a> as Ignatius J. Reilly. It set a record as the company's highest-grossing production.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 5, 2019, the <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i> included <i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i> on its list of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_list_of_100_%27most_inspiring%27_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels">100 most inspiring novels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bbc2019-11-05_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Confederacy of Dunces</i> is included on a list of 'most funny' or 'best comedic novel'.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_published_posthumously" title="List of works published posthumously">List of works published posthumously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_hell" title="Development hell">Development hell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1980-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1980_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToole1980">Toole 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gemsbok-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gemsbok_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gemsbok_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gemsbok_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gemsbok_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodgorski2016" class="citation web cs1">Podgorski, Daniel (August 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegemsbok.com/art-reviews-and-articles/tuesday-tome-confederacy-dunces-john-kennedy-toole/">"Peopling Picaresque: On the Well-drawn Characters of John Kennedy Toole's <i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i>"</a>. <i>The Gemsbok</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130044255/http://thegemsbok.com/art-reviews-and-articles/tuesday-tome-confederacy-dunces-john-kennedy-toole/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gemsbok&rft.atitle=Peopling+Picaresque%3A+On+the+Well-drawn+Characters+of+John+Kennedy+Toole%27s+A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft.aulast=Podgorski&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthegemsbok.com%2Fart-reviews-and-articles%2Ftuesday-tome-confederacy-dunces-john-kennedy-toole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiemza2004" class="citation journal cs1">Giemza, Bryan (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/southern_cultures/v010/10.1giemza.html">"Ignatius Rising: The Life of John Kennedy Toole"</a>. <i>Southern Cultures</i> (review). <b>10</b> (1). Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey: 97–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fscu.2004.0007">10.1353/scu.2004.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-1488">1534-1488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145576623">145576623</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202814/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fsouthern_cultures%2Fv010%2F10.1giemza.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Cultures&rft.atitle=Ignatius+Rising%3A+The+Life+of+John+Kennedy+Toole&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-9&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145576623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1534-1488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fscu.2004.0007&rft.aulast=Giemza&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fsouthern_cultures%2Fv010%2F10.1giemza.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Karl (1999-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/node/148778">"An American tragedy. A lifetime of rejection broke John Kennedy Toole. But his aged mother believed in his talent, found a publisher for his novel and rescued his memory from oblivion"</a>. <i>www.newstatesman.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140202/https://www.newstatesman.com/node/148778">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newstatesman.com&rft.atitle=An+American+tragedy.+A+lifetime+of+rejection+broke+John+Kennedy+Toole.+But+his+aged+mother+believed+in+his+talent%2C+found+a+publisher+for+his+novel+and+rescued+his+memory+from+oblivion&rft.date=1999-03-05&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fnode%2F148778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2008" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, John (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scx65UQZoL4C&pg=PA164"><i>Louisiana culture from the colonial era to Katrina</i></a>. LSU Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3337-8"><bdi>978-0-8071-3337-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisiana+culture+from+the+colonial+era+to+Katrina&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2008-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3337-8&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dscx65UQZoL4C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMAL-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMAL_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatteson1982" class="citation cs2">Patteson, Richard F (1982), "Ignatius Goes to the Movies: The Films in Toole's 'A Confederacy of Dunces'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Notes on Modern American Literature</i>, <b>6</b> (2), item 14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+on+Modern+American+Literature&rft.atitle=Ignatius+Goes+to+the+Movies%3A+The+Films+in+Toole%27s+%27A+Confederacy+of+Dunces%27&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=item+14&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Patteson&rft.aufirst=Richard+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1980136-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1980136_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToole1980">Toole 1980</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagleSanders2003" class="citation book cs1">Nagle, Stephen J; Sanders, Sara L (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MIR9mPrOdPsC&q=yat+confederacy+dunces&pg=PA181"><i>English in the southern United States</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+in+the+southern+United+States&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nagle&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Sara+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMIR9mPrOdPsC%26q%3Dyat%2Bconfederacy%2Bdunces%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tulane-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tulane_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmanDeMocker2001" class="citation web cs1">Heilman, Heather; DeMocker, Michael (November 26, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100606050811/http://tulane.edu/news/tulanian/ignatius_comes_of_age.cfm">"Ignatius Comes of Age"</a>. <i>Tulanian</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tulane.edu/news/tulanian/ignatius_comes_of_age.cfm">the original</a> on 2010-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tulanian&rft.atitle=Ignatius+Comes+of+Age&rft.date=2001-11-26&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=DeMocker%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftulane.edu%2Fnews%2Ftulanian%2Fignatius_comes_of_age.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Elizabeth 'Liz'. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716072426/http://www.bookslut.com/features/2004_09_003129.php">"An Interview with Poppy Z. Brite"</a>. Bookslut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookslut.com/features/2004_09_003129.php">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+Poppy+Z.+Brite&rft.pub=Bookslut&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+%27Liz%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookslut.com%2Ffeatures%2F2004_09_003129.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToolePercy1980" class="citation book cs1">Toole, John Kennedy; Percy, Walker (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confederacyofdun0000tool/page/288"><i>A confederacy of dunces</i></a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confederacyofdun0000tool/page/288">288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807106577" title="Special:BookSources/0807106577"><bdi>0807106577</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5336849">5336849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+confederacy+of+dunces&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5336849&rft.isbn=0807106577&rft.aulast=Toole&rft.aufirst=John+Kennedy&rft.au=Percy%2C+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfederacyofdun0000tool%2Fpage%2F288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercy1980" class="citation cs2">Percy, Walker (1980), <i>Preface</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preface&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Percy&rft.aufirst=Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="#CITEREFToole1980">Toole 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manuscript-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manuscript_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLauchlin2012" class="citation web cs1">MacLauchlin, Cory (March 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themillions.com/2012/03/the-lost-manuscript-to-a-confederacy-of-dunces.html">"The Lost Manuscript to 'A Confederacy of Dunces'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online magazine)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Millions" title="The Millions">The Millions</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428162751/http://www.themillions.com/2012/03/the-lost-manuscript-to-a-confederacy-of-dunces.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Millions&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Manuscript+to+%27A+Confederacy+of+Dunces%27&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.aulast=MacLauchlin&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themillions.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fthe-lost-manuscript-to-a-confederacy-of-dunces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A51513/datastream/PDF/view">"Confederacy Of Dunces Play May Wind Up On Broadway"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Digitallibrary.tulane.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kerryshale.com&rft.atitle=Actor&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerryshale.com%2Factor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slate-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slate_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyman2006" class="citation web cs1">Hyman, Peter (December 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2155500">"The development hell of 'A Confederacy of Dunces'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122215640/http://slate.com/id/2155500">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+development+hell+of+%27A+Confederacy+of+Dunces%27&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2155500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllman" class="citation web cs1">Allman, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612043344/http://bestofneworleans.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A75717">"John Waters"</a>. <i>Gambit New Orleans News and Entertainment</i>. Best of New Orleans. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gambit+New+Orleans+News+and+Entertainment&rft.atitle=John+Waters&rft.aulast=Allman&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestofneworleans.com%2Fgyrobase%2FContent%3Foid%3Doid%253A75717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry2005" class="citation web cs1">Fry, Stephen (2005-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915180947/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-fry/the-great-stink-of-2005_b_6892.html">"The great stink of 2005"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+great+stink+of+2005&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fstephen-fry%2Fthe-great-stink-of-2005_b_6892.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry2008" class="citation cs2">Fry, Stephen (2008), <i>Stephen Fry in America</i>, Harper Collins, p. 138</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stephen+Fry+in+America&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFretts2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Fretts, Bruce (19 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ew.com/article/2000/05/19/confederacy-dunces-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary">"<i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i> celebrates its 20th anniversary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150823103902/http://www.ew.com/article/2000/05/19/confederacy-dunces-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=A+Confederacy+of+Dunces+celebrates+its+20th+anniversary&rft.date=2000-05-19&rft.aulast=Fretts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Farticle%2F2000%2F05%2F19%2Fconfederacy-dunces-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead2003" class="citation web cs1">Head, Steve (2003-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050911032800/http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/425/425858p1.html">"Photos: Staged Reading of A Confederacy of Dunces"</a>. <i>IGN</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Photos%3A+Staged+Reading+of+A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.date=2003-06-25&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2003%2F06%2F25%2Fphotos-staged-reading-of-a-confederacy-of-dunces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slash-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slash_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2008" class="citation web cs1">Stephenson, Hunter (February 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124083752/http://www.slashfilm.com/2008/02/29/will-ferrell-talks-land-of-the-lost-old-school-2-elf-2-and-a-confederacy-of-dunces/">"Will Ferrell Talks Land of the Lost, Old School 2, Elf 2 and A Confederacy of Dunces"</a>. Slashfilm. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slashfilm.com/498419/will-ferrell-talks-land-of-the-lost-old-school-2-elf-2-and-a-confederacy-of-dunces/">the original</a> on 2009-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vulture.com&rft.atitle=Soderbergh+in+Vulture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fsteven-soderbergh-in-conversation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanahan2015" class="citation news cs1">Shanahan, Mark (23 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2015/12/23/confederacy-dunces-sets-record-huntington-theatre/Q1u8y9g47MxQUzJJivlCyJ/story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Confederacy of Dunces' sets Huntington Theatre record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024022420/http://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2015/12/23/confederacy-dunces-sets-record-huntington-theatre/Q1u8y9g47MxQUzJJivlCyJ/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=%27Confederacy+of+Dunces%27+sets+Huntington+Theatre+record&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft.aulast=Shanahan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Flifestyle%2Fnames%2F2015%2F12%2F23%2Fconfederacy-dunces-sets-record-huntington-theatre%2FQ1u8y9g47MxQUzJJivlCyJ%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bbc2019-11-05_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788">"100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2019-11-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108030557/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-10</span></span>. <q>The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=100+%27most+inspiring%27+novels+revealed+by+BBC+Arts&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-50302788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsfuse.org/206011/book-reconsideration-a-confederacy-of-dunces-still-a-american-comic-masterpiece/">"Book Reconsideration: "A Confederacy of Dunces" - Still an American Comic Masterpiece?"</a>. 29 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Reconsideration%3A+%22A+Confederacy+of+Dunces%22+-+Still+an+American+Comic+Masterpiece%3F&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsfuse.org%2F206011%2Fbook-reconsideration-a-confederacy-of-dunces-still-a-american-comic-masterpiece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToole1980" class="citation cs2">Toole, John Kennedy (1980), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confederacyofdun00tool"><i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i></a></span>, LSU Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3020-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3020-8"><bdi>0-8021-3020-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8021-3020-8&rft.aulast=Toole&rft.aufirst=John+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfederacyofdun00tool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1987" class="citation cs2">Clark, William Bedford (1987), "All Toole's children: A reading of 'A Confederacy of Dunces'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Essays in Literature</i>, <b>14</b>: 269–80</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+in+Literature&rft.atitle=All+Toole%27s+children%3A+A+reading+of+%27A+Confederacy+of+Dunces%27&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=269-80&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=William+Bedford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2005" class="citation cs2">Dunne, Sara L (2005), "Moviegoing in the Modern Novel: Holden, Binx, Ignatius", <i>Studies in Popular Culture</i>, <b>28</b> (1): 37–47</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Moviegoing+in+the+Modern+Novel%3A+Holden%2C+Binx%2C+Ignatius&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-47&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Sara+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKline1999" class="citation cs2">Kline, Michael (1999), "Narrating the Grotesque: The Rhetoric of Humor in John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces", <i>Southern Quarterly</i>, <b>37</b> (3–4): 283–91</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Narrating+the+Grotesque%3A+The+Rhetoric+of+Humor+in+John+Kennedy+Toole%27s+A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=283-91&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighton2007–2012" class="citation cs2">Leighton, H Vernon (2007–2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://course1.winona.edu/vleighton/toole/"><i>John Kennedy Toole Research</i></a>, Winona</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Kennedy+Toole+Research&rft.pub=Winona&rft.date=2007%2F2012&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=H+Vernon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourse1.winona.edu%2Fvleighton%2Ftoole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>, three scholarly articles (including one free full text) and other materials.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2008" class="citation cs2">Lowe, John (2008), "The Carnival Voices of 'A Confederacy of Dunces'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Louisiana Culture from the Colonial Era to Katrina</i>, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State UP, pp. 159–90</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Carnival+Voices+of+%27A+Confederacy+of+Dunces%27&rft.btitle=Louisiana+Culture+from+the+Colonial+Era+to+Katrina&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pages=159-90&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+UP&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLauchlin2012" class="citation cs2">MacLauchlin, Cory (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corymaclauchlin.com/"><i>Butterfly in the Typewriter: The Tragic Life of John Kennedy Toole and the Remarkable Story of A Confederacy of Dunces</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(biography)</span>, Da Capo Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82040-3"><bdi>978-0-306-82040-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butterfly+in+the+Typewriter%3A+The+Tragic+Life+of+John+Kennedy+Toole+and+the+Remarkable+Story+of+A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82040-3&rft.aulast=MacLauchlin&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corymaclauchlin.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span> (literary analysis, chapter 15).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2013" class="citation cs2">Marsh, Leslie (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umaine.edu/jmb/back-issues/2013-2/volume-34-numbers-3-4-summer-autumn-2013/">"<i>Critical notice of</i> Butterfly in the Typewriter: The Tragic Life of John Kennedy Toole and the Remarkable Story of A Confederacy of Dunces"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(review)</span>, <i>Journal of Mind and Behavior</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-0137">0271-0137</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mind+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=Critical+notice+of+Butterfly+in+the+Typewriter%3A+The+Tragic+Life+of+John+Kennedy+Toole+and+the+Remarkable+Story+of+A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0271-0137&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumaine.edu%2Fjmb%2Fback-issues%2F2013-2%2Fvolume-34-numbers-3-4-summer-autumn-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2020" class="citation cs2">Marsh, Leslie (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498585484/Theology-and-Geometry-Essays-on-John-Kennedy-Toole’s-A-Confederacy-of-Dunces/"><i>Theology and Geometry: Essays on John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(book)</span>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-8547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-8547-7"><bdi>978-1-4985-8547-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Geometry%3A+Essays+on+John+Kennedy+Toole%27s+A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-8547-7&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frowman.com%2FISBN%2F9781498585484%2FTheology-and-Geometry-Essays-on-John-Kennedy-Toole%E2%80%99s-A-Confederacy-of-Dunces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil1984" class="citation cs2">McNeil, David (1984), "A Confederacy of Dunces as Reverse Satire: The American Subgenre", <i>Mississippi Quarterly</i>, <b>38</b>: 33–47</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Confederacy+of+Dunces+as+Reverse+Satire%3A+The+American+Subgenre&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=33-47&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalumbo1995" class="citation cs2">Palumbo, Carmine D (1995), "John Kennedy Toole and His Confederacy of Dunces", <i>Louisiana Folklore Miscellany</i>, <b>10</b>: 59–77</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+Folklore+Miscellany&rft.atitle=John+Kennedy+Toole+and+His+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=59-77&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Palumbo&rft.aufirst=Carmine+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattesonSauret1983" class="citation cs2">Patteson, Richard F; Sauret, Thomas (1983), "The Consolation of Illusion: John Kennedy Toole's 'A Confederacy of Dunces'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Texas Review</i>, <b>4</b> (1–2): 77–87</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Review&rft.atitle=The+Consolation+of+Illusion%3A+John+Kennedy+Toole%27s+%27A+Confederacy+of+Dunces%27&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=77-87&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Patteson&rft.aufirst=Richard+F&rft.au=Sauret%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh2006" class="citation cs2">Pugh, Tison (2006), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's Prolly Fulla Dirty Stories': Masturbatory Allegory and Queer Medievalism in John Kennedy Toole's 'A Confederacy of Dunces'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Studies in Medievalism</i>, <b>15</b>: 77–100</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Medievalism&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+Prolly+Fulla+Dirty+Stories%27%3A+Masturbatory+Allegory+and+Queer+Medievalism+in+John+Kennedy+Toole%27s+%27A+Confederacy+of+Dunces%27&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=77-100&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Tison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudnicki2009" class="citation cs2">Rudnicki, Robert (2009), "Euphues and the Anatomy of Influence: John Lyly, Harold Bloom, James Olney, and the Construction of John Kennedy Toole's Ignatius", <i>Mississippi Quarterly</i>, <b>62</b> (1–2): 281–302</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Euphues+and+the+Anatomy+of+Influence%3A+John+Lyly%2C+Harold+Bloom%2C+James+Olney%2C+and+the+Construction+of+John+Kennedy+Toole%27s+Ignatius&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=281-302&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rudnicki&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1989" class="citation cs2">Simmons, Jonathan (1989), "Ignatius Reilly and the Concept of the Grotesque in John Kennedy Toole's 'A Confederacy of Dunces'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Mississippi Quarterly</i>, <b>43</b> (1): 33–43</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Ignatius+Reilly+and+the+Concept+of+the+Grotesque+in+John+Kennedy+Toole%27s+%27A+Confederacy+of+Dunces%27&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-43&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1994" class="citation cs2">Simon, Richard K (1994), "John Kennedy Toole and Walker Percy: Fiction and Repetition in A Confederacy of Dunces", <i>Texas Studies in Literature & Language</i>, <b>36</b> (1): 99–116, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40755032">40755032</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Studies+in+Literature+%26+Language&rft.atitle=John+Kennedy+Toole+and+Walker+Percy%3A+Fiction+and+Repetition+in+A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-116&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40755032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Richard+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaenker1987" class="citation cs2">Zaenker, Karl A (1987), "Hrotsvit and the Moderns: Her Impact on John Kennedy Toole and Peter Hacks", in Wilson, Katharina M (ed.), <i>Hrotsvit of Gandersheim: Rara Avis in Saxonia?</i>, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Marc, pp. 275–85</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hrotsvit+and+the+Moderns%3A+Her+Impact+on+John+Kennedy+Toole+and+Peter+Hacks&rft.btitle=Hrotsvit+of+Gandersheim%3A+Rara+Avis+in+Saxonia%3F&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=275-85&rft.pub=Marc&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Zaenker&rft.aufirst=Karl+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Confederacy_of_Dunces&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spikemagazine.com/1104johnkennedytoole.php">"John Kennedy Toole"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(review)</span>, <i>Spike</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spike&rft.atitle=John+Kennedy+Toole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spikemagazine.com%2F1104johnkennedytoole.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>. Written when the latest film adaptation was still scheduled to go ahead.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/12/the-development-hell-of-a-confederacy-of-dunces.html">"A Conspiracy of Dunces"</a>, <i>Slate</i>, 14 December 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=A+Conspiracy+of+Dunces&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2006%2F12%2Fthe-development-hell-of-a-confederacy-of-dunces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span> on the problems plaguing the film adaptation.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pprize.com/BookDetail.php?bk=63"><i>PPrize</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(photos)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PPrize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pprize.com%2FBookDetail.php%3Fbk%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span> of first edition Confederacy of Dunces.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignatiusghost.blogspot.com/"><i>ignatius' ghost</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ignatius%27+ghost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fignatiusghost.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Confederacy+of+Dunces" class="Z3988"></span>. A tour of Confederacy locations.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Previously the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel from 1917–1947</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1918–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Family" title="His Family">His Family</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Poole" title="Ernest Poole">Ernest Poole</a> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons" title="The Magnificent Ambersons">The Magnificent Ambersons</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alice_Adams_(novel)" title="Alice Adams (novel)">Alice Adams</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_of_Ours" title="One of Ours">One of Ours</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Able_McLaughlins" title="The Able McLaughlins">The Able McLaughlins</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson_(novelist)" title="Margaret Wilson (novelist)">Margaret Wilson</a> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(novel)" title="So Big (novel)">So Big</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrowsmith_(novel)" title="Arrowsmith (novel)">Arrowsmith</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> (1926; declined)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Autumn" title="Early Autumn">Early Autumn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bromfield" title="Louis Bromfield">Louis Bromfield</a> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey" title="The Bridge of San Luis Rey">The Bridge of San Luis Rey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Sister_Mary" title="Scarlet Sister Mary">Scarlet Sister Mary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Peterkin" title="Julia Peterkin">Julia Peterkin</a> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laughing_Boy_(novel)" title="Laughing Boy (novel)">Laughing Boy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_La_Farge" title="Oliver La Farge">Oliver La Farge</a> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Grace" title="Years of Grace">Years of Grace</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ayer_Barnes" title="Margaret Ayer Barnes">Margaret Ayer Barnes</a> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Earth" title="The Good Earth">The Good Earth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Store_(novel)" title="The Store (novel)">The Store</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sigismund_Stribling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sigismund Stribling">Thomas Sigismund Stribling</a> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamb_in_His_Bosom" title="Lamb in His Bosom">Lamb in His Bosom</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Pafford_Miller" title="Caroline Pafford Miller">Caroline Pafford Miller</a> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Now_in_November" title="Now in November">Now in November</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Johnson" title="Josephine Johnson">Josephine Winslow Johnson</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey_in_the_Horn" title="Honey in the Horn">Honey in the Horn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/H._L._Davis" title="H. L. Davis">Harold L. Davis</a> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley" title="The Late George Apley">The Late George Apley</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_P._Marquand" title="John P. Marquand">John Phillips Marquand</a> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yearling" title="The Yearling">The Yearling</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings" title="Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings">Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings</a> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_This_Our_Life_(novel)" title="In This Our Life (novel)">In This Our Life</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow" title="Ellen Glasgow">Ellen Glasgow</a> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Teeth_(novel)" title="Dragon's Teeth (novel)">Dragon's Teeth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_in_the_Dark" title="Journey in the Dark">Journey in the Dark</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flavin" title="Martin Flavin">Martin Flavin</a> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bell_for_Adano_(novel)" title="A Bell for Adano (novel)">A Bell for Adano</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men" title="All the King's Men">All the King's Men</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_South_Pacific" title="Tales of the South Pacific">Tales of the South Pacific</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guard_of_Honor" title="Guard of Honor">Guard of Honor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Gould_Cozzens" title="James Gould Cozzens">James Gould Cozzens</a> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_West" title="The Way West">The Way West</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/A._B._Guthrie_Jr." title="A. B. Guthrie Jr.">A. B. Guthrie Jr.</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Town_(Richter_novel)" title="The Town (Richter novel)">The Town</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny" title="The Caine Mutiny">The Caine Mutiny</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andersonville_(novel)" title="Andersonville (novel)">Andersonville</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/MacKinlay_Kantor" title="MacKinlay Kantor">MacKinlay Kantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family" title="A Death in the Family">A Death in the Family</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Agee" title="James Agee">James Agee</a> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Jaimie_McPheeters" title="The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters">The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_Taylor" title="Robert Lewis Taylor">Robert Lewis Taylor</a> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advise_and_Consent" title="Advise and Consent">Advise and Consent</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Drury" title="Allen Drury">Allen Drury</a> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird" title="To Kill a Mockingbird">To Kill a Mockingbird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_Sadness" title="The Edge of Sadness">The Edge of Sadness</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O%27Connor" title="Edwin O'Connor">Edwin O'Connor</a> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reivers" title="The Reivers">The Reivers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keepers_of_the_House" title="The Keepers of the House">The Keepers of the House</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Grau" title="Shirley Ann Grau">Shirley Ann Grau</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_Made_of_Dawn" title="House Made of Dawn">House Made of Dawn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Jean_Stafford" title="The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford">The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Stafford" title="Jean Stafford">Jean Stafford</a> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_Repose" title="Angle of Repose">Angle of Repose</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Optimist%27s_Daughter" title="The Optimist's Daughter">The Optimist's Daughter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">No award given</a> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shaara" title="Michael Shaara">Michael Shaara</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_Gift" title="Humboldt's Gift">Humboldt's Gift</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(novel)#Pulitzer_Prize" title="A River Runs Through It (novel)">No award given</a> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elbow_Room_(short_story_collection)" title="Elbow Room (short story collection)">Elbow Room</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Alan_McPherson" title="James Alan McPherson">James Alan McPherson</a> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Executioner%27s_Song" title="The Executioner's Song">The Executioner's Song</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A Confederacy of Dunces</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ironweed_(novel)" title="Ironweed (novel)">Ironweed</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William Kennedy</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_(novel)" title="Foreign Affairs (novel)">Foreign Affairs</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alison_Lurie" title="Alison Lurie">Alison Lurie</a> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove" title="Lonesome Dove">Lonesome Dove</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summons_to_Memphis" title="A Summons to Memphis">A Summons to Memphis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthew_Hillsman_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor">Peter Taylor</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breathing_Lessons" title="Breathing Lessons">Breathing Lessons</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Tyler" title="Anne Tyler">Anne Tyler</a> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mambo_Kings_Play_Songs_of_Love" title="The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love">The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hijuelos" title="Oscar Hijuelos">Oscar Hijuelos</a> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_at_Rest" title="Rabbit at Rest">Rabbit at Rest</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Acres" title="A Thousand Acres">A Thousand Acres</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Smiley" title="Jane Smiley">Jane Smiley</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Good_Scent_from_a_Strange_Mountain" title="A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain">A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Olen_Butler" title="Robert Olen Butler">Robert Olen Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Diaries" title="The Stone Diaries">The Stone Diaries</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Ford_novel)" title="Independence Day (Ford novel)">Independence Day</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ford" title="Richard Ford">Richard Ford</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dressler:_The_Tale_of_an_American_Dreamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer">Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Millhauser" title="Steven Millhauser">Steven Millhauser</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Pastoral" title="American Pastoral">American Pastoral</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(novel)" title="The Hours (novel)">The Hours</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cunningham" title="Michael Cunningham">Michael Cunningham</a> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_of_Maladies" title="Interpreter of Maladies">Interpreter of Maladies</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jhumpa_Lahiri" title="Jhumpa Lahiri">Jhumpa Lahiri</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_%26_Clay" title="The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay">The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_Falls" title="Empire Falls">Empire Falls</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russo" title="Richard Russo">Richard Russo</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_(novel)" title="Middlesex (novel)">Middlesex</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Jones" title="Edward P. Jones">Edward P. Jones</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilead_(novel)" title="Gilead (novel)">Gilead</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/March_(novel)" title="March (novel)">March</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Brooks_(writer)" title="Geraldine Brooks (writer)">Geraldine Brooks</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road" title="The Road">The Road</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brief_Wondrous_Life_of_Oscar_Wao" title="The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao">The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olive_Kitteridge" title="Olive Kitteridge">Olive Kitteridge</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Strout" title="Elizabeth Strout">Elizabeth Strout</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinkers_(novel)" title="Tinkers (novel)">Tinkers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harding_(author)" title="Paul Harding (author)">Paul Harding</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Goon_Squad" title="A Visit from the Goon Squad">A Visit from the Goon Squad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Egan" title="Jennifer Egan">Jennifer Egan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Pulitzer_Prize" title="2012 Pulitzer Prize">No award given</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_Master%27s_Son" title="The Orphan Master's Son">The Orphan Master's Son</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Goldfinch_(novel)" title="The Goldfinch (novel)">The Goldfinch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Donna_Tartt" title="Donna Tartt">Donna Tartt</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Light_We_Cannot_See" title="All the Light We Cannot See">All the Light We Cannot See</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Doerr" title="Anthony Doerr">Anthony Doerr</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sympathizer" title="The Sympathizer">The Sympathizer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Viet_Thanh_Nguyen" title="Viet Thanh Nguyen">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Less_(novel)" title="Less (novel)">Less</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sean_Greer" title="Andrew Sean Greer">Andrew Sean Greer</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Overstory" title="The Overstory">The Overstory</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nickel_Boys" title="The Nickel Boys">The Nickel Boys</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watchman_(novel)" title="The Night Watchman (novel)">The Night Watchman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Netanyahus" title="The Netanyahus">The Netanyahus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cohen_(writer)" title="Joshua Cohen (writer)">Joshua Cohen</a> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demon_Copperhead" title="Demon Copperhead">Demon Copperhead</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver" title="Barbara Kingsolver">Barbara Kingsolver</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Trust_(novel)" title="Trust (novel)">Trust</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Diaz_(writer)" title="Hernan Diaz (writer)">Hernan Diaz</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(Phillips_novel)" title="Night Watch (Phillips novel)">Night Watch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Anne_Phillips" title="Jayne Anne Phillips">Jayne Anne Phillips</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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