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KBS LTER | Kellogg Biological Station | Long-Term Ecological Research
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soliloquy-clear"><li aria-hidden="true" class="soliloquy-item soliloquy-item-1 soliloquy-id-10099 soliloquy-image-slide" draggable="false" style="list-style:none;"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/research/areas-of-research/plant-dynamics/" class="soliloquy-link" title="examining interactions"><img loading="lazy" id="soliloquy-image-10099" class="soliloquy-image soliloquy-image-1" src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Kurt.Stepnitz.00072.jpg" alt="examining interactions" data-soliloquy-src-mobile="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Kurt.Stepnitz.00072-600x200_c.jpg" /></a><div class="soliloquy-caption soliloquy-caption-bottom"><div class="soliloquy-caption-inside"><span>Examining Interactions Between</span><br />SOILS, PLANTS, MICROBES, & INSECTS</div></div></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="soliloquy-item soliloquy-item-2 soliloquy-id-13039 soliloquy-image-slide" draggable="false" style="list-style:none;"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/research/areas-of-research/agronomy/" class="soliloquy-link" title="fundamental research"><img loading="lazy" id="soliloquy-image-13039" class="soliloquy-image soliloquy-image-2 soliloquy-preload" src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/plugins/soliloquy/assets/css/images/holder.gif" data-soliloquy-src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/KaraDobson_REX2022-2-690x345_c.jpg" alt="fundamental research" data-soliloquy-src-mobile="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/KaraDobson_REX2022-2-600x200_c.jpg" /></a><div class="soliloquy-caption soliloquy-caption-bottom"><div class="soliloquy-caption-inside"><span>Fundamental Research to Understand the</span><br />ECOLOGY OF AG LANDSCAPES</div></div></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="soliloquy-item soliloquy-item-3 soliloquy-id-10100 soliloquy-image-slide" draggable="false" style="list-style:none;"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/research/areas-of-research/ecosystem-services/" class="soliloquy-link" title="ecosystems approach"><img loading="lazy" id="soliloquy-image-10100" class="soliloquy-image soliloquy-image-3 soliloquy-preload" src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/plugins/soliloquy/assets/css/images/holder.gif" data-soliloquy-src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/nutrient.gradient.KBS_.LTER_.0001.jpg" alt="ecosystems approach" data-soliloquy-src-mobile="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/nutrient.gradient.KBS_.LTER_.0001-600x200_c.jpg" /></a><div class="soliloquy-caption soliloquy-caption-bottom"><div class="soliloquy-caption-inside"><span>An Ecosystems Approach to Make</span><br />AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABLE AND PROFITABLE</div></div></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="soliloquy-item soliloquy-item-4 soliloquy-id-14869 soliloquy-image-slide" draggable="false" style="list-style:none;"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/who-we-are/outreach-and-education/" class="soliloquy-link" title="education and engagement"><img loading="lazy" id="soliloquy-image-14869" class="soliloquy-image soliloquy-image-4 soliloquy-preload" src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/plugins/soliloquy/assets/css/images/holder.gif" data-soliloquy-src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Annabelle_McCarthy.jpg" alt="education and engagement" data-soliloquy-src-mobile="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Annabelle_McCarthy-600x200_c.jpg" /></a><div class="soliloquy-caption soliloquy-caption-bottom"><div class="soliloquy-caption-inside"><span>Training and mentoring the</span><br />NEXT GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS</div></div></li></ul></div><noscript><div class="soliloquy-no-js" style="display:none;visibility:hidden;height:0;line-height:0;opacity:0;"><img class="soliloquy-image soliloquy-no-js-image skip-lazy" loading="lazy" src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Kurt.Stepnitz.00072.jpg" alt="examining interactions" /><img class="soliloquy-image soliloquy-no-js-image skip-lazy" loading="lazy" src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/KaraDobson_REX2022-2.jpg" alt="fundamental research" /><img class="soliloquy-image soliloquy-no-js-image skip-lazy" loading="lazy" src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/nutrient.gradient.KBS_.LTER_.0001.jpg" alt="ecosystems approach" /><img class="soliloquy-image soliloquy-no-js-image skip-lazy" loading="lazy" src="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Annabelle_McCarthy.jpg" alt="education and engagement" /></div></noscript></div> </section> <section class="home-cta"> <section id="call-to-action-2" class="widget call-to-action"><div class="widget-wrap"><div class="cta-main"><ul class="cta"> <a href="/who-we-help/current-researchers/"><li class="cta1">For Current Researchers</li></a> <a href="/who-we-help/prospective-researchers-and-students/"><li class="cta2">For New Researchers & Students</li></a> <a href="/who-we-help/k-12-educators/"><li class="cta3">For K-12 Educators</li></a> <a href="/who-we-help/ag-professionals/"><li class="cta4">For AG Professionals</li></a> <a href="/who-we-help/the-media-and-public/"><li class="cta6">For the Media</li></a> </ul></div><!-- end .cta-main --></div></section> </section><!-- end .home-cta --> <aside class="homepage-headline"> <h1 class="home-headline">Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research Program - KBS LTER - is part of a national network of LTER sites established by the National Science Foundation</h1> </aside> <section id="home-middle"> <aside class="home-middle-left"> <section id="text-5" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget">KBS LTER research aims to understand the ecology of Midwest cropping systems and agricultural landscapes. We study interactions among plants, microbes, insects, management, and the environment to learn how agriculture can provide both high yields and environmental outcomes that benefit society. <a title="Learn More" href="http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/who-we-are/kbs-lter-program/">Learn More >></a></div> </div></section> </aside><!-- end .home-middle-left --> </section><!-- end .home-middle --> <section id="home-bottom" class="widget-area"> <aside class="home-bottom-left"> <section id="wsm-featured-post-3" class="widget wsmfeaturedpost"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">RECENT BLOG POSTS</h4> <div class="post-15133 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-education-and-outreach-news category-events tag-art tag-bird-sanctuary tag-kbs-lter tag-outreach tag-poetry entry"><p class="byline post-info"><time class="entry-time" itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2025-04-02T12:36:56-04:00">April 2, 2025</time></p><h2><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/2025/04/poetry-on-the-trail-2025/" title="Bird Sanctuary to feature poetry by Artist in Residence, Mikayla Thompson, this April">Bird Sanctuary to feature poetry by Artist in Residence, Mikayla Thompson, this April</a></h2></div><!--end post_class()--> <div class="post-15127 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-news entry"><p class="byline post-info"><time class="entry-time" itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2025-03-31T10:47:32-04:00">March 31, 2025</time></p><h2><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/2025/03/nick-haddad-2024-aaas-fellow/" title="Nick Haddad, co-Director of the KBS LTER, recognized as 2024 AAAS Fellow">Nick Haddad, co-Director of the KBS LTER, recognized as 2024 AAAS Fellow</a></h2></div><!--end post_class()--> <div class="post-15120 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-education-and-outreach-news tag-education tag-k-12-partnership tag-k12 tag-kbs-lter tag-outreach tag-ret tag-teachers entry"><p class="byline post-info"><time class="entry-time" itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2025-03-30T11:01:18-04:00">March 30, 2025</time></p><h2><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/2025/03/kara-haas-community-engagement/" title="Kara Haas, KBS LTER K-12 Partnership Coordinator, wins MSU award for community engagement">Kara Haas, KBS LTER K-12 Partnership Coordinator, wins MSU award for community engagement</a></h2></div><!--end post_class()--> <div class="blog-post-link"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/blog/">Previous Blog Posts</a></div></div></section> </aside><!-- end .home-bottom-left --> <aside class="home-bottom-center"> <section id="text-10" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">ANNOUNCEMENTS</h4> <div class="textwidget"><ul/> <li><a title="The KBS LTER has been renewed for another 6 years, and will bring us to our 40th anniversary! Read more about our award from the NSF here." href="https://natsci.msu.edu/news/2023-01-msus-long-term-ecological-research-program-awarded-nsf-grant.aspx">The KBS LTER has been renewed for another 6 years, and will bring us to our 40th anniversary! Read more about our award from the NSF here.</a></li> <li><a title="Partnerships make the Kellogg Biological Station go 'round." href="https://lternet.edu/stories/partnerships-make-the-kellogg-biological-station-go-round/">Partnerships make the Kellogg Biological Station go 'round.</a></li> <li><a title="KBS LTER in the news - recent highlights" href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/who-we-are/in-the-news/">KBS LTER in the news - recent highlights</a></li> </div> </div></section> </aside><!-- end .home-bottom-center --> <aside class="home-bottom-right"> <section id="nav_menu-2" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Research Highlights</h4> <div class="menu-research-highlights-container"><ul id="menu-research-highlights" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-692" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-692"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/who-we-are/research-highlights/climate-change/" itemprop="url">CLIMATE CHANGE</a></li> <li id="menu-item-693" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-693"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/who-we-are/research-highlights/landscape-diversity/" itemprop="url">LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY</a></li> <li id="menu-item-694" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-694"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/who-we-are/research-highlights/soil-microbes/" itemprop="url">SOIL MICROBES</a></li> <li id="menu-item-695" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-695"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/who-we-are/research-highlights/clean-water/" itemprop="url">CLEAN WATER</a></li> </ul></div></div></section> </aside><!-- end .home-bottom-right --> </section><!-- end .home-bottom --> </article><!-- end #content --> </div><!-- end #content-sidebar-wrap --> </div></div><footer id="footer"><div class="wrap"> <div class="footer-left"> <div class="creds"> <p><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2025 Michigan State University Board of Trustees | East Lansing, MI | 48824</span> </div><!-- end .creds --> <nav id="footer-nav"><div class="wrap"><ul id="menu-footer-links" class="nav"><li id="menu-item-940" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-940"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/copyright-and-legal-information/" itemprop="url">LEGAL</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16"><a href="http://www.msu.edu/" itemprop="url">MSU HOME</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-78"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/sitemap/" itemprop="url">SITEMAP</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15041" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15041"><a href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/feed" itemprop="url">RSS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15042" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15042"><a href="mailto://kbs.lter@kbs.msu.edu" itemprop="url">EMAIL</a></li> </ul></div><!-- end .wrap --></nav> </div><!-- end .footer-left --> <div class="footer-right"> <a aria-label="nsf.gov" href="https://www.nsf.gov/"><div class="nsf"></div></a> <a aria-label="msu.edu" href="https://msu.edu/"><div class="msu"></div></a> <a aria-label="kbs.msu.edu" href="https://www.kbs.msu.edu/"><div class="kbs"></div></a> </div><!-- end .footer-right --> </div></footer></div><script type="text/javascript"> // <![CDATA[ // ]]> </script> <!-- Matomo --><script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; 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