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.ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Spanish Armada in Ireland</b> refers to the landfall made upon the coast of <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Ireland</a> in September <a href="/wiki/1588_in_Ireland" title="1588 in Ireland">1588</a> of a large portion of the 130-strong fleet sent by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> to invade <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan England">England</a>. </p><p>Following its defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_of_Gravelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle of Gravelines">naval battle of Gravelines</a>, the Armada had attempted to return home through the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>, when it was driven from its course by violent storms, toward the west coast of Ireland. The prospect of a Spanish landing alarmed the <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, which prescribed harsh measures for the Spanish invaders and any Irish who might assist them. </p><p>Up to 24 ships of the Armada were wrecked on a rocky coastline spanning 500 km, from <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a> in the south, and the threat to Crown authority was readily defeated. Many of the survivors of the multiple wrecks were put to death, and the remainder fled across the sea to Scotland. It is estimated that some 6,000 members of the fleet perished in Ireland or off its coasts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></div> <p>The Spanish Armada was a fleet of 130 ships that sailed from <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a> in August 1588 under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_El_Bueno,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso de Guzmán El Bueno, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Duke of Medina Sidonia</a> with the purpose of escorting an army from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> to invade <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan England">England</a>. It met with armed resistance in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, when a fireship attack off Calais broke its formation, and was driven into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_of_Gravelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle of Gravelines">Battle of Gravelines</a>. </p><p>When the fleet entered the North Sea, 110 ships remained under Medina Sidonia's command. Many were damaged by gunfire or were running low on supplies, making them unfit for service in the Atlantic Ocean. Some had cut their anchors in the flight from the fireships, which severely diminished their ability to navigate close to shore. Also, the Armada commanders made a large navigational error that brought the fleet too close to the dangerous Atlantic coasts of Scotland and Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_course_home">The course home</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The course home"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_plotted_course">The plotted course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The plotted course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Gravelines the commanders of the Armada held a conference on Sidonia's flagship. Some proposed a course for Norway, others for Ireland. The admiral made his choice, and orders were issued to the fleet: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif/240px-Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif/360px-Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada.gif 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Route taken by the Spanish Armada</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The course that is first to be held is to the north/north-east until you be found under 61 degrees and a half; and then to take great heed lest you fall upon the Island of Ireland for fear of the harm that may happen unto you upon that coast. Then, parting from those islands and doubling the Cape in 61 degrees and a half, you shall run west/south-west until you be found under <a href="/wiki/58th_parallel_north" title="58th parallel north">58 degrees</a>; and from thence to the south-west to the height of <a href="/wiki/53rd_parallel_north" title="53rd parallel north">53 degrees</a>; and then to the south/south-west, making to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Finisterre" title="Cape Finisterre">Cape Finisterre</a>, and so to procure your entrance into The Groyne <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrol, Galicia">Ferrol</a>, or to any other port of coast of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The fleet was to approach the coast of Norway, before steering to the meridian of the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a>. This allowed passage outside the northern tip of Shetland, clearing the coast of Scotland at a distance of 160 km. Once out in the broad Atlantic, the ships were to steer to a point 645 km beyond the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">Shannon estuary</a> on the west coast of Ireland, giving themselves a clear run to northern Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_course_taken">The course taken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The course taken"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Armada's sailing orders were almost impossible to follow. The weather was difficult. Many of the ships and their crew members were in great distress. The navigators' charts were primitive,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their best training and experience in the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a> and latitude sailing fell far short of what was needed to bring the fleet safely home.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armada failed to keep its course around the north of <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> at 61<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>'N. Instead, on 20 August, it passed safely to the south, between <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fair_Isle" title="Fair Isle">Fair Isle</a>, and was carried into the Atlantic at about 59<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>'N. From there it was due to sail from <a href="/wiki/North_Uist" title="North Uist">North Uist</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrides Islands">Hebrides Islands</a> until it caught sight of the distant islet of <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a>, but failed again. Southerly winds blew from 21 August to 3 September, stirred up by an anticyclone over Scandinavia, which prevented the fleet from running west-south-west as ordered. One report reflects the frustration of the navigators: "We sailed without knowing whither through constant fogs, storms and squalls".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MercatormapFullEurope16thcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MercatormapFullEurope16thcentury.jpg/200px-MercatormapFullEurope16thcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MercatormapFullEurope16thcentury.jpg/300px-MercatormapFullEurope16thcentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MercatormapFullEurope16thcentury.jpg/400px-MercatormapFullEurope16thcentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Mercator map of Europe: the west coast of Ireland on the extreme left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sailing orders were rendered useless by the weather, but the miscalculation of the Armada's position contributed greatly to its destruction. The navigators were unaware of the effect of the eastward flowing <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, which must have hindered the fleet's progress – perhaps by as much as 30 km a day. The paymaster of the <i>San Juan Bautista</i>, Marcos de Aramburu, recorded a log of his progress from late August onwards, when the rest of the fleet was within sight. The inference from his observations is that his ship's estimated position as it turned for home was entirely wrong, some 480 km to the west: its real position lay in the east, perilously close to the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. This single deficiency "made the difference between safety and disaster".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockall-photo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rockall-photo.JPG/200px-Rockall-photo.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rockall-photo.JPG/300px-Rockall-photo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rockall-photo.JPG/400px-Rockall-photo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a>, a small, isolated rocky islet in the North Atlantic Ocean about 430 kilometres (270 mi) north-west of Donegal.</figcaption></figure> <p>After seven weeks at sea the opportunity to make landfall and take on supplies and effect repairs must have been welcome, but navigation in these waters demanded intimate knowledge. The experience of Spanish mariners in the intricacies of north Atlantic conditions was largely confined to trading voyages to the south and south-west of Ireland, and it is likely that the fleet's pilots preferred to maintain Sidonia's course, despite the hardships on board their ships. </p><p>Most of the fleet – 84 ships – avoided land, and most of those made it home, although in varying degrees of distress. The remainder were forced toward the coast of Ireland – perhaps 28 – and included several galleons and many merchantmen. The latter had been converted for battle and were leaking heavily, making sail with severely damaged masts and rigging, and with most of their anchors missing. The ships seem to have maintained contact until the beginning of September, when they were scattered by a south-west gale (described in the contemporary account of an Irish government official as one "the like whereof hath not been seen or heard for a long time"). Within days, this lost fleet had made landfall in Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_preparations">Government preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The head of the English Crown administration at Dublin was Lord Deputy <a href="/wiki/William_FitzWilliam_(Lord_Deputy)" title="William FitzWilliam (Lord Deputy)">William Fitzwilliam</a>. In August 1588 he was presented with credible intelligence that the battle in the English Channel had been won by the Spanish and that the invasion of England was set to be completed. Then it was understood that the Spanish were in the Atlantic and the entire fleet was about to fall on the coast of Ireland. The degree of alarm among the English at Dublin was extreme, and Fitzwilliam put out false reports that reinforcements from England were due to arrive with 10,000 troops. </p><p>The English feared the Spanish would land in disciplined formations, with the Irish rising out to join them from territories that were almost beyond the control of the government. But reliable intelligence was soon received at Waterford and Dublin that the ships were fetching up in a chaotic manner at disparate locations in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, along a coastline spanning 300 miles (480 km). Fitzwilliam ordered that all Spaniards be captured and hanged summarily; and that anyone aiding them be tortured and charged as a traitor to the Crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landfall">Landfall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Landfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munster">Munster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Munster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Armada first made landfall in the southern province of Munster, which had been <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantation of Munster">colonised by the English</a> in 1583 following the suppression of the last of the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a>. Fitzwilliam received orders from London to lead an expedition there, and intelligence from the governor of Connacht, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bingham_(soldier)" title="Richard Bingham (soldier)">Richard Bingham</a>, soon confirmed that further landfalls were being made throughout the west and north of the country. </p><p><b>Thomond:</b> Many ships were sighted off the coast of <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>: four at <a href="/wiki/Loop_Head" title="Loop Head">Loop Head</a>, two of which were wrecked, including <i><a href="/wiki/San_Esteban_(1588_shipwreck)" title="San Esteban (1588 shipwreck)">San Esteban</a></i> (700 tons, 264 men) at Doonbeg, and probably the heavily damaged <i>San Marcos</i> (790 tons, squadron of Portugal, 409 men, 33 guns) at Lurga Point (modern day Seafield, <a href="/wiki/Quilty,_County_Clare" title="Quilty, County Clare">Quilty, County Clare</a>) inside Mutton Island. All survivors were put to death by the sheriff of Clare, <a href="/wiki/Boetius_Clancy" title="Boetius Clancy">Boetius MacClancy</a> (some, according to tradition, at Gallows Hill, but more likely at Cnoc na Crocaire, Spanish Point). </p><p>Seven ships anchored at <a href="/wiki/Scattery_Island_Cathedral_and_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattery Island Cathedral and Monastery">Scattery Roads</a>, probably with a pilot who knew the coast. Their landing party was fought off, but they did secure some supplies and managed to repair their ships. One galleon, <i>Anunciada</i> (703 tons, 24 guns, 275 men), was fired and scuttled off Kilrush on 12 September,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the crew transferred to <i>Barco de Danzig</i>, which made it safely to Spain after the squadron departed the Shannon estuary on 11 September. </p><p><b>Blasket Islands:</b> One Armada commander, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Recalde" title="Juan Martínez de Recalde">Juan Martínez de Recalde</a>, did have experience of the Irish coast: in 1580 he had landed a <a href="/wiki/Second_Desmond_Rebellion#1579_invasion" title="Second Desmond Rebellion">Papal invasion force</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dingle_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingle peninsula">Dingle peninsula</a>, in the run up to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smerwick" title="Siege of Smerwick">Siege of Smerwick</a>, and had managed to evade an English squadron of warships. In the Armada he had command of the <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a> <i>São João de Portugal</i> (1,150 tons, 500 men, 50 guns) of the Biscayan squadron, which engaged with the English fleet in the Channel and held off <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Revenge_(1577)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Revenge (1577)">Revenge</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a> in <i>Victory</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a> in <i>Triumph</i>. </p><p>After the defeat at Gravelines Recalde's galleon led <i>San Juan de Bautista</i> (750 tons, 243 men) and another small vessel (almost certainly a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Fishing_smack" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing smack">fishing smack</a> seized to assist with navigation and inshore work). As these ships approached the coast of <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a>, Recalde's lookouts sighted <a href="/wiki/Mount_Brandon" title="Mount Brandon">Mount Brandon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dingle" title="Dingle">Dingle</a> peninsula and, to the west, the lofty <a href="/wiki/Blasket_Islands" title="Blasket Islands">Blasket Islands</a>, a complex archipelago studded with reefs. </p><p>Recalde steered to the islands in search of shelter, riding on a swell through a tight gap at the eastern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Blasket_Island" title="Great Blasket Island">Great Blasket Island</a>. His galleon made it through to calm water and dropped anchor over a sandy bottom beneath sheer cliffs. <i>San Juan de Bautista</i> and the smack soon followed. The anchorage ensured that the only wind that might drive the ships off would bring them clear to the open sea. It was a difficult manoeuvre, demanding prior knowledge of the coastline. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_blaskets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ireland_blaskets.jpg/365px-Ireland_blaskets.jpg" decoding="async" width="365" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ireland_blaskets.jpg/548px-Ireland_blaskets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Ireland_blaskets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption> Recalde sailed through the <b>gap</b> between the tip of the Great Blasket and Carraig Fhada (right-of-centre) to enter the sound (foreground). Look-outs for the crown army would have shared this clifftop view from the <a href="/wiki/Dingle" title="Dingle">Dingle</a> peninsula.</figcaption></figure> <p>Recalde's ships remained within their shelter for several days, and a crown force led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Norreys">Thomas Norris</a> (brother of the soldier, <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norris</a>) and Edward Denny (husband of Lady Denny) arrived in Dingle to guard against a landing. Recalde sent a reconnaissance party ashore, but all eight members were captured. At one stage a westerly gale caused <i>Portugal</i> to collide with <i>San Juan de Bautista</i>, and when the wind died down another ship, <i>Santa Maria de la Rosa</i> (900 tons, 297 men: Guipuzcoa squadron), entered the sound from the north and fired off a gun by way of distress signal. </p><p>As the tide <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">ebbed</a>, Recalde's ships held their anchorage in the more sheltered part of the sound, while <i>Santa Maria de la Rosa</i> drifted and then simply sank — perhaps on striking Stromboli Rock — leaving one survivor for the English to interrogate. The survivor's information was that the captain of <i>Santa Maria de la Rosa</i> had called the pilot a traitor and run him through with a sword just as the ship began to sink; he also asserted that the Prince of Ascoli, son of the king of Spain, had gone down with the ship — this information was false, but proved useful propaganda for the English. </p><p>Two more ships entered the sound — <i>San Juan de Ragusa</i> (650 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a>, 285 men), the other unidentified. <i>San Juan de Ragusa</i> was in distress and sank — perhaps on striking Dunbinna reef. <i>San Juan de Bautista</i> attempted to take advantage of an ebb tide and sail south out of the sound, but ended up tacking about on the flood tide to avoid the numerous reefs, before sailing through the north-west passage. After a difficult night, the crew were dismayed to find themselves at the mouth of the sound once more. But the wind blew from the south-east, and <i>San Juan de Bautista</i> finally escaped on 25 September and made it home to Spain through a terrible storm. </p><p>Three days later Recalde led the remaining ships out of the sound and brought them to Spain, where he instantly died.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those survivors who had fallen into Denny's custody were put to death at Dingle. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Fenit" title="Fenit">Fenit</a>:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloop</a> <i>Nuestra Senora del Socorro</i> (75 tons) anchored at <a href="/wiki/Fenit" title="Fenit">Fenit</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tralee_Bay" title="Tralee Bay">Tralee Bay</a> on the coast of Kerry, where she was surrendered to crown officers. The 24 men on board were taken into custody and marched to <a href="/wiki/Tralee_Castle" title="Tralee Castle">Tralee Castle</a>. On the orders of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Margaret_Denny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Margaret Denny (page does not exist)">Lady Margaret Denny</a>, they were all hanged from a gibbet. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightmatter_cliffs_of_moher_in_County_Clare_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lightmatter_cliffs_of_moher_in_County_Clare_Ireland.jpg/180px-Lightmatter_cliffs_of_moher_in_County_Clare_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lightmatter_cliffs_of_moher_in_County_Clare_Ireland.jpg/270px-Lightmatter_cliffs_of_moher_in_County_Clare_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lightmatter_cliffs_of_moher_in_County_Clare_Ireland.jpg/360px-Lightmatter_cliffs_of_moher_in_County_Clare_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Cliffs of Moher, looking south towards Hag's Head.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Valentia Island:</b> <i>Trinidad</i> (800 tons, 302 men) was wrecked on the coast of Desmond — probably at <a href="/wiki/Valentia_Island" title="Valentia Island">Valentia Island</a>, off the coast of south Kerry — although there are no details of this event. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armada_galleass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Armada_galleass.png/180px-Armada_galleass.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Armada_galleass.png/270px-Armada_galleass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Armada_galleass.png/360px-Armada_galleass.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>An Armada galeass, similar to <i>Zuñiga</i>, depicted in the anonymous Greenwich Cartoon.</figcaption></figure> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Liscannor" title="Liscannor">Liscannor</a> the oar-powered <a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">galleass</a> <i>Zuñiga</i> (290, Naples) anchored off-shore with a broken rudder, having found a gap in the <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_of_Moher" title="Cliffs of Moher">Cliffs of Moher</a>, which rise sheer from the sea over 220 metres. The ship came under surveillance by the sheriff of Clare and, when a cock-boat was sent ashore in search of supplies, the Spanish were attacked by crown forces and had to withdraw to their ship. One captive was taken and sent for interrogation. <i>Zuñiga</i> escaped the coast with favourable winds, put in at <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>, and finally made it back to Naples the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ulster">Ulster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ulster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Donegal:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/La_Trinidad_Valencera" class="mw-redirect" title="La Trinidad Valencera">La Trinidad Valencera</a></i> (1,000 tons, Levant squadron, 360 men, 42 guns) had taken on more water than could be pumped out. Yet as she approached the coast she managed to rescue 264 men from the <i>Barca de Amburgo</i>, another ship swamped in the heavy seas. <i>Trinidad</i> anchored in <a href="/wiki/Kinnagoe_Bay" title="Kinnagoe Bay">Glenagivney Bay</a>, where she listed to such a degree that the order was given to abandon ship. Some locals were paid for the use of a small boat, and over the course of two days all 560 men were ferried to shore.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunluce_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dunluce_Castle.jpg/230px-Dunluce_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dunluce_Castle.jpg/345px-Dunluce_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dunluce_Castle.jpg/460px-Dunluce_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Dunluce Castle.</figcaption></figure> <p>During a seven-day march inland, the column of survivors met a force of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> under the command of Richard Hovenden and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hovenden" title="Henry Hovenden">Henry Hovenden</a>, foster-brothers of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon pledges of safe conduct for their delivery into the custody of Fitzwilliam, the Spanish laid down their arms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The noblemen and officers were separated out, and 300 of the ordinary men were massacred. The surviving 150 fled through the bog, ending up either with <a href="/wiki/Sorley_Boy_MacDonnell" title="Sorley Boy MacDonnell">Sorley Boy MacDonnell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dunluce_Castle" title="Dunluce Castle">Dunluce</a> or at the house of Redmond O'Gallagher, the bishop of Derry, and were sent to Scotland. The 45 noblemen and officers were marched to Dublin, but only 30 survived to reach the capital, where they were dispatched to London for ransom. </p><p>Three further ships — unidentified — were wrecked on the Donegal coast, one at Mullaghderg, one at Rinn a' Chaislean. The third was found in 2010 at Burtonport.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Antrim:</b> The greatest loss of life was on the sinking of the galleass <i><a href="/wiki/Girona_(ship)" title="Girona (ship)">La Girona</a></i>. She had docked for repairs to her rudder at <a href="/wiki/Killybegs" title="Killybegs">Killybegs</a>, where 800 survivors from two other Armada shipwrecks were taken aboard - from <i>La Rata Santa Maria Encoronada</i> and <i>Duquesa Santa Ana</i>, which went aground at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loughros_Mor_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loughros Mor Bay (page does not exist)">Loughros Mor Bay</a>, Donegal. <i>La Girona</i> set sail for Scotland, but on 26 October her rudder broke and she was wrecked off Lacada Point, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>. Of the estimated 1300 people on board, only nine survived.<sup id="cite_ref-girona_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-girona-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connacht">Connacht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Connacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Governor of Connacht, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bingham_(soldier)" title="Richard Bingham (soldier)">Richard Bingham</a>, sought reinforcements from Dublin but his request was denied by Fitzwilliam, who had few resources at his disposal. A proclamation made it treason on pain of death for any man to help Spaniards. Many survivors were delivered to <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> from all over the province. In the first wave of seizures, 40 noblemen were reserved for ransom, and 300 men were put to death. Later, on the orders of Fitzwilliam, all the unarmed noblemen except two were also executed, along with six Dutch boys who had fallen into custody afterward. In all, 12 ships were wrecked on the coast of Connacht, and 1,100 survivors were put to death.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GalwayBay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/GalwayBay.jpg/210px-GalwayBay.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/GalwayBay.jpg/315px-GalwayBay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/GalwayBay.jpg/420px-GalwayBay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Galway Bay near <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Galway:</b> <i>Falcon Blanco</i> (300 tons, 103 men, 16 guns) and <i>Concepción de Juanes del Cano</i> of Biscay (225 men, 18 guns) and another unknown ship entered <a href="/wiki/Galway_Bay" title="Galway Bay">Galway Bay</a>. <i>Falcon Blanco</i> grounded at <a href="/wiki/Barna" title="Barna">Barna</a>, five km west of <a href="/wiki/Galway_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Galway City">Galway City</a>, and most of those on board made it to shore. <i>Concepción de Juanes del Cano</i> grounded at <a href="/wiki/Carna,_County_Galway" title="Carna, County Galway">Carna</a> 30 km further west, having been lured to shore by the bonfires of a party of <a href="/wiki/Wrecking_(shipwreck)" title="Wrecking (shipwreck)">wreckers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">Clan</a> <a href="/wiki/O%27Flaherty" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Flaherty">O'Flaherty</a> </p><p><b>Sligo:</b> Three ships grounded near Streedagh Strand, ten miles North of Sligo town, with 1,800 men drowned and perhaps 100 coming ashore. The <a href="/wiki/Streedagh_Armada_wrecksite" title="Streedagh Armada wrecksite">wreck-site</a> was discovered in 1985. Among the survivors was Captain <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Cuellar" title="Francisco de Cuellar">Francisco de Cuellar</a>, who gave a remarkable account of his experiences in the fleet and on the run in Ireland. </p> <ul><li><i>La Lavia</i> (25 guns), was a Venetian merchantman and the Vice-flagship;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Juliana_(1570_ship)" title="La Juliana (1570 ship)">La Juliana</a></i> (32 guns) was a Catalan merchantman; and</li> <li><i>Santa Maria de Vison (de Biscione)</i> (18 guns) was a <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusan</a> merchantman.</li></ul> <p><b>Mayo:</b> In September a galleon was wrecked at Tyrawley (modern <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a>). Tradition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (June 2015)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> has it that another ship was wrecked in the vicinity, near Kid Island, but no record remains of this event. Also, <i>Gran Grin</i> was wrecked at the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Clew_Bay" title="Clew Bay">Clew Bay</a>. </p><p>Among those ships wrecked in Connacht was the merchant <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> <i>La Rata Santa Maria Encoronada</i> (419 men, 35 guns), which had run for the Irish coast in desperate need of repair, along with four other ships of the Levant squadron and four galleons. <i>La Rata Santa Maria Encoronada</i> carried an unusually large number of noblemen from the most ancient families of Spain — chief among them Don <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Martinez_de_Leyva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonso Martinez de Leyva (page does not exist)">Alonso Martinez de Leyva</a> — as well as the son of the Irish rebel, <a href="/wiki/James_Fitzmaurice_Fitzgerald" class="mw-redirect" title="James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald">James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald</a>. </p><p><i>La Rata Santa Maria Encoronada</i> was skillfully handled along the northern coast of Mayo, but could not clear the <a href="/wiki/Mullet_Peninsula" title="Mullet Peninsula">Mullet Peninsula</a>, and so anchored in <a href="/wiki/Blacksod_Bay" title="Blacksod Bay">Blacksod Bay</a> on 7 September. The wind got up and the anchors dragged, until the ship was driven on to Ballycroy strand. All the crew got to shore under the leadership of de Leyva, and two castles were seized and fortified with munitions and stores from the beached ship, which was then torched. The rebel's son, Maurice Fitzmaurice, had died on board, and was cast into the sea in a cypress chest. </p><p>The Spanish soon moved on to another castle, where they were met by a host of fellow survivors, approaching from the wreck in Broadhaven of another ship, which had entered that bay without masts. De Leyva's host now numbered 600, and the governor of Connacht, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bingham_(soldier)" title="Richard Bingham (soldier)">Richard Bingham</a>, chose not to confront them. After some days two ships of the Armada entered Blacksod Bay — the merchantman <i>Nuestra Señora de Begoña</i> (750 tons, 297 men) and the transport <i>Duquesa Santa Ana</i> (900 tons, 23 guns, 357 men). De Leyva and his 600 men boarded <i>Duquesa Santa Ana</i>. <i>Nuestra Señora de Begoña</i> sailed straight for <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander, Spain</a>, arriving some time later. <i>Duquesa Santa Ana</i>, however, was somewhat damaged and it was decided to sail north for Scotland. Stormy weather soon hit <i>Duquesa Santa Ana</i> and she was grounded in Loughros Bay in Donegal, with all aboard reaching shore in what was friendly territory. </p><p>De Leyva, who had been seriously injured by a capstan, pitched camp on the shore of the bay for nine days, until news came of another ship of the fleet, the galleass <i><a href="/wiki/Girona_(ship)" title="Girona (ship)">Girona</a></i>, which had anchored in <a href="/wiki/Killybegs" title="Killybegs">Killybegs</a> harbour while two other ships had been lost on attempting to enter the harbour. With the assistance of an Irish chieftain, MacSweeney Bannagh, <i>Girona</i> was repaired and set sail in mid-October with 1,300 men on board, including de Leyva. <a href="/wiki/Lough_Foyle" title="Lough Foyle">Lough Foyle</a> was cleared, but then a gale struck and <i>Girona</i> was driven ashore at <a href="/wiki/Dunluce_Castle" title="Dunluce Castle">Dunluce</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>. There were nine survivors, who were sent on to Scotland by <a href="/wiki/Sorley_Boy_MacDonnell" title="Sorley Boy MacDonnell">Sorley Boy MacDonnell</a>; 260 bodies were washed ashore. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arran,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Arran%2C_Ireland.jpg/250px-Arran%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Arran%2C_Ireland.jpg/375px-Arran%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Arran%2C_Ireland.jpg/500px-Arran%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>A wild coast on <a href="/wiki/Inishmore" title="Inishmore">Inishmore</a>, largest of the Aran Islands.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aran Islands:</b> Two ships were sighted off the <a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Aran Islands</a>: one failed to land a party in hard weather, and it is not known what became of them. </p><p><b>Antrim:</b> The single greatest loss of life occurred upon the wreck of the galleass <i><a href="/wiki/Girona_(ship)" title="Girona (ship)">Girona</a></i> on the coast of Antrim after she had taken on board many survivors from other ships wrecked on the coast of Connacht (see Ulster, above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 17 and 24 ships of the Grand Armada were lost on the Irish coast, accounting for about one-third of the fleet's total loss of 63, with the loss of about 6,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of September 1588 Fitzwilliam was able to report to the Queen's secretary, <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">Lord Burghley</a>, that the Armada alarm was over. Soon after, he reckoned that only about 100 survivors remained in the country. In <a href="/wiki/1596_in_Ireland" title="1596 in Ireland">1596</a>, an envoy of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> arrived in Ireland to make inquiries of survivors and was successful in only eight cases. </p><p>Following the failure of the Armada the <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English sent their own fleet</a> against the Iberian peninsula, but failed to press home their advantage and returned with tremendous losses. At the height of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> the Spanish landed 3,500 troops in the south of Ireland to assist the Ulster rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/1594_in_Ireland" title="1594 in Ireland">1594</a>–<a href="/wiki/1603_in_Ireland" title="1603 in Ireland">1603</a>). This expedition also failed, and Spain and England concluded a peace in <a href="/wiki/1604_in_Ireland" title="1604 in Ireland">1604</a>. </p><p>By the time of the peace the Spanish had restored their dominance at sea, and treasure from the New World was flowing in to their Royal Treasury at an increased rate. Elizabeth's successor <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> neglected his fleet and chose to secure crown influence in Ireland: in <a href="/wiki/1607_in_Ireland" title="1607 in Ireland">1607</a> the lords of Gaelic Ulster <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">fled to the continent</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">English conquest of Ireland</a> was largely completed on the seizure and colonisation of their territories in the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a> in <a href="/wiki/1610_in_Ireland" title="1610 in Ireland">1610</a>. </p><p>There is a myth that the Spanish Armada left descendants in Ireland, however research has discredited such claims.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salvage">Salvage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Salvage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first salvage attempts were made within months, on the coast of County Clare by <a href="/wiki/George_Carew,_1st_Earl_of_Totnes" title="George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes">George Carew</a>, who complained<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at the expense "of sustaining the divers with copious draughts of usequebaugh" [Uisce Beatha - Irish for whiskey]. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sorley_Boy_MacDonnell" title="Sorley Boy MacDonnell">Sorley Boy MacDonnell</a> recovered three brass cannon and two chests of treasure from the wreck of <i>Girona</i>. </p><p>In 1797 a quantity of lead and some brass guns were raised from the wreck of an unknown Armada ship at Mullaghderg in County Donegal. Two miles further south, in 1853, an anchor was recovered from another unknown Armada wreck.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Spanish_Armada_in_art">The Spanish Armada in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Spanish Armada in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Grainuaile Suite</i> (1985), an orchestral treatment of the life of the Irish sea-queen <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1inne_O%27Malley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gráinne O'Malley">Gráinne O'Malley</a> by Irish composer <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Davey" title="Shaun Davey">Shaun Davey</a>, contains a lament on the Spanish landings in Ireland, sung by <a href="/wiki/Rita_Connolly" title="Rita Connolly">Rita Connolly</a>. </p><p>The wrecking of <i>La Girona</i> was commemorated in illustrations of the Armada and the Antrim coast which appear on the reverse side of <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">sterling banknotes</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/First_Trust_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="First Trust Bank">First Trust Bank</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. </p><p>The final published novel of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Byrne:_A_Novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrne: A Novel">Byrne: A Novel</a></i>, features a protagonist who is specifically stated to be descended from Spanish survivors who remained in Ireland. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Luck_of_the_Irish_(1948_film)" title="The Luck of the Irish (1948 film)">The Luck of the Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darby_O%27Gill_and_the_Little_People" title="Darby O'Gill and the Little People">Darby O'Gill and the Little People</a> are American films that make reference to the wrecking of the Spanish armada as an explanation for <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">leprechauns</a> having pots of gold. </p><p>The Spanish-Portuguese co-produced short animated film <i>The Monkey</i> (2021), influenced by the story of <i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_hanger" title="Monkey hanger">The Hartlepool Monkey</a></i>, focuses on the treatment of the Spanish shipwrecked on Irish shores. The film, which stars <a href="/wiki/Colm_Meaney" title="Colm Meaney">Colm Meaney</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Goya_Awards" title="Goya Awards">Goya</a>, for best <a href="/wiki/Goya_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film" title="Goya Award for Best Animated Short Film">Best Animated Short Film</a> in <a href="/wiki/36th_Goya_Awards" title="36th Goya Awards">2021</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_the_16th_century#1588" title="List of shipwrecks in the 16th century">List of shipwrecks in the 16th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girona_(ship)" title="Girona (ship)">Girona (ship)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_of_Moncada_i_Gralla" title="Hugo of Moncada i Gralla">Hugo of Moncada i Gralla</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada" class="extiw" title="commons:Spanish Armada"><span style="font-style:italic; 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reprint London, 1996). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-477220-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-477220-7">0-09-477220-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928200519/http://www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.5160">"JMR: Journal for Maritime Research: Maritime history, naval history and contemporary issues"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.5160">the original</a> on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JMR%3A+Journal+for+Maritime+Research%3A+Maritime+history%2C+naval+history+and+contemporary+issues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmr.nmm.ac.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FconMediaFile.5160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The charts of Lucas Wagenaer and <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Mercator</a> were published soon after the expedition with a much improved picture of the waters of the north Atlantic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928200350/http://www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conJmrArticle.89/viewPage/1">"Archived copy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmr.nmm.ac.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FconJmrArticle.89%2FviewPage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928200443/http://www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conJmrArticle.89/viewPage/4">"Archived copy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmr.nmm.ac.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FconJmrArticle.89%2FviewPage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/240350/details/la+anunciada+possibly+haddock+sands+reawick+atlantic/">"La Anunciada (Possibly): Haddock Sands, Reawick, Atlantic | Canmore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Anunciada+%28Possibly%29%3A+Haddock+Sands%2C+Reawick%2C+Atlantic+%26%23124%3B+Canmore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanmore.rcahms.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fsite%2F240350%2Fdetails%2Fla%2Banunciada%2Bpossibly%2Bhaddock%2Bsands%2Breawick%2Batlantic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025858/http://derrycity.gov.uk/armada/">"An Armada Shipwreck La Trinidad Valencera"</a>. <i>derrycity.gov.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=derrycity.gov.uk&rft.atitle=An+Armada+Shipwreck+La+Trinidad+Valencera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derrycity.gov.uk%2Farmada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColby1837" class="citation book cs1">Colby, colonel (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ordnancesurveyc00larcgoog"><i>Ordnance Survey of the County of Londonderry</i></a>. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ordnancesurveyc00larcgoog/page/n273">235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+of+the+County+of+Londonderry&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Hodges+and+Smith&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Colby&rft.aufirst=colonel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fordnancesurveyc00larcgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1907" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, John J. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20566288">"The Hovendens: Foster Brothers of Aodh O'Neill, Prince of Ulster (Earl of Tireoghan)"</a>. <i>Ulster Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 4–21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0082-7355">0082-7355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ulster+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Hovendens%3A+Foster+Brothers+of+Aodh+O%27Neill%2C+Prince+of+Ulster+%28Earl+of+Tireoghan%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-21&rft.date=1907&rft.issn=0082-7355&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20566288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Morgan" title="Hiram Morgan">Morgan, Hiram</a> (2013). Peduelo Martin, Eduardo; Rodriguez de Diego, Julia (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freiherrvonquast.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/the_establishment_of_the_irish_spanish_r.pdf">"The establishment of the Irish-Spanish relationship"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Los Irlandeses y la Monarquia Hispanica (1529-1800): vinculos in espacio y tiempo</i>. Madrid.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Irlandeses+y+la+Monarquia+Hispanica+%281529-1800%29%3A+vinculos+in+espacio+y+tiempo&rft.atitle=The+establishment+of+the+Irish-Spanish+relationship&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Hiram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreiherrvonquast.wordpress.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F12%2Fthe_establishment_of_the_irish_spanish_r.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-14418698">BBC Newsreport</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-girona-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-girona_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/ACHWS_annual_report_2005.pdf">"La Girona"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i># Annual Report of the Advisory Committee on Historic Wrecks, 2005</i>. Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites. p. 35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%23+Annual+Report+of+the+Advisory+Committee+on+Historic+Wrecks%2C+2005&rft.atitle=La+Girona&rft.pages=35&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2FACHWS_annual_report_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_MartinGeoffrey_Parker1999" class="citation book cs1">Colin Martin; Geoffrey Parker (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ysl3KVnYDUC&pg=PA223"><i>The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition</i></a>. Manchester UP. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781901341140" title="Special:BookSources/9781901341140"><bdi>9781901341140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Armada%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Manchester+UP&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781901341140&rft.au=Colin+Martin&rft.au=Geoffrey+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ysl3KVnYDUC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Muckelroy1978" class="citation book cs1">Keith Muckelroy (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvRKwa78s48C&pg=PA98"><i>Maritime Archaeology</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521293488" title="Special:BookSources/9780521293488"><bdi>9780521293488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Archaeology&rft.pages=98-105&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780521293488&rft.au=Keith+Muckelroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvRKwa78s48C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting1988" class="citation book cs1">Whiting, J. R. S. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVFnAAAAMAAJ&q=%226,000+Spaniards+died%22"><i>The Enterprise of England: The Spanish Armada</i></a>. Gloucester: Sutton. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862994761" title="Special:BookSources/9780862994761"><bdi>9780862994761</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enterprise+of+England%3A+The+Spanish+Armada&rft.place=Gloucester&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780862994761&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVFnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25226%2C000%2BSpaniards%2Bdied%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">thomas p. kunesh, 1981. "The myth of the Black Irish: Spanish syntagonism and prethetical salvation." Published online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkfiber.com/blackirish/">www.darkfiber.com/blackirish/</a>. Retrieved 25 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsgkAQAAIAAJ&dq=Anchor+of+the+HMS+LUtine&pg=PA37">.p.37 The London Magazine 1904 picture of "Armada" Anchor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huesca-filmfestival.com/en/events/the-monkey-flee/">"Animation Film Session: The Monkey + Flee"</a>. <i>Huesca International Film Festival</i>. 6 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619172002/https://www.huesca-filmfestival.com/en/events/the-monkey-flee/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huesca+International+Film+Festival&rft.atitle=Animation+Film+Session%3A+The+Monkey+%2B+Flee&rft.date=2022-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huesca-filmfestival.com%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fthe-monkey-flee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>T.P. Kilfeather <i>Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada</i> (Anvil Books Ltd, 1967)</li> <li>Ken Douglas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928200350/http://www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conJmrArticle.89/viewPage/1"><i>Navigation: the key to the Armada disaster</i></a> (Journal for Maritime Research, Issue: August 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1469-1957">1469-1957</a></li> <li>Cyril Falls <i>Elizabeth's Irish Wars</i> (1950; reprint London, 1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-477220-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-477220-7">0-09-477220-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Cuellar" class="citation web cs1">de Cuellar, Francisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T108200/">"Account of his service in the Armada and on the run in Ireland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Account+of+his+service+in+the+Armada+and+on+the+run+in+Ireland&rft.aulast=de+Cuellar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fpublished%2FT108200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Armada+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exclassics.com/cuellar/cuellarintro.htm">Narrative of the Spanish Armada and his adventures in Ireland</a> by Captain <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Cuellar" title="Francisco de Cuellar">Francisco de Cuellar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishbattles.com/spanish-war/spanish-armada.htm">Large selection of illustrations and lists at British Battles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215041838/http://www.northantrim.com/girona_tribute.htm">Girona Tribute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galway.net/galwayguide/history/hardiman/chapter4/spanish_armada.html">Hardiman's History of Galway, Chapter 4</a> describing the 1588 Galway encounter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/102/do-some-irish-names-come-from-spanish-armada-survivors">The Straight Dope: Do some Irish names come from Spanish Armada survivors?</a> trivia-master Cecils Adam debunks the myth. Interesting illustration.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern 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