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<nav class="breadcrumb justify-content-center"> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/" class="link-white">Home</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Science">Science</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Earth-Science-Geology-Fossils">Earth Science, Geologic Time & Fossils</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time">Fossils & Geologic Time</a> </span> </nav> <h1 class="font-serif mt-30 mb-20">Fossils & Geologic Time, LAR-PAL</h1> <div class="font-serif grid"> <div class="col-sm-70 col-sm-offset-15"> Geologic time is the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. Formal geologic time begins at the start of the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day.</div> </div> <a class="link-white font-weight-bold d-inline-block mt-30" href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time">Back To Fossils & Geologic Time Page</a> </div> </div> <div class="container mt-30"> <h2 class="label my-30">Fossils & Geologic Time Encyclopedia Articles By Title</h2> <div class="grid top g-10 mb-40"> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/1">ACH-CAS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/2">CAU-EIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/3">ELE-LAM</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center bg-orange"> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 link-white pe-none" href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/4">LAR-PAL</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/5">PAL-SIM</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/6">SIM-ZIT</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid g-20"> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Edouard-Armand-Isidore-Hippolyte-Lartet" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lartet, Édouard</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Édouard Lartet was a French geologist, archaeologist, and a principal founder of paleontology. He is credited chiefly...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/Le-Moustier" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Le Moustier</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Le Moustier, paleoanthropological and archaeological site in the Dordogne region of southwestern France that has...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/lead-210-dating" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lead-210 dating</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lead-210 dating, method of age determination that makes use of the ratio of the radioactive lead isotope lead-210...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Louis-Leakey" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Leakey, Louis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Louis Leakey was a Kenyan archaeologist and anthropologist, a member of the distinguished Leakey family of scholars...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lebachia" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lebachia</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lebachia, a genus of extinct cone-bearing plants known from fossils of the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Joseph-Leidy" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Leidy, Joseph</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Joseph Leidy was a zoologist, one of the most distinguished and versatile scientists in the United States, who...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lepidodendron" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lepidodendron</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lepidodendron, extinct genus of tree-sized lycopsid plants that lived during the Carboniferous Period (about 359...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Leptaena" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Leptaena</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Leptaena, genus of extinct brachiopods (lamp shells) commonly found as fossils in Ordovician to Lower Carboniferous...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Leptodesma" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Leptodesma</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Leptodesma, extinct genus of pelecypods (clams) found as fossils in Silurian to Lower Carboniferous rocks (between...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Leptodus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Leptodus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Leptodus, extinct genus of articulate brachiopods, or lamp shells, of the Permian Period (299 million to 251 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Leptolepis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Leptolepis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Leptolepis, genus of marine fishes very closely related to the first teleosts, the dominant group of fishes in...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Limnoscelis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Limnoscelis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Limnoscelis, extinct genus of tetrapod that appeared very close to the origin of amniotes (mammals, birds, or reptiles)....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Linoproductus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Linoproductus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Linoproductus, genus of extinct articulate brachiopods (lamp shells) found throughout the midcontinent region of...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Lipalian-interval" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lipalian interval</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lipalian interval, in geology, time span suggested in an attempt to explain the sudden appearance of abundant life...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/litoptern" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>litoptern</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> litoptern, (order Litopterna), any of various extinct hoofed mammals that first appeared in the Paleocene Epoch...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Lituites" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lituites</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lituites, genus of extinct cephalopods (primitive animals related to the modern pearly nautilus) found as fossils...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Llanocetus-denticrenatus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Llanocetus denticrenatus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Llanocetus denticrenatus, one of the earliest known baleen whales, sole member of the family Llanocetidae, suborder...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Lluc" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lluc</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lluc, (Anoiapithecus brevirostris), nickname for the nearly complete upper and lower jaws and much of the associated...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/William-Lonsdale" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lonsdale, William</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> William Lonsdale was an English geologist and paleontologist whose studies of fossil corals suggested the existence...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/lophophore-hypothesis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lophophore hypothesis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lophophore hypothesis, viewpoint that conodonts, small toothlike structures found as fossils in marine rocks over...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-1"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Lophophyllum" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lophophyllum</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lophophyllum, extinct genus of solitary marine corals found as fossils especially characteristic of the Late Carboniferous...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Lophospira" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lophospira</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lophospira, genus of extinct gastropods (snails) found as fossils in marine rocks of Ordovician to Devonian age...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Loxonema" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Loxonema</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Loxonema, genus of extinct gastropods (snails) found as fossils in rocks of Ordovician to Early Carboniferous age...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Lucy-fossil" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lucy</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lucy, nickname for a remarkably complete (40 percent intact) hominin skeleton found by American paleoanthropologist...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Ludfordian-Stage" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ludfordian Stage</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ludfordian Stage, second of two stages of the Ludlow Series, made up of all rocks deposited during the Ludfordian...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Ludlow-Series" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ludlow Series</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ludlow Series, the third of four main divisions (in ascending order) making up the Silurian System; it represents...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Lystrosaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lystrosaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lystrosaurus, extinct genus of about seven species of medium-sized heavily built animals that lived from the middle...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Maclurites" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Maclurites</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Maclurites, extinct genus of Ordovician gastropods (snails) found as fossils and useful for stratigraphic correlations...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Maiasaura" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Maiasaura</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Maiasaura, (genus Maiasaura), duck-billed dinosaurs (hadrosaurs) found as fossils from the Late Cretaceous Period...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/mammoth-extinct-mammal" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>mammoth</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> mammoth, (genus Mammuthus), any member of an extinct group of elephants found as fossils in Pleistocene deposits...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Gideon-Algernon-Mantell" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mantell, Gideon Algernon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Gideon Algernon Mantell was a British physician, geologist, and paleontologist, who discovered four of the five...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Marasuchus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Marasuchus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Marasuchus, genus of archosaurian reptiles that inhabited part of present-day South America during the Ladinian...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Othniel-Charles-Marsh" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Marsh, Othniel Charles</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Othniel Charles Marsh was an American paleontologist who made extensive scientific explorations of the western...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/mastodon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>mastodon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> mastodon, (genus Mammut), any of several extinct elephantine mammals (family Mammutidae, genus Mammut ) that first...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/William-Diller-Matthew" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Matthew, William Diller</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> William Diller Matthew was a Canadian-American paleontologist who was an important contributor to modern knowledge...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/Mauer" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mauer</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mauer, Pleistocene locality on the Neckar River of Germany and the name of a Pleistocene deposit, the Mauer Sands...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/medieval-warm-period" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>medieval warm period</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> medieval warm period (MWP), brief climatic interval that is hypothesized to have occurred from approximately 900...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/megalodon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>megalodon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> megalodon, (Carcharocles megalodon), member of an extinct species of megatooth shark (Otodontidae) that is considered...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/animal/megalodon/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/animal/megalodon/Predators-and-prey" style="text-decoration: underline">Prehistoric Sharks, Prey, Extinction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/animal/megalodon/Extinction" style="text-decoration: underline">Extinction, Fossils, Sharks</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Megalosaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Megalosaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Megalosaurus, (genus Megalosaurus), carnivorous dinosaur and the subject of the first scientific description of...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Megatherium" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Megatherium</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Megatherium, largest of the ground sloths, an extinct group of mammals belonging to a group containing sloths,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-2"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Merychippus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Merychippus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Merychippus, extinct genus of early horses, found as fossils in deposits from the Middle and Late Miocene Epoch...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Mesohippus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mesohippus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mesohippus, genus of extinct early and middle Oligocene horses (the Oligocene Epoch occurred from 33.9 to 23 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Mesosaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mesosaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mesosaurus, (genus Mesosaurus), early aquatic relative of reptiles, found as fossils from the Early Permian Period...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Mesozoic-Era" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mesozoic Era</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mesozoic Era, second of Earth’s three major geologic eras of Phanerozoic time. Its name is derived from the Greek...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Miacis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Miacis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Miacis, genus of extinct carnivores found as fossils in deposits of the late Paleocene Epoch (65.5–55.8 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Miocene-Epoch" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Miocene Epoch</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Miocene Epoch, earliest major worldwide division of the Neogene Period (23 million years to 2.6 million years ago)...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Miohippus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Miohippus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Miohippus, genus of extinct horses that originated in North America during the Late Eocene Epoch (37.2–33.9 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Mississippian-Subperiod" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mississippian Subperiod</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mississippian Subperiod, first major subdivision of the Carboniferous Period, lasting from 358.9 to 323.2 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Modiolopsis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Modiolopsis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Modiolopsis, extinct genus of pelecypods (clams) found as fossils in Ordovician rocks (about 488 million to 444...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Moeritherium" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Moeritherium</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Moeritherium, extinct genus of primitive mammals that represent a very early stage in the evolution of elephants....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Monograptus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Monograptus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Monograptus, extinct genus of graptolites (small aquatic colonial animals related to primitive chordates) found...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Raymond-Cecil-Moore" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Moore, Raymond Cecil</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Raymond Cecil Moore was an American paleontologist known for his work on Paleozoic crinoids, bryozoans, and corals...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Morganucodon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Morganucodon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Morganucodon, extinct genus of tiny mammals known from fossils dated to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (approximately...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Moropus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Moropus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Moropus, extinct genus of the chalicotheres, a group of very unusual perissodactyls (“odd-toed” ungulates) related...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/Morrison-Formation" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Morrison Formation</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Morrison Formation, series of sedimentary rocks deposited during the Jurassic Period in western North America,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/mosasaur" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>mosasaur</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> mosasaur, (family Mosasauridae), extinct group of aquatic lizards that attained a high degree of adaptation to...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Moschops" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Moschops</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Moschops, extinct genus of mammal-like reptiles (Therapsida) found as fossils in rocks of Permian age (299 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Moscovian-Stage" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Moscovian Stage</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Moscovian Stage, second of four internationally defined stages of the Pennsylvanian Subsystem of the Carboniferous...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Mucrospirifer" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mucrospirifer</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mucrospirifer, genus of extinct brachiopods (lamp shells) found as fossils in Middle and Upper Devonian marine...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/multituberculate" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>multituberculate</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> multituberculate, any member of an extinct group of small, superficially rodentlike mammals that existed from about...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-3"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Mylodon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mylodon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mylodon, extinct genus of ground sloth found as fossils in South American deposits of the Pleistocene Epoch (2.6...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Myophoria" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Myophoria</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Myophoria, genus of extinct clams found as fossils in Triassic rocks. It is readily identified by its distinctive...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Sophus-Otto-Muller" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Müller, Sophus Otto</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Sophus Otto Müller was a Danish archaeologist who, during the late 19th century, discovered the first of the Neolithic...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Neanderthal" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Neanderthal</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Neanderthal, (Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis), member of a group of archaic humans who emerged...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Neanderthal/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Neanderthal/Neanderthal-classification" style="text-decoration: underline">Homo Sapiens, DNA, Evolution</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Neanderthal/Neanderthal-culture" style="text-decoration: underline">Stone Tools, Fire Use, Hunting</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Neanderthal/Genetics" style="text-decoration: underline">DNA, Evolution, Interbreeding</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Neogene-Period" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Neogene Period</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Neogene Period, the second of three divisions of the Cenozoic Era. The Neogene Period encompasses the interval...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/neoprioniodiform" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>neoprioniodiform</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> neoprioniodiform, conodont, or small toothlike phosphatic fossil of uncertain affinity, that is characterized by...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Neospirifer" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Neospirifer</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Neospirifer, genus of extinct brachiopods (lamp shells) found as fossils in Late Carboniferous to Permian marine...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Nodosaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Nodosaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Nodosaurus, (genus Nodosaurus), armoured dinosaurs found as fossils in North America dating from 95 million to...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Notharctus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Notharctus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Notharctus, extinct genus of small primates (family Adapidae) that shares many similarities with modern lemurs,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Nothosaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Nothosaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Nothosaurus, (genus Nothosaurus), marine reptiles found as fossils from the Triassic Period (251 million to 200...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/notoungulate" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Notoungulata</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Notoungulata, extinct group of hoofed mammals found as fossils, mostly in South America, although the oldest forms...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/nummulite" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>nummulite</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> nummulite, any of the thousands of extinct species of relatively large, lens-shaped foraminifers (single-celled...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Obolus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Obolus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Obolus, genus of extinct brachiopod, or lamp shell, of the Cambrian Period (from 542 million to 488 million years...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/obsidian-hydration-rind-dating" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>obsidian–hydration–rind dating</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> obsidian–hydration–rind dating, method of age determination of obsidian (black volcanic glass) that makes use of...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/odontolite" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>odontolite</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> odontolite, fossil bone or tooth that consists of the phosphate mineral apatite (q.v.) coloured blue by vivianite....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Old-Red-Sandstone" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Old Red Sandstone</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Old Red Sandstone, thick sequence of Devonian rocks (formed from 416 million to 359.2 million years ago) that are...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Olenellus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Olenellus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Olenellus, genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) common in but restricted to Early Cambrian rocks (542 million...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Oligocene-Epoch" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Oligocene Epoch</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Oligocene Epoch, third and last major worldwide division of the Paleogene Period (65.5 million to 23 million years...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Onverwacht-Series" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Onverwacht series</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Onverwacht series, division of Archean rocks (the Archean Eon lasted from 3.96 to 2.5 billion years ago) in the...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Albert-Oppel" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Oppel, Albert</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Albert Oppel was a German geologist and paleontologist, who was one of the most important early stratigraphers....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-4"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Alcide-Dessalines-d-Orbigny" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines d’</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Alcide Dessalines d’ Orbigny was the founder of the science of micropaleontology. During eight years of travel...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Ordovician-Period" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ordovician Period</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ordovician Period, in geologic time, the second period of the Paleozoic Era. It began 485.4 million years ago,...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Ordovician-Period/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Ordovician-Period/Oceanography" style="text-decoration: underline">Marine Life, Glaciation, Climate</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Ordovician-Period/Circulation" style="text-decoration: underline">Marine Life, Climate, Extinction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Ordovician-Period/Paleoclimate" style="text-decoration: underline">Marine Life, Climate Change, Extinction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Ordovician-Period/Invertebrates" style="text-decoration: underline">Invertebrates, Fossils, Extinction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Ordovician-Period/Animals" style="text-decoration: underline">Marine Life, Trilobites, Brachiopods</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/science/Ordovician-Period/Regional-extinctions-within-the-Ordovician" style="text-decoration: underline">Regional Extinctions, Marine Life, Climate Change</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/oreodont" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>oreodont</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> oreodont, any member of a diverse group of extinct herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates)...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Oreopithecus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Oreopithecus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Oreopithecus, extinct genus of primates found as fossils in Late Miocene deposits in East Africa and Early Pliocene...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/ornithischian" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>ornithischian</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> ornithischian, any member of the large taxonomic group of herbivorous dinosaurs comprising Triceratops and all...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Ornitholestes" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ornitholestes</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ornitholestes, (genus Ornitholestes), small, lightly built carnivorous dinosaur found as fossils from the Late...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Ornithomimus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ornithomimus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Ornithomimus, (genus Ornithomimus), ostrichlike feathered dinosaurs found as fossils in Mongolian, European, and...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/ornithopod" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>ornithopod</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> ornithopod, any member of the group of ornithischian dinosaurs characterized by a two-legged (bipedal) stance,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Henry-Fairfield-Osborn" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Osborn, Henry Fairfield</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Henry Fairfield Osborn was an American paleontologist, eugenicist, and museum administrator who greatly influenced...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Osteolepis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Osteolepis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Osteolepis, extinct genus of lobe-finned fishes from the Late Devonian; Osteolepiformes is a variation of this...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/John-Ostrom" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Ostrom, John</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> John Ostrom was an American paleontologist who popularized the theory that many species of dinosaurs were warm-blooded...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Oviraptor" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Oviraptor</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Oviraptor, (genus Oviraptor), small, lightly built predatory or omnivorous dinosaur that brooded its eggs in a...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Richard-Owen" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Owen, Richard</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Richard Owen was a British anatomist and paleontologist who is remembered for his contributions to the study of...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/ozarkodiniform" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>ozarkodiniform</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> ozarkodiniform, conodont, or small fossil that is toothlike in form and structure, that has a prominent, centrally...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Pachycephalosaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Pachycephalosaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Pachycephalosaurus, genus of large and unusual dinosaurs found as fossils in deposits of North America dating to...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Pachyrhinosaurus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Pachyrhinosaurus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Pachyrhinosaurus, genus of horned ceratopsid dinosaurs that roamed northwestern North America from 71 million to...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Pakicetus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Pakicetus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Pakicetus, extinct genus of early cetacean mammals known from fossils discovered in 48.5-million-year-old river...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/animal/Palaeospondylus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Palaeospondylus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Palaeospondylus, genus of enigmatic fossil vertebrates that were very fishlike in appearance but of uncertain relationships....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/paleoanthropology" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>paleoanthropology</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> paleoanthropology, interdisciplinary branch of anthropology concerned with the origins and development of early...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/Paleocene-Epoch" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Paleocene Epoch</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Paleocene Epoch, first major worldwide division of rocks and time of the Paleogene Period, spanning the interval...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-5"></span> </div> </div> <h2 class="label my-30">Fossils & Geologic Time Encyclopedia Articles By Title</h2> <div class="grid bottom g-10 mb-40"> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/1">ACH-CAS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time/2">CAU-EIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a 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