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Inventeur du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre logo montrant un sommet montagneux entour\u00e9 d'\u00e9toiles, Hodkinson avait rassembl\u00e9 notamment la Famous Players Film d'Adolph Zukor et la Jesse L.\u00a0Lasky Feature Play, cr\u00e9\u00e9e par Lasky et son beau-fr\u00e8re Goldfish. Peu apr\u00e8s, Zukor et Lasky prenaient le pouvoir dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, \u00e9vin\u00e7ant Hodkinson (qui poursuivra ailleurs un m\u00e9tier de distributeur ind\u00e9pendant), ainsi que Samuel Goldfish, qui deviendra sous le nom de Goldwyn un des grands producteurs ind\u00e9pendants hollywoodiens. 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mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT050041_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT050041_0"></i><p> Major hollywoodienne, la Paramount est née en 1914 à l'initiative de William Hodkinson, qui met en place une société de distribution commune à quelques producteurs indépendants. Inventeur du célèbre logo montrant un sommet montagneux entouré d'étoiles, Hodkinson avait rassemblé notamment la Famous Players Film d'Adolph Zukor et la Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play, créée par Lasky et son beau-frère Goldfish. Peu après, Zukor et Lasky prenaient le pouvoir dans la société, évinçant Hodkinson (qui poursuivra ailleurs un métier de distributeur indépendant), ainsi que Samuel Goldfish, qui deviendra sous le nom de Goldwyn un des grands producteurs indépendants hollywoodiens. Les sociétés de Lasky et Zukor fusionnent, la Paramount devenant leur filiale.</p><p>Sous la férule de Zukor, né en 1873 dans une famille juive de Hongrie, fourreur, puis exploitant de salles dites <em>nickelodeon</em>, et qui mourra centenaire après une longue carrière à la Paramount, la jeune compagnie est la première à intégrer production, distribution et exploitation, établissant ainsi les bases d'une puissance qui s'exercera jusqu'aux années 1950. Elle va être longtemps une des plus grandes d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Depuis le milieu des années 1910, le nom de Hollywood est quasi synonyme de « cinéma américain ». Moins le cinéma des « auteurs » (à l'européenne) que celui de « l'usine à rêves », qui fournit à la planète entière ses divertissements les plus spectaculaires, les plus populaires et les plus rentables. Investie dès l'époque du muet par des artistes accourus du monde entier e..." title="Article : HOLLYWOOD" href="/encyclopedie/hollywood/">Hollywood</a>, avec un studio sur Sunset Boulevard et un réseau d'exploitation qui comptera 1 200 salles. Vedette confirmée sous la direction de D. W. Griffith à la Biograph, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de MARY PICKFORD (1893-1979). Archétype de la star du cinéma muet telle que Hollywood l'avait conçue dans son âge d'or, Mary Pickford avait réussi à incarner, aux alentours de la Première Guerre mondiale, cette petite « fiancée de l'Amérique » aux vertus cardinales, entretenant avec tout le pays une liaison amoureuse qui ne s'est jamais démentie, tout en restant la s..." title="Article : MARY PICKFORD (1893-1979)" href="/encyclopedie/mary-pickford/">Mary Pickford</a> est sous contrat avec Zukor de 1913 à 1919. Ses succès sont renforcés par ceux de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS (1883-1939). Acteur et producteur de cinéma américain, né le 23 mai 1883 à Denver (Colorado), mort le 12 décembre 1939 à Santa Monica (Californie).. Au sortir de l'université, Douglas Fairbanks, de son vrai nom Douglas Elton Ulman, fait ses débuts sur les planches dans de petits rôles et en 1914, a déjà conquis Broadway. Il joue dans son premier fi..." title="Article : DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS (1883-1939)" href="/encyclopedie/douglas-fairbanks/">Douglas Fairbanks</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de GLORIA SWANSON (1899-1983). Josephine Mae Swanson était née à Chicago dans les dernières années du siècle. D'ascendance mi-italienne mi-suédoise, elle débute au cinéma comme « extra » parce qu'elle était venue voir le tournage d'un film Essanay, par simple curiosité (1913) : trois ans plus tard, elle épouse Wallace Beery et ils partent ensemble à Hollywood , où l..." title="Article : GLORIA SWANSON (1899-1983)" href="/encyclopedie/gloria-swanson/">Gloria Swanson</a>, Fatty Arbuckle, Blanche Sweet, William Hart, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de RUDOLPH VALENTINO (1895-1926). Acteur de cinéma américain d'origine italienne, né le 6 mai 1895 à Castellaneta, en Italie, mort le 23 août 1926 à New York.. Rodolfo Pietro Filiberto Raffaello Guglielmi, alias Rudolph Valentino, émigre en 1913 aux États-Unis, où il exerce les métiers de jardinier, plongeur et danseur de vaudeville. En 1918, il part pour Hollywood , o..." title="Article : RUDOLPH VALENTINO (1895-1926)" href="/encyclopedie/rudolph-valentino/">Rudolph Valentino</a>. Paramount-Famous Players-Lasky peut compter aussi sur Cecil B. DeMille, réalisateur et producteur travaillant au côté de Lasky depuis la première production de celui-ci (et qui fera toute sa carrière à la Paramount, sauf en 1926-1931), et les chargés de production Mack Sennett et Thomas Ince qui animaient des studios depuis 1913. La production, la plus abondante de l'époque, ne comprend pas que des œuvres de premier choix, mais les méthodes commerciales impérieuses, comme le <em>block-</em><em>booking</em> (location de films par lots imposée aux exploitants) assurent des recettes régulières.</p><p>Si la Paramount ne s'est engagée dans le cinéma sonore qu'au vu des résultats de Fox et Warner, si la modernisation ainsi imposée aux salles lui impose un énorme investissement qui la rend dépendante de ses partenaires industriels et financiers, elle connaît une période globalement favorable tout au long des années 1930-1940, où, avec au moins un long-métrage par semaine, elle est classée presque systématiquement au premier rang du box office. Elle peut compter en effet sur <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de MARLENE DIETRICH (1901-1992). Si Garbo était « la divine », Marlene est « l'impératrice ». Elle l'est parce qu'on ne l'imagine guère sans le costume d'apparat qui sied à la fonction dans The Scarlet Empress ( L'Impératrice rouge , 1934), évidemment, ou dans Dishonored ( X27 , 1931), Shanghai Express (1932), Blonde Vénus (1932), The Devil Is a Woman ( La Femm..." title="Article : MARLENE DIETRICH (1901-1992)" href="/encyclopedie/marlene-dietrich/">Marlene Dietrich</a> (dirigée alors par Josef von Sternberg), <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de MAE WEST (1893-1980). 1926 : la police envahit un grand théâtre de Broadway qui affichait la pièce Sexe . Objet du litige : l'actrice Mae West, qui venait d'être intronisée « grande prêtresse de la sexualité ».. Ce rôle, la comédienne l'a tenu sans défaillance au cours d'une carrière d'une exceptionnelle longévité. Née à New York, elle débute, curieusement, com..." title="Article : MAE WEST (1893-1980)" href="/encyclopedie/mae-west/">Mae West</a>, Charles Laughton, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de GARY COOPER (1901-1961). L'image du « cavalier de l'Ouest » vertueux et héroïque reste attachée à Gary Cooper, même si un quart seulement de sa carrière fut consacré au western . Pour toute une génération de cinéphiles des années 1950 et 1960, pour lesquels le western fut, selon l'expression d'André Bazin, « le cinéma américain par excellence », il incarn..." title="Article : GARY COOPER (1901-1961)" href="/encyclopedie/gary-cooper/">Gary Cooper</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de CLAUDETTE COLBERT (1903-1996). Durant trois décennies, Claudette Colbert aura incarné le type même de la femme déterminée et indépendante, aussi rompue aux échanges verbaux de la screwball comedy (comédie loufoque) qu'aux embûches d'implacables mélos qu'elle surmontait toujours avec une rare élégance.. D'origine française, elle s'établit très jeune à New York avec s..." title="Article : CLAUDETTE COLBERT (1903-1996)" href="/encyclopedie/claudette-colbert/">Claudette Colbert</a>, Bing Crosby, Bob Hope. Elle dispose de plusieurs cinéastes experts en comédies à succès, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ERNST LUBITSCH (1892-1947). Si la plupart des grands cinéastes, à commencer par Charlie Chaplin , ont connu des moments difficiles au cours de leur carrière, Ernst Lubitsch est l'un des rares qui aient toujours eu du succès. Pas d'éclipse dans une trajectoire aussi heureuse que les films eux-mêmes. Peintre de la séduction, de l'élégance et du raffinement, ce cinéaste a ..." title="Article : ERNST LUBITSCH (1892-1947)" href="/encyclopedie/ernst-lubitsch/">Ernst Lubitsch</a>, Leo MacCarey, par la suite <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de PRESTON STURGES (1898-1959). Longtemps méconnue, l'œuvre du cinéaste Preston Sturges connaît une étrange et capricieuse destinée qui ne rend guère justice à l'auteur des plus flamboyantes comédies américaines des années 1940. Sturges fut en effet le créateur d'un monde peuplé de catastrophiques candides et de roués peu nocifs, de milliardaires et d'inventeurs, d'amoureu..." title="Article : PRESTON STURGES (1898-1959)" href="/encyclopedie/preston-sturges/">Preston Sturges</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de BILLY WILDER (1906-2002). De Vienne à Berlin, et de Berlin à Hollywood en passant par Paris, Billy Wilder a traversé l'histoire du cinéma en laissant derrière lui l'image d'un amuseur intelligent et sarcastique : on se répète ses bons mots, on sait mieux grâce à lui que « personne n'est parfait », mais aussi que la comédie mérite vraiment d'être prise au série..." title="Article : BILLY WILDER (1906-2002)" href="/encyclopedie/billy-wilder/">Billy Wilder</a>. Elle est très présente en Europe, dans l'exploitation, mais aussi avec des studios comme celui de Joinville-Saint-Maurice, en région parisienne, où elle tourne des films en versions multiples avant que les techniques de doublage soient mises au point. Très attentive aux compléments de programme, elle produit des courts-métrages dans ses studios new-yorkais, qui mettent à l'essai les acteurs recrutés au théâtre et à la radio, comme les Marx Brothers ou le duo Bing Crosby-Bob Hope. Elle collabore aussi avec le studio d'animation des frères Fleischer (Betty Boop, Popeye).</p><p>C'est la seule major qui ait investi dans la télévision à ses débuts – mais l'application des lois antitrust lui interdit de persévérer ; de même elle est affaiblie par les décisions qui imposent aux compagnies de se séparer de leur branche exploitation. La Paramount ayant été la plus combative sur ce dossier, l'arrêt de la Cour suprême porte son nom (<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="T050041_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="SAUVAGET, Daniel"><a title="Auteur : Daniel SAUVAGET" rel="author" href="/auteurs/daniel-sauvaget/"><strong>Daniel SAUVAGET</strong></a> : économiste, critique de cinéma </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : PARAMOUNT" href="/carte-mentale/paramount/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT050041_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Arts" href="/classification/arts/"> Arts </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Cinéma" href="/classification/arts/cinema/"> Cinéma </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire du cinéma" href="/classification/arts/cinema/histoire-du-cinema/"> Histoire du cinéma </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Hollywood" href="/classification/arts/cinema/histoire-du-cinema/hollywood/"> Hollywood </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Major companies"> <a title="Classification : Major companies" href="/classification/arts/cinema/histoire-du-cinema/hollywood/major-companies/"> Major companies </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT050041_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/gary-cooper/#c37288"> <span class="rg">COOPER </span><span class="pc">GARY </span><span class="rm">(1901-1961)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Joël MAGNY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 626 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : COOPER GARY (1901-1961)" href="/encyclopedie/gary-cooper/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="<it>Mensonges</it>, de Lewis Milestone - crédits : Paramount Pictures Corporation/ Collection privée" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/9/csm_ph070007_b32b1d01b7.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Cette prestation digne et émouvante vaut à Gary Cooper un engagement à la<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Major hollywoodienne, la Paramount est née en 1914 à l'initiative de William Hodkinson, qui met en place une société de distribution commune à quelques producteurs indépendants. Inventeur du célèbre logo montrant un sommet montagneux entouré d'étoiles, Hodkinson avait rassemblé notamment la Famous Players Film d'Adolph Zukor et la Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play, créée par Lasky et son b..." title="Article : PARAMOUNT" href="/encyclopedie/paramount/">Paramount</a> jusqu'en 1940. La légende veut qu'en signant son contrat, il se soit juré de ne jamais accepter d'incarner un personnage dont le comportement lui serait étranger. Par droiture sans doute, mais aussi parce qu'il sentait... </div> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT050041_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AMÉRICAIN CINÉMA" href="/index/cinema-americain/"> <span class="rg">AMÉRICAIN </span><span class="pc">CINÉMA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EXPLOITATION, cinéma" href="/index/exploitation-cinema/"> <span class="rg">EXPLOITATION, </span><em class="it">cinéma</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : STUDIO DE CINÉMA & DE TÉLÉVISION" href="/index/studio-de-cinema-et-de-television/"> <span class="rg">STUDIO DE CINÉMA & DE TÉLÉVISION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MAJOR COMPANIES" href="/index/major-companies/"> <span class="rg">MAJOR COMPANIES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CONGLOMÉRAT, économie" href="/index/conglomerat-economie/"> <span class="rg">CONGLOMÉRAT, </span><em class="it">économie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CINÉMA HISTOIRE DU" href="/index/histoire-du-cinema/"> <span class="rg">CINÉMA </span><span class="pc">HISTOIRE DU</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DISTRIBUTION, cinéma" href="/index/distribution-cinema/"> <span class="rg">DISTRIBUTION, </span><em class="it">cinéma</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MULTIMÉDIAS GROUPES" href="/index/groupes-multimedias/"> <span class="rg">MULTIMÉDIAS </span><span class="pc">GROUPES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ENTREPRISES HISTOIRE DES" href="/index/histoire-des-entreprises/"> <span class="rg">ENTREPRISES </span><span class="pc">HISTOIRE DES</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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