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<ul id="toc-February-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 April </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 May </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.6 June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.7 July </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.8 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_(early_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_(early_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.9 Attacks (early 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_(early_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_decline,_leadership_passes_from_Abu_Jaber_(late_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_decline,_leadership_passes_from_Abu_Jaber_(late_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Beginning of decline, leadership passes from Abu Jaber (late 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_decline,_leadership_passes_from_Abu_Jaber_(late_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_and_victory_in_Idlib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_and_victory_in_Idlib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Revival and victory in Idlib </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_and_victory_in_Idlib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020–2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020–2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 2020–2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020–2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ideology and governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology_and_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ideology and governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_Minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_Minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Protection of Minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_Minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Member groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Former groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Former leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Political relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Qaeda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Qaeda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Al-Qaeda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Qaeda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_Disputes_(2017–2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_Disputes_(2017–2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Initial Disputes (2017–2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_Disputes_(2017–2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_(since_2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_(since_2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Conflict (since 2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_(since_2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahrar_al-Sham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahrar_al-Sham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ahrar al-Sham </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahrar_al-Sham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_and_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_and_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Designation as a terrorist organization and sanctions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_and_sanctions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Designation as a terrorist organization and sanctions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_and_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HTS_Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTS_Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 HTS Response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTS_Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Foreign support </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign support subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tahrir al-Sham</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="هيئة تحرير الشام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيئة تحرير الشام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="তাহরির আল-শাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাহরির আল-শাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%CA%BCat_Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr_al-Sh%C4%81m" title="Hayʼat Taḥrīr al-Shām – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hayʼat Taḥrīr al-Shām" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хаят Тахрыр аш-Шам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хаят Тахрыр аш-Шам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Xam" title="Tahrir al-Xam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tahrir al-Xam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahr%C3%ADr_al-%C5%A0%C3%A1m" title="Tahrír al-Šám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tahrír al-Šám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai%CA%BEat_Tahrir_asch-Scham" title="Haiʾat Tahrir asch-Scham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haiʾat Tahrir asch-Scham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%81_%CE%B1%CE%BB-%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Χαγιάτ Ταχρίρ αλ-Σαμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαγιάτ Ταχρίρ αλ-Σαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="هیئت تحریر شام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیئت تحریر شام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Cham" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Cham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hayat Tahrir al-Cham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%98%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="레반트 자유인민위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레반트 자유인민위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tahrir al-Sham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tahrir al-Sham" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%90-%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9D" title="תחריר א-שאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחריר א-שאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tahrir al-Sham" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="هيئة تحرير الشام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيئة تحرير الشام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="タハリール・アル＝シャーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タハリール・アル＝シャーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تحریر الشام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تحریر الشام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajat_Tahrir_asz-Szam" title="Hajat Tahrir asz-Szam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hajat Tahrir asz-Szam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tahrir al-Sham" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al_Sham" title="Tahrir al Sham – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tahrir al Sham" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хайят Тахрир аш-Шам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хайят Тахрир аш-Шам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tahrir al-Sham" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ھەییەی تەحریر شام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەییەی تەحریر شام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Hayʼat Tahrir ash-Sham (Organization for the Liberation of the Levant)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">هيئة تحرير الشام</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayyat_Tahrir_al-Sham_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Hayyat_Tahrir_al-Sham_logo.jpg/200px-Hayyat_Tahrir_al-Sham_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Hayyat_Tahrir_al-Sham_logo.jpg/300px-Hayyat_Tahrir_al-Sham_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d8/Hayyat_Tahrir_al-Sham_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of Hayʼat Tahrir al-Sham</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Mohammad al-Julani</a> (military chief, official leader since October 2017)<a href="#cite_note-jaber-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-fate-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jaber_Shaykh" title="Abu Jaber Shaykh">Abu Jaber Shaykh</a> (Shura council leader, official leader until October 2017)<a href="#cite_note-new_entity-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-fate-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Abu Ubeidah al-Kansafra <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (top military commander)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 2017 – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="688" /> <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fateh_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fateh al-Sham">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Ahrar" title="Jaysh al-Ahrar">Jaysh al-Ahrar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Sunna.png/21px-Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Sunna.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Sunna.png/32px-Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Sunna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Sunna.png/41px-Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Sunna.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="274" /> <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Haqq_(Idlib)" title="Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)">Liwa al-Haqq</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement" title="Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement">Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement</a><a href="#cite_note-defect-5">[5]</a> (January–July 2017)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg/23px-Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg/35px-Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg/46px-Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="352" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (until 2018)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label">Syria Lebanon (until August 2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islamism">Sunni Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> interests<a href="#cite_note-s-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Salafi_activists" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-N-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a> (historical)<a href="#cite_note-N-11">[11]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">~31,000 (est. 2017)<a href="#cite_note-surfacing-12">[12]</a> 15,000–30,000 (est. 2018)<a href="#cite_note-Reality_Check_team_2019-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-inevitable-14">[14]</a> 12,000–15,000 (est. 2020)<a href="#cite_note-Reality_Check_2020-15">[15]</a> 15,000 (est. 2022)<a href="#cite_note-documents-dds-ny.un.org-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unified_Military_Council_(Idlib)" title="Unified Military Council (Idlib)">Unified Military Council (Idlib)</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Fateh_al-Mubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fateh al-Mubin">Al-Fateh al-Mubin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/33px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/44px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (allegedly)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li></ul> Non-state allies: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/WataniaTahrirFlag.png/20px-WataniaTahrirFlag.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/WataniaTahrirFlag.png/31px-WataniaTahrirFlag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/WataniaTahrirFlag.png/40px-WataniaTahrirFlag.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a> (sometimes)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ansar_al-Islam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="195" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam</a> (splinter faction)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Infobox_Ajnad_al-Kavkaz_flag.png/23px-Infobox_Ajnad_al-Kavkaz_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Infobox_Ajnad_al-Kavkaz_flag.png/35px-Infobox_Ajnad_al-Kavkaz_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Infobox_Ajnad_al-Kavkaz_flag.png/46px-Infobox_Ajnad_al-Kavkaz_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="260" /> <a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Soldiers of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png/20px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png/31px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png/40px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Muslim_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Muslim Brotherhood">Syrian Muslim Brotherhood</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Katiba Abd Ar-Rahman<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_the_Mountain_of_Islam_Battalion.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Mountain_of_Islam_Battalion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_the_Mountain_of_Islam_Battalion.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Mountain_of_Islam_Battalion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_the_Mountain_of_Islam_Battalion.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Mountain_of_Islam_Battalion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="857" /> Katibat Jabal al-Islam<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="533" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:JunudAlMakhdiFlag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JunudAlMakhdiFlag.png/25px-JunudAlMakhdiFlag.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JunudAlMakhdiFlag.png/38px-JunudAlMakhdiFlag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JunudAlMakhdiFlag.png/50px-JunudAlMakhdiFlag.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="576" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Katibat_al-Ghuraba_al-Turkestan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Katibat_al-Ghuraba_al-Turkestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Katibat_al-Ghuraba_al-Turkestan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Katibat_al-Ghuraba_al-Turkestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Katibat_al-Ghuraba_al-Turkestan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Katibat_al-Ghuraba_al-Turkestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Ghuraba_al-Turkistan" title="Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan">Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Logo_of_the_Army_of_Glory.png/20px-Logo_of_the_Army_of_Glory.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Logo_of_the_Army_of_Glory.png/30px-Logo_of_the_Army_of_Glory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Logo_of_the_Army_of_Glory.png/40px-Logo_of_the_Army_of_Glory.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="302" /> <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg/20px-Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg/30px-Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg/40px-Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1295" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> (sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-bbc_former_ally-34">[34]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Aknaf_Bait_al-Maqdis" title="Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis">Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data">State opponents <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-Hay'at_Tahrir_Al-Sham_(HTS):_Israel_Purposely_Choose_Ramadan_To_Attack_Aqsa_Mosque_To_Provoke_Muslims-36">[36]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-T-37">[37]</a></li></ul> Non-state opponents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Sayyid_al-Shuhada" title="Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada">Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Zainebiyoun" title="Liwa Zainebiyoun">Liwa Zainebiyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/WataniaTahrirFlag.png/20px-WataniaTahrirFlag.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/WataniaTahrirFlag.png/31px-WataniaTahrirFlag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/WataniaTahrirFlag.png/40px-WataniaTahrirFlag.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a> (sometimes)</li> <li>National Liberation Movement <ul><li>Men of God Brigade<a href="#cite_note-wordpress.com-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-wordpress.com1-39">[39]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg/20px-Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg/30px-Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg/40px-Logo_of_Ahrar_al-Sham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1295" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> (sometimes)<a href="#cite_note-bbc_former_ally-34">[34]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Hizb_ut-Tahrir.png/23px-Flag_of_Hizb_ut-Tahrir.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Hizb_ut-Tahrir.png/35px-Flag_of_Hizb_ut-Tahrir.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Hizb_ut-Tahrir.png/46px-Flag_of_Hizb_ut-Tahrir.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas" title="Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas">Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/25px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/38px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/50px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> (since 2020) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Guardians_Of_Religion_INFOBOX_flag.png/21px-Guardians_Of_Religion_INFOBOX_flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Guardians_Of_Religion_INFOBOX_flag.png/31px-Guardians_Of_Religion_INFOBOX_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Guardians_Of_Religion_INFOBOX_flag.png/41px-Guardians_Of_Religion_INFOBOX_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="266" /> <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War">Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsok-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_al-Fu%27ah_and_Kafriya" title="Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya">Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daraa offensive (February–March 2017)">Daraa offensive (February–March 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL Daraa offensive (February 2017)">ISIL Daraa offensive (February 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaboun offensive (February–March 2017)">Qaboun offensive (February–March 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Hama_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Hama offensive">2017 Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (June 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (June 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_spillover_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon">Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalamoun offensive (July–August 2017)">Qalamoun offensive (July–August 2017)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">Military intervention against ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Syria">American-led intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Syria">Russian military intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–present)">Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria insurgency (2017–present)">Eastern Syria insurgency (2017–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">2018 Southern Syria offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April-August_2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April-August 2019)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April-August 2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(October_2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (October 2021)">Idlib Governorate clashes (October 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_northern_Aleppo_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2022 northern Aleppo clashes">October 2022 northern Aleppo clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93November_2024)" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–November 2024)">Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–November 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Aleppo_offensive_(2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Aleppo offensive (2024)">Northwestern Aleppo offensive (2024)</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated as a terrorist group</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_and_sanctions">See section</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: هيئة تحرير الشام, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Hayʼat Taḥrīr aš-Šām<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> ''Organization for the Liberation of the Levant' or 'Levant Liberation Committee''),<a href="#cite_note-newsok-43">[43]</a> commonly referred to as Tahrir al-Sham, is a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> political and armed organisation involved in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. It was formed on 28 January 2017 as a merger between <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Ahrar" title="Jaysh al-Ahrar">Jaysh al-Ahrar</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> faction), <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fateh_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fateh al-Sham">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a> (JFS), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Haqq_(Idlib)" title="Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)">Liwa al-Haqq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement" title="Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement">Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-new_entity-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mona_Alami-49">[49]</a> The unification process was held under the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Jaber_Shaykh" title="Abu Jaber Shaykh">Abu Jaber Shaykh</a>, an Islamist commander who had been the second <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-new_entity-3">[3]</a> Proclaiming the nascent organisation as "a new stage in the life of the blessed revolution", Abu Jaber urged all factions of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> to unite under its Islamic leadership and wage a "popular <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>" to achieve the objectives of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian revolution</a>, which he characterised as the ouster of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist regime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> militants from <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syrian territories</a>, and the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Islamic government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> After the announcement, additional groups and individuals joined. The merged group has been primarily led by Jabhat Fatah al-Sham and former Ahrar al-Sham leaders, although the High Command also has representation from other groups.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters01-28-17-51">[51]</a> The Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement<a href="#cite_note-defect-5">[5]</a> split from Tahrir al-Sham in July 2017, and the Ansar al-Din Front in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-52">[52]</a> The formation of HTS was followed by a string of assassinations of its supporters. In response, HTS launched a successful crackdown on Al-Qaeda loyalists, which cemented its power in <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>. HTS has since been pursuing a "Syrianization" programme; focused on establishing a stable civilian administration that provides services and connects to humanitarian organizations in addition to maintaining law and order.<a href="#cite_note-Mona_Alami-49">[49]</a> Tahrir al-Sham's strategy is based on expanding its territorial control in Syria, establishing governance and mobilising popular support. In 2017, HTS permitted <a href="/wiki/Turkish_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish troops">Turkish troops</a> to patrol North-West Syria as part of a ceasefire brokered through the <a href="/wiki/Astana_Platform" title="Astana Platform">Astana negotiations</a>. Its policies have brought it into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Deen</a>, Al-Qaeda's Syrian wing.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> HTS had an estimated 6,000-15,000 members in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-documents-dds-ny.un.org-16">[16]</a> Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham gives allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a>, which is an alternative government of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> While the organisation officially adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> school; the High Council of Fatwa of the Syrian Salvation Government - to which it is religiously beholden - consists of <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> traditions as well. In its legal system and educational curriculum, HTS implements <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'ite</a> thought and teaches the importance of the four classical <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhahib</a> (schools of law) in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> As of 2021, HTS is considered the most powerful military faction within the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham-57">[57]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:whitesmoke; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Practices and concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(Chechnya)" title="Black Widow (Chechnya)">Shahidka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inghimasi" title="Inghimasi">Inghimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_video" title="Martyrdom video">Martyrdom video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">Beheading video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable jihadist organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgency in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in the West</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Islamic terrorism in the Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">Islamism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_extremism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist extremism in the United States">Jihadist extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters in Bosnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homegrown_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homegrown terrorism">Homegrown terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fateh_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fateh al-Sham">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/October_2016_Idlib_Governorate_clashes" title="October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes">October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Maarat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Maarat al-Nu'man">Second Battle of Maarat al-Nu'man</a></div> Al-Nusra/JFS co-operated with <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> for much of 2015–16. Leading Ahrar al-Sham cleric <a href="/wiki/Abu_Jaber" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Jaber">Abu Jaber</a> had long criticized al-Nusra's affiliation to al-Qaeda as setting back the cause of the rebels, and had also been the focus of attempts to unify Islamist rebel elements.<a href="#cite_note-Petkova_2018_After_Sochi-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-new_entity-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joscelyn_2016_unite_behind-59">[59]</a> He led a more Islamist and less nationalist faction within Ahrar al-Sham, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Ahrar" title="Jaysh al-Ahrar">Jaysh al-Ahrar</a>, which supported merger of Ahrar al-Sham with JFS. There were merger talks in late 2016, but these broke down. In early 2017 it <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">clashed</a> with rival Islamist groups in Idlib, in particular Ahrar al-Sham, but Jaish al-Ahrar detached itself from Ahrar al-Sham to merge with JFS in a new body.<a href="#cite_note-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> During its foundation declaration, Emir <a href="/wiki/Abu_Jaber_Shaykh" title="Abu Jaber Shaykh">Abu Jaber Shaykh</a> described the Levant Liberation Committee as "an independent entity" free from all the previous relations and allegiances by virtue of the unification.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> According to Syria analyst Charles Lister, Ahrar al-Sham lost some 800–1,000 defectors to HTS, but gained at least 6,000-8,000 more from the merger into its ranks of <a href="/wiki/Suqor_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Suqor al-Sham">Suqor al-Sham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Mujahideen">Jaish al-Mujahideen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fastaqim_Union" title="Fastaqim Union">Fastaqim Union</a> and the western Aleppo units of the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Front" title="Levant Front">Levant Front</a>, and the Idlib-based units of <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a>. JFS meanwhile lost several hundred fighters to Ahrar al-Sham, but gained 3,000-5,000 fighters from its merger with Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zinki, Liwa al-Haq, Jaish al-Sunna, and Jabhat Ansar al-Din into HTS.<a href="#cite_note-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control-60">[60]</a> Nour al-Din al-Zenki had at one time been supported by the US.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_power_(January-August_2017)">Consolidation of power (January-August 2017)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January">January</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham_fighters_in_Mushairfa,_northeastern_Hama.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham_fighters_in_Mushairfa%2C_northeastern_Hama.png/250px-Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham_fighters_in_Mushairfa%2C_northeastern_Hama.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham_fighters_in_Mushairfa%2C_northeastern_Hama.png/375px-Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham_fighters_in_Mushairfa%2C_northeastern_Hama.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham_fighters_in_Mushairfa%2C_northeastern_Hama.png/500px-Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham_fighters_in_Mushairfa%2C_northeastern_Hama.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Fighters of Tahrir al-Sham in the village of Mushairfa, northeast of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Hama_offensive_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Hama offensive (2017)">northeastern Hama offensive</a> in October 2017.</figcaption></figure> Throughout January fierce fighting had broken out between the JFS and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> loyalists of <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">JFS</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> merger to form Tahrir al-Sham (Syrian Liberation Committee) in January 28. Soon after the merger, Emir Abu Jaber Shaykh announced a ceasefire deal to unite all <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">opposition</a> militia factions into a central command. Some <a href="/wiki/Turkish-backed_Free_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army">Turkish-backed FSA</a> supporters pejoritavely named the newly formed organization "Hetish". The formation of HTS was described as a "reshaping of <a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Syrian Revolution">revolutionary</a> dynamics" that could change the balance of power in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> and also adversely affect the future prospects of Al-Qaeda in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-reshapes-63">[63]</a> During 2017-2019, HTS launched a series of crackdowns against Al-Qaeda loyalists; while concurrently carrying out military operations to dismantle cells linked to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (IS) group.<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[64]</a> On 30 January, it was reported by <a href="/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat" title="Asharq Al-Awsat">Asharq al-Awsat</a> that there were around 31,000 fighters in Tahrir al-Sham. Fighters of <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Ahrar" title="Jaysh al-Ahrar">Jaysh al-Ahrar</a>, a breakway faction of <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> militia, joined Tahrir al-Sham and increased its numbers.<a href="#cite_note-surfacing-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="February">February</h4></div> On 3 February, a US airstrike struck a Tahrir al-Sham headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Sarmin" title="Sarmin">Sarmin</a>, killing 12 members of HTS and <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Jund al-Aqsa</a>. 10 of the killed militants were HTS members.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-11_terrorists_killed-66">[66]</a> Civilians in the rebel regions that HTS controls have resisted it. On 3 February, hundreds of Syrians demonstrated under the slogan "There is no place for <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> in Syria" in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Nu'man">Maarat al-Nu'man</a> to protest against HTS. In response, supporters of HTS organized <a href="/wiki/Counter-protest" title="Counter-protest">counter-protests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Syria" title="Al-Dana, Syria">al-Dana</a>, Idlib, Atarib, and <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In Idlib pro- Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham protests were held waving pictures of its emir <a href="/wiki/Abu_Jaber" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Jaber">Abu Jaber</a> on 3 February 2017.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On 4 February 2017, a US airstrike killed former al-Qaeda commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hani_al-Masri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hani al-Masri (page does not exist)">Abu Hani al-Masri</a>, who was a part of Ahrar al-Sham at the time of his death. It was reported that he was about to defect to Tahrir al-Sham before his death.<a href="#cite_note-11_terrorists_killed-66">[66]</a> Around 8 February, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Maqdisi" title="Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi">Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi</a> confirmed that 2 senior Jabhat Fateh al-Sham leaders loyal to al-Qaeda, including former al-Nusra deputy leader <a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Oraydi" title="Sami al-Oraydi">Sami al-Oraydi</a>, left Tahrir al-Sham after its formation.<a href="#cite_note-formation-69">[69]</a> A speech was released by Abu Jaber on 9 February.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> He emphasized his group being an "independent entity" and praised his "brothers" in the "Syrian <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>" for their "heroic" resistance against <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'athist forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> and Russians. The statement urged all <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">opposition factions</a> to join forces with HTS and warned <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Syria">Syrian Sunnis</a>; asserting that Iran will "enslave the region" if the rebels lose the war.<a href="#cite_note-jaber-1">[1]</a> On 12 February, the Bunyan al-Marsous Operations Room, of which Tahrir al-Sham was a member, launched an <a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daraa offensive (February 2017)">offensive</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a>'s Manshiyah district. Tahrir al-Sham forces reportedly began the attack with 2 <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bomber">suicide bombers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> On 13 February, clashes erupted between the previously allied Tahrir al-Sham and <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Jund al-Aqsa</a>, also called Liwa al-Aqsa, in northern Hama and southern Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On 15 February, Ahrar al-Sham published an infographic on its recent defections, claiming that only 955 fighters had defected to Tahrir al-Sham.<a href="#cite_note-formation-69">[69]</a> On 22 February, the <a href="/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center" title="Combating Terrorism Center">Combating Terrorism Center</a> reported that Jabhat Fateh al-Sham had formed the Tahrir al-Sham group due to its fear of being isolated, and to counter Ahrar al-Sham's recent expansion during the clashes in the Idlib Province.<a href="#cite_note-formation-69">[69]</a> On 22 February, the last of Liwa al-Asqa's 2,100 militants left their final positions in <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a>, with unconfirmed reports in pro-government media that they were to join ISIL in the Ar-Raqqah Province after a negotiated withdrawal deal with Tahrir al-Sham and the Turkistan Islamic Party.<a href="#cite_note-leaves_for_Raqqa-74">[74]</a> Afterward, Tahrir al-Sham declared terminating Liwa al-Aqsa, and promised to watch for any remaining cells.<a href="#cite_note-declare_terminating-75">[75]</a> On 26 February, a US airstrike in Al-Mastoumeh, Idlib Province, killed <a href="/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri" title="Abu Khayr al-Masri">Abu Khayr al-Masri</a>, who was the deputy leader of al-Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-war-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-drone_strike-77">[77]</a> The airstrike also killed another Tahrir al-Sham militant.<a href="#cite_note-2_Tahrir_al-Sham_fighters_killed-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-AQ_deputy_killed2-79">[79]</a> Abu Khayr's death left HTS freer to move away from al-Qaeda's any remaining influence.<a href="#cite_note-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="March">March</h4></div> In early March 2017, local residents in the Idlib Province who supported FSA factions accused Tahrir al-Sham of doing more harm than good, saying that all they've done is "kidnap people, set up checkpoints, and terrorize residents."<a href="#cite_note-rally_against-80">[80]</a> On 16 March, a <a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">US airstrike</a> struck the village of al-Jinah, just southwest of <a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a>, killing at least 29 and possibly over 50 civilians; the US claimed the people targeted in the strike were "al-Qaeda militants" but the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> (SOHR), local residents and local officials have said that the building struck was a mosque filled with worshipers, which was subsequently confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LAtimes-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> On the morning of 21 March, according to pro-government media, a US drone strike in <a href="/wiki/Darkush" title="Darkush">Darkush</a>, Idlib Province, killed Abu Islam al-Masri, described as an Egyptian high-ranking HTS commander, and Abu al-'Abbas al-Darir, described as an Egyptian HTS commander;<a href="#cite_note-high_ranking_jihadist_killed-84">[84]</a> however, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a> reported that the commander killed was Sheikh Abu al-Abbas al-Suri.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> On 24 March, two <a href="/wiki/Flatbed_truck" title="Flatbed truck">flatbed trucks</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> and belonging to an <a href="/wiki/IHH_(Turkish_NGO)" title="IHH (Turkish NGO)">IHH</a>-affiliated Turkish relief organization were stopped at a HTS checkpoint at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Sarmada" title="Sarmada">Sarmada</a>. HTS then seized the trucks and the flour, which was intended for a <a href="/wiki/Bakery" title="Bakery">bakery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a>. The seizure caused 2,000 families in the area to be cut off from a free supply of <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April">April</h4></div> In April 2017, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a> attacked HTS and expelled it from the territories under its control in Eastern Ghouta.<a href="#cite_note-Petkova_2018-87">[87]</a> On 3 May, HTS arrested <a href="/wiki/Suhail_Muhammad_Hamoud" title="Suhail Muhammad Hamoud">Suhail Muhammad Hamoud</a>, "Abu <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW</a>", a former FSA fighter, in a house raid in Idlib. Earlier, al-Hamoud had published a photograph of him <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a> in front of a HTS billboard that <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_fatwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco fatwa">prohibited smoking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="May">May</h4></div> According to reports from pro-government <a href="/wiki/Al-Masdar_News" title="Al-Masdar News">Al-Masdar news</a>, on 20 May, the main faction of the Abu Amara Battalions joined Tahrir al-Sham, which "now boasts a fighting force of some 50,000 militants" according to one pro-government media source.<a href="#cite_note-joins-89">[89]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operations</a> unit of the Abu Amara Battalions based in Aleppo remained independent.<a href="#cite_note-all4syria.info-90">[90]</a> On 29 May, Tahrir al-Sham arrested opposition activist and FSA commander <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Baset_al-Sarout" title="Abdul Baset al-Sarout">Abdul Baset al-Sarout</a> after accusing him of participating in an anti-HTS protest in <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Nu'man">Maarat al-Nu'man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="June">June</h4></div> On 2 June 2017, defectors from the Northern Brigade's Commandos of Islam Brigade reportedly joined Tahrir al-Sham, although Captain Kuja, leader of the unit, stated that he is still part of the Northern Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July">July</h4></div> During 18–23 July, HTS launched a series of attacks on Ahrar al-Sham positions, which were quickly abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control-60">[60]</a> On 20 July 2017, the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement led by Sheikh Tawfiq Shahabuddin announced its withdrawal from Tahrir al-Sham amid <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">widespread conflict</a> between HTS and Ahrar al-Sham, and became an independent Islamist group.<a href="#cite_note-defect-5">[5]</a> On 23 July 2017, Tahrir al-Sham expelled the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> from Idlib, capturing the entire city<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> as well as 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> HTS was now the dominant armed group in opposition-held NW Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="August">August</h4></div> On 18 August 2017, Tahrir al-Sham captured 8 rebel fighters from the town of <a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a> after it accused them of wanting to return to Madaya during a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_ceasefires#Fifth_ceasefire_attempt_(July–August_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War ceasefires">ceasefire agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attacks_(early_2017)">Attacks (early 2017)</h4></div> Syrian intelligence commander <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Daaboul" title="Hassan Daaboul">Hassan Daaboul</a> was among the 40 assassinated by Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham, in twin bomb attacks at complexes of the <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Ba'athist secret police</a> in <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jihadism_in_Syria-97">[97]</a> The explosion killed Ibrahim Darwish, a Brigadier General and the state security branch's chief.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Abu Yusuf al-Muhajir, a Tahrir al-Sham military spokesman was interviewed by Human Voice on the bombings.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Twenty-six names were released.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> HTS leader Abu Mohammed al-Julani mentioned the Homs attack, stating that it was a message for the "defeatist politicians" to "step aside."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> It has been disputed that the raid resulted in the death of Ibrahim Darwish.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On 11 March 2017, Tahrir al-Sham carried out a <a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">twin bombing attack</a> in the Bab al-Saghir area of Damascus's Old City, killing 76 and wounding 120. The death toll included 43 Iraqi pilgrims, whom HTS claimed were "Iranian militias" supporting <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a>'s dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-twin_bombings-103">[103]</a> The attacks were at a shrine frequented by Shi'ite pilgrims and militiamen.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In a statement released the following day, Tahrir al-Sham stated that the attacks targeted <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>-backed militants fight on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> and condemned Khomeinist militants for ""killing and displacing" Syrians.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_decline,_leadership_passes_from_Abu_Jaber_(late_2017)">Beginning of decline, leadership passes from Abu Jaber (late 2017)</h3></div> From September to November 2017, there were a series of assassinations of HTS leaders, in particular foreign clerics associated with the most hardline elements, such as Abu Talha al-Ordini, Abu Abdulrahman al-Mohajer, Abu Sulaiman al-Maghribi, Abu Yahya al-Tunisi, Suraqa al-Maki and Abu Mohammad al-Sharii, as well as some local military leaders, including Abu Elias al-Baniasi, Mustafa al-Zahri, Saied Nasrallah and Hassan Bakour. There was speculation that the assassinations were carried out either by pro-Turkish perpetrators, given the hostility between Turkey and HTS in Idlib, or by supporters[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] of Jolani's attempt to turn the organization away from hardline Salafi-jihadi positions. There were also high-profile defections from HTS in the same period, including <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Muhaysini" title="Abdullah al-Muhaysini">Abdullah al-Muhaysini</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslah_al-Alyani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslah al-Alyani (page does not exist)">Muslah al-Alyani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_From_Within_|_Chatham_House_2017-106">[106]</a> In December, HTS arrested several prominent jihadi activists, former members of al-Nusra who remained loyal to al-Qaeda and rejected HTS's turn away from Salafi-jihadist positions. The move was interpreted as an attempt to re-establish as a more pragmatic, pan-Sunni group, with a civilian structure. Al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> denounced this turn.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_Deeply_2017_steps-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shelton_2017-108">[108]</a> HTS announced Abu Jaber's resignation as the group's leader on 1 October 2017. He was succeeded by Nusra Front founder <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu-Muhammad al-Julani</a>, who had already been the de facto military commander.<a href="#cite_note-Hashim_al-Sheikh-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_Deeply_4_Oct_2017-110">[110]</a> On 1 October 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">ibn Taymiyyah</a> Battalions based in the town of <a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a> defected from Tahrir al-Sham.<a href="#cite_note-ibn-111">[111]</a> In October 2017, Russia claimed to have injured Abu Mohammed al-Joulani in an air raid; HTS denied the claim.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Arab_2017_strike_injured-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_Deeply_4_Oct_2017-110">[110]</a> HTS established the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a> in Idlib, as a rival to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a> recognized by other rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Petkova_2018-87">[87]</a> In early 2018, there were reports that HTS had been significantly weakened, and now had "a small presence in Eastern Ghouta and declining influence in Idlib, northern Hama, and western Aleppo provinces", with just 250 men in Eastern Ghouta<a href="#cite_note-Petkova_2018-87">[87]</a> and a total of 12,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control-60">[60]</a> In February 2018, Tahrir al-Sham was accused of killing Fayez al-Madani, an opposition delegate tasked with negotiations with the government over <a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">electricity delivery</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>, in the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">al-Rastan</a>. Hundreds of people, including fighters of the Men of God Brigade, part of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a>'s National Liberation Movement group,<a href="#cite_note-wordpress.com-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-wordpress.com1-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> proceeded to demonstrate against HTS in the city on 13 February. In response, HTS withdrew from Rastan and handed over its headquarters in the city to the Men of God Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> loyalists formed the anti-HTS <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Religion_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardians of Religion Organization">Guardians of Religion Organization</a> (Hurras al-Din) in February 2018, establishing it as the successor group of <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> HTS was left excluded of the 24 February ceasefire agreement on Eastern Ghouta. In late February, a group of armed factions, including <a href="/wiki/Failaq_al-Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Failaq al-Rahman">Failaq al-Rahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a>, wrote to the UN declaring they were ready to "evacuate" remaining HTS fighters from Eastern Ghouta within 15 days.<a href="#cite_note-Petkova_2018-87">[87]</a> At the same time in Idlib Governorate, Ahrar al-Sham, Nour al-Din al-Zinki and Soqour al-Sham entered into <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">conflict with HTS</a>, taking significant territory.<a href="#cite_note-Petkova_2018-87">[87]</a> During late 2017 and early 2018, it co-operated with Turkey in Idlib, leading to deepening tensions between the more pragmatic leadership and more hardline (especially foreign fighters) elements hostile to working with Turkey. Some of the latter split in February 2018 to form <a href="/wiki/Huras_al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Huras al-Din">Huras al-Din</a>. The HTS leadership also cracked down on remaining ISIS splinter cells active in Idlib. By August, when HTS entered into (unsuccessful) negotiations with Russia and Turkey, HTS was estimated to have around 3,000–4,000 foreign fighters, including non-Syrian Arabs, out of a total of 16,000 HTS fighters. On 31 August, Turkey declared HTS a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-Petkova_2018_After_Sochi-58">[58]</a> In the summer of 2018, HTS strengthened its crackdown campaign against cells affiliated with IS organization in Idlib and Hama regions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_and_victory_in_Idlib">Revival and victory in Idlib</h3></div> In January 2019, HTS was able to seize dozens of villages from rivals, and afterwards, a deal was reached in which the civil administration was to be led by HTS in the whole rebel-held Idlib Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a>, HTS gained control of nearly the entire Idlib pocket, after defeating the Turkish-backed <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a>. Following their victory, Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham would immediately violate the ceasefire treaty brokered by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> by placing combat units in the demilitarized zone along the Idlib-Syrian Government border, and attack <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">SAA</a> encampments near the area. In response to these attacks, Syrian president Bashar al-Assad increased the number of troops garrisoned near Idlib, which some have argued is an impending renewed offensive in the region, following the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern Syria Campaign</a>, where pro-government forces retook the formerly rebel-controlled <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Duhur_Military_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Duhur Military Airbase">Abu al-Duhur Military Airbase</a> that was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">FSA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a> in 2015. In 2019, the U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary Defense <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mulroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Mulroy">Michael Mulroy</a> stated that "Idlib is essentially the largest collection of al Qaeda affiliates in the world."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On July 10–11, 57 pro-government fighters were killed when Tahrir al-Sham militants attacked Syrian positions near the fortified village of Hamamiyat. 44 militants were also killed.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> HTS successfully defended Idlib from 2019 to 2020 government offensives. During this period, HTS cemented its security partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020–2022">2020–2022</h3></div> On 1 March 2021 it was reported that Hayat Tahrir al-Sham intensified its campaign against al-Qaeda affiliate <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a> in Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-almcam-123">[123]</a> Since 2021, HTS has started implementing various reconstruction projects in areas under its control, with a focus on establishing civil institutions in opposition-held territories. These included the <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hawa_Border_Crossing" title="Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing">Bab al-Hawa</a> Industrial City project and re-opening of al-Ghazawiya crossing point to connect with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a> held territories.<a href="#cite_note-jusoor.co-124">[124]</a> After achieving stability in Idlib in 2021, HTS launched the policy of repatriating confiscated properties of minorities in North-West Syria. These also included the re-building of destroyed churches in Idlib. HTS commanders and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">SSG</a> officials have since initiated regular meetings to engage with priests and representatives the <a href="/wiki/Christians_in_syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christians in syria">Christian community</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported in January 2022 that the group was "trying to convince Syrians and the world that it is no longer as radical and repressive as it once was", voicing rhetoric about combating extremism, and shifting its focus to providing services to the refugees and residents of Idlib province through the Salvation Government.<a href="#cite_note-soften-1-2022-127">[127]</a> In 7 January, Abu Muhammad al-Joulani announced the inauguration of the Aleppo-Bab al-Hawa International Road, presenting the event as part of "a comprehensive plan.. to achieve development and progress for the region".<a href="#cite_note-jusoor.co-124">[124]</a> In August 2022, HTS ideologue <a href="/wiki/Abu_Maria_al-Qahtani" title="Abu Maria al-Qahtani">Abu Maria al-Qahtani</a> issued a statement demanding the dissolution of Al-Qaeda and urged all AQ branches to cut ties from the organization.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In 2022, HTS took a significant amount of territory and several key settlements during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">October 2022 Aleppo clashes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3></div> In 2023, it was reported that Western hostilities towards HTS have decreased, yet still marked by mutual rivalry due to conflict with <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> interests in the region.<a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group-129">[129]</a> In a speech before the revolutionary conference of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a> in May 2023, Joulani announced intentions to transform the strategic map of the conflict. Stating that Tahrir al-Sham has achieved remarkable military preparation, Joulani asserted that "<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> is the gate to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and it will be under focus for one or two years."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In May 2023, HTS and SDF announced separate proposals to host millions of <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a> stranded across the neighboring countries, following <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>'s reinstatement of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist regime">Assad government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In June 2023, Tahrir al-Sham and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> initiated formal diplomatic talks; concluding an agreement to initiate trade of fuel supplies between <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a>. The meetings had been ongoing in the backdrop of growing tensions between Turkey and SDF, and SDF's intention to deploy HTS as a check on the growing <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish influence in northern Syria</a>. For their part, HTS proposed joint <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counter-terrorism</a> efforts alongside SDF. Apart from economic co-operation, the talks also involved negotiations on political arrangements, such as prospects for a joint HTS-SDF civil administration in the event of potential expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">SNA</a> forces from North-West Syria.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024">2024</h3></div> In November the HTS launched the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Aleppo_offensive_(2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Aleppo offensive (2024)">Northwestern Aleppo offensive</a> reportedly capturing 11 towns and villages in western <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_governance">Ideology and governance</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Jaber_Shaykh" title="Abu Jaber Shaykh">Abu Jaber Shaykh</a>, a major scholarly leader and chief of Shura Council of Tahrir al-Sham, was arrested several times by the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Ba'athist regime</a>, which accused him of holding <a href="/wiki/Salafist_jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafist jihadist">Salafi-jihadist</a> beliefs. He was imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Sednaya_Prison" title="Sednaya Prison">Sednaya Prison</a> in 2005 and released among several jihadist prisoners in 2011 who would form several Salafist rebel groups during the Syrian Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-jaber-1">[1]</a> Abu Jaber has also professed a belief in "Popular Jihad", a bottom-to-top approach in which jihadists would win the hearts and minds of the people, before setting out to establish Islamic governance, after receiving enough popular support, which is notably the opposite of ISIL's "elite Jihad" top-to-bottom approach by a vanguard.<a href="#cite_note-al-Qaeda's_grand_plan-134">[134]</a> Ayman al-Tamimi of the <a href="/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center" title="Combating Terrorism Center">CTC</a> claimed in February 2017 that despite public statements by Tahrir al-Sham's leaders and partisans, the group at the time was mostly an al-Qaeda-aligned group.<a href="#cite_note-formation-69">[69]</a> On 18 June 2019, HTS released a statement offering condolences to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s former President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Morsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Morsi">Muhammad Morsi</a> upon his death in Egyptian custody.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In an interview given to the <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">PBS Frontline</a> documentarian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Smith_(documentarian)" title="Martin Smith (documentarian)">Martin Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Muhammad al-Joulani</a> stated regarding the religious doctrines and political goals of Tahrir al-Sham: <blockquote>"to limit the description of the HTS to only being a Salafist or jihadist, I believe, needs a long discussion. And I don’t want to comment on that now, because it would take a lot of research and study. We are trying today to talk about Islam in its real concept, the Islam that seeks to spread justice and aspires for building and for progress, and to protect women and preserve their rights, and for education as well. So if we agree that there’s an Islamic rule in the liberated areas, we say that there are universities, by Allah’s grace, full of students, two-thirds being female students. There are more than 450,000 to 500,000 students enrolled in schools. There are fully functioning hospitals in the liberated areas, and there are people working to build towns and pave roads. Others are trying to establish an economic system for people to live securely and peacefully. And there’s a judicial system that seeks to give people back their rights and not only to punish the wrongdoers.."<a href="#cite_note-Interview-Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani-136">[136]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3></div> Educational curricula of Tahrir al-Sham teaches the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'ite</a> school, the predominant mad'hab in Syria, and emphasizes the importance of the four traditional <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools of law</a> for ensuring Muslim unity. In theology, Tahrir al-Sham officially follows the <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> school, while also allowing <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arite</a> scholarship in educational institutes and co-operating with <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> run by Ash'ari <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imams</a>. As it consolidated power over the course of time, it also reduced its policy of <a href="/wiki/Hisbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisbah">moral policing</a>, arguing that such duties were the role of "relevant ministries of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">SSG</a>".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Commenting on the changes since 2020, a female <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> activist campaigning for women's issues stated: <blockquote>"Pressure on individual behaviour fell with the creation of HTS.. Before, it would have been inconceivable to imagine that women could talk about politics like this. The pressure to wear the full veil (<a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">niqab</a>) has also diminished... this situation is new. All the women wore the full veil after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">liberation of Idlib</a>. The current transformation exasperates religious hardliners, but more pressure cannot be exerted on society or it might get out of control."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_of_Minorities">Protection of Minorities</h3></div> In June 2022, HTS leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Muhammad al-Joulani</a> met with a delegation of Druze leaders and inaugurated a well-project that facilitated water supply to the Druze-majority villages of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Summaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal al-Summaq">Harim mountains</a>. At the event, Joulani assured the Druze leaders that he was committed to improving economic conditions in the region and expanding public services provided by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a>. The event was viewed by various Syrian observers as part of a public outreach programme of HTS with local Druze residents.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In 2022, Tahrir al-Sham permitted the re-opening of churches in <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib city</a>, enabling the Christian residents to celebrate Mass. After a meeting with members of Christian clergy and civil activists, Joulani announced his policy to "protect" Christian participation in their religious rites and celebrations. He also promised restoration of properties unjustly seized from Christian citizens. Al-Qaeda aligned <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a> condemned the move, accusing the Salvation Government of changing Idlib to be "less Muslim". In response, Tahrir al-Sham leaders maintained that <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law) safeguarded the rights of non-Muslim citizens to observe and teach their religious rites within their communities; arguing for the need for tolerance and peaceful relations between religious communities living in an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Hanna Celluf, Archpriest of 1000-year-old church in <a href="/wiki/Al-Quniyah" title="Al-Quniyah">Quniyah</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan order</a>, stated that Idlib residents have been free to practice their religious rites and expressed his pride in serving the Christians of Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to Public opinion) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protests_against_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government_at_Free_Aleppo_University.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Protests_against_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government_at_Free_Aleppo_University.png/220px-Protests_against_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government_at_Free_Aleppo_University.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Protests_against_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government_at_Free_Aleppo_University.png/330px-Protests_against_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government_at_Free_Aleppo_University.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Protests_against_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government_at_Free_Aleppo_University.png/440px-Protests_against_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government_at_Free_Aleppo_University.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Students of the Free Aleppo University in <a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Syria" title="Al-Dana, Syria">al-Dana</a> protest against the closure of several faculties by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a> which is affiliated with Tahrir al-Sham.</figcaption></figure> The ECHO Research Centre at <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian University</a> conducted an <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">opinion poll</a> on 4,858 residents in several areas of Syria between 10 July 2017 and 28 July 2017. According to the poll's results, 77% of those surveyed disagreed with the Salafist ideology Tahrir al-Sham and other Salafist groups promote in Idlib, 73% rejected HTS-affiliated local councils in Idlib, 66% thought that HTS is part of al-Qaeda in Syria, and 63% claimed that the dominance of HTS in Idlib could lead to a "second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">Tora Bora</a>". Of those who participated in the poll, nearly all of them (close to 100%) considered HTS to be contrary to the goals of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>, although they were split in its extent. 51% of them considered HTS to be contrary to the opposition since its inception, 42% considered HTS to be previously consistent with the opposition, but is no longer so, and 7% considered HTS to be a <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> organization.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_groups">Member groups</h3></div> The groups in italic are defectors from <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> which either left to join <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fateh_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fateh al-Sham">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a> in the last few days of its existence, or joined its successor group Tahrir al-Sham. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fateh_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fateh al-Sham">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a><a href="#cite_note-lma-145">[145]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a></li> <li>Syrian <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Union" title="Islamic Jihad Union">Islamic Jihad Union</a> (ex-Ansar Jihad)<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>Tawhid and Jihad Battalion ("<a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a>")<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>Army of Muhammad</li> <li>Jamaat al-Murabitin<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li>Supporters of Jihad<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>al-Ikhlas Brigade</li> <li>Mutah Brigade</li> <li>Ibn al-Qayyim Brigade</li> <li>al-Qaqa Islamic Brigade<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Haqq_(Idlib)" title="Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)">Liwa al-Haqq</a><a href="#cite_note-new_entity-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a> (Idlib and Aleppo)<a href="#cite_note-new_entity-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Mountain Lions Battalion<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li>Knights of the Caliphate Battalion<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Martyrs of Islam Front<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>Tawhid Battalion<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>Martyr Ibrahim Qabbani Battalion<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>Katibat Bayt al-Maqdis<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sham" title="Ansar al-Sham">Ansar al-Sham</a><a href="#cite_note-Ansar_al-Sham_joins_HTS-158">[158]</a></li> <li>Katibat al-Shahid Abu Usid.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li>Katibat Ashbal al-Sunnah<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>Kata'ib al-Sayf al-Umri<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li>Jabhat al-Sadiqin<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li>Liwa Ahl al-Sham<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li>Lightning Battalion<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>Katibat al-Siddiq<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>Abu Talhah al-Ansari Battalion<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>1st Regiment (Idlib)<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li>Special Forces Brigade<a href="#cite_note-longwarjournal.org-168">[168]</a> <ul><li>Inghimasi unit<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-longwarjournal.org-168">[168]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Movement of Mujahideen of the Sunnis of Iran<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li>Abu Amara Battalions (main unit)<a href="#cite_note-all4syria.info-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-joins-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Hani al-Nasr Brigade<a href="#cite_note-conflict-news.com-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Sham" title="Ajnad al-Sham">Ajnad al-Sham</a> (left in June 2017 to join <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a>, rejoined HTS in November 2017)<a href="#cite_note-almasdarnews.com-172">[172]</a></li> <li>Jaysh Usrah<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>Imarat Kavkaz<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li>Soldiers of the Epics<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>Army of Umar Ibn Khattab<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <ul><li>Army of Aleppo</li> <li>Army of Eastern Ghouta</li></ul></li> <li>Army of Abu Bakr as-Sadiq <ul><li>Army of Idlib</li> <li>Army of Al-Badia</li> <li>Army of Hama<a href="#cite_note-conflict-news.com-171">[171]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</a> Brigade</li> <li>Usud al-Harb Brigade</li> <li>Ahl al-Bayt Brigade</li> <li>al-Majd Brigade</li> <li>Lions of Islam Brigade Artillery and Infantry Battalion (<a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Sham" title="Junud al-Sham">Junud al-Sham</a> remnants)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Army of Uthman Ibn Affan <ul><li>Army of Al-Sham</li> <li>Army of Al-Hudud</li> <li>Army of Al-Sahi</li> <li>al-Quds Brigades</li> <li>Glory of Islam Brigade</li> <li>al-Noor Islamic Movement</li></ul></li> <li>Banners of Islam Movement</li> <li>Army of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghab_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ghab Plain">Al-Ghab Plain</a></li> <li>Army of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq</li> <li>Mountain Army</li> <li>Army of Omar bin al-Khattab</li> <li>Army of Othman bin Affan</li> <li>Aleppo City Battalion<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3></div> Since October 2017, the "general commander" or emir of Tahrir al-Sham is <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Mohammad al-Julani</a>, who is also Tahrir al-Sham's "military commander" and the emir of <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fateh_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fateh al-Sham">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a>, who also led its predecessor organisation <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>, the Syrian branch of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> until 2016.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Previously, the general commander of Tahrir al-Sham was Hashim al-Shaykh, also known as Abu Jaber, who was the leader of <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> between September 2014 and September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> On 1 October 2017, Abu Jaber resigned from his position as the general leader of Tahrir al-Sham and was replaced by Abu Mohammad al-Julan. Abu Jaber took another position as the head of HTS's Shura council.<a href="#cite_note-fate-2">[2]</a> Individuals in italic are defectors from <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a>, which either left to join <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fateh_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fateh al-Sham">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a> in the last few days of its existence, or directly joined Tahrir al-Sham. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jaber_Shaykh" title="Abu Jaber Shaykh">Abu Jaber</a> (emir, until October 2017)<a href="#cite_note-new_entity-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Mohammad al-Julani</a> (overall military commander, later emir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri" title="Abu Khayr al-Masri">Abu Khayr al-Masri</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (senior leader)<a href="#cite_note-eulogy-180">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Maria_al-Qahtani" title="Abu Maria al-Qahtani">Abu Maria al-Qahtani</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (senior leader)</li> <li>Abu Ahmed Zakour (general financer, left group in 2023)</li> <li>Abu Salih Tahan (military commander)<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a>* Abu Badr al-Hijazi (military commander)<a href="#cite_note-conflict-news.com-171">[171]</a></li> <li>Abu Abdel Ghani al-Hamawi (administrator)</li> <li>Abu Mohammad al-Shari <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li>Abu Taher al-Hamawi (sheikh)<a href="#cite_note-conflict-news.com-171">[171]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_groups">Former groups</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement" title="Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement">Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> Battalions (joined Ahrar al-Sham)<a href="#cite_note-ibn-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Ahrar" title="Jaysh al-Ahrar">Jaysh al-Ahrar</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Fajr_ash-Sham_al-Islamiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya">Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya</a> (became Ansar al-Din Front - Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya)<a href="#cite_note-auto9-52">[52]</a> <ul><li>al-Murabitin Battalion</li> <li>Osama Battalion</li> <li>Abu Ali Yemeni Battalion</li> <li>Abu Hilal Zitan Battalion</li></ul></li> <li>Former HTS groups that went to join the <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Religion_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardians of Religion Organization">Guardians of Religion Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <ul><li>Jaysh al-Badia</li> <li>Jaysh al-Malahim</li> <li>Jaysh al-Sahil</li> <li>Saraya al-Sahil</li> <li>Jund al-Sharia</li> <li>Siriyatan Kabil</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_leaders">Former leaders</h3></div> <ul><li>Tawfiq Shahabuddin (sheikh of the <a href="/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement" title="Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement">Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement</a>, which left HTS in July 2017)<a href="#cite_note-defect-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Muhaysini" title="Abdullah al-Muhaysini">Abdullah al-Muhaysini</a> (sheikh, left in September 2017)<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_relations">Political relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_Disputes_(2017–2019)">Initial Disputes (2017–2019)</h4></div> During its foundation declaration, the first Emir <a href="/wiki/Abu_Jaber_Shaykh" title="Abu Jaber Shaykh">Abu Jaber Shaykh</a> had described the Levant Liberation Committee as "an independent entity" free from all the previous relations and allegiances as a result of the newly formed union with various Syrian Islamic militias, thereby disassociating itself from previously dissolved factions such as the Al-Nusra Front.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Since officially disassociating from <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> in 2017, Tahrir al-Sham has formally established governance over many parts of North-West Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Ioanes-187">[187]</a> In November 2017, HTS launched a wide-scale crackdown on Al-Qaeda elements in Idlib and arrested prominent leaders from <a href="/wiki/AfPak" title="AfPak">Af-Pak region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Oraydi" title="Sami al-Oraydi">Sami al-Oraydi</a>. Emir <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> opposed the split of HTS from Al-Qaeda, stating that it was a treasonous act done without his consent and further denounced the clampdown on foreign Jihadist fighters through an audio-statement.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Several Al-Qaeda circles and supporters have also condemned Joulani and compared him to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> because of the group's <a href="/wiki/October_2016_Idlib_Governorate_clashes" title="October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes">conflicts</a> with other rebel groups, and have described him as an 'opportunist' as well as making claims that he is an agent of foreign powers.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflict_(since_2020)">Conflict (since 2020)</h4></div> After reaching a ceasefire deal brokered by Turkey, HTS turned its attention to destroying Al-Qaeda cells and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> remnants in <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group-129">[129]</a> Rivalry between Al-Qaeda aligned <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a> and Tahrir al-Sham had begun to escalate violently as early as December 2019. In February 2021, HTS intensified its fight against <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> cells by launching a large-scale crackdown that saw many military commanders and leaders of Hurras al-Din incarcerated.<a href="#cite_note-almcam-123">[123]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>-based academic Abbas Sharifeh, the measures were part of a strategy by HTS for governance consolidation: "Golani simply does not want any competitors in Idlib, especially from a jihadi current affiliated with al-Qaeda."<a href="#cite_note-almcam-123">[123]</a> By 2023 Tahrir al-Sham had eliminated most of the clandestine networks of Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, disarmed the militias and established total control over Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group-129">[129]</a> U.S. government accuses Tahrir al-Sham of working with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>'s Syrian branch on a covert level, despite its self-identification as a distinct organisation.<a href="#cite_note-eightyears-190">[190]</a> Some analysts assert that many of the group's senior figures, particularly Abu Jaber, held similarly extreme views.<a href="#cite_note-al-Qaeda's_grand_plan-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> However, Tahrir al-Sham has officially denied being part of al-Qaeda and said in a statement that the group is "an independent entity and not an extension of previous organizations or factions".<a href="#cite_note-jaber-1">[1]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani#Documentary" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">2021 interview to PBS News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Muhammad al-Julani</a> argued that financial co-operation with Al-Qaeda was necessary to defend Syrians from the tyranny of the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a>, and stated that "even at that time when we were with Al Qaeda, we were against external attacks".<a href="#cite_note-Interview-Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani-136">[136]</a> Clarifying the reasons behind the termination of relations with Al-Qaeda, Julani said: <blockquote>"[W]hen we saw that the interest of the revolution and the interest of the <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">people of Syria</a> was also to break up from [the] Al Qaeda organization, we initiated this ourselves without pressure from anybody, without anybody talking to us about it or requesting anything. It was an individual, personal initiative based on what we thought was in the public interest that benefits the <a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Syrian Revolution">Syrian revolution</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Interview-Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani-136">[136]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahrar_al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razzaq_al-Mahdi" title="Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi">Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi</a>, who was a leading scholar in Tahrir al-Sham, the groups do not particularly hate one another in the political or social battlefield. Certain members, however, do believe that a war between the two would be possible, since Ahrar al-Sham's attendance at the Astana talks labels it as a "moderate" faction, often seen as blasphemy within groups such as Tahrir al-Sham.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In February 2018 <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement" title="Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement">Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement</a> merged and formed the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front" title="Syrian Liberation Front">Syrian Liberation Front</a> then launched an <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(February_2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (February 2018)">offensive</a> against Tahrir al-Sham seizing several villages and the city of <a href="/wiki/Maarrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarrat al-Nu'man">Maarrat al-Nu'man</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designation_as_a_terrorist_organization_and_sanctions">Designation as a terrorist organization and sanctions</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>Country </td> <td>Date </td> <td>References </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>31 May 2018 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017-2021.state.gov-193">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>23 May 2018 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Government_of_Canada-194">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>31 August 2018 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>7 April 2022 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </td> <td>September 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The US embassy in Syria, which had suspended operations in February 2012, confirmed in May 2017 that HTS had been <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">designated a terrorist organization</a> in March 2017. A US State Department spokesperson further stated that a review of HTS's internal mechanisms was being conducted to analyse "the issue carefully".<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In May 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> formally added HTS to its list of "<a href="/wiki/Foreign_terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign terrorist organization">Foreign Terrorist Organizations</a>" (FTO).<a href="#cite_note-2017-2021.state.gov-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ioanes-187">[187]</a> The United States officially confirmed in June 2023 that HTS leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Joulani</a> had severed links to Al-Qaeda in 2016, while sanctioning individuals known to finance HTS. These included Abu Ahmed Zakour, a member of HTS's <a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis ash-Shura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> designated Tahrir al-Sham as a terrorist organization on 23 May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_Canada-194">[194]</a> In August 2018, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> designated Tahrir al-Sham as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-201">[201]</a> Despite this, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish army</a> has pursued strategic co-operation with HTS, viewing them as allies in the fight against Al-Qaeda and Islamic State remnants. Since the objective of Tahrir al-Sham was defending <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Baathist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Baathist Syria">Baathist regime</a> and consolidating governance, it became a party to several ceasefire agreements brokered by Turkey. Following the ceasefire deal in March 2020, HTS turned its focus to eradicating independent militias and hardline Jihadist factions in Idlib. Within a few weeks it was able to dismantle all the Al-Qaeda networks and eventually succeeded in achieving undisputed control of Idlib by subduing or co-opting other rebel factions.<a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTS_Response">HTS Response</h3></div> In response to the American designation of HTS as a terrorist organisation; Abu Muhammad al-Julani, distancing himself from past involvement with Al-Qaeda, stated in a 2021 interview to <a href="/wiki/PBS_Frontline" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Frontline">PBS Frontline</a>: <blockquote>"Our message to them is brief. We here do not pose any threat to you, so there is no need for you to classify people as terrorists and announce rewards for killing them. And also, all that does not affect the <a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian revolution</a> negatively. This is the most important message. The second message is that the <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American policies</a> in the region, and in Syria in particular, are incorrect policies that require huge amendments... What we might have in common would be putting an end to the <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">humanitarian crisis</a> and suffering that is going on in the region, and putting an end to the masses of <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">refugees</a> that flee to Turkey or to Europe and create huge issues, either for the Syrian people, who are being displaced all over Europe, or for the <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> themselves.. This is the issue that we can cooperate the most on, by helping people stay here, by providing them with a dignified life here, in the region, or by liberating the lands of these people so that they can return to their homes, instead of having Russia or the Iranian militias push them to flee abroad."<a href="#cite_note-Interview-Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_support">Foreign support</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div> In 2018, Turkey designated Tahrir al-Sham as a terrorist organization and the Al-Nusra Front in 2014. The Turkish government once said it was opposed to Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), and had fought with it and declared it a terrorist organisation, and HTS's <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a> was a direct challenge to the Turkish-backed <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cling-203">[203]</a> However, since 2017 there have been times HTS, and in particular its pragmatic faction around Abu Muhammed al-Jolani, has fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Turkish-backed_Free_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army">SNA</a> which is backed and funded by Turkey, has not stopped Turkey from setting up several <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">observation posts</a> in its controlled territory in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>, and has joined joint operations rooms with Turkish-backed groups while preserving its autonomy. The <a href="/wiki/Clingendael_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Clingendael Institute">Clingendael Institute</a> in November 2019 has described the Turkish policy since 2018 as attempting to divide the pragmatic elements from the hardline elements within HTS.<a href="#cite_note-Cling-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War">Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War">List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Syria" title="List of terrorist incidents in Syria">List of terrorist incidents in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Idlib" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Idlib">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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MENA. 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affiliation+with+Tahrir+Al-Sham%3B+Reasons+and+Motives+II&rft.pub=MENA&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmena-studies.org%2Faffiliation-with-tahrir-al-sham-reasons-and-motives-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre" class="citation web cs1">Pierre, Boussel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frstrategie.org/en/publications/notes/new-age-armed-groups-middle-east-2022">"The new age of armed groups in the Middle East"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Strategic_Research" title="Foundation for Strategic Research">Foundation for Strategic Research</a>. Retrieved 13 December 2022. <q>Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) is part of the neo-Islamist lineage which, without compromising on the Salafist exegesis, bases its action on the general interest (al-masa'il al-mursala).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+new+age+of+armed+groups+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Strategic+Research&rft.aulast=Pierre&rft.aufirst=Boussel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frstrategie.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fnotes%2Fnew-age-armed-groups-middle-east-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTammy" class="citation news cs1">Tammy, Lynn Palacios. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/hayat-tahrir-al-shams-top-down-disassociation-from-al-qaeda-in-syria/">"Hayat Tahrir al-Sham's Top-Down Disassociation from al-Qaeda in Syria"</a>. Jamestown. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Hayat+Tahrir+al-Sham%27s+Top-Down+Disassociation+from+al-Qaeda+in+Syria&rft.aulast=Tammy&rft.aufirst=Lynn+Palacios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fhayat-tahrir-al-shams-top-down-disassociation-from-al-qaeda-in-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-surfacing-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-surfacing_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-surfacing_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRida2017" class="citation web cs1">Rida, Nazeer (30 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215122504/http://english.aawsat.com/2017/01/article55366551/syria-surfacing-haiat-tahrir-al-sham-threatens-truce">"Syria: Surfacing of 'Hai'at Tahrir al-Sham' Threatens Truce"</a>. Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aawsat.com/2017/01/article55366551/syria-surfacing-haiat-tahrir-al-sham-threatens-truce">the original</a> on 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Surfacing+of+%27Hai%27at+Tahrir+al-Sham%27+Threatens+Truce&rft.pub=Asharq+Al-Awsat&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Rida&rft.aufirst=Nazeer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2F2017%2F01%2Farticle55366551%2Fsyria-surfacing-haiat-tahrir-al-sham-threatens-truce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reality_Check_team_2019-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Reality_Check_team_2019_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReality_Check_team2019" class="citation web cs1">Reality Check team (22 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45401474">"Syria: Who's in control of Idlib?"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727020858/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45401474">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Who%27s+in+control+of+Idlib%3F&rft.date=2019-06-22&rft.au=Reality+Check+team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-45401474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inevitable-14"><a href="#cite_ref-inevitable_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Macaron2018" class="citation web cs1">Joe Macaron (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/confrontation-idlib-remains-inevitable-181017083159556.html">"A confrontation in Idlib remains inevitable"</a>. Al-Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027004204/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/confrontation-idlib-remains-inevitable-181017083159556.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+confrontation+in+Idlib+remains+inevitable&rft.pub=Al-Jazeera&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.au=Joe+Macaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2Fconfrontation-idlib-remains-inevitable-181017083159556.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reality_Check_2020-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Reality_Check_2020_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulfiqar_Ali2020" class="citation web cs1">Zulfiqar Ali (18 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45401474">"Syria: Who's in control of Idlib?"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Who%27s+in+control+of+Idlib%3F&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft.au=Zulfiqar+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-45401474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-documents-dds-ny.un.org-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-documents-dds-ny.un.org_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-documents-dds-ny.un.org_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/416/14/PDF/N2141614.pdf?OpenElement">"Ods Home Page"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ods+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN21%2F416%2F14%2FPDF%2FN2141614.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraihat,_AlijlaGrant-Brook2023" class="citation book cs1">Fraihat, Alijla, Ibrahim, Abdalhadi; Grant-Brook, William (2023). "The State in Idlib: Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham and Complexity Amid the Syrian Civil War". Rebel Governance in the Middle East. palgrave macmillan. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-99-1335-0">10.1007/978-981-99-1335-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-99-1334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-99-1334-3"><bdi>978-981-99-1334-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264040574">264040574</a>. <q>HTS's most important foreign relationship at present is with Ankara. HTS has a close relationship with its northern neighbour, allowing Turkish soldiers' presence in Idlib to uphold an unstable stalemate with Assad's forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+State+in+Idlib%3A+Hay%E2%80%99at+Tahrir+al-Sham+and+Complexity+Amid+the+Syrian+Civil+War&rft.btitle=Rebel+Governance+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=palgrave+macmillan&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A264040574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-99-1335-0&rft.isbn=978-981-99-1334-3&rft.aulast=Fraihat%2C+Alijla&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim%2C+Abdalhadi&rft.au=Grant-Brook%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamming2022" class="citation book cs1">Hamming, Tore (2022). Jihadi Politics: The Global Jihadi Civil War, 2014–2019. London, UK: Hurst publishers. pp. 48, 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787387027" title="Special:BookSources/9781787387027"><bdi>9781787387027</bdi></a>. <q>Ahrar al-Sham (and later HTS) established close relations with Turkey. ... In Syria, Turkey managed to establish close relations first with Ahrar al-Sham and subsequently with HTS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihadi+Politics%3A+The+Global+Jihadi+Civil+War%2C+2014%E2%80%932019&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=48%2C+396&rft.pub=Hurst+publishers&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781787387027&rft.aulast=Hamming&rft.aufirst=Tore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIddon2021" class="citation news cs1">Iddon, Paul (5 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218032657/https://ahvalnews.com/hts/are-turkey-and-islamist-hts-group-syrias-idlib-allies">"Are Turkey and the Islamist HTS group in Syria's Idlib allies?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/hts/are-turkey-and-islamist-hts-group-syrias-idlib-allies">the original</a> on 18 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Are+Turkey+and+the+Islamist+HTS+group+in+Syria%27s+Idlib+allies%3F&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.aulast=Iddon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahvalnews.com%2Fhts%2Fare-turkey-and-islamist-hts-group-syrias-idlib-allies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307180851/https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterranean-mena/syria/239-containing-transnational-jihadists-syrias">"Containing Transnational Jihadists in Syria's North West"</a>. International Crisis Group. 7 March 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterranean-mena/syria/239-containing-transnational-jihadists-syrias">the original</a> on 7 March 2023. <q>..HTS declared that only it or al-Fatah al-Mubin, which it leads together with Turkish-backed factions (though it is the dominant force), could conduct military operations in Idlib.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Containing+Transnational+Jihadists+in+Syria%27s+North+West&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Feast-mediterranean-mena%2Fsyria%2F239-containing-transnational-jihadists-syrias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npasyria.com/en/105112/">"SNA factions, HTS clash over crossing in Syria's Jarabulus"</a>. 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SNA+factions%2C+HTS+clash+over+crossing+in+Syria%27s+Jarabulus&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpasyria.com%2Fen%2F105112%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2023/09/tahrir-al-sham-tests-turkey-over-a-strategic-crossing-ankara-halts-hts-greed/">"Tahrir al-Sham tests Turkey over a strategic crossing; Ankara halts HTS greed"</a>. 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tahrir+al-Sham+tests+Turkey+over+a+strategic+crossing%3B+Ankara+halts+HTS+greed&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2023%2F09%2Ftahrir-al-sham-tests-turkey-over-a-strategic-crossing-ankara-halts-hts-greed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosnowski2023" class="citation book cs1">Sosnowski, Marika (2023). 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Cambridge CB2 8EA, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-34722-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-34722-8"><bdi>978-1-009-34722-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redefining+Ceasefires%3A+Wartime+Order+and+Statebuilding+in+Syria&rft.place=Cambridge+CB2+8EA%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-34722-8&rft.aulast=Sosnowski&rft.aufirst=Marika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawaf_Obaid2018" class="citation web cs1">Nawaf Obaid (15 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/08/15/trump-will-regret-changing-his-mind-about-qatar/">"Trump Will Regret Changing His Mind About Qatar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. 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Retrieved 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tarkhan%27s+Jamaat+%28Katiba+%C4%B0bad+ar-Rahman%29+Fighting+In+Hama+Alongside+Muslim+Shishani&rft.pub=Chechens+in+Syria&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chechensinsyria.com%2F%3Fp%3D25655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/kyrgyz/world-47025212">"Борбор азиялык жихадчылар "Аль-Каидага" ант беришти"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (in Kyrgyz). 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Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Detailed+Information+%26+Interview+With+Newly-Formed+Tatar+Group+Junud+Al-Makhdi+Whose+Amir+Trained+In+North+Caucasus+With+Khattab&rft.date=2016-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chechensinsyria.com%2F%3Fp%3D25129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/foreign-jihadists-advertise-role-in-latakia-fighting.php">"Foreign jihadists advertise role in Latakia fighting - The Long War Journal"</a>. 11 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915103030/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/foreign-jihadists-advertise-role-in-latakia-fighting.php">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2016. 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Retrieved 24 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moderate+Rebels%3A+A+Growing+List+of+Vetted+Groups+Fielding+BGM-71+TOW+Anti-Tank+Guided+Missiles&rft.pub=Hasan+Mustafa&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhasanmustafas.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F05%2F08%2Fthe-moderate-rebels-a-complete-and-growing-list-of-vetted-groups-fielding-tow-missiles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/19/idlib-faces-a-fearsome-future-islamist-rule-or-mass-murder-syria-civil-war-hayat-tahrir-al-sham/">"Idlib Faces a Fearsome Future: Islamist Rule or Mass Murder"</a>. 19 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920055615/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/19/idlib-faces-a-fearsome-future-islamist-rule-or-mass-murder-syria-civil-war-hayat-tahrir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Idlib+Faces+a+Fearsome+Future%3A+Islamist+Rule+or+Mass+Murder&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F09%2F19%2Fidlib-faces-a-fearsome-future-islamist-rule-or-mass-murder-syria-civil-war-hayat-tahrir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syrian-mirror.net/ar/%d9%87%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%ba%d8%aa-%d9%84%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a8/">"هجوم مباغت لهيئة تحرير الشام في ريف حلب يسفر عن مقتل 10 عناصر من ميليشيا النجباء العراقية"</a>. 12 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610070915/https://syrian-mirror.net/ar/%d9%87%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%ba%d8%aa-%d9%84%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a8/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA+%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81+%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8+%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+10+%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyrian-mirror.net%2Far%2F%25d9%2587%25d8%25ac%25d9%2588%25d9%2585-%25d9%2585%25d8%25a8%25d8%25a7%25d8%25ba%25d8%25aa-%25d9%2584%25d9%2587%25d9%258a%25d8%25a6%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25aa%25d8%25ad%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d8%25b1-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b4%25d8%25a7%25d9%2585-%25d9%2581%25d9%258a-%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d9%2581-%25d8%25ad%25d9%2584%25d8%25a8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38966601">"Syria war: 'Dozens killed' as jihadists clash in Idlib"</a>. BBC News. 14 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018121613/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38966601">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+war%3A+%27Dozens+killed%27+as+jihadists+clash+in+Idlib&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-38966601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsok-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newsok_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsok_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMroue2017" class="citation news cs1">Mroue, Bassem (14 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309231239/http://newsok.com/clashes-between-2-extremist-groups-kill-scores-in-syria/article/feed/1167334">"Clashes between 2 extremist groups kill scores in Syria"</a>. Associated Press. Beirut. 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Retrieved 20 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Clashes+between+2+extremist+groups+kill+scores+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.aulast=Mroue&rft.aufirst=Bassem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsok.com%2Fclashes-between-2-extremist-groups-kill-scores-in-syria%2Farticle%2Ffeed%2F1167334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron_Lund2018" class="citation news cs1">Aron Lund (23 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2018/02/23/understanding-eastern-ghouta-syria">"Understanding Eastern Ghouta in Syria"</a>. New Humanitarian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Understanding+Eastern+Ghouta+in+Syria&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft.au=Aron+Lund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Fanalysis%2F2018%2F02%2F23%2Funderstanding-eastern-ghouta-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eldorar.com/node/121138">""Liberation Sham" Tdk sites of the regime north of Homs .. And suffered losses (Photos)"</a>. El-Dorar al-Shamia. 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El-Dorar+al-Shamia&rft.atitle=%22Liberation+Sham%22+Tdk+sites+of+the+regime+north+of+Homs+..+And+suffered+losses+%28Photos%29&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feldorar.com%2Fnode%2F121138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Monitoring2017" class="citation news cs1">BBC Monitoring (12 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38934206">"Tahrir al-Sham: Al-Qaeda's latest incarnation in Syria"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925200450/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38934206">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tahrir+al-Sham%3A+Al-Qaeda%27s+latest+incarnation+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft.au=BBC+Monitoring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-38934206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrevon,_Haenni2021" class="citation book cs1">Drevon, Haenni, Jerome, Patrick (2021). "Abstract". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/69795/RSC%202021_08-EN.pdf">How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where it Leads: The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria</a> (PDF). I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy: European University Institute. pp. v. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-3625">1028-3625</a>. <q>HTS's domination was followed by a policy of gradual opening and mainstreamisation. The group has had to open up to local communities and make concessions, especially in the religious sphere. HTS is seeking international acceptance with the development of a strategic partnership with Turkey and desires to open dialogue with Western countries. Overall, HTS has transformed from formerly being a salafi jihadi organisation into having a new mainstream approach to political Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abstract&rft.btitle=How+Global+Jihad+Relocalises+and+Where+it+Leads%3A+The+Case+of+HTS%2C+the+Former+AQ+Franchise+in+Syria&rft.place=I+%E2%80%93+50014+San+Domenico+di+Fiesole+%28FI%29%2C+Italy&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=European+University+Institute&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1028-3625&rft.aulast=Drevon%2C+Haenni&rft.aufirst=Jerome%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F69795%2FRSC%25202021_08-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Zelin2022" class="citation book cs1">Y. 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Syria Call. 9 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213075603/http://www.nedaa-sy.com/en/news/4175">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Call&rft.atitle=New+component+split+from+%22Hay%27at+Tahrir+al-Sham%22&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnedaa-sy.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F4175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsurkov2020" class="citation web cs1">Tsurkov, Elizabeth (10 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020822/https://ecfr.eu/special/mena-armed-groups/hayat-tahrir-al-sham-syria/">"Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (Syria)"</a>. ECFR. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfr.eu/special/mena-armed-groups/hayat-tahrir-al-sham-syria/">the original</a> on 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ECFR&rft.atitle=Hayat+Tahrir+al-Sham+%28Syria%29&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Tsurkov&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfr.eu%2Fspecial%2Fmena-armed-groups%2Fhayat-tahrir-al-sham-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2017/09/syrian-general-conference-faces-interim-government-idlib/">"The Syrian General Conference Faces the Interim Government in Idlib"</a>. Enab Baladi. 18 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123205055/http://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2017/09/syrian-general-conference-faces-interim-government-idlib/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Syrian+General+Conference+Faces+the+Interim+Government+in+Idlib&rft.pub=Enab+Baladi&rft.date=2017-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2017%2F09%2Fsyrian-general-conference-faces-interim-government-idlib%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaam.org/news/syria-news/تعريف-بالاسم-وكامل-التفاصيل-لـ-11-وزيراً-في-حكومة-الإنقاذ-في-الداخل-السوري.html">Syria news</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009124057/http://www.shaam.org/news/syria-news/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%80-11-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A.html">Archived</a> 9 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Shaam network </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrevon,_Haenni2021" class="citation book cs1">Drevon, Haenni, Jerome, Patrick (2021). "II: The Political Deprogramming of the Radical Emirate". How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where it Leads: The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria. I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy: European University Institute: European University Institute. pp. 12–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-3625">1028-3625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II%3A+The+Political+Deprogramming+of+the+Radical+Emirate&rft.btitle=How+Global+Jihad+Relocalises+and+Where+it+Leads%3A+The+Case+of+HTS%2C+the+Former+AQ+Franchise+in+Syria&rft.place=I+%E2%80%93+50014+San+Domenico+di+Fiesole+%28FI%29%2C+Italy%3A+European+University+Institute&rft.pages=12-20&rft.pub=European+University+Institute&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1028-3625&rft.aulast=Drevon%2C+Haenni&rft.aufirst=Jerome%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171744/https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/hayat-tahrir-al-sham">"Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham"</a>. Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/hayat-tahrir-al-sham">the original</a> on 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+University&rft.atitle=Hay%27at+Tahrir+al-Sham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcisac.fsi.stanford.edu%2Fmappingmilitants%2Fprofiles%2Fhayat-tahrir-al-sham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petkova_2018_After_Sochi-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petkova_2018_After_Sochi_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petkova_2018_After_Sochi_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetkova2018" class="citation news cs1">Petkova, Mariya (25 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/turkey-idlib-180924191442969.html">"After the Sochi agreement, HTS is facing internal divisions"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181217235116/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/turkey-idlib-180924191442969.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=After+the+Sochi+agreement%2C+HTS+is+facing+internal+divisions&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft.aulast=Petkova&rft.aufirst=Mariya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2Fturkey-idlib-180924191442969.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joscelyn_2016_unite_behind-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Joscelyn_2016_unite_behind_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoscelyn2016" class="citation web cs1">Joscelyn, Thomas (20 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/02/zleppo-based-rebel-groups-unite-behind-ahrar-al-sham-former-top-leader.php">"Aleppo-based rebel groups reportedly unite behind Ahrar al Sham's former top leader"</a>. FDD's Long War Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828090713/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/02/zleppo-based-rebel-groups-unite-behind-ahrar-al-sham-former-top-leader.php">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDD%27s+Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Aleppo-based+rebel+groups+reportedly+unite+behind+Ahrar+al+Sham%27s+former+top+leader&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=Joscelyn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2016%2F02%2Fzleppo-based-rebel-groups-unite-behind-ahrar-al-sham-former-top-leader.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West_Point_2018_How_al-Qa`ida_Lost_Control_60-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Lister2018" class="citation web cs1">Charles Lister (15 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctc.usma.edu/al-qaida-lost-control-syrian-affiliate-inside-story/">"How al-Qa'ida Lost Control of its Syrian Affiliate: The Inside Story – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point"</a>. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201145330/https://ctc.usma.edu/al-qaida-lost-control-syrian-affiliate-inside-story/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Combating+Terrorism+Center+at+West+Point&rft.atitle=How+al-Qa%27ida+Lost+Control+of+its+Syrian+Affiliate%3A+The+Inside+Story+%E2%80%93+Combating+Terrorism+Center+at+West+Point&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.au=Charles+Lister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.usma.edu%2Fal-qaida-lost-control-syrian-affiliate-inside-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoscelyn2017" class="citation web cs1">Joscelyn, Thomas (10 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211001547/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/hayat-tahrir-al-sham-leader-calls-for-unity-in-syrian-insurgency.php">"Hay'at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for 'unity' in Syrian insurgency"</a>. Long Wars Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/hayat-tahrir-al-sham-leader-calls-for-unity-in-syrian-insurgency.php">the original</a> on 11 February 2017. <q>The new formation was announced on 28 January 2017. He emphasizes that HTS "is an independent entity and not an extension of previous organizations or factions." Instead, he claims, "it is a merger where all factions and titles were dissolved and disintegrated."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Long+Wars+Journal&rft.atitle=Hay%27at+Tahrir+al+Sham+leader+calls+for+%27unity%27+in+Syrian+insurgency&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Joscelyn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2017%2F02%2Fhayat-tahrir-al-sham-leader-calls-for-unity-in-syrian-insurgency.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/terror-list-omission-1.4114621">"Why Syria's al-Qaeda affiliate is no longer on Canada's terror list"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706115740/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/terror-list-omission-1.4114621">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Syria%27s+al-Qaeda+affiliate+is+no+longer+on+Canada%27s+terror+list&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fterror-list-omission-1.4114621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reshapes-63"><a href="#cite_ref-reshapes_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle_Orton2017" class="citation web cs1">Kyle Orton (6 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210104907/http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/06/analysis-al-qaeda-reshapes-the-insurgency-in-northern-syria/">"Analysis: 'Al-Qaeda Reshapes the Insurgency in Northern Syria'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2017/02/06/analysis-al-qaeda-reshapes-the-insurgency-in-northern-syria/">the original</a> on 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis%3A+%27Al-Qaeda+Reshapes+the+Insurgency+in+Northern+Syria%27&rft.pub=Henry+Jackson+Society&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.au=Kyle+Orton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhenryjacksonsociety.org%2F2017%2F02%2F06%2Fanalysis-al-qaeda-reshapes-the-insurgency-in-northern-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamming2022" class="citation book cs1">Hamming, Tore (2022). "12: Al-Qaida and the Syrian Jihad". Jihadi Politics: The Global Jihadi Civil War, 2014–2019. London, UK: Hurst publishers. pp. 352, 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787387027" title="Special:BookSources/9781787387027"><bdi>9781787387027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12%3A+Al-Qaida+and+the+Syrian+Jihad&rft.btitle=Jihadi+Politics%3A+The+Global+Jihadi+Civil+War%2C+2014%E2%80%932019&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=352%2C+353&rft.pub=Hurst+publishers&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781787387027&rft.aulast=Hamming&rft.aufirst=Tore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-airstrikes-idUSKBN15I1YY">"Air strikes kill 12 fighters in Syria's Idlib: monitor"</a>. Reuters. 3 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922152408/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-airstrikes-idUSKBN15I1YY">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Air+strikes+kill+12+fighters+in+Syria%27s+Idlib%3A+monitor&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-airstrikes-idUSKBN15I1YY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11_terrorists_killed-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11_terrorists_killed_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-11_terrorists_killed_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/pentagon-11-al-qaeda-terrorists-killed-in-airstrikes-near-idlib-syria.php">"Pentagon: 11 al Qaeda terrorists killed in airstrikes near Idlib, Syria | FDD's Long War Journal"</a>. longwarjournal.org. 8 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619051934/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/pentagon-11-al-qaeda-terrorists-killed-in-airstrikes-near-idlib-syria.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=longwarjournal.org&rft.atitle=Pentagon%3A+11+al+Qaeda+terrorists+killed+in+airstrikes+near+Idlib%2C+Syria+%26%23124%3B+FDD%27s+Long+War+Journal&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2017%2F02%2Fpentagon-11-al-qaeda-terrorists-killed-in-airstrikes-near-idlib-syria.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabi21.com/story/982670/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF">"Syrians demonstrating collecting "no place for a base in Syria""</a>. 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Retrieved 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabi+21&rft.atitle=Syrians+demonstrating+collecting+%22no+place+for+a+base+in+Syria%22&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farabi21.com%2Fstory%2F982670%2F%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2585%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/128990">"سوريون ينتقدون رفع صور "هاشم الشيخ" في مظاهرات إدلب"</a>. عنب بلدي أونلاين. 3 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042209/http://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/128990">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86+%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9+%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1+%22%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%22+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F128990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-formation-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formation_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-formation_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-formation_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-formation_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411215707/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-formation-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-and-wider-tensions-in-the-syrian-insurgency">"The Formation of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham and Wider Tensions in the Syrian Insurgency"</a>. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-formation-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-and-wider-tensions-in-the-syrian-insurgency">the original</a> on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Hay%27at+Tahrir+al-Sham+and+Wider+Tensions+in+the+Syrian+Insurgency&rft.pub=Combating+Terrorism+Center+at+West+Point&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctc.usma.edu%2Fposts%2Fthe-formation-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-and-wider-tensions-in-the-syrian-insurgency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/09/new-video-mesaage-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-shams-hisham-al-shaykh-first-words/">"New video mesaage from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām's Hishām al-Shaykh: "First Words""</a>. Jihadology. 9 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216092840/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/09/new-video-mesaage-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-shams-hisham-al-shaykh-first-words/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+video+mesaage+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%27s+Hish%C4%81m+al-Shaykh%3A+%22First+Words%22&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F09%2Fnew-video-mesaage-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-shams-hisham-al-shaykh-first-words%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=60794">"At least 23 were killed today during an attack by the factions and Fateh al-Sham Front in Daraa al-Balad at the city of Daraa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a>. 12 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213165613/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=60794">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=At+least+23+were+killed+today+during+an+attack+by+the+factions+and+Fateh+al-Sham+Front+in+Daraa+al-Balad+at+the+city+of+Daraa&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D60794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2017/02/13/jihadist-rebel-groups-clash-in-northwest-syria--monitor/">"Jihadist rebel groups clash in northwest Syria - monitor"</a>. Reuters. 13 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213120204/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2017/02/13/jihadist-rebel-groups-clash-in-northwest-syria--monitor/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jihadist+rebel+groups+clash+in+northwest+Syria+-+monitor&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fjihadist-rebel-groups-clash-in-northwest-syria--monitor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/13/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-excuses-and-warning-for-the-liwa-al-aqsa-group/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Excuses and Warning for the Liwā' al-Āqsā Group""</a>. Jihadology. 13 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216215434/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/13/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-excuses-and-warning-for-the-liwa-al-aqsa-group/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Excuses+and+Warning+for+the+Liw%C4%81%27+al-%C4%80qs%C4%81+Group%22&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-excuses-and-warning-for-the-liwa-al-aqsa-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leaves_for_Raqqa-74"><a href="#cite_ref-leaves_for_Raqqa_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419043650/http://syriadirect.org/news/search-for-the-dead-begins-in-idlib-after-islamic-state-linked-brigade-leaves-for-raqqa/">"Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa"</a>. SyriaDirect. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriadirect.org/news/search-for-the-dead-begins-in-idlib-after-islamic-state-linked-brigade-leaves-for-raqqa/">the original</a> on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+for+the+dead+begins+in+Idlib+after+Islamic+State-linked+brigade+leaves+for+Raqqa&rft.pub=SyriaDirect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriadirect.org%2Fnews%2Fsearch-for-the-dead-begins-in-idlib-after-islamic-state-linked-brigade-leaves-for-raqqa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-declare_terminating-75"><a href="#cite_ref-declare_terminating_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSITE2017" class="citation web cs1">SITE (24 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/tahrir-al-sham-declare-terminating-liwa-al-aqsa.html">"Tahrir al-Sham Declare Terminating Liwa al-Aqsa"</a>. siteintelgroup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224213119/https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/tahrir-al-sham-declare-terminating-liwa-al-aqsa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tahrir+al-Sham+Declare+Terminating+Liwa+al-Aqsa&rft.pub=siteintelgroup.com&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft.au=SITE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.siteintelgroup.com%2FJihadist-News%2Ftahrir-al-sham-declare-terminating-liwa-al-aqsa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-war-76"><a href="#cite_ref-war_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/war-terror-who-abu-khayr-al-masri-al-qaeda-second-command-killed-drone-strike-syria-2497897">"War On Terror: Who Is Abu Khayr al-Masri? Al Qaeda Second In Command Killed In Drone Strike In Syria"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+On+Terror%3A+Who+Is+Abu+Khayr+al-Masri%3F+Al+Qaeda+Second+In+Command+Killed+In+Drone+Strike+In+Syria&rft.pub=IB+Times&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fwar-terror-who-abu-khayr-al-masri-al-qaeda-second-command-killed-drone-strike-syria-2497897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-drone_strike-77"><a href="#cite_ref-drone_strike_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stratfor.com/situation-report/syria-al-qaeda-deputy-killed-apparent-drone-strike">"Syria: Al Qaeda Deputy Killed In Apparent Drone Strike"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orient-news.net/en/news_show/132758/0/Tahrir-al-Sham-fighters-killed-by-US-led-coalition-drone-near-Idlib">the original</a> on 4 October 2018. 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Retrieved 21 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9%E2%80%A6+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8+%28%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9%29+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%84%D9%80+%28%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%29&rft.pub=All4Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.all4syria.info%2FArchive%2F412366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603231234/http://aletihadpress.com/2017/05/30/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87">"Front victory arrest Abdul Baset Al-Sarout on charges of incitement"</a>. Al Etihad Press. 30 May 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aletihadpress.com/2017/05/30/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87/">the original</a> on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Etihad+Press&rft.atitle=Front+victory+arrest+Abdul+Baset+Al-Sarout+on+charges+of+incitement&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faletihadpress.com%2F2017%2F05%2F30%2F%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D9%2584-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-92"><a href="#cite_ref-auto7_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606062949/http://www.alnour.com.lb/ar/news/security/2017-06-02_132729/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%80%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7">""Battalion driven" and "Islam Brigades" deny Mbaiathma for "Sham edit body""</a>. Al-Nour. 2 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alnour.com.lb/ar/news/security/2017-06-02_132729/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%80%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7">the original</a> on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Nour&rft.atitle=%22Battalion+driven%22+and+%22Islam+Brigades%22+deny+Mbaiathma+for+%22Sham+edit+body%22&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alnour.com.lb%2Far%2Fnews%2Fsecurity%2F2017-06-02_132729%2F%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2584%25D9%2580%25D9%2587%25D9%258A%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-north-93"><a href="#cite_ref-north_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all4syria.info/Archive/415034">"Northern Brigade separates from Sham Legion"</a>. All4Syria. 30 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728211429/http://www.all4syria.info/Archive/415034">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All4Syria&rft.atitle=Northern+Brigade+separates+from+Sham+Legion&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.all4syria.info%2FArchive%2F415034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoussaoui" class="citation news cs1">Moussaoui, Rana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/jihadists-control-syrias-idlib-rebel-pull-monitor-174640264.html">"Jihadists take control of major Syrian city"</a>. Yahoo! News. 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Retrieved 14 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Jihadists+take+control+of+major+Syrian+city&rft.aulast=Moussaoui&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fjihadists-control-syrias-idlib-rebel-pull-monitor-174640264.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/Report_of_violations_of_the_Hay’et_Tahrir_al%20Sham_en.pdf">"Hay'at Tahrir al Sham Commits Wide Violations in Idlib Governorate"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Network_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Network for Human Rights">Syrian Network for Human Rights</a>. 21 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612141924/http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/Report_of_violations_of_the_Hay%E2%80%99et_Tahrir_al%20Sham_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Network+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Hay%27at+Tahrir+al+Sham+Commits+Wide+Violations+in+Idlib+Governorate&rft.date=2017-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsn4hr.org%2Fwp-content%2Fpdf%2Fenglish%2FReport_of_violations_of_the_Hay%E2%80%99et_Tahrir_al%2520Sham_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/29129.html">"Idlib: Tahrir al-Sham arrests 8 fighters fled Madaya town"</a>. Zaman al-Wasl. 20 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125232/https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/29129.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zaman+al-Wasl&rft.atitle=Idlib%3A+Tahrir+al-Sham+arrests+8+fighters+fled+Madaya+town&rft.date=2017-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.zamanalwsl.net%2Fnews%2F29129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jihadism_in_Syria-97"><a href="#cite_ref-jihadism_in_Syria_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan_Hassan2017" class="citation web cs1">Hassan Hassan (26 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/what-daabuls-death-says-about-jihadism-in-syria">"What Daabul's death says about jihadism in Syria - The National"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227114310/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/what-daabuls-death-says-about-jihadism-in-syria">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=What+Daabul%27s+death+says+about+jihadism+in+Syria+-+The+National&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft.au=Hassan+Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fopinion%2Fcomment%2Fwhat-daabuls-death-says-about-jihadism-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoscelyn2017" class="citation web cs1">Joscelyn, Thomas (25 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/syrian-military-intelligence-official-killed-in-suicide-assault-in-homs.php">"Syrian military intelligence official killed in suicide assault in Homs"</a>. Long War Journal. 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Retrieved 28 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Syrian+military+intelligence+official+killed+in+suicide+assault+in+Homs&rft.date=2017-02-25&rft.aulast=Joscelyn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2017%2F02%2Fsyrian-military-intelligence-official-killed-in-suicide-assault-in-homs.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFمهنا2017" class="citation news cs1">مهنا, ناجي (26 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://human-voice.co/policy/7214/">"بالأسماء: توثيق مقتل 31 ضباط في تفجير حمص"</a>. هيومن فويس. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813044537/https://human-voice.co/policy/7214/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1%3A+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84+31+%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft.aulast=%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A7&rft.aufirst=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman-voice.co%2Fpolicy%2F7214%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFمحمد2017" class="citation news cs1">محمد, حسام (26 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://human-voice.co/policy/7221/">"تفاصيل ومعلومات حصرية حول تفجيرات حمص"</a>. هيومن فويس. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813044319/https://human-voice.co/policy/7221/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft.aulast=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF&rft.aufirst=%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman-voice.co%2Fpolicy%2F7221%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5bEDxNmivo">بيان عسكري حول العملية الأمنية في حمص للشيخ/ الفاتح أبو محمد الجولاني - القائد العسكري العام</a>. تحرير الشام. 27 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228165914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5bEDxNmivo">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%2F+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.pub=%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Db5bEDxNmivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new-video-message-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-shams-abu-mu%e1%b8%a5ammad-al-jawlani-military-statement-about-the-blessed-security-operation-in-%e1%b8%a5om%e1%b9%a3/">"New video message from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām's Abū Muḥammad al-Jawlānī: "Military Statement About the Blessed Security Operation in Ḥomṣ""</a>. Jihadology. 27 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302062924/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new-video-message-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-shams-abu-mu%E1%B8%A5ammad-al-jawlani-military-statement-about-the-blessed-security-operation-in-%E1%B8%A5om%E1%B9%A3/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+video+message+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%27s+Ab%C5%AB+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+al-Jawl%C4%81n%C4%AB%3A+%22Military+Statement+About+the+Blessed+Security+Operation+in+%E1%B8%A4om%E1%B9%A3%22&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F27%2Fnew-video-message-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-shams-abu-mu%25e1%25b8%25a5ammad-al-jawlani-military-statement-about-the-blessed-security-operation-in-%25e1%25b8%25a5om%25e1%25b9%25a3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2017" class="citation news cs1">Hassan, Hassan (26 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/what-daabuls-death-says-about-jihadism-in-syria">"What Daabul's death says about jihadism in Syria"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227114310/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/what-daabuls-death-says-about-jihadism-in-syria">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=What+Daabul%27s+death+says+about+jihadism+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fopinion%2Fcomment%2Fwhat-daabuls-death-says-about-jihadism-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twin_bombings-103"><a href="#cite_ref-twin_bombings_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/hardline-group-syria-claims-deadly-damascus-bombings-170312151904118.html">"Tahrir al-Sham claims bombings in Syria's Damascus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313010153/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/hardline-group-syria-claims-deadly-damascus-bombings-170312151904118.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tahrir+al-Sham+claims+bombings+in+Syria%27s+Damascus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F03%2Fhardline-group-syria-claims-deadly-damascus-bombings-170312151904118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39250040">"Syrian Al-Qaeda affiliate claims twin bombing in Damascus"</a>. BBC. 12 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209132351/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39250040">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Syrian+Al-Qaeda+affiliate+claims+twin+bombing+in+Damascus&rft.date=2017-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-39250040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-damascus-idUSKBN16I0B2">At least 40 killed in Damascus bombing targeting Shi'ites</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817003100/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-damascus-idUSKBN16I0B2">Archived</a> 17 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> 11 March 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-damascus-idUSKBN16J0QM">Syrian jihadists say responsible for Damascus double bomb attack</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020031622/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-damascus-idUSKBN16J0QM">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> 12 March 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-Syria_From_Within_|_Chatham_House_2017-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Syria_From_Within_|_Chatham_House_2017_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syria.chathamhouse.org/research/who-is-assassinating-hayat-tahrir-al-shams-leaders">"Who Is Assassinating Hay'at Tahrir Al-Sham's Leaders?"</a>. Syria From Within | Chatham House. 21 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201145329/https://syria.chathamhouse.org/research/who-is-assassinating-hayat-tahrir-al-shams-leaders">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+From+Within+%26%23124%3B+Chatham+House&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Assassinating+Hay%27at+Tahrir+Al-Sham%27s+Leaders%3F&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyria.chathamhouse.org%2Fresearch%2Fwho-is-assassinating-hayat-tahrir-al-shams-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syria_Deeply_2017_steps-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Syria_Deeply_2017_steps_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMona_Alami2017" class="citation web cs1">Mona Alami (6 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/articles/2017/12/06/syrias-largest-militant-alliance-steps-further-away-from-al-qaida">"Syria's Largest Militant Alliance Steps Further Away From Al-Qaeda"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Deply&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Largest+Militant+Alliance+Steps+Further+Away+From+Al-Qaeda&rft.date=2017-12-06&rft.au=Mona+Alami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsdeeply.com%2Fsyria%2Farticles%2F2017%2F12%2F06%2Fsyrias-largest-militant-alliance-steps-further-away-from-al-qaida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shelton_2017-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Shelton_2017_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelton2017" class="citation web cs1">Shelton, Tracey (23 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-23/al-qaeda-divisions-may-aid-assad-as-he-eyes-syria-idlib/9274218">"Al Qaeda trying to rebrand as deadly feud rips through leadership"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114071122/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-23/al-qaeda-divisions-may-aid-assad-as-he-eyes-syria-idlib/9274218">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda+trying+to+rebrand+as+deadly+feud+rips+through+leadership&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-12-23%2Fal-qaeda-divisions-may-aid-assad-as-he-eyes-syria-idlib%2F9274218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hashim_al-Sheikh-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Hashim_al-Sheikh_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/hashim-al-sheikh">"Hashim al-Sheikh"</a>. Counter Extremism Project. 16 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230239/https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/hashim-al-sheikh">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Counter+Extremism+Project&rft.atitle=Hashim+al-Sheikh&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterextremism.com%2Fextremists%2Fhashim-al-sheikh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syria_Deeply_4_Oct_2017-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syria_Deeply_4_Oct_2017_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syria_Deeply_4_Oct_2017_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/executive-summaries/2017/10/04">"Executive Summary for October 4th, 2017"</a>. Syria Deeply. 4 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220235416/https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/executive-summaries/2017/10/04">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Deeply&rft.atitle=Executive+Summary+for+October+4th%2C+2017&rft.date=2017-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsdeeply.com%2Fsyria%2Fexecutive-summaries%2F2017%2F10%2F04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibn-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibn_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibn_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qasioun.net/ar/news/show/100013/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8">"Edit the Sham show the events of events in the city of Dara Azza West of Aleppo"</a>. Qasioun News Agency. 2 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195039/http://qasioun.net/ar/news/show/100013/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qasioun+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Edit+the+Sham+show+the+events+of+events+in+the+city+of+Dara+Azza+West+of+Aleppo&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqasioun.net%2Far%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F100013%2F%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2586_%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AB_%25D9%2581%25D9%258A_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8_%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_Arab_2017_strike_injured-112"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Arab_2017_strike_injured_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_Arab2017" class="citation web cs1">The New Arab (5 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/10/5/syria-al-qaeda-affiliate-denies-russian-strike-injured-leader-jolani">"Syria al-Qaeda affiliate denies Russian strike injured leader Joulani"</a>. alaraby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230438/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/10/5/syria-al-qaeda-affiliate-denies-russian-strike-injured-leader-jolani">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alaraby&rft.atitle=Syria+al-Qaeda+affiliate+denies+Russian+strike+injured+leader+Joulani&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft.au=The+New+Arab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2017%2F10%2F5%2Fsyria-al-qaeda-affiliate-denies-russian-strike-injured-leader-jolani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aI3yAmNGW1vLpJCOrhiVLqpUUIX9PG1RNsCqJGGfhxI/edit?usp=embed_facebook">"Syrian Civil War factions"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Docs&rft.atitle=Syrian+Civil+War+factions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fdocument%2Fd%2F1aI3yAmNGW1vLpJCOrhiVLqpUUIX9PG1RNsCqJGGfhxI%2Fedit%3Fusp%3Dembed_facebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriadirect.org/news/hts-leaves-north-homs-town-following-civilian-protests/">"HTS leaves north Homs town following civilian protests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syria_Direct" title="Syria Direct">Syria Direct</a>. 14 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202910/http://syriadirect.org/news/hts-leaves-north-homs-town-following-civilian-protests/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npasyria.com/en/98598/">the original</a> on 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Press+Agency&rft.atitle=HTS%27+leader+pledges+to+change+battles%27+map+in+Aleppo&rft.date=2023-05-28&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Malin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpasyria.com%2Fen%2F98598%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIddon2023" class="citation news cs1">Iddon, Paul (31 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002619/https://www.newarab.com/analysis/why-syrias-kurds-and-hts-are-offering-host-refugees">"Why Syria's Kurds and Hayat Tahrir al-Sham are offering to host refugees"</a>. New Arab. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newarab.com/analysis/why-syrias-kurds-and-hts-are-offering-host-refugees">the original</a> on 3 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Arab&rft.atitle=Why+Syria%27s+Kurds+and+Hayat+Tahrir+al-Sham+are+offering+to+host+refugees&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft.aulast=Iddon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fanalysis%2Fwhy-syrias-kurds-and-hts-are-offering-host-refugees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612050023/https://www.syria.tv/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AB%D9%85-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9">"اتصالات بين "تحرير الشام" و"قسد".. اقتصاد وسياسة ثم إدارة مدنية مشتركة"</a> [Contacts between Tahrir al-Sham and SDF... economy and politics, then a joint civil administration]. Syria TV. 12 June 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syria.tv/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AB%D9%85-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9">the original</a> on 12 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syria+TV&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%22%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%22+%D9%88%22%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF%22..+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%AB%D9%85+%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syria.tv%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D9%2588%25D9%2582%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AB%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Khalidi2024" class="citation web cs1">Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (27 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-rebels-launch-attack-against-army-aleppo-province-2024-11-27/">"Syrian rebels launch attack against army in Aleppo province"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+launch+attack+against+army+in+Aleppo+province&rft.date=2024-11-27&rft.aulast=Al-Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Suleiman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-rebels-launch-attack-against-army-aleppo-province-2024-11-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Qaeda's_grand_plan-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-Qaeda's_grand_plan_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-Qaeda's_grand_plan_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReports" class="citation web cs1">Reports, CATF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430221229/http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/511082466-al-qaeda-s-grand-plan-for-syria-passes-through-hayat-tahrir-al-sham">"Al-Qaeda's Grand Plan for Syria Passes Through Hayat Tahrir al-Sham"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/511082466-al-qaeda-s-grand-plan-for-syria-passes-through-hayat-tahrir-al-sham">the original</a> on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Qaeda%27s+Grand+Plan+for+Syria+Passes+Through+Hayat+Tahrir+al-Sham&rft.aulast=Reports&rft.aufirst=CATF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstopterrorfinance.org%2Fstories%2F511082466-al-qaeda-s-grand-plan-for-syria-passes-through-hayat-tahrir-al-sham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jihadology.net/2019/06/18/new-statement-from-hayat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-condolences-on-the-dismounting-of-dr-mu%E1%B8%A5ammad-mursi/">"New statement from Hay'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Condolences on the Dismounting of Dr. Muḥammad Mursī""</a>. jihadology.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627172443/https://jihadology.net/2019/06/18/new-statement-from-hayat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-condolences-on-the-dismounting-of-dr-mu%e1%b8%a5ammad-mursi/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jihadology.net&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hay%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Condolences+on+the+Dismounting+of+Dr.+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Murs%C4%AB%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2019%2F06%2F18%2Fnew-statement-from-hayat-ta%25E1%25B8%25A5rir-al-sham-condolences-on-the-dismounting-of-dr-mu%25E1%25B8%25A5ammad-mursi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview-Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interview-Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interview-Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interview-Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interview-Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani_136-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/abu-mohammad-al-jolani/">"Interview-Abu Mohammad al-Jolani"</a>. PBS Frontline. 2 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+Frontline&rft.atitle=Interview-Abu+Mohammad+al-Jolani&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Finterview%2Fabu-mohammad-al-jolani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrevon,_Haenni2021" class="citation book cs1">Drevon, Haenni, Jerome, Patrick (2021). "II: The Political Deprogramming of the Radical Emirate". How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where it Leads: The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria. ISSN. I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy: European University Institute. pp. 12–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-3625">1028-3625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II%3A+The+Political+Deprogramming+of+the+Radical+Emirate&rft.btitle=How+Global+Jihad+Relocalises+and+Where+it+Leads%3A+The+Case+of+HTS%2C+the+Former+AQ+Franchise+in+Syria.+ISSN&rft.place=I+%E2%80%93+50014+San+Domenico+di+Fiesole+%28FI%29%2C+Italy&rft.pages=12-20&rft.pub=European+University+Institute&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1028-3625&rft.aulast=Drevon%2C+Haenni&rft.aufirst=Jerome%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrevon,_Haenni2021" class="citation book cs1">Drevon, Haenni, Jerome, Patrick (2021). "II: The Political Deprogramming of the Radical Emirate". How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where it Leads: The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria. ISSN. I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy: European University Institute. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-3625">1028-3625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II%3A+The+Political+Deprogramming+of+the+Radical+Emirate&rft.btitle=How+Global+Jihad+Relocalises+and+Where+it+Leads%3A+The+Case+of+HTS%2C+the+Former+AQ+Franchise+in+Syria.+ISSN&rft.place=I+%E2%80%93+50014+San+Domenico+di+Fiesole+%28FI%29%2C+Italy&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=European+University+Institute&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1028-3625&rft.aulast=Drevon%2C+Haenni&rft.aufirst=Jerome%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardan2022" class="citation news cs1">Hardan, Mohammed (16 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616163947/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/06/syrian-jihadi-leader-courts-druze-community-idlib">"Syrian jihadi leader courts Druze community in Idlib"</a>. Al-Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/06/syrian-jihadi-leader-courts-druze-community-idlib">the original</a> on 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Syrian+jihadi+leader+courts+Druze+community+in+Idlib&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft.aulast=Hardan&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2022%2F06%2Fsyrian-jihadi-leader-courts-druze-community-idlib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124155249/https://eldorar.com/node/175976">"بحضور "الجولاني" افتتاح بئر مياه يغذي قرى جبل السماق في ريف إدلب"</a> [In the presence of al-Joulani, a water well was opened that supplies the villages of Jabal Al-Summaq in the Idlib countryside]. الدرر الشامية. 9 June 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eldorar.com/node/175976">the original</a> on 24 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%22+%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87+%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%B0%D9%8A+%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%89+%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81+%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feldorar.com%2Fnode%2F175976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nofal2023" class="citation news cs1">al-Nofal, Walid (7 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413225459/https://syriadirect.org/al-jolani-in-jenderes-is-hts-using-minorities-as-a-way-into-northern-aleppo/">"Al-Jolani in Jenderes"</a>. Syria Direct. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriadirect.org/al-jolani-in-jenderes-is-hts-using-minorities-as-a-way-into-northern-aleppo/">the original</a> on 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syria+Direct&rft.atitle=Al-Jolani+in+Jenderes&rft.date=2023-04-07&rft.aulast=al-Nofal&rft.aufirst=Walid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriadirect.org%2Fal-jolani-in-jenderes-is-hts-using-minorities-as-a-way-into-northern-aleppo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909071007/http://www.fides.org/en/news/72770-ASIA_SYRIA_Islamist_militiamen_in_Tahrir_al_Sham_allow_Christians_to_publicly_celebrate_Mass_in_the_province_of_Idlib">"Islamist militiamen in Tahrir al Sham allow Christians to publicly celebrate Mass in the province of Idlib"</a>. Agenzia Fides. 8 September 2022. 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Jihadology. 4 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208154129/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/04/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-katibat-usud-al-jabal-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. 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Jihadology. 5 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208154204/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/05/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-katibat-fursan-al-khilafah-joins-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. 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Jihadology. 5 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208075121/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/05/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-jabhat-shuhada-al-sham-pledges-allegiance-to-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. 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Jihadology. 6 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208075201/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-taw%E1%B8%A5id-joins-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%ABbat+al-Taw%E1%B8%A5%C4%ABd+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F06%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-taw%25e1%25b8%25a5id-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-shahid-ibrahim-qabbani-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat al-Shahīd Ibrāhīm Qabbānī Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 6 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208075156/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-shahid-ibrahim-qabbani-joins-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%ABbat+al-Shah%C4%ABd+Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm+Qabb%C4%81n%C4%AB+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F06%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-shahid-ibrahim-qabbani-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-bayt-al-maqdis-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat Bayt al-Maqdis Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 6 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208075206/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/06/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-katibat-bayt-al-maqdis-joins-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%ABbat+Bayt+al-Maqdis+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F06%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-katibat-bayt-al-maqdis-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansar_al-Sham_joins_HTS-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Ansar_al-Sham_joins_HTS_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/07/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-kataib-an%e1%b9%a3ar-al-sham-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katā'ib Anṣār al-Shām Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 7 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208214050/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/07/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-kataib-an%e1%b9%a3ar-al-sham-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%81%27ib+An%E1%B9%A3%C4%81r+al-Sh%C4%81m+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-kataib-an%25e1%25b9%25a3ar-al-sham-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/08/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-shahid-abu-usid-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat al-Shahīd Abū Usīd Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 8 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217223702/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/08/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-shahid-abu-usid-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%ABbat+al-Shah%C4%ABd+Ab%C5%AB+Us%C4%ABd+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F08%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-shahid-abu-usid-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/09/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-ashbal-al-sunnah-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat Āshbāl al-Sunnah Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 9 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216092826/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/09/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-ashbal-al-sunnah-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%ABbat+%C4%80shb%C4%81l+al-Sunnah+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F09%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-katibat-ashbal-al-sunnah-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/09/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-kataib-al-sayf-al-umri-pledges-allegiance-to-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katā'ib al-Sayf al 'Umrī Pledges Allegiance to Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 9 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216214956/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/09/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-kataib-al-sayf-al-umri-pledges-allegiance-to-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%81%27ib+al-Sayf+al+%27Umr%C4%AB+Pledges+Allegiance+to+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F09%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-kataib-al-sayf-al-umri-pledges-allegiance-to-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/13/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-jabhat-al-%e1%b9%a3adiqin-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Jabhat al-Ṣādiqīn Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 13 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217040945/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/13/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-jabhat-al-%E1%B9%A3adiqin-joins-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Jabhat+al-%E1%B9%A2%C4%81diq%C4%ABn+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-jabhat-al-%25e1%25b9%25a3adiqin-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/13/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-liwa-ahl-al-sham-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Liwā' Ahl al-Shām Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 13 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217040956/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/13/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-liwa-ahl-al-sham-joins-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Liw%C4%81%27+Ahl+al-Sh%C4%81m+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-liwa-ahl-al-sham-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/13/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-%e1%b9%a3aiqah-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat al-Ṣā'iqah Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 13 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217040951/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/13/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-%E1%B9%A3aiqah-joins-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%ABbat+al-%E1%B9%A2%C4%81%27iqah+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-%25e1%25b9%25a3aiqah-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/23/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-%e1%b9%a3adiq-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat al-Ṣadīq Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 23 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228075644/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/23/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-%e1%b9%a3adiq-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%ABbat+al-%E1%B9%A2ad%C4%ABq+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F23%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-katibat-al-%25e1%25b9%25a3adiq-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/21/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-katibat-abu-tal%e1%b8%a5ah-al-an%e1%b9%a3ari-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katībat Abū Talḥah al-Anṣārī Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 21 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227212719/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/21/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-katibat-abu-tal%E1%B8%A5ah-al-an%E1%B9%A3ari-joins-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jihadology&rft.atitle=New+statement+from+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%3A+%22Kat%C4%ABbat+Ab%C5%AB+Tal%E1%B8%A5ah+al-An%E1%B9%A3%C4%81r%C4%AB+Joins+Hayy%27at+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABr+al-Sh%C4%81m%22&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2017%2F02%2F21%2Fnew-statement-from-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham-katibat-abu-tal%25e1%25b8%25a5ah-al-an%25e1%25b9%25a3ari-joins-hayyat-ta%25e1%25b8%25a5rir-al-sham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-the-military-wing-of-the-first-regiment-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/">"New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "The Military Wing of the First Regiment Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām""</a>. Jihadology. 27 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302062914/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/27/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham-the-military-wing-of-the-first-regiment-joins-hayyat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-sham/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017. 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Retrieved 10 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDD%27s+Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Insurgents+launch+major+offensive+against+Assad+regime+in+Hama+province+-+FDD%27s+Long+War+Journal&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2017%2F03%2Fanalysis-insurgents-launch-major-offensive-against-assad-regime-in-hama-province.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/syrian-military-intelligence-official-killed-in-suicide-assault-in-homs.php">"Syrian military intelligence official killed in suicide assault in Homs | FDD's Long War Journal"</a>. longwarjournal.org. 25 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821143736/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/syrian-military-intelligence-official-killed-in-suicide-assault-in-homs.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=longwarjournal.org&rft.atitle=Syrian+military+intelligence+official+killed+in+suicide+assault+in+Homs+%26%23124%3B+FDD%27s+Long+War+Journal&rft.date=2017-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2017%2F02%2Fsyrian-military-intelligence-official-killed-in-suicide-assault-in-homs.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memri.org/jttm/first-pictures-sunni-foreign-fighters-movement-iran-affiliated-hts-syria">"First Pictures Of The Sunni Foreign Fighters Movement In Iran Affiliated With The HTS In Syria"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+jihadist+groups+defect+from+Hay%27at+Tahrir+Al-Sham+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2017-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjihadist-groups-defect-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-northern-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-russians-kill-top-chechen-al-qaeda-leader-syria/">"Breaking: Russians kill top Chechen Al-Qaeda leader in Syria"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Charities+warned+that+sending+aid+to+Syria%27s+Idlib+could+be+a+%27terror+offence%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fcharities-warned-sending-aid-syrias-idlib-could-be-terror-offence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-syria/13-anti-government-armed-groups">"1.3. Anti-government armed groups"</a>. European Union Agency for Asylum. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union+Agency+for+Asylum&rft.atitle=1.3.+Anti-government+armed+groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuaa.europa.eu%2Fcountry-guidance-syria%2F13-anti-government-armed-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/16/us-denies-reports-syria-rebels-nusra-off-terror-list">US denies reports Syria rebels Nusra off terror list</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816151512/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/16/us-denies-reports-syria-rebels-nusra-off-terror-list">Archived</a> 16 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Al-Araby, 16 May 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Zelin2023" class="citation web cs1">Y. Zelin, Aaron (2 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603015121/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sanctioning-syrian-jihadist-leader-implications-joint-us-turkish-designation">"Sanctioning a Syrian Jihadist Leader: Implications of a Joint U.S.-Turkish Designation"</a>. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sanctioning-syrian-jihadist-leader-implications-joint-us-turkish-designation">the original</a> on 3 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Sanctioning+a+Syrian+Jihadist+Leader%3A+Implications+of+a+Joint+U.S.-Turkish+Designation&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft.aulast=Y.+Zelin&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fsanctioning-syrian-jihadist-leader-implications-joint-us-turkish-designation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters.com-201"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-idUSKCN1LG1XM">"Turkey designates Syria's Tahrir al-Sham as terrorist group"</a>. Reuters. 31 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530012016/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-idUSKCN1LG1XM">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey+designates+Syria%27s+Tahrir+al-Sham+as+terrorist+group&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-idUSKCN1LG1XM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Zelin2022" class="citation book cs1">Y. Zelin, Aaron (2022). "Introduction". The Age of Political Jihadism: A Study of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham. 1111 19th Street NW, Suite 500, Washington DC 20036, USA: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-9854474-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-9854474-4-6"><bdi>979-8-9854474-4-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Political+Jihadism%3A+A+Study+of+Hayat+Tahrir+al-Sham&rft.place=1111+19th+Street+NW%2C+Suite+500%2C+Washington+DC+20036%2C+USA&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=979-8-9854474-4-6&rft.aulast=Y.+Zelin&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cling-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cling_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cling_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2019/strategies-of-turkish-proxy-warfare-in-northern-syria/4-key-characteristics-of-turkish-use-of-syrian-armed-proxies/">"Key characteristics of Turkish use of Syrian armed proxies | Strategies of Turkish proxy warfare in northern Syria"</a>. clingendael.org. November 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clingendael.org&rft.atitle=Key+characteristics+of+Turkish+use+of+Syrian+armed+proxies+%7C+Strategies+of+Turkish+proxy+warfare+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clingendael.org%2Fpub%2F2019%2Fstrategies-of-turkish-proxy-warfare-in-northern-syria%2F4-key-characteristics-of-turkish-use-of-syrian-armed-proxies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATahrir+al-Sham" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahrir_al-Sham&oldid=1259976367">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahrir_al-Sham&oldid=1259976367</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-government_factions_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Anti-government factions of the Syrian civil war">Anti-government factions of the Syrian civil war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Israeli_sentiment" title="Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment">Anti-Israeli sentiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2017_establishments_in_Asia" title="Category:2017 establishments in Asia">2017 establishments in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2017_establishments_in_Syria" title="Category:2017 establishments in Syria">2017 establishments in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamist_groups" title="Category:Islamist groups">Islamist groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism_in_Syria" title="Category:Islamism in Syria">Islamism in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_terrorism_in_Syria" title="Category:Islamic terrorism in Syria">Islamic terrorism in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_organizations_based_in_Syria" title="Category:Paramilitary organizations based in 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