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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>形成</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-星雲的種類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#星雲的種類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>星雲的種類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-星雲的種類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关星雲的種類子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-星雲的種類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-傳統的類型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳統的類型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>傳統的類型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳統的類型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通量星雲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通量星雲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>通量星雲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-通量星雲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-瀰漫星雲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#瀰漫星雲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>瀰漫星雲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-瀰漫星雲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行星狀星雲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行星狀星雲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>行星狀星雲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行星狀星雲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-原行星雲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原行星雲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>原行星雲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原行星雲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-超新星殘骸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#超新星殘骸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>超新星殘骸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-超新星殘骸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著名的星雲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著名的星雲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>著名的星雲</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-著名的星雲-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关著名的星雲子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-著名的星雲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-目錄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#目錄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>目錄</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-目錄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">星云</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。107种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newel" title="Newel – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Newel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="निहारिका – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="निहारिका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="سديم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نيبولا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيبولا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumanl%C4%B1q" title="Dumanlıq – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dumanlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Туманнасць – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туманнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Туманнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туманнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мъглявина – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъглявина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेबुला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेबुला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="নীহারিকা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নীহারিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivlennad" title="Nivlennad – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nivlennad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglina" title="Maglina – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maglina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Тача – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тача" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="تەمەستێرە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەمەستێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlhovina" title="Mlhovina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mlhovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тĕтрелĕх (астрофизика) – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕтрелĕх (астрофизика)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifwl" title="Nifwl – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nifwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernet%C3%A5ge" title="Stjernetåge – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stjernetåge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebel_(Astronomie)" title="Nebel (Astronomie) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nebel (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Νεφέλωμα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεφέλωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulozo" title="Nebulozo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nebulozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udukogu" title="Udukogu – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Udukogu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="سحابی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سحابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaasusumu" title="Kaasusumu – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaasusumu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse" title="Nébuleuse – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nébuleuse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9altn%C3%A9al" title="Réaltnéal – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réaltnéal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neul_(reul-e%C3%B2las)" title="Neul (reul-eòlas) – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neul (reul-eòlas)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="નિહારિકા – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિહારિકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערפילית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערפילית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="नीहारिका – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीहारिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglica" title="Maglica – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maglica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebilez" title="Nebilez – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nebilez" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillagk%C3%B6d" title="Csillagköd – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillagköd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միգամածություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միգամածություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuloso" title="Nebuloso – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nebuloso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%C3%BEoka" title="Gasþoka – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gasþoka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="星雲 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="星雲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9bula" title="Nébula – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nébula" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნისლეულები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნისლეულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asignew" title="Asignew – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asignew" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Тұмандық – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұмандық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%9A%B4" title="성운 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuloz" title="Nebuloz – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nebuloz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_(astronomia)" title="Nebula (astronomia) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nebula (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwwel_(Astronomie)" title="Niwwel (Astronomie) – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Niwwel (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuleusa" title="Nebuleusa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nebuleusa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAkas" title="Ūkas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ūkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migl%C4%81js" title="Miglājs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miglājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маглина – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маглина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2" title="നെബുല – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെബുല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98" title="तेजोमेघ – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तेजोमेघ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="နက်ဗျူလာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နက်ဗျူလာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ABbb%C3%ABlosa" title="Nëbbëlosa – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nëbbëlosa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="निहारिका – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निहारिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevels_en_gaswolken" title="Nevels en gaswolken – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nevels en gaswolken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A5ke_i_astronomi" title="Tåke i astronomi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tåke i astronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernet%C3%A5ke" title="Stjernetåke – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stjernetåke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbala%27a" title="Balbala'a – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Balbala'a" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੈਬੀਊਲਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੈਬੀਊਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mg%C5%82awica" title="Mgławica – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mgławica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بدلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بدلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuloas%C4%83" title="Nebuloasă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nebuloasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Туманность – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туманность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglica" title="Maglica – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maglica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="නිහාරිකා – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිහාරිකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmlovina_(astron%C3%B3mia)" title="Hmlovina (astronómia) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hmlovina (astronómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meglica" title="Meglica – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Meglica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маглина – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маглина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9bula" title="Nébula – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nébula" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="நெபுலா – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெபுலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D2%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Меғвора – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Меғвора" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="เนบิวลา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนบิวลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%94%E1%89%A1%E1%88%8B" title="ኔቡላ – 提格利尼亚语" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኔቡላ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="提格利尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulutsu" title="Bulutsu – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulutsu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Галактична туманність – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галактична туманність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سحابیہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سحابیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumanliklar" title="Tumanliklar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tumanliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_v%C3%A2n" title="Tinh vân – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tinh vân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nebula" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="星云 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="星云" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნირსეული – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნირსეული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwjndaundeiq" title="Fwjndaundeiq – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fwjndaundeiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%E2%81%BF-h%C3%BBn" title="Chhiⁿ-hûn – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiⁿ-hûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="星雲 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="星雲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmQongo" title="UmQongo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmQongo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42372#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&id=80838490&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2598%259F%25E4%25BA%2591"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2598%259F%25E4%25BA%2591"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nebulae" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42372" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于与「<b>星云</b>」標題相近或相同的条目页，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="星雲 (消歧義)">星雲 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74069148"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E9%9B%B2" title="星際雲">星际云</a></b>或<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="星团">星团</a></b>。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Trivia plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>應避免有<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E7%91%A3%E7%A2%8E%E7%AB%A0%E7%AF%80" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/瑣碎章節">陳列雜項、瑣碎資料</a>的部分。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年5月15日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit">協助</a>將有關資料重新編排成連貫性的文章，安置於適當章節或條目內。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg/250px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg/375px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg/500px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%B7%B9%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="鷹星雲">鷹星雲</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E7%94%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%9F%B1" title="創生之柱">創生之柱</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/250px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/375px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/500px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>三角座的發射星雲：Garren Nebula <a href="/wiki/NGC_604" title="NGC 604">NGC 604</a>。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv/220px-seek%3D7-The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="223" data-mwtitle="The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv/The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv/The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv/The_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English‪（en）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Crab_Nebula_NASA.ogv&lang=nn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nn" label="norsk nynorsk‪（nn）‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>製作的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="蟹狀星雲">蟹狀星雲</a>短片。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>星雲</b>（源自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>的：nebulae、nebulæ或nebulas，意思就是“雲”<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙塵">宇宙塵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>氣、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>氣和其他<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="等離子體">等離子體</a>聚集的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E9%9B%B2" title="星際雲">星際雲</a>。原本是天文學上通用的名詞，泛指任何<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文上的</a>擴散<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a>，包括在<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="銀河系">銀河系</a>之外的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。 </p><p>星雲通常也是孕育并形成恒星的區域，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%B7%B9%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="鷹星雲">鷹星雲</a>，這個星雲刻畫出<a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>最著名的影像，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E7%94%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%9F%B1" title="創生之柱">創生之柱</a>。在這個區域形成的氣體、塵埃和其他材料擠在一起，聚集了巨大的質量，這吸引了更多的質量，最後大到足以形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>。剩餘的材料還可以形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="行星系">行星系</a>的其它天體。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>存在於<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="瑪雅文明">瑪雅</a>的證據顯示，在望遠鏡發明之前就已經知道星雲的存在。與天空中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E6%88%B6%E5%BA%A7" title="獵戶座">獵戶座</a>有關的神話支持這一個理論：神話中提到天空周圍有著熊熊的爐火<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>大約在公元150年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密">托勒密</a>在他著作的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90" title="天文學大成">天文學大成</a>這本書的第7卷和第8卷寫道：五顆星出現在雲中。他還注意到在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%86%8A%E5%BA%A7" title="大熊座">大熊座</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="獅子座">獅子座</a>之間存在著與任何星星都沒有聯繫的雲氣<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。第一次真正的提到星雲，有別於<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="星團">星團</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E8%8F%B2" title="阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·苏菲">阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·蘇菲</a>的<i><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%9B%B8" title="恆星之書">恆星之書</a></i> (964)<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他注意到在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E5%A5%B3%E5%BA%A7%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="仙女座星系">仙女座星系</a>位置上的一朵小雲<sup id="cite_ref-rasqj25_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasqj25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他還記錄到<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E5%B8%86%E5%BA%A7o" title="船帆座o">船帆座o</a>的星群是是一個模糊不清的恆星，還有其它的天體，像是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E6%9E%B6%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="衣架星團">衣架星團</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，被<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>天文學家在公元1054年觀測到的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a><a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">SN 1054</a>，創造的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="蟹狀星雲">蟹狀星雲</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lundmark_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundmark-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mayall_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不知道是甚麼原因，蘇菲沒有注意到<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%8E%E6%88%B7%E5%BA%A7%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" class="mw-redirect" title="猎户座星云">獵戶座星雲</a>，這個至少和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E5%A5%B3%E5%BA%A7%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="仙女座星系">仙女座星系</a>同樣著名的夜空天體，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉斯－克勞德·佩雷斯克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉斯－克勞德·佩雷斯克（页面不存在）">尼古拉斯－克勞德·佩雷斯克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Claude_Fabri_de_Peiresc" class="extiw" title="en:Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc</span></a></span>）</span></span>在1610年11月26日，使用望遠鏡發現的獵戶座星雲。這個星雲也在1618年被<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E6%89%8E%E7%89%B9" title="让-巴蒂斯特·齐扎特">讓-巴蒂斯特·齊扎特</a>觀測過。然而，直到1659年<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="惠更斯">惠更斯</a>首度詳細的研究獵戶座星雲，他還認為自己是第一個發現這個星雲的人<sup id="cite_ref-rasqj25_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasqj25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在1715年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%9B%B7" title="愛德蒙·哈雷">愛德蒙·哈雷</a>發表有六個星雲的報告<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在1746年被<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="讓－菲利浦·德·舍索" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jean-Philippe de Chéseaux"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%93%EF%BC%8D%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%A6%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E7%B4%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="讓－菲利浦·德·舍索（页面不存在）">讓－菲利浦·德·舍索</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe_de_Ch%C3%A9seaux" class="extiw" title="en:Jean-Philippe de Chéseaux"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jean-Philippe de Chéseaux</span></a></span>）</span></span>增加到20個（包括8個以前不知道的），並且這個數量在世紀中穩定的增加。從1751-1753年，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%9C%9B%E8%A7%92" title="好望角">好望角</a>編製了有42個星雲的目錄，其中大多數是以前不知道的。然後，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E8%A5%BF%E8%80%B6" title="夏尔·梅西耶">夏爾·梅西耶</a>在1781年編製了有103個星雲星團的目錄，雖然他這樣做的目的是避免在搜尋<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星">彗星</a>時誤認了這些星雲<sup id="cite_ref-hoskin2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoskin2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>星雲的數量在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%87%E8%80%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·赫歇耳">威廉·赫歇耳</a>和他的妹妹<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BE%85%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" title="卡羅琳·赫歇爾">卡羅琳·赫歇爾</a>的努力下，數量有了大量的增加。他們<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0YMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA457&lpg=PA457&dq=Catalogue+of+One+Thousand+New+Nebulae+and+Clusters+of+Stars&source=bl&ots=5OLH1iqhm2&sig=Md3X-IEYA5_v6TVitMZIGC94-Kg&hl=en&ei=Im4LTYqcO5Ognwff75XUDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Catalogue%20of%20One%20Thousand%20New%20Nebulae%20and%20Clusters%20of%20Stars&f=false">一千個新星雲和星團目錄</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130528173304/http://books.google.com/books?id=0YMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA457&lpg=PA457&dq=Catalogue+of+One+Thousand+New+Nebulae+and+Clusters+of+Stars&source=bl&ots=5OLH1iqhm2&sig=Md3X-IEYA5_v6TVitMZIGC94-Kg&hl=en&ei=Im4LTYqcO5Ognwff75XUDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Catalogue%20of%20One%20Thousand%20New%20Nebulae%20and%20Clusters%20of%20Stars&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i>在1786年出版，在1789年出版了第二本，第三本也是最後一本，收錄了510個在1802年出版。在做了這麼多的工作之後，威廉·赫歇耳認為星雲只是未能解析的星團。然而，他在1790年發現一顆被星雲包圍著的恆星，並得出這是一個真正星雲的結論，而不是遙遠的星團<sup id="cite_ref-hoskin2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoskin2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在1864年初，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·哈金斯">威廉·哈金斯</a>檢查了大約70個星雲的光譜，他發現三分之一都有氣體的吸收譜線，其餘的則顯示連續的光譜，因此認為包含了大量的恆星<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-struve37_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-struve37-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在1912年，當<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%BC%97" class="mw-redirect" title="維斯托·斯里弗">維斯托·斯里弗</a>顯示包圍著<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%B4%E5%AE%BF%E4%BA%94" title="昴宿五">昴宿五</a>的星雲有著和<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%95%A3%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="疏散星團">疏散星團</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%B4%E5%AE%BF%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="昴宿星團">昴宿星團</a>一樣的光譜之後，目錄中添加了第三類星雲：星雲輻射的光是反射的星光<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>斯里弗和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="愛德溫·哈伯">哈伯</a>繼續收集許多瀰漫星雲的光譜，發現29個是發射光譜，和33個是與恆星一樣的連續光譜<sup id="cite_ref-struve37_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-struve37-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在1922年，哈伯，宣布幾乎所有的星雲都與恆星有著關聯，並且是被恆星照亮的。他也發現有發射光譜的星雲幾乎都與光譜是B1或更熱的恆星有關（包括所有<a href="/wiki/O%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="O型主序星">O型主序星</a>），而與連續光譜星雲有關的都是溫度較低的恆星<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。哈伯和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="亨利·诺利斯·罗素">亨利·諾利斯·羅素</a>兩人都推論高溫的恆星以某種方式改變了周圍的星雲<sup id="cite_ref-struve37_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-struve37-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形成"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.88.90"></span>形成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：形成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可能包含<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">原创研究</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2010年10月</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充参考资料、添加<a href="/wiki/Template:Original_research_inline" title="Template:Original research inline">相关内联标签</a>和删除原创研究内容以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。详细情况请参见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="Talk:星云">讨论页</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>許多星雲或恆星都是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%9D%8D%E7%BC%A9" title="引力坍缩">引力坍縮</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E4%BB%8B%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="星際介質">星際介質</a>氣體或ISM中形成的。當物質因為本身的重量而坍縮時，在中心可能會形成大質量的恆星，而且它們的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線輻射</a>會造成周圍的氣體<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="電離">電離</a>，使它們發射出可見光的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波長">波長</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="玫瑰星雲">玫瑰星雲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B5%9C%E9%B6%98%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="鵜鶘星雲">鵜鶘星雲</a>就是這種星雲的例子。這些星雲的小，就是所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%BA" title="电离氢区">電離氫區</a>，會依據原來分子雲的大小而有所不同。它們位於恆星誕生區，而形成的恆星經常是所知的那些年輕、鬆散的集團。 </p><p>有些星雲的形成是大質量、生命短暫的恆星發生<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>爆炸的結果。從<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>爆炸拋射出來的物質是被高能量電離的，而且它還會產生緻密物質。在這之中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%89%9B%E5%BA%A7" title="金牛座">金牛座</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="蟹狀星雲">蟹狀星雲</a>就是最著名的例子。這個超新星事件發生在西元1054年，所以被標記為<a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">SN 1054</a>，被創造的緻密物質就是位於蟹狀星雲中心的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a>。 </p><p>另一種可能形成的星雲是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="行星狀星雲">行星狀星雲</a>，這是低質量恆星生命的最後階段，像是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>。質量上限大約是8-10倍<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽質量">太陽質量</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>，會演化成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅巨星</a>，並且外層的大氣層在脹縮時，會以緩慢的速率流失質量。當恆星失去了足夠的物質之後，它表面的溫度會升高，而且它發射出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線</a>會使早先被拋出而環繞在周圍的氣體被電離。這種星雲的97%是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>，3%是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>，其餘的則是微量但可偵測到的物質。在這一階段的主要功能是完成平衡。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="星雲的種類"><span id=".E6.98.9F.E9.9B.B2.E7.9A.84.E7.A8.AE.E9.A1.9E"></span>星雲的種類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：星雲的種類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="傳統的類型"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1.E7.9A.84.E9.A1.9E.E5.9E.8B"></span>傳統的類型</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：傳統的類型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a>（<b>螺旋星雲</b>）、距離遙遠的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="星團">星團</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="球狀星團">球狀星團</a>）和無法解析的恆星，在它們的性質被理解之前，都因為無法分辨，曾經也被歸類為星雲，但現在都已不再是星雲。 </p><p>被稱為星雲的物體主要分為4大類： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%BA" title="电离氢区">電離氫區</a>：含有電離氫的大型<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E6%BC%AB%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="弥漫星云">瀰漫星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="行星狀星雲">行星狀星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%AE%98%E9%AA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="超新星殘骸">超新星殘骸</a>（例如：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="蟹狀星雲">蟹狀星雲</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="暗星雲">暗星雲</a></li></ul> <p>這樣的分類並未包含所有的雲狀結構天體，像是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BC-%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="赫比格-哈羅天體">赫比格-哈羅天體</a>就是一個例子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="通量星雲"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E9.87.8F.E6.98.9F.E9.9B.B2"></span>通量星雲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：通量星雲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="積分通量星雲">積分通量星雲</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="瀰漫星雲"><span id=".E7.80.B0.E6.BC.AB.E6.98.9F.E9.9B.B2"></span>瀰漫星雲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：瀰漫星雲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omega_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Omega_Nebula.jpg/250px-Omega_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Omega_Nebula.jpg/375px-Omega_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Omega_Nebula.jpg/500px-Omega_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ω星云">Ω星雲</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="發射星雲">發射星雲</a>的例子。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horsehead-Hubble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Horsehead-Hubble.jpg/250px-Horsehead-Hubble.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Horsehead-Hubble.jpg/375px-Horsehead-Hubble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Horsehead-Hubble.jpg/500px-Horsehead-Hubble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2065" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%A0%AD%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="馬頭星雲">馬頭星雲</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="暗星雲">暗星雲</a>的例子。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="反射星雲">反射星雲</a>是在恆星的瀰漫星雲的例子。 </p><p>大多數的星雲都可以被描述成瀰漫星雲，這意味著它們是擴散的，沒有明確的邊界<sup id="cite_ref-Messier_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messier-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在可見光下，這些星雲可以再細分為<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="發射星雲">發射星雲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="反射星雲">反射星雲</a>，這種分類法取決於我們看它是如何發光的。發射星雲包含<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="電離">電離</a>的氣體（多數是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>離子），它們發射出<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9C%E7%B7%9A" title="譜線">譜線</a><sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這些發射星雲經常被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%BA" title="电离氢区">電離氫區</a>；職業的天文學家經常使用HII來表示這些電離的氫。相對於發射星雲，反射星雲本身幾乎不會產生可見光，他僅是反射鄰近恆星的光<sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>暗星雲也與瀰漫星雲相似，但它似乎既不發射也不反射任何光線，取而代之的是，它們是在更遙遠的恆星前面或發射星雲前面的黑暗雲氣<sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>雖然這些星雲在可見光中有著不同的波長，但是它們的光源都來是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紅外線">紅外線</a>波長。這些輻射主要來是星雲內部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙塵">塵埃</a><sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行星狀星雲"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E6.98.9F.E7.8B.80.E6.98.9F.E9.9B.B2"></span>行星狀星雲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：行星狀星雲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC6543.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NGC6543.jpg/250px-NGC6543.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NGC6543.jpg/375px-NGC6543.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NGC6543.jpg/500px-NGC6543.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93%E7%9C%BC%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="貓眼星雲">貓眼星雲</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="行星狀星雲">行星狀星雲</a>的例子。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="行星狀星雲">行星狀星雲</a>是低質量漸近巨星分支的恆星轉化成<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>時，從外殼拋出的氣體形成的星雲。這些星雲發射出的光譜類似於在<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="恆星形成">恆星形成</a>區域發現的星雲所發出的光譜。技術上，因為多數的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>都是電離的，因此它們是HII區。但是，行星狀星雲的密度比恆星形成區的星雲更高和更緊密<sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它們被稱為行星狀星雲是因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文學家">天文學家</a>初次看見這些天體時，認為這些星雲像是行星的盤面，雖然它們與行星沒有任何關聯。相信我們的太陽在誕生120億年後會成為其中的一員<sup id="cite_ref-s_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="原行星雲"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E8.A1.8C.E6.98.9F.E9.9B.B2"></span>原行星雲</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：原行星雲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA04533.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA04533.jpg/250px-PIA04533.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA04533.jpg/375px-PIA04533.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA04533.jpg/500px-PIA04533.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="紅矩形星雲">紅矩形星雲</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="原行星雲">原行星雲</a>的例子。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="原行星雲">原行星雲</a></div> <p>原行星雲（PPN）是介於晚期<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E8%BF%91%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="漸近巨星分支">漸近巨星分支</a>（LAGB）階段和隨後的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="行星狀星雲">行星狀星雲</a>（PN）階段之間，當恆星快速的進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="恆星演化">演化</a>而短暫存在的一種天體<sup id="cite_ref-sahaietal2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahaietal2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在AGB階段，恆星經歷質量的損失，釋出由氫氣形成的星周殼。當這個階段結束時，恆星就進入PPN階段。 </p><p>PPN因為中心的恆星而充滿活力，使它發射出強烈紅外線輻射而成為反射星雲。當來自中心被汙染的恆星風形成和衝擊外殼成為軸向對稱的型式，同時生成快速移動的分子風<sup id="cite_ref-mnras360_1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnras360_1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當PPN成為行星狀星雲的精確點取決於中央恆星的溫度。PPN的階段會持續至中心恆星的溫度達到30,000K之後，這是熱得足夠使周圍氣體電離的溫度<sup id="cite_ref-apj342_1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj342_1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="超新星殘骸"><span id=".E8.B6.85.E6.96.B0.E6.98.9F.E6.AE.98.E9.AA.B8"></span>超新星殘骸</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：超新星殘骸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/250px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/375px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/500px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="蟹狀星雲">蟹狀星雲</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%AE%98%E9%AA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="超新星殘骸">超新星殘骸</a>的例子。</figcaption></figure> <p>大質量恆星抵達生命的終點時會成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>。當在核心的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="核融合">核融合</a>停止，恆星會坍縮。墜入內部的氣體不是從核心被強烈的反彈就是獲得大量的能量，因而導致恆星爆炸性的向外擴展<sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。膨脹的氣殼形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%AE%98%E9%AA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="超新星殘骸">超新星殘骸</a>，一種特別的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E6%BC%AB%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="弥漫星云">瀰漫星雲</a><sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雖然有許多可見光和<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="X射線">X射線</a>輻射源自超新星殘骸電離的氣體，但大量的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="電波">電波</a>發射是來自被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="同步輻射">同步輻射</a>的非熱輻射<sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這種輻射源自高速<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>內的振盪。 </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著名的星雲"><span id=".E8.91.97.E5.90.8D.E7.9A.84.E6.98.9F.E9.9B.B2"></span>著名的星雲</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：著名的星雲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%9E%E8%9F%BB%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="螞蟻星雲">螞蟻星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%92%B0" title="巴納德環">巴納德環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%8A%9B%E6%A3%92%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="回力棒星雲">回力棒星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93%E7%9C%BC%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="貓眼星雲">貓眼星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="蟹狀星雲">蟹狀星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B7%B9%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="鷹星雲">鷹星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%91%A9%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="愛斯基摩星雲">愛斯基摩星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E5%BA%95%E5%BA%A7%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="船底座星雲">船底座星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="螺旋星雲">螺旋星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%8F%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="沙漏星雲">沙漏星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%A0%AD%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="馬頭星雲">馬頭星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%8E%E6%88%B7%E5%BA%A7%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="猎户座大星云">猎户座大星云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B5%9C%E9%B6%98%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="鵜鶘星雲">鵜鶘星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="紅矩形星雲">紅矩形星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="環狀星雲">環狀星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="玫瑰星雲">玫瑰星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%98%E8%9B%9B%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="蜘蛛星云">蜘蛛星云</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="目錄"><span id=".E7.9B.AE.E9.8C.84"></span>目錄</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：目錄"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A7%86%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="古姆星表">古姆星表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCW%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="RCW星表">RCW星表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%AE%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91%E8%A1%A8" title="沙普利斯亮星云表">沙普利斯亮星云表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%A5%BF%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="梅西耶天體">梅西耶天體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%BE%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%B7%B1%E7%A9%BA%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E8%A1%A8" title="科德韦尔深空天体表">科德韦尔深空天体表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84" title="阿貝爾行星狀星雲目錄">阿貝爾行星狀星雲目錄</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">一些過去的用法依然留存著，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E5%A5%B3%E5%BA%A7%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="仙女座星系">仙女座星系</a>依然使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="愛德溫·哈伯">愛德溫·哈伯</a>發現它是星系之前的名稱，被稱為<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%A2%A8%E9%81%94" title="安德洛墨達">仙女座</a>星雲</b></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%AB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中性氫區">中性氫區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%BA" title="电离氢区">電離氫區</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%80%B0%E6%BC%AB%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瀰漫星雲表（页面不存在）">瀰漫星雲表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%80%AB%E9%9B%B2" title="麥哲倫雲">麥哲倫雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%A5%BF%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="梅西耶天體">梅西耶天體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E6%88%B6%E5%BA%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B2%E5%9C%98" title="獵戶座分子雲團">獵戶座分子雲團</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_interstellar_medium_and_intergalactic_medium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium（页面不存在）">Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nebula">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. etymonline.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526035958/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nebula">存档</a>于2010-05-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dnebula&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krupp, Edward C. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/skyandtelescope/access/886319051.html?dids=886319051:886319051&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:PAGE&date=Feb+1999&author=E+C+Krupp&desc=Igniting+the+Hearth">Igniting the Hearth</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071211030815/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/skyandtelescope/access/886319051.html?dids=886319051:886319051&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:PAGE&date=Feb+1999&author=E+C+Krupp&desc=Igniting+the+Hearth">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Sky & Telescope（February）:94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKunitzsch1987" class="citation">Kunitzsch, P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628193736/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.49-sep87/messenger-no49-42-43.pdf">A Medieval Reference to the Andromeda Nebula</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Messenger, 1987, <b>49</b>: 42–43 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-10-31</span>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Msngr..49...42K"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1987Msngr..49...42K</span></a>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.49-sep87/messenger-no49-42-43.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2011-06-28）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=A+Medieval+Reference+to+the+Andromeda+Nebula&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.aulast=Kunitzsch&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Messenger&rft.pages=42-43&rft.volume=49&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fsci%2Fpublications%2Fmessenger%2Farchive%2Fno.49-sep87%2Fmessenger-no49-42-43.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Msngr..49...42K&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_5-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_5-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kenneth Glyn Jones. Messier's nebulae and star clusters. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 1991: 1. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521370795" title="Special:网络书源/0521370795"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0521370795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.au=Kenneth+Glyn+Jones&rft.btitle=Messier%27s+nebulae+and+star+clusters&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521370795&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rasqj25-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rasqj25_6-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rasqj25_6-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Harrison, T. G. The Orion Nebula —where in History is it. Royal Astronomical Society Quarterly Journal. March 1984, <b>25</b> (1): 70–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984QJRAS..25...65H"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1984QJRAS..25...65H</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=The+Orion+Nebula%C2%A0%E2%80%94where+in+History+is+it&rft.aufirst=T.+G.&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.date=1984-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Royal+Astronomical+Society+Quarterly+Journal&rft.pages=70-73&rft.volume=25&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984QJRAS..25...65H&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lundmark-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lundmark_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lundmark K. (1921), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1921PASP...33..225L&link_type=ARTICLE&db_key=AST">Suspected New Stars Recorded in Old Chronicles and Among Recent Meridian Observations'</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200315004458/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1921PASP...33..225L&link_type=ARTICLE&db_key=AST">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）', Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, v. 33, p.225</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayall-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayall_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayall N.U. (1939), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1939ASPL....3..145M&link_type=ARTICLE&db_key=AST">The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181213220409/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1939ASPL....3..145M&link_type=ARTICLE&db_key=AST">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i>, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, v. 3, p.145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Halley, E. An account of several nebulae or lucid spots like clouds, lately discovered among the fixt stars by help of the telescope. Philosophical Transactions. 1714–16, <b>XXXIX</b>: 390–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=An+account+of+several+nebulae+or+lucid+spots+like+clouds%2C+lately+discovered+among+the+fixt+stars+by+help+of+the+telescope&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.aulast=Halley&rft.date=1714%2F1716&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.pages=390-2&rft.volume=XXXIX&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoskin2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoskin2005_10-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoskin2005_10-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hoskin, Michael. Unfinished Business: William Herschel’s Sweeps for Nebulae. History of Science. 2005, <b>43</b>: 305–320. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005HisSc..43..305H"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2005HisSc..43..305H</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=Unfinished+Business%3A+William+Herschel%E2%80%99s+Sweeps+for+Nebulae&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Hoskin&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Science&rft.pages=305-320&rft.volume=43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005HisSc..43..305H&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Watts, William Marshall; Huggins, Sir William; Lady Huggins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=sZQIAAAAIAAJ">An introduction to the study of spectrum analysis</a>. Longmans, Green, and co. 1904: 84–85 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-10-31</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.au=Watts%2C+William+Marshall%3B+Huggins%2C+Sir+William%3B+Lady+Huggins&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+study+of+spectrum+analysis&rft.date=1904&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+co.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DsZQIAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-struve37-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-struve37_12-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-struve37_12-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-struve37_12-2"><sup><b>11.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Struve, Otto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1937-01_45_1/page/9">Recent Progress in the Study of Reflection Nebulae</a>. Popular Astronomy. 1937, <b>45</b>: 9–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1937PA.....45....9S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1937PA.....45....9S</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=Recent+Progress+in+the+Study+of+Reflection+Nebulae&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft.aulast=Struve&rft.date=1937&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Astronomy&rft.pages=9-22&rft.volume=45&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_popular-astronomy_1937-01_45_1%2Fpage%2F9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1937PA.....45....9S&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Slipher, V. M. On the spectrum of the nebula in the Pleiades. Lowell Observatory Bulletin. 1912, <b>1</b>: 26–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1912LowOB...2...26S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1912LowOB...2...26S</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=On+the+spectrum+of+the+nebula+in+the+Pleiades&rft.aufirst=V.+M.&rft.aulast=Slipher&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lowell+Observatory+Bulletin&rft.pages=26-27&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1912LowOB...2...26S&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hubble, E. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1922-12_56_5/page/400">The source of luminosity in galactic nebulae.</a>. Astrophysical Journal. December 1922, <b>56</b>: 400–438. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922ApJ....56..400H"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1922ApJ....56..400H</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F142713"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/142713</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=The+source+of+luminosity+in+galactic+nebulae.&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft.aulast=Hubble&rft.date=1922-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=400-438&rft.volume=56&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astrophysical-journal_1922-12_56_5%2Fpage%2F400&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1922ApJ....56..400H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F142713&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messier-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Messier_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961225125109/http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/messier/diffuse.html">The Messier Catalog: Diffuse Nebulae</a>. University of Illinois SEDS. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-06-12</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/messier/diffuse.html">原始内容</a>存档于1996-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.btitle=The+Messier+Catalog%3A+Diffuse+Nebulae&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+SEDS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseds.lpl.arizona.edu%2Fmessier%2Fdiffuse.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shu1982-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_16-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_16-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_16-2"><sup><b>15.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_16-3"><sup><b>15.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_16-4"><sup><b>15.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_16-5"><sup><b>15.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_16-6"><sup><b>15.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_16-7"><sup><b>15.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">F. H. Shu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicaluniverse00shuf">The Physical Universe</a>. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books. 1982. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-935702-05-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-935702-05-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-935702-05-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.au=F.+H.+Shu&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Universe&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-935702-05-9&rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicaluniverse00shuf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">E. Chaisson, S. McMillan. Astronomy: a beginner's guide to the universe 2nd. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-733916-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-733916-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-733916-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.au=E.+Chaisson%2C+S.+McMillan&rft.btitle=Astronomy%3A+a+beginner%27s+guide+to+the+universe&rft.date=1995&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-733916-X&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sahaietal2005-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sahaietal2005_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">R. Sahai, C. Sánchez Contreras, M. Morris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...620..948S">A Starfish Preplanetary Nebula: IRAS 19024+0044</a>. Astrophysical Journal. 2005, <b>620</b>: 948–960 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-15</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F426469"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/426469</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015000420/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...620..948S">存档</a>于2007-10-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=A+Starfish+Preplanetary+Nebula%3A+IRAS+19024%2B0044&rft.au=R.+Sahai%2C+C.+S%C3%A1nchez+Contreras%2C+M.+Morris&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=948-960&rft.volume=620&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2005ApJ...620..948S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F426469&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mnras360_1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mnras360_1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Davis, C. J.; Smith, M. D.; Gledhill, T. M.; Varricatt, W. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005MNRAS.360..104D">Near-infrared echelle spectroscopy of protoplanetary nebulae: probing the fast wind in H<sub>2</sub></a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2005, <b>360</b> (1): 104–118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.09018.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09018.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=Near-infrared+echelle+spectroscopy+of+protoplanetary+nebulae%3A+probing+the+fast+wind+in+H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.pages=104-118&rft.volume=360&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-bib_query%3Fbibcode%3D2005MNRAS.360..104D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.09018.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj342_1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj342_1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Volk, Kevin M.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Kwok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Kwok（页面不存在）">Kwok, Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1989ApJ...342..345V">Evolution of protoplanetary nebulae</a>. Astrophysical Journal, Part 1（ISSN 0004-637X）. July 1, 1989, <b>342</b>: 345–363. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F167597"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/167597</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+protoplanetary+nebulae&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft.aulast=Volk&rft.date=1989-07-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal%2C+Part+1%EF%BC%88ISSN+0004-637X%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=345-363&rft.volume=342&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-bib_query%3Fbibcode%3D1989ApJ...342..345V&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F167597&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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geocities.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020085045/http://www.space-and-telescope.com/MessierObjects.aspx">Clickable table of Messier objects</a>, space-and-telescope.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050429002503/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/nebula_worldbook.html">NASAN.gov</a>, nebula worldbook</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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