CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913558e57cca407a',cH: 'IzwCDW9tOZveEnuEUmH3DzMtuv4yLnXt9hS9RjwuT2E-1739790797-1.2.1.1-K52E_uxoeDwv5NM_soJ5D8sfYR7BjeU3vf_Le2yJy.IEVm3xsPNjPjR85PeRLhQb',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=hydrothermal%20growth&__cf_chl_tk=oxBKD5mGqIEEhaKF14bc3PG_lz.zj5uhe5SqABJUG7w-1739790797-1.0.1.1-SF0vYLxurhqvM.0BMV6lDHqzgn5wiUafNt10D4ksmeM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790797',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=hydrothermal%20growth&__cf_chl_f_tk=oxBKD5mGqIEEhaKF14bc3PG_lz.zj5uhe5SqABJUG7w-1739790797-1.0.1.1-SF0vYLxurhqvM.0BMV6lDHqzgn5wiUafNt10D4ksmeM",md: "RWMsIYnIvLctZUOYdlrVOKbG60kRjD3viNxFuucEU0I-1739790797-1.2.1.1-dyBfTPCK0YontOwYN1Y5l7IVa_e_ctE7uoeIRxnt8Yly3j_sM_TlrauFsgScT3mdBFyMfy70DzdsRROPSvaf5RYHP5VZeE2PIpS2rXZNU0BdiqBdAkWAHdjRyoBA_DGKhFy.p.KgVy6GbAIk7F7UwRES5kzHUXtGEh6y19zRM6UAAcHb4WYiyF0238SAemyRPmi5IlTA6jQ1W1ej..amzG2N6IkWhw3Z1HXHFLPEtvJ7ibO9D8Q8HSLLUl6KzK5sMpd.h2NCDLVLBP7n0suasDBBwKF7_C_Dc.eNSSy3T550PnJ9Ecq.uXU0.x56hpGfahc5Wvj4WwMqEAj_3UbbdHxJbXAGo9GKNtPdBwsTr3RXLpVG7ltyM3XRtOEUFolt4SFo7bgyggO9u1tPPKvnNr8ATApz08xuun3oIkN1mFOrORUsE3KSz507o_63X6dOMZ5qLVHxQmsIIT0LOUgrbe9ZG43.nQJ7tpABbi.ykISMfjx7LT5ZIvm0xGqpl_ZcoY4PYv2DesPs46FUodf13u9w42zvd58LNkJdZ8sxhlNbK4pDMwvkHdp6IkIxleG8ywKBSRE0FrD7aZCr.75m_Veavkcz11Xww386bL1hngakXvm8nX8X4g08uxfV9KxEugDpWElMNV8HXOBgUysvEVdjuulxJAp7xwoA_tgVa9QnilRKJXUImi57cIigedWJnCcms7GRmV8oLlYYZun2dgjOfnypYsXzlAayjj4CogV_05670griYnq8hw.4vumukwvr8ZT2Mf0_y2joPbX89s1LvEQhxFnlncwHLeHfa858Fn08dnFcK3QWxPVTxFk7YfpjPfX2sbqMaf_FoxJTzUIvs6k7MSnwm8UCbXVcrJxOxlJkBvo_U1WFZ.fiH7.dBRl_IK0X4Xd.5yXlhu1C4JLeRyw.Ms9NUmBUqyYoeWZOq_zPO0OrIAaaK4xPTIXrcFWaTcT0W7Xc2svLXXDY5Z58mYS6KkXUjHECxW_aEG7vlCyxQgEtcu.kAtJp4a3m1SzhLF5KZohGHsDThmKBucWh9JlP4gfA0k6v1D7zROKD_k5tfrBtJeT0ngt9OsoIiQTEdCiSCsdVZ7RxU_SaVPWEJ5rAFAgQrK_kuqpmAyaMWjth3DyL4m9g49EM7d1Aus8OEAD.4GW.7o4mVUiQtehJAT.zb_uzrc.97eCDqKI9F..1ArjVUG7aliwxjez20XxexD_UqDk0Q99ypXdTRzXInH6sW1xGARoPCVa7jjEBvrgiwmuA01FzRviuQyemRtWtGP9.P2I1pWQDLDm3R3Dolwj14UycE_XiJ_rZYL7oe3Q6.Copo44qp9WNKQKulUyE84E26iBeUIlJB5lBScPF8wdgVW9bdr5Qc314EAqMWJKJ3EJJxiB885ncvyv.XKvEmxIarlWQlQdvAjm9xpwO9G9UCfngsghAI0V5_PRb_iwE3g9O_qLPyO0vsIlrhmU3gJ_4ocqmmVp91vHgEbS50sYuSdiABGHcd8F9bD2jlMMSncXCDEQcr5jcVMwNOxUshU_sdM_Q.U3TgXyj5rzGYRstHKKrROAZ.dmHKQnaFlcaHqQrrdv16i7mgiOFl6vaIxp2_twSSIMf2G38s_JDO.L8kLHZirt6a.VMghhETYgdW1G2UzaJsa5XRUBd6Y761xZd1Yx5boOUAxeRHT4t1HCMT2k.KgMyuUQTRJrFa3hn8q0uvPnm7qGZL_Sw6KC3m3I9.xymDoSqB75MxKcCLJWJ_5oG.KAH9Bk306beWfDW2Ma4XaNarbg2tPAHyGWTiCmGY4P227RGBLjoNO4_2tzJ3GpxKWDUgc1go2iYcFjRSHUP4HJHfqNWVH6IFdH.6Hw715zx5.iYiJhpdnsx3AXpMRnNA3kv_tk6OMXc9coZH1lw8ZZdjBJvukV7cECRvrtDIz7kuBPnon6b_CpinEowKWoUThRXd1lcK1Vt8WAyVJiLu1.GW.G0hq3I",mdrd: "2lXWeYpOTRTiHeHU6RhdGT3upCdpbFQOqEvQdPeskBg-1739790797-1.2.1.1-ahr8AaAX6yjDTj5GYv1JQc.Ip_OtPjDEK__HG1F.FoIwkAmKEweqkBQje1jMoGEsNWaU2a3QFJbeYLra4qBFESHYQe1avsZH56T2f8RryzhidG3QL_Fd1HK4dIhEV09giuK1xX72TpGDyWCGHswkSyPP.aZ7Gwgm0YBe__RLsK6PFGIF3jtrrDn5XIBiCIFlimJxmiE6zmBJeVUgOXEXxCTdhfaAUAuol9VplKV8wwZQ_c7UuHTNs5WX_mHUKsW5rJxnNHMVQqVJgY9BdcGzEmWOrs3.qdd.AlmqK12i65zuJwzLkAS2KaCFi6J6eMmU2q44hI0zRUH3OT0jIsdeb3NqzgkC3YdZKgShAyLoHJQgD.N8yJWw6FPetqbgutshLTwEq7vOB4Gt5ex_UYbEfLnYBopJPPnfp0ARfg8Xvom4wijoRQ_yQVGLG8cD6dU4KUKgNswcTcIeo0C6BESLDN.mjCg5n.vmnwG5_fqIeh23kBGA_l54vgUNwheSq2SOpTTtIDIxHzPs0IbuDkMSpglNA.8xqPsb.jyaezj91JzO4bgXJIM1wTMmmJHjltoxzUWJQXQNHg3GGnfEUmZN9b980iAqGPoUeks8.uUqgsMroFO_LZF38_ZRYEg2KpUee5.WlKezFg.p9WXWJqnVCsfnTSPiLIGXUK6mSt5ZC7zAZCsXnEtBx8TnMD68Qr_K12kUzz9TAr_jOCXcGPmJMaGKE5YABnBgW4IcWArHlTWNMO0qAg_.0vntzbR9B_OEwswUPcz4eOn9H91gGHCHhBNe1XNOAOOn9BMBiS8G1KpgCWOUyMSYRz98PI0t3rPkCXxxTSLGDPYbPC7WY8qiWcwbMzqKdjBRHbJBeXqTHpb5pk_tJ32g9bQQtdVxdGWKaMPVNsNxT.YMI2z9eC3vDGdMzjN5ZcjqXQGs3W_r3YRI7SzgeckM2aHVZdssPHrxQCaYZZid6lI_80gMmed2JohjMaDGhhoDU2QtABYYUzsqLFAGee9H91O6rya8BQ6aGJTBsKZtLzjScj3E.0kp3c9JhoFpD9Os_nWhhnttCYQgQNe4rvQaLoMmRZepqQRow7xENgLS2tFylMmp7lP5tNB3umXIT.bZczG7lMfm84NLpt212ah3iV56qbYHoJ6bOxmWv_pOAR2hImUUfv98jRYFGKyRJ_IzlWT.NCCUePHh5IENB1JL8JNpODZm3RLtEV16kEEzVLbux7CY1I4myhi6p.VfvwuK9sa94cU1WEeTW_QaQySPl51tRkwc9r_bHEGM8QRQ5R5liJcd5d1qwUW3LlxSJ8W_Dx78WOjSNZoZLw2L2sdKNzS7wIvdotY0z_UFoCz1Uwi83xtVqfhDCJwkuZmGLhgq5SC6arUJZf5f7qKpH6q9EvpRdaaZibi.qBSzVHG3BXE0z2_vj5xaQbrchpP1RRfpPqKy.4vT0pUMGIDxlhXoeXnVcokiDh0t1UiR97G9zFMpzFAHCEwB7DbHeBCB913QeEkYUo1vOukSbkiA4nGZdPexc1yB6VU8s9X2VpO7Bb29AwyQjez5xbFsep4fU2B2J4WiNbkvNdztpaQmuYIULZ4G86lgrqhzw.4Dd5vjsGeYFtNmk5RAeYHjMziKtAejSquEqvPtBualGYPNGkYdv.V1tYaxbB21OKZneQekAw2WIrDjWfT2RvKHodmuZKGbn8C35G.OSKjcWnplfS05qjsNCjniinsJ_bFEzo4vYnM23P1CnMV8RrGaPNdONrVIhOJ5iVzzaaUe8rrszK6qUKU7QMvnn35a3vRVuyOsfAIZxl1DgkmpZp5z7m6Pge61Hezu48XfuUplsyZLNvi.ghlKp_IQysBAzlu.W.WkluEYsF4HTwC1DSXNWrP.fQW8KyyVPUA3QCRGI6tYnT5GBfMm1VOF8Vv7Eis72bMAalzf0zGOxzEfZL8r5Ubk.xlGIr42K5RvWkU"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913558e57cca407a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=hydrothermal%20growth&__cf_chl_rt_tk=oxBKD5mGqIEEhaKF14bc3PG_lz.zj5uhe5SqABJUG7w-1739790797-1.0.1.1-SF0vYLxurhqvM.0BMV6lDHqzgn5wiUafNt10D4ksmeM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>