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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1932_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1932_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1932 version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1932_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1939_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1939 version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_precise_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_precise_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Relationship to precise system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_precise_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1968 version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1999_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1999 version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allowed_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allowed_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Allowed variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allowed_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Thai General System of Transcription</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="نظام عام تايلندي ملكي للنقل الصوتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام عام تايلندي ملكي للنقل الصوتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thajsk%C3%BD_kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%BD_v%C5%A1eobecn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m_p%C5%99episu" title="Thajský královský všeobecný systém přepisu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thajský královský všeobecný systém přepisu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thail%C3%A4ndisches_Umschriftsystem" title="Thailändisches Umschriftsystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thailändisches Umschriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_omaladina" title="Tai omaladina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tai omaladina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sistema_General_Tailand%C3%A9s_de_Transcripci%C3%B3n" title="Real Sistema General Tailandés de Transcripción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Real Sistema General Tailandés de Transcripción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سیستم فراگیر ترانویسی تایلندی سلطنتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم فراگیر ترانویسی تایلندی سلطنتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_royal_de_transcription_du_tha%C3%AF" title="Système général royal de transcription du thaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système général royal de transcription du thaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_transkripsi_umum_Kerajaan_Thai" title="Sistem transkripsi umum Kerajaan Thai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem transkripsi umum Kerajaan Thai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_generale_reale_thailandese_di_trascrizione" title="Sistema generale reale thailandese di trascrizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema generale reale thailandese di trascrizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wewaton_Salin_Aksara_Karaton_Thai" title="Wewaton Salin Aksara Karaton Thai – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wewaton Salin Aksara Karaton Thai" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_kir%C3%A1lyi_%C3%A1ltal%C3%A1nos_%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1si_rendszer" title="Thai királyi általános átírási rendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thai királyi általános átírási rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Општа кралска тајландска транскрипција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Општа кралска тајландска транскрипција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Am_Transkripsi_Diraja_Thai" title="Sistem Am Transkripsi Diraja Thai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem Am Transkripsi Diraja Thai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTGS" title="RTGS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="RTGS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" title="タイ文字のローマ字表記法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイ文字のローマ字表記法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTGS" title="RTGS – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="RTGS" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisering_av_thai" title="Romanisering av thai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanisering av thai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTGS_(transkripsiya)" title="RTGS (transkripsiya) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="RTGS (transkripsiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkrypcja_j%C4%99zyka_tajskiego" title="Transkrypcja języka tajskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transkrypcja języka tajskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Geral_Real_de_Transcri%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Tailand%C3%AAs" title="Sistema Geral Real de Transcrição de Tailandês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema Geral Real de Transcrição de Tailandês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="අක්‍ෂර නිරූපණය සම්බන්ධ රාජකීය තායි පොදු ක්‍රමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්‍ෂර නිරූපණය සම්බන්ධ රාජකීය තායි පොදු ක්‍රමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTGS" title="RTGS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="RTGS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="หลักเกณฑ์การถอดอักษรไทยเป็นอักษรโรมันแบบถ่ายเสียงของราชบัณฑิตยสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลักเกณฑ์การถอดอักษรไทยเป็นอักษรโรมันแบบถ่ายเสียงของราชบัณฑิตยสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuyển tự Latinh tiếng Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="皇家泰語轉寫通用系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皇家泰語轉寫通用系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1268261#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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The specific problem is: <b>inconsistent year of publishing/introduction.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Special:EditPage/Royal Thai General System of Transcription">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Royal Thai General System of Transcription<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">RTGS</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> Abugida </div> romanisation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of Thailand">Royal Institute of Thailand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">1932</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Royal Thai General System of Transcription</b> (<b>RTGS</b>) is the official<sup id="cite_ref-announcement_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-announcement-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> system for rendering <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> words in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. It was published by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of Thailand">Royal Institute of Thailand</a> in early 1917, when Thailand was called <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exposition_Thai-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is used in road signs<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and government publications and is the closest method to a standard of <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> for Thai, but its use, even by the government, is inconsistent. The system is almost identical to the one that is defined by <a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">ISO 11940-2</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prominent features of the system are: </p> <ul><li>It uses only unmodified letters from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> without <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>.</li> <li>It spells all <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> with vowel letters: <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>. <ul><li>Single letters <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> are <a href="/wiki/Monophthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophthongs">monophthongs</a> (simple vowels), with the same value as in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">Digraphs</a> with trailing <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> are monophthongs; <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Ae_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ae (digraph)">ae</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Oe_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oe (digraph)">oe</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Ue_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ue (digraph)">ue</a>⟩</span> sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɤ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ/</span> respectively.</li> <li>Digraphs and <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraphs</a> with trailing <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> are <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> and indicate IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a,<span class="wrap"> </span>j,<span class="wrap"> </span>w/</span> respectively.</li></ul></li> <li>It uses <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> as in IPA except as follows: <ul><li>Digraphs with <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> (<span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Ph_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph (digraph)">ph</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Kh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh (digraph)">kh</a>⟩</span>) are <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ/</span> consonants to distinguish them from unaspirated <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span>.</li> <li>It uses <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a>⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, as in English.</li> <li>It uses <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕʰ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ/</span>, somewhat like English.</li> <li>It uses <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, as in English.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Final consonants are transcribed according to pronunciation, not <a href="/wiki/Thai_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai orthography">Thai orthography</a>. </p><p>Vowels are transcribed in the position in the word where they are pronounced, not as in Thai orthography. Implied vowels, which are not written in Thai orthography, are transcribed as pronounced. </p><p>A hyphen is used to avoid ambiguity in syllable separation before a succeeding syllable that starts with a vowel and before <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> if the preceding syllable ends with a vowel. </p><p>Transcribed words are written with spaces between them although there are <a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">no spaces</a> in Thai. For example, "สถาบันไทยคดีศึกษา" <i>Institute of Thai Studies</i> is transcribed as "Sathaban Thai Khadi Sueksa". However, <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounds</a> and names of persons are written without spaces between words. For example, "ลูกเสือ" (from "ลูก" + "เสือ", <i>scout</i>) is transcribed as "luksuea", not "luk suea", and "โชคชัย จิตงาม", the first and last names of a person, is transcribed as "Chokchai Chitngam", not "Chok Chai Chit Ngam".<sup id="cite_ref-announcement_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-announcement-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription_table">Transcription table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transcription table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For consonants, the transcriptions are given for both initial and final position in the syllable. For vowels, a dash ("–") indicates the relative position of the vowel's initial consonant. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Consonants</th> <th> </th> <th>Vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Initial position</th> <th>Final position </th></tr> <tr> <td>ก</td> <td>k</td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td>ข ฃ ค ฅ ฆ</td> <td>kh</td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td>ง</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ng </td></tr> <tr> <td>จ</td> <td>ch</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฉ ช</td> <td>ch</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ซ</td> <td>s</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฌ</td> <td>ch</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ญ</td> <td>y</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฎ</td> <td>d</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฏ</td> <td>t</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฐ ฑ ฒ</td> <td>th</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ณ</td> <td>n</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>ด</td> <td>d</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ต</td> <td>t</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ถ ท ธ</td> <td>th</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>น</td> <td>n</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>บ</td> <td>b</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>ป</td> <td>p</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>ผ</td> <td>ph</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฝ</td> <td>f</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>พ</td> <td>ph</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฟ</td> <td>f</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>ภ</td> <td>ph</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>ม</td> <td>m</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td>ย</td> <td>y</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ร</td> <td>r</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฤ</td> <td>rue, ri, roe</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฤๅ</td> <td>rue</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ล</td> <td>l</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฦ</td> <td>lue</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฦๅ</td> <td>lue</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ว</td> <td>w</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ศ</td> <td>s</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ษ</td> <td>s</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ส</td> <td>s</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ห</td> <td>h</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฬ</td> <td>l</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฮ</td> <td>h</td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>     </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Romanisation </th></tr> <tr> <td>–ะ, –ั, รร (with final), –า</td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td>รร (without final)</td> <td>an </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ำ</td> <td>am </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ิ, –ี</td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ึ, –ื, —ือ</td> <td>ue </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ุ, –ู</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ะ, เ–็, เ–</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>แ–ะ, แ–</td> <td>ae </td></tr> <tr> <td>โ–ะ, –, โ–, เ–าะ, –อ</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–อะ, เ–ิ, เ–อ</td> <td>oe </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ียะ, เ–ีย</td> <td>ia </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ือะ, เ–ือ</td> <td>uea </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ัวะ, –ัว, –ว–</td> <td>ua </td></tr> <tr> <td>ใ–, ไ–, –ัย, ไ–ย, –าย</td> <td>ai </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–า, –าว</td> <td>ao </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ุย</td> <td>ui </td></tr> <tr> <td>โ–ย, –อย</td> <td>oi </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ย</td> <td>oei </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ือย</td> <td>ueai </td></tr> <tr> <td>–วย</td> <td>uai </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ิว</td> <td>io </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–็ว, เ–ว</td> <td>eo </td></tr> <tr> <td>แ–็ว, แ–ว</td> <td>aeo </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ียว</td> <td>iao </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been four versions of the RTGS, those promulgated in 1932, 1939, 1968 and 1999. The general system was issued by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Education (Thailand)">Ministry of Public Instruction</a> in 1932, and subsequent issues have been issued by the Royal Institute of Thailand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_changes">Table of changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Table of changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="4">Initial position </th> <th colspan="4">Final position </th></tr> <tr> <th>1932 </th> <th>1939 </th> <th>1968 </th> <th>1999 </th> <th>1932 </th> <th>1939 </th> <th>1968 </th> <th>1999 </th></tr> <tr> <td>จ</td> <td>č</td> <td>čh</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td colspan="4">t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฤ</td> <td>rư</td> <td>rư</td> <td>ru</td> <td>rue</td> <td colspan="4">- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฤ</td> <td>rơ</td> <td>rœ</td> <td>roe</td> <td>roe</td> <td colspan="4">- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฤๅ</td> <td>rư</td> <td>rư</td> <td>ru</td> <td>rue</td> <td colspan="4">- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฦ</td> <td>lư</td> <td>lư</td> <td>lu</td> <td>lue</td> <td colspan="4">- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฦๅ</td> <td>lư</td> <td>lư</td> <td>lu</td> <td>lue</td> <td colspan="4">- </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="4">Romanisation </th></tr> <tr> <th>1932 </th> <th>1939 </th> <th>1968 </th> <th>1999 </th></tr> <tr> <td>–ึ, –ื</td> <td>ư</td> <td>ư</td> <td>u</td> <td>ue </td></tr> <tr> <td>แ–ะ, แ–</td> <td>e̩</td> <td>æ</td> <td>ae</td> <td>ae </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–าะ, –อ</td> <td>o̦</td> <td>ǫ</td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–อะ, เ–ิ, เ–อ</td> <td>ơ</td> <td>œ</td> <td>oe</td> <td>oe </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ือะ, เ–ือ</td> <td>ưa</td> <td>ưa</td> <td>ua</td> <td>uea </td></tr> <tr> <td>–อย</td> <td>o̦i</td> <td>ǫi</td> <td>oi</td> <td>oi </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ย</td> <td>ơi</td> <td>œi</td> <td>oei</td> <td>oei </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ือย</td> <td>ưai</td> <td>ưai</td> <td>uai</td> <td>ueai </td></tr> <tr> <td>–ิว</td> <td>iu</td> <td>iu</td> <td>iu</td> <td>io </td></tr> <tr> <td>แ–็ว, แ–ว</td> <td>e̩o</td> <td>æo</td> <td>aeo</td> <td>aeo </td></tr> <tr> <td>เ–ียว</td> <td>iau</td> <td>ieo</td> <td>ieo</td> <td>iao </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1932_version">1932 version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1932 version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general system was set up by a committee of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Education (Thailand)">Ministry of Public Instruction</a> on the following principles:<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The general system should be expandable to the precise system.</li> <li>The general system should be based on pronunciation, and one sound should be represented by one symbol or letter.</li> <li>The general system should be in consonance with the principles of Thai grammar, orthography, and pronunciation.</li> <li>In selecting symbols or letters, account should be taken of existing types for printing and typewriting and of existing systems of transcription.</li></ol> <p>The committee considered that for the general system, tone and quantity marks were unneeded. They would be provided for the precise system.<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marks are accents above the vowels,<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one reason that the vowel symbols used to have no marks above them.<sup id="cite_ref-Griswold_1960_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griswold_1960-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939_version">1939 version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1939 version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1939 issue allowed short vowels to be marked with a <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> (˘) where expedient.<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/thai.pdf">transliteration</a> uses the 1939 version with the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> (¯) for long vowels and a <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">spiritus asper</a> (ʽ) to transliterate อ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> as a consonant. </p><p>The changes in vowel notation copied existing usage (æ, œ)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the IPA">IPA notation</a> (æ, ǫ).<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_precise_system">Relationship to precise system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship to precise system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precise system was issued along with the general system in 1939. A transliteration in the precise system could be converted to the general system by doing the following:<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Removing parenthesised character</li> <li>Replacing <i>ʽ</i> and <i>hʽ</i> by <i>h</i></li> <li>Removing length and tone markings</li> <li>Removing <i>ḥ</i>, which corresponds to ะ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>, which may be viewed as a length mark</li> <li>Removing the character distinguishing dots below and primes</li> <li>Changing <i>ay</i> and <i>aiy</i> to <i>ai</i> except before vowels</li> <li>Changing <i>č</i> to <i>čh</i></li> <li>Changing <i>ie</i> to <i>ia</i>, <i>uo</i> to <i>ua</i> and <i>ưœ</i> to <i>ưa</i></li></ol> <p>The last set of changes removes a graphic distinction between vowels in closed syllables and vowels in open syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>h</i> is added to <i>č</i> in the general system to make it easier to read. When the diacritic was subsequently removed, the <i>h</i> was justified as avoiding the misreading of the transliteration as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> rather than the correct <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exposition_Thai-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968_version">1968 version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1968 version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1968 version removed diacritics, including the horn of <i>ư</i> and replaced the ligatures <i>æ</i> and <i>œ</i> by <i>ae</i> and <i>oe</i>. While that is more suitable as the standard transliteration for maps, it removed the contrast between the transcriptions of จ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ/</span> and ช <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕʰ/</span>, อึ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯ/</span> and อุ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, เอือ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯa/</span> and อัว <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ua/</span>, and โอ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> and ออ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exposition_Thai-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999_version">1999 version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1999 version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1999 version restored the distinction between the transcriptions of the pairs อึ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯ/</span> and อุ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> and เอือ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯa/</span> and อัว <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ua/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exposition_Thai-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also simplified the transliteration of final ว <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, which now is always transcribed <o>.<sup id="cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exposition_Thai-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allowed_variants">Allowed variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Allowed variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following variants have been allowed: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Preferred form </th> <td>čh</td> <td>æ</td> <td>œ</td> <td>ǫ</td> <td>ơ</td> <td>ư </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alternative </th> <td>ĉh<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ae<sup id="cite_ref-Griswold_1960_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griswold_1960-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>oe<sup id="cite_ref-Griswold_1960_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griswold_1960-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>o̦<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>oʼ<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>uʼ<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system does not transcribe all features of <a href="/wiki/Thai_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai phonology">Thai phonology</a>. Particularly it has the following shortcomings: </p> <ul><li>It does not record <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>.</li> <li>It does not differentiate between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short and long vowels</a>.</li> <li>The notation <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> does not differentiate between <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ/</span> and IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕʰ/</span> (see table below). Using <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ/</span> would have been more consistent<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the other stops and is used as such in <a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">ISO 11940-2</a>.</li> <li>The notation <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> does not differentiate between IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> and IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> (see table below).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="4">Phoneme 1</th> <th colspan="4">Phoneme 2 </th></tr> <tr> <th>RTGS </th> <th>Thai</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Description</th> <th>English </th> <th>Thai</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Description</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>ch </td> <td>จ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveo-palatal_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveo-palatal affricate">alveo-palatal<br />affricate</a> </td> <td>roughly like <span class="nowrap">⟨ty⟩</span> in "let you"<br /><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>ฉ, ช, ฌ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕʰ</span> </td> <td>aspirated alveo-<br />palatal affricate </td> <td>roughly like <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> in "check" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">o </td> <td>โ–ะ, – </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oʔ</span> </td> <td>close-mid back<br />short rounded </td> <td>like the vowel in "note" <br />(American pronunciation) </td> <td>เ–าะ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔʔ</span> </td> <td>open-mid back<br />short rounded </td> <td>like <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> in "boy" </td></tr> <tr> <td>โ– </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </td> <td>close-mid back<br />long rounded </td> <td>like <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> in "go" <i>(Scottish English)</i> </td> <td>–อ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔː</span> </td> <td>open-mid back<br />long rounded </td> <td>like <span class="nowrap">⟨aw⟩</span> in "raw" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="#1932_Version">original design</a> envisioned the general system to give broad details of pronunciation, and the precise system to supplement that with vowel lengths, tones, and specific Thai characters used.<sup id="cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambiguity of <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> was introduced in the <a href="#1968_Version">1968 version</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">ISO 11940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">ISO 11940-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai transliteration">Thai transliteration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-announcement-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-announcement_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-announcement_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127154113/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2542/D/037/11.PDF"><bdi lang="th">ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง หลักเกณฑ์การถอดอักษรไทยเป็นอักษรโรมันแบบถ่ายเสียง</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Royal Gazette</i> (in Thai), <b>116</b> (37 ง): 11, 1999-05-11, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2542/D/037/11.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 27, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=37+%E0%B8%87&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1999-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2542%2FD%2F037%2F11.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_th.pdf"><i>Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names: Thai</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Current+Status+of+United+Nations+Romanization+Systems+for+Geographical+Names%3A+Thai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2From1_th.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exposition_Thai-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exposition_Thai_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orst.go.th/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=/FILEROOM/CABROYINWEB/DRAWER004/GENERAL/DATA0000/00000763.PDF"><i>Standard for transcribing the Thai alphabet into the Roman alphabet by conveying the sound</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+for+transcribing+the+Thai+alphabet+into+the+Roman+alphabet+by+conveying+the+sound&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orst.go.th%2Fpdfjs%2Fweb%2Fviewer.html%3Ffile%3D%2FFILEROOM%2FCABROYINWEB%2FDRAWER004%2FGENERAL%2FDATA0000%2F00000763.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/8th-uncsgn-docs/inf/8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.41.pdf"><i>Principles of Romanization for Thai Script by Transcription Method</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Romanization+for+Thai+Script+by+Transcription+Method&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2FUNGEGN%2Fdocs%2F8th-uncsgn-docs%2Finf%2F8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.41.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span> (UN document)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115222340/http://www.ooh5.go.th/book/CA/CA01.pdf"><i>Handbook and standard for traffic signs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai), Appendix ง, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ooh5.go.th/book/CA/CA01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+and+standard+for+traffic+signs&rft.pages=Appendix+%E0%B8%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ooh5.go.th%2Fbook%2FCA%2FCA01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nstda.or.th/archives/ชื่อบ้านนามเมือง/"><i>geographical names</i></a> (in Thai), 7 August 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=geographical+names&rft.date=2021-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnstda.or.th%2Farchives%2F%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTGS_1939-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTGS_1939_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1941/JSS_033_1d_RoyalInstituteTranscriptionOfThaiIntoRomanCharacters.pdf">"A Notification of the Royal Institute concerning the Transcription of Thai Characters into the Roman"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The Journal of the Thailand Research Society</i>, <b>XXXIII</b>: 49–65, March 1941<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Thailand+Research+Society&rft.atitle=A+Notification+of+the+Royal+Institute+concerning+the+Transcription+of+Thai+Characters+into+the+Roman&rft.volume=XXXIII&rft.pages=49-65&rft.date=1941-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1941%2FJSS_033_1d_RoyalInstituteTranscriptionOfThaiIntoRomanCharacters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griswold_1960-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griswold_1960_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griswold_1960_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griswold_1960_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1951/JSS_048_1c_Griswold_AfterthoughtsOnRomanizationOfSiamese.pdf">"Afterthoughts on the Romanization of Siamese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a></i>, <b>XLVIII</b>: 29–68, June 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Afterthoughts+on+the+Romanization+of+Siamese&rft.volume=XLVIII&rft.pages=29-68&rft.date=1960-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1951%2FJSS_048_1c_Griswold_AfterthoughtsOnRomanizationOfSiamese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajiravudh1913" class="citation cs2">Vajiravudh (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1911/JSS_009_4b_KingVajiravudh_RomanisationOfSiameseWords.pdf">"The Romanisation of Siamese Words."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the Siam Society</i>, <b>9</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=The+Romanisation+of+Siamese+Words.&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Vajiravudh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1911%2FJSS_009_4b_KingVajiravudh_RomanisationOfSiameseWords.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.chula.ac.th/~ling/tts/principles_eng.pdf"><i>Principles of Romanization for Thai Script by Transcription Method</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Romanization+for+Thai+Script+by+Transcription+Method&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.chula.ac.th%2F~ling%2Ftts%2Fprinciples_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span> (English version)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitaya_Kanchanawan2006" class="citation cs2">Nitaya Kanchanawan (July–September 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.orst.go.th/wp-content/uploads/royin-ebook/276/FileUpload/758_6484.pdf">"Romanization, Transliteration, and Transcription for the Globalization of the Thai Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand</i>, <b>31</b> (3)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Institute+of+Thailand&rft.atitle=Romanization%2C+Transliteration%2C+and+Transcription+for+the+Globalization+of+the+Thai+Language&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006-07%2F2006-09&rft.au=Nitaya+Kanchanawan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.orst.go.th%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Froyin-ebook%2F276%2FFileUpload%2F758_6484.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Thai+General+System+of+Transcription" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ananlada/ThaiRomanizeCOCOSDA99.doc">Discussion of romanisation</a> (Microsoft Word document)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.chula.ac.th/%7Eling/tts/">Downloadable Windows-based transcription tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/thai.pdf">PDF guide to romanization of Thai (U.S. library of Congress)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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