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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_one-point_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_one-point_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Examples of one-point perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_one-point_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_two-point_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_two-point_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Examples of two-point perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_two-point_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_three-point_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_three-point_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Examples of three-point perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_three-point_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_curvilinear_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_curvilinear_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Examples of curvilinear perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_curvilinear_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perspective (graphical)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektief" title="Perspektief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Perspektief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralperspektive" title="Zentralperspektive – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zentralperspektive" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="رسم منظوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسم منظوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перспектива – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перспектива" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektiva_(likovna_umjetnost)" title="Perspektiva (likovna umjetnost) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perspektiva (likovna umjetnost)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectiva" title="Perspectiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perspectiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektivn%C3%AD_prom%C3%ADt%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Perspektivní promítání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perspektivní promítání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persbectif" title="Persbectif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Persbectif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektivisk_konstruktion" title="Perspektivisk konstruktion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perspektivisk konstruktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektive" title="Perspektive – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perspektive" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektiiv" title="Perspektiiv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perspektiiv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_(%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF)" title="Προοπτική (σχέδιο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προοπτική (σχέδιο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectiva" title="Perspectiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perspectiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektivo" title="Perspektivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perspektivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektiba" title="Perspektiba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Perspektiba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="ژرفانمایی (گرافیک) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرفانمایی (گرافیک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(repr%C3%A9sentation)" title="Perspective (représentation) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perspective (représentation)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirspict%C3%ADocht" title="Peirspictíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peirspictíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EA%B7%BC%EB%B2%95" title="원근법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원근법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="परिप्रेक्ष्य (दृश्य) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परिप्रेक्ष्य (दृश्य)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektiva_(likovna_umjetnost)" title="Perspektiva (likovna umjetnost) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perspektiva (likovna umjetnost)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektif_(grafis)" title="Perspektif (grafis) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perspektif (grafis)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjarv%C3%ADdd" title="Fjarvídd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjarvídd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospettiva" title="Prospettiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prospettiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="פרספקטיבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרספקטיבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8spektiv_(reprezantasyon)" title="Pèspektiv (reprezantasyon) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pèspektiv (reprezantasyon)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectiva" title="Prospectiva – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Prospectiva" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspekt%C4%ABva" title="Perspektīva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Perspektīva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektyva" title="Perspektyva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perspektyva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspekt%C3%ADva" title="Perspektíva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perspektíva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektif_(lukisan)" title="Perspektif (lukisan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perspektif (lukisan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijnperspectief" title="Lijnperspectief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijnperspectief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E8%A6%96%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" title="透視投影 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="透視投影" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentralperspektiv" title="Sentralperspektiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sentralperspektiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektivteikning" title="Perspektivteikning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Perspektivteikning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectiva_(representacion)" title="Perspectiva (representacion) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Perspectiva (representacion)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektywa" title="Perspektywa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perspektywa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectiva" title="Perspectiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perspectiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectiv%C4%83" title="Perspectivă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perspectivă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перспектива – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перспектива" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perspective (graphical)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektiva_(likovna_umetnost)" title="Perspektiva (likovna umetnost) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Perspektiva (likovna umetnost)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перспектива – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перспектива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektiva" title="Perspektiva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perspektiva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektiivi" title="Perspektiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perspektiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektiv" title="Perspektiv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perspektiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தொலைவுக் குறுக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைவுக் குறுக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ทัศนมิติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทัศนมิติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspektif" title="Perspektif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perspektif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перспектива – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перспектива" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%91i_c%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Phối cảnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phối cảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Form of graphical projection where the projection lines converge to one or more points</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Perspective projection" redirects here. For a more mathematical treatment, see <a href="/wiki/Perspective_transform" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective transform">Perspective transform</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Special:EditPage/Perspective (graphical)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Perspective%22+graphical">"Perspective" graphical</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Perspective%22+graphical+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Perspective%22+graphical&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Perspective%22+graphical+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Perspective%22+graphical">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Perspective%22+graphical&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staircase_perspective.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Staircase_perspective.jpg/290px-Staircase_perspective.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Staircase_perspective.jpg/435px-Staircase_perspective.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Staircase_perspective.jpg/580px-Staircase_perspective.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Staircase in multi-points perspective as a linear or point-projection prospective example. Each point is a <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">vanishing point</a> from which straight lines come, and these lines are a guide to draw 3-dimensional object.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg/210px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg/315px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg/420px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5193" data-file-height="2926" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/early-renaissance1/beginners-renaissance-florence/v/linear-perspective-brunelleschi-s-experiement">Linear Perspective: Brunelleschi's Experiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth_A_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth_A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/how-one-point-linear-perspective-works.html">How One-Point Linear Perspective Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth_B_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth_B-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/audio-video/video/empire-part-2.html">Empire of the Eye: The Magic of Illusion: The Trinity-Masaccio, Part 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth_C_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth_C-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Linear or point-projection <b>perspective</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perspicere#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:perspicere">perspicere</a></i></i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to see through</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is one of two types of <a href="/wiki/3D_projection" title="3D projection">graphical projection</a> perspective in the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">graphic arts</a>; the other is <a href="/wiki/Parallel_projection" title="Parallel projection">parallel projection</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="This doesn't include curvilinear perspective, which is yet another family of graphical projections, separate from both linear perspective and parallel projection, and which is even mentioned in this article. (July 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Perspective_(graphical)#Dubious" title="Talk:Perspective (graphical)">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Linear perspective is an approximate representation, generally on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by <a href="/wiki/Station_point" title="Station point">the eye</a>. Perspective drawing is useful for representing a <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional</a> scene in a <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">two-dimensional</a> medium, like <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/Magnification#Single_lens" title="Magnification">optical fact</a> that for a person an object looks N times (linearly) smaller if it has been moved N times further from the eye than the original distance was. </p><p>The most characteristic features of linear perspective are that objects appear smaller as their distance from the observer increases, and that they are subject to <em>foreshortening</em>, meaning that an object's dimensions <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_sight" title="Line of sight">line of sight</a> appear shorter than its dimensions <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the line of sight. All objects will recede to points in the distance, usually along the horizon line, but also above and below the horizon line depending on the view used. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspectiva-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Perspectiva-2.svg/220px-Perspectiva-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Perspectiva-2.svg/330px-Perspectiva-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Perspectiva-2.svg/440px-Perspectiva-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>How linear or point-projection prospective works: Rays of light travel from the object (cube), through the picture plane, and to the viewer's eye (O). <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">Vanishing points</a> emitting straightly lines coincident with the edges the cube drawn on the picture plane are located at the left and right of the plane.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Point-projection_prospective.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Point-projection_prospective.png/220px-Point-projection_prospective.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Point-projection_prospective.png/330px-Point-projection_prospective.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Point-projection_prospective.png/440px-Point-projection_prospective.png 2x" data-file-width="3218" data-file-height="2294" /></a><figcaption>A figure explaining point-projection prospective. S is the distance between an observer's eye and an observation point on an object that is a long rectangular wall facing to the observer at a tilted angle. If the observation distance becomes N times longer, then the apparent height of the wall at the observation point is roughly N times smaller. As a result, the apparent shape of the wall over a wide angle roughly becomes a triangle which right vertex is located to the far right.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> painters and architects including <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> studied linear perspective, wrote treatises on it, and incorporated it into their artworks. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linear or point-projection perspective works by putting an imaginary flat plane that is close to an object under observation and directly facing an observer's eyes (i.e., the observer is on a normal, or perpendicular line to the plane). Then draw straight lines from every point in the object to the observer. The area on the plane where those lines pass through the plane is a point-projection prospective image resembling what is seen by the observer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_one-point_perspective">Examples of one-point perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples of one-point perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspective-1point.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perspective-1point.svg/113px-Perspective-1point.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perspective-1point.svg/170px-Perspective-1point.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perspective-1point.svg/227px-Perspective-1point.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LOMEX,Rendering_of_streetscape.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LOMEX%2CRendering_of_streetscape.tiff/lossy-page1-172px-LOMEX%2CRendering_of_streetscape.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LOMEX%2CRendering_of_streetscape.tiff/lossy-page1-259px-LOMEX%2CRendering_of_streetscape.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LOMEX%2CRendering_of_streetscape.tiff/lossy-page1-345px-LOMEX%2CRendering_of_streetscape.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5065" data-file-height="3529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish_national_road_4_Vierum%C3%A4ki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Finnish_national_road_4_Vierum%C3%A4ki.jpg/80px-Finnish_national_road_4_Vierum%C3%A4ki.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Finnish_national_road_4_Vierum%C3%A4ki.jpg/120px-Finnish_national_road_4_Vierum%C3%A4ki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Finnish_national_road_4_Vierum%C3%A4ki.jpg/159px-Finnish_national_road_4_Vierum%C3%A4ki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad-Tracks-Perspective.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Railroad-Tracks-Perspective.jpg/90px-Railroad-Tracks-Perspective.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Railroad-Tracks-Perspective.jpg/135px-Railroad-Tracks-Perspective.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Railroad-Tracks-Perspective.jpg/180px-Railroad-Tracks-Perspective.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exercise_on_perspective_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A one-point perspective ballpoint-pen sketch by Mauro Cateb."><img alt="A one-point perspective ballpoint-pen sketch by Mauro Cateb." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Exercise_on_perspective_-_2.jpg/170px-Exercise_on_perspective_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Exercise_on_perspective_-_2.jpg/254px-Exercise_on_perspective_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Exercise_on_perspective_-_2.jpg/339px-Exercise_on_perspective_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3255" data-file-height="2307" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A one-point perspective ballpoint-pen sketch by Mauro Cateb.</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspective1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Perspective1.jpg/220px-Perspective1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Perspective1.jpg/330px-Perspective1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Perspective1.jpg/440px-Perspective1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A cube drawing using two-point perspective</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_two-point_perspective">Examples of two-point perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples of two-point perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EquitableTrustBuildingBiltmoreNYC1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/EquitableTrustBuildingBiltmoreNYC1921.jpg/103px-EquitableTrustBuildingBiltmoreNYC1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/EquitableTrustBuildingBiltmoreNYC1921.jpg/155px-EquitableTrustBuildingBiltmoreNYC1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/EquitableTrustBuildingBiltmoreNYC1921.jpg/207px-EquitableTrustBuildingBiltmoreNYC1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrington%27s_hardware_shop_Broadstairs_Kent_England_-_inspiration_for_the_%27Four_Candles%27_Two_Ronnies_sketch_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Harrington%27s_hardware_shop_Broadstairs_Kent_England_-_inspiration_for_the_%27Four_Candles%27_Two_Ronnies_sketch_02.jpg/120px-Harrington%27s_hardware_shop_Broadstairs_Kent_England_-_inspiration_for_the_%27Four_Candles%27_Two_Ronnies_sketch_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Harrington%27s_hardware_shop_Broadstairs_Kent_England_-_inspiration_for_the_%27Four_Candles%27_Two_Ronnies_sketch_02.jpg/180px-Harrington%27s_hardware_shop_Broadstairs_Kent_England_-_inspiration_for_the_%27Four_Candles%27_Two_Ronnies_sketch_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Harrington%27s_hardware_shop_Broadstairs_Kent_England_-_inspiration_for_the_%27Four_Candles%27_Two_Ronnies_sketch_02.jpg/240px-Harrington%27s_hardware_shop_Broadstairs_Kent_England_-_inspiration_for_the_%27Four_Candles%27_Two_Ronnies_sketch_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Whitaker,_Rawtenstall,_formerly_Rossendale_Museum,_Lancashire,_England_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Whitaker%2C_Rawtenstall%2C_formerly_Rossendale_Museum%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_2008.jpg/160px-The_Whitaker%2C_Rawtenstall%2C_formerly_Rossendale_Museum%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Whitaker%2C_Rawtenstall%2C_formerly_Rossendale_Museum%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_2008.jpg/240px-The_Whitaker%2C_Rawtenstall%2C_formerly_Rossendale_Museum%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Whitaker%2C_Rawtenstall%2C_formerly_Rossendale_Museum%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_2008.jpg/320px-The_Whitaker%2C_Rawtenstall%2C_formerly_Rossendale_Museum%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Dam_Film_Festival_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Big_Dam_Film_Festival_Logo.jpg/106px-Big_Dam_Film_Festival_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Big_Dam_Film_Festival_Logo.jpg/159px-Big_Dam_Film_Festival_Logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Big_Dam_Film_Festival_Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2-pt-sketchup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2-pt-sketchup.jpg/143px-2-pt-sketchup.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2-pt-sketchup.jpg/214px-2-pt-sketchup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2-pt-sketchup.jpg/285px-2-pt-sketchup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspective-3point.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perspective-3point.svg/170px-Perspective-3point.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perspective-3point.svg/255px-Perspective-3point.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perspective-3point.svg/340px-Perspective-3point.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A cube in three-points perspective where, compared with the above cube in two-points prospective, there is an additional <a href="/wiki/Vanishing" class="mw-disambig" title="Vanishing">vanishing</a> point far below the cube, from which straight lines come that are coincident with vertical edges of the cube. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_three-point_perspective">Examples of three-point perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of three-point perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_tower_of_the_Notre_Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/South_tower_of_the_Notre_Dame.jpg/90px-South_tower_of_the_Notre_Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/South_tower_of_the_Notre_Dame.jpg/135px-South_tower_of_the_Notre_Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/South_tower_of_the_Notre_Dame.jpg/180px-South_tower_of_the_Notre_Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canary_wharf_looking_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Canary_wharf_looking_up.jpg/90px-Canary_wharf_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Canary_wharf_looking_up.jpg/135px-Canary_wharf_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Canary_wharf_looking_up.jpg/180px-Canary_wharf_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_curvilinear_perspective">Examples of curvilinear perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples of curvilinear perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curvilinear_perspective" title="Curvilinear perspective">Curvilinear perspective</a></div> <p>Additionally, a central <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">vanishing point</a> can be used (just as with one-point perspective) to indicate frontal (foreshortened) depth.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmglee_Judge_Business_School_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cmglee_Judge_Business_School_rear.jpg/80px-Cmglee_Judge_Business_School_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cmglee_Judge_Business_School_rear.jpg/120px-Cmglee_Judge_Business_School_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cmglee_Judge_Business_School_rear.jpg/160px-Cmglee_Judge_Business_School_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston,_Boylston_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Boston%2C_Boylston_Street.jpg/180px-Boston%2C_Boylston_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Boston%2C_Boylston_Street.jpg/270px-Boston%2C_Boylston_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Boston%2C_Boylston_Street.jpg/360px-Boston%2C_Boylston_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="997" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:194_-_Buenos_Aires_-_Casa_Rosada_-_Janvier_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/194_-_Buenos_Aires_-_Casa_Rosada_-_Janvier_2010.jpg/180px-194_-_Buenos_Aires_-_Casa_Rosada_-_Janvier_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/194_-_Buenos_Aires_-_Casa_Rosada_-_Janvier_2010.jpg/270px-194_-_Buenos_Aires_-_Casa_Rosada_-_Janvier_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/194_-_Buenos_Aires_-_Casa_Rosada_-_Janvier_2010.jpg/360px-194_-_Buenos_Aires_-_Casa_Rosada_-_Janvier_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15122" data-file-height="4180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regensburg_Uferpanorama_08_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Regensburg_Uferpanorama_08_2006.jpg/180px-Regensburg_Uferpanorama_08_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Regensburg_Uferpanorama_08_2006.jpg/270px-Regensburg_Uferpanorama_08_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Regensburg_Uferpanorama_08_2006.jpg/360px-Regensburg_Uferpanorama_08_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7600" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_(museum_replica).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chauvet cave, spatially effective grading of a group of animals through overlap (c. 31.000 BC)"><img alt="Chauvet cave, spatially effective grading of a group of animals through overlap (c. 31.000 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg/297px-Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg/446px-Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg/595px-Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_%28museum_replica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chauvet_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Chauvet cave">Chauvet cave</a>, spatially effective grading of a group of animals through overlap (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 31.000 BC</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco from an Egyptian grave, c. 1500 BC"><img alt="Fresco from an Egyptian grave, c. 1500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg/414px-%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg/621px-%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg/828px-%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1467" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> from an Egyptian grave, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 422px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 420px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubiculum_(bedroom)_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco from the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor in Boscoreale near Pompeii, 1st ct. BC[5]"><img alt="Fresco from the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor in Boscoreale near Pompeii, 1st ct. BC[5]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg/630px-Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg/945px-Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg/1260px-Cubiculum_%28bedroom%29_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3945" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boscoreale" title="Boscoreale">Boscoreale</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, 1st ct. BC<sup id="cite_ref-FoundInAntiquity_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoundInAntiquity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 289.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 287.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Song dynasty watercolor painting of a mill in an oblique projection, 12th century"><img alt="A Song dynasty watercolor painting of a mill in an oblique projection, 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG/431px-Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG" decoding="async" width="288" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG/647px-Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG/862px-Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> watercolor painting of a mill in an <a href="/wiki/Oblique_projection" title="Oblique projection">oblique projection</a>, 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzetti_Ambrogio_annunciation-_1344..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The floor tiles in Lorenzetti's Annunciation (1344) strongly anticipate modern perspective"><img alt="The floor tiles in Lorenzetti's Annunciation (1344) strongly anticipate modern perspective" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lorenzetti_Ambrogio_annunciation-_1344..jpg/264px-Lorenzetti_Ambrogio_annunciation-_1344..jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lorenzetti_Ambrogio_annunciation-_1344..jpg/395px-Lorenzetti_Ambrogio_annunciation-_1344..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lorenzetti_Ambrogio_annunciation-_1344..jpg/527px-Lorenzetti_Ambrogio_annunciation-_1344..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The floor tiles in <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti" title="Ambrogio Lorenzetti">Lorenzetti</a>'s <i>Annunciation</i> (1344) strongly anticipate modern perspective</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest art paintings and drawings typically sized many objects and characters hierarchically according to their spiritual or thematic importance, not their distance from the viewer, and did not use foreshortening. The most important figures are often shown as the highest in a <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a>, also from <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a> motives, leading to the so-called "vertical perspective", common in the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Egypt">art of Ancient Egypt</a>, where a group of "nearer" figures are shown below the larger figure or figures; simple overlapping was also employed to relate distance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, oblique foreshortening of round elements like shields and wheels is evident in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure pottery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Systematic attempts to evolve a system of perspective are usually considered to have begun around the fifth century BC in the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of ancient Greece">art of ancient Greece</a>, as part of a developing interest in <a href="/wiki/Illusionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Illusionism">illusionism</a> allied to theatrical scenery. This was detailed within <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> as <i>skenographia</i>: using flat panels on a stage to give the illusion of depth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosophers <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> worked out geometric theories of perspective for use with <i>skenographia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> had paintings in his house designed using <i>skenographia</i>, so this art was not confined merely to the stage. <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Optics" title="Euclid's Optics">Optics</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>) argues correctly that the perceived size of an object is not related to its distance from the eye by a simple proportion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first-century BC <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa of P. Fannius Synistor">Villa of P. Fannius Synistor</a>, multiple <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">vanishing points</a> are used in a systematic but not fully consistent manner.<sup id="cite_ref-FoundInAntiquity_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoundInAntiquity-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese artists made use of <a href="/wiki/Oblique_projection" title="Oblique projection">oblique projection</a> from the first or second century until the 18th century. It is not certain how they came to use the technique; Dubery and <a href="/wiki/John_Willats" title="John Willats">Willats</a> (1983) speculate that the Chinese acquired the technique from India, which acquired it from Ancient Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-Cucker269_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cucker269-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others credit it as an indigenous invention of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oblique projection is also seen in Japanese art, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a> paintings of <a href="/wiki/Torii_Kiyonaga" title="Torii Kiyonaga">Torii Kiyonaga</a> (1752–1815).<sup id="cite_ref-Cucker269_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cucker269-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the later periods of antiquity, artists, especially those in less popular traditions, were well aware that distant objects could be shown smaller than those close at hand for increased realism, but whether this convention was actually used in a work depended on many factors. Some of the paintings found in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">ruins of Pompeii</a> show a remarkable realism and perspective for their time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that comprehensive systems of perspective were evolved in antiquity, but most scholars do not accept this. Hardly any of the many works where such a system would have been used have survived. A passage in <a href="/wiki/Philostratus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Philostratus III">Philostratus</a> suggests that classical artists and theorists thought in terms of "circles" at equal distance from the viewer, like a classical semi-circular theatre seen from the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roof beams in rooms in the <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vatican Virgil</a>, from about 400 AD, are shown converging, more or less, on a common vanishing point, but this is not systematically related to the rest of the composition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval artists in Europe, like those in the Islamic world and China, were aware of the general principle of varying the relative size of elements according to distance, but even more than classical art were perfectly ready to override it for other reasons. Buildings were often shown obliquely according to a particular convention. The use and sophistication of attempts to convey distance increased steadily during the period, but without a basis in a systematic theory. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> was also aware of these principles, but also used the <a href="/wiki/Reverse_perspective" title="Reverse perspective">reverse perspective</a> convention for the setting of principal figures. <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti" title="Ambrogio Lorenzetti">Ambrogio Lorenzetti</a> painted a floor with convergent lines in his <i><a href="/wiki/Presentation_at_the_Temple_(Ambrogio_Lorenzetti)" title="Presentation at the Temple (Ambrogio Lorenzetti)">Presentation at the Temple</a></i> (1342), though the rest of the painting lacks perspective elements.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cappella_brancacci,_Guarigione_dello_storpio_e_resurrezione_di_Tabita_(restaurato),_Masolino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cappella_brancacci%2C_Guarigione_dello_storpio_e_resurrezione_di_Tabita_%28restaurato%29%2C_Masolino.jpg/330px-Cappella_brancacci%2C_Guarigione_dello_storpio_e_resurrezione_di_Tabita_%28restaurato%29%2C_Masolino.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cappella_brancacci%2C_Guarigione_dello_storpio_e_resurrezione_di_Tabita_%28restaurato%29%2C_Masolino.jpg/495px-Cappella_brancacci%2C_Guarigione_dello_storpio_e_resurrezione_di_Tabita_%28restaurato%29%2C_Masolino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cappella_brancacci%2C_Guarigione_dello_storpio_e_resurrezione_di_Tabita_%28restaurato%29%2C_Masolino.jpg/660px-Cappella_brancacci%2C_Guarigione_dello_storpio_e_resurrezione_di_Tabita_%28restaurato%29%2C_Masolino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption> Detail of <a href="/wiki/Masolino_da_Panicale" title="Masolino da Panicale">Masolino da Panicale</a>'s <i>St. Peter Healing a Cripple and the Raising of Tabitha</i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1423</span>), the earliest extant artwork known to use a consistent <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">vanishing point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It is generally accepted that <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> conducted <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi#Linear_perspective" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">a series of experiments</a> between 1415 and 1420, which included making drawings of various <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> buildings in correct perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Vasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasari">Vasari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Manetti" title="Antonio Manetti">Antonio Manetti</a>, in about 1420, Brunelleschi demonstrated his discovery of prospective by having people look through a hole on his painting from the backside. Through it, they would see a building such as the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Florence Baptistery</a> for which the painting was made. When Brunelleschi lifted a mirror between the building and the painting, the mirror reflected the painting to an observer looking through the hole, so that the observer can compare how similar the building and the painting of it are. (The <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">vanishing point</a> is centered from the perspective of an experiment participant.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdgerton200944–46_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgerton200944–46-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunelleschi applied this new system of perspective to his paintings around 1425.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdgerton200940_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgerton200940-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This scenario is indicative, but faces several problems that are still debated. First of all, nothing can be said for certain about the correctness of his perspective construction of the Baptistery of San Giovanni because Brunelleschi's panel is lost. Second, no other perspective painting or drawing by Brunelleschi is known. (In fact, Brunelleschi was not known to have painted at all.) Third, in the account written by Antonio Manetti in his <i>Vita di Ser Brunellesco</i> at the end of the 15th century on Brunelleschi's panel, there is not a single occurrence of the word "experiment". Fourth, the conditions listed by Manetti are contradictory with each other. For example, the description of the eyepiece sets a visual field of 15°, much narrower than the visual field resulting from the urban landscape described.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melozzo_da_forl%C3%AC,_apostolo,_1480_ca.,_da_ss._apostoli,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Melozzo_da_forl%C3%AC%2C_apostolo%2C_1480_ca.%2C_da_ss._apostoli%2C_02.JPG/220px-Melozzo_da_forl%C3%AC%2C_apostolo%2C_1480_ca.%2C_da_ss._apostoli%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Melozzo_da_forl%C3%AC%2C_apostolo%2C_1480_ca.%2C_da_ss._apostoli%2C_02.JPG/330px-Melozzo_da_forl%C3%AC%2C_apostolo%2C_1480_ca.%2C_da_ss._apostoli%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Melozzo_da_forl%C3%AC%2C_apostolo%2C_1480_ca.%2C_da_ss._apostoli%2C_02.JPG/440px-Melozzo_da_forl%C3%AC%2C_apostolo%2C_1480_ca.%2C_da_ss._apostoli%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC" title="Melozzo da Forlì">Melozzo da Forlì</a>'s use of upward foreshortening in his frescoes, Basilica dei Santi Apostoli, Rome, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1480</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after Brunelleschi's demonstrations, nearly every interested artist in Florence and in Italy used geometrical perspective in their paintings and sculpture,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-great_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-great-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masolino_da_Panicale" title="Masolino da Panicale">Masolino da Panicale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-great_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-great-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a>. Not only was perspective a way of showing depth, it was also a new method of creating a composition. Visual art could now depict a single, unified scene rather than a combination of several. Early examples include Masolino's <i>St. Peter Healing a Cripple and the Raising of Tabitha</i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1423</span>), Donatello's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Herod_(Donatello)" title="The Feast of Herod (Donatello)">The Feast of Herod</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1427</span>), as well as Ghiberti's <i><a href="/wiki/File:Firenze,_Porta_del_Pradiso,_detail.jpg" title="File:Firenze, Porta del Pradiso, detail.jpg">Jacob and Esau</a></i> and other panels from the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery#Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Florence Baptistery">east doors of the Florence Baptistery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masaccio (d. 1428) achieved an illusionistic effect by placing the vanishing point at the viewer's eye level in his <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_(Masaccio)" title="Holy Trinity (Masaccio)">Holy Trinity</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1427</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribute_Money_(Masaccio)" title="The Tribute Money (Masaccio)">The Tribute Money</a></i>, it is placed behind the face of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC" title="Melozzo da Forlì">Melozzo da Forlì</a> first applied the technique of foreshortening (in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Loreto_(AN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto (AN)">Loreto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a> and others).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This overall story is based on qualitative judgments, and would need to be faced against the material evaluations that have been conducted on Renaissance perspective paintings. Apart from the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a>, which are a model of the genre, the majority of 15th century works show serious errors in their geometric construction. This is true of Masaccio's <i>Trinity</i> fresco<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of many works, including those by renowned artists like Leonardo da Vinci.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As shown by the quick proliferation of accurate perspective paintings in Florence, Brunelleschi likely understood (with help from his friend the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Toscanelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Toscanelli">Toscanelli</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not publish the mathematics behind perspective. Decades later, his friend <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> wrote <i><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/De_pictura" title="De pictura">De pictura</a></span></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1435</span>), a treatise on proper methods of showing distance in painting. Alberti's primary breakthrough was not to show the mathematics in terms of conical projections, as it actually appears to the eye. Instead, he formulated the theory based on planar projections, or how the rays of light, passing from the viewer's eye to the landscape, would strike the picture plane (the painting). He was then able to calculate the apparent height of a distant object using two similar triangles. The mathematics behind similar triangles is relatively simple, having been long ago formulated by Euclid.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alberti was also trained in the science of optics through the school of Padua and under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Biagio_Pelacani_da_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Biagio Pelacani da Parma">Biagio Pelacani da Parma</a> who studied <a href="/wiki/Alhazen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhazen">Alhazen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book, translated around 1200 into Latin, had laid the mathematical foundation for perspective in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_(Perugino).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg/370px-Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg/555px-Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg/740px-Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Perugino%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3187" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>'s use of perspective in <i><a href="/wiki/Delivery_of_the_Keys_(Perugino)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delivery of the Keys (Perugino)">Delivery of the Keys</a></i> (1482), a fresco at the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Piero della Francesca elaborated on <i>De pictura</i> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Prospectiva_pingendi" class="mw-redirect" title="De Prospectiva pingendi">De Prospectiva pingendi</a></i> in the 1470s, making many references to Euclid.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alberti had limited himself to figures on the ground plane and giving an overall basis for perspective. Della Francesca fleshed it out, explicitly covering solids in any area of the picture plane. Della Francesca also started the now common practice of using illustrated figures to explain the mathematical concepts, making his treatise easier to understand than Alberti's. Della Francesca was also the first to accurately draw the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic solids">Platonic solids</a> as they would appear in perspective. <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a>'s 1509 <i><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">Divina proportione</a></i> (<i>Divine Proportion</i>), illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, summarizes the use of perspective in painting, including much of Della Francesca's treatise.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leonardo applied one-point perspective as well as <a href="/wiki/Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">shallow focus</a> to some of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two-point perspective was demonstrated as early as 1525 by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, who studied perspective by reading Piero and Pacioli's works, in his <i>Unterweisung der Messung</i> ("Instruction of the Measurement").<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Perspective_(graphical)" title="Talk:Perspective (graphical)">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Perspective%22+graphical">"Perspective" graphical</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Perspective%22+graphical+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Perspective%22+graphical&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Perspective%22+graphical+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Perspective%22+graphical">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Perspective%22+graphical&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_Absurd_perspectives.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/William_Hogarth_-_Absurd_perspectives.png/220px-William_Hogarth_-_Absurd_perspectives.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/William_Hogarth_-_Absurd_perspectives.png/330px-William_Hogarth_-_Absurd_perspectives.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/William_Hogarth_-_Absurd_perspectives.png/440px-William_Hogarth_-_Absurd_perspectives.png 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2549" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Satire_on_False_Perspective" title="Satire on False Perspective">Satire on False Perspective</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>, 1753</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_gefrorene_Stadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Die_gefrorene_Stadt.jpg/220px-Die_gefrorene_Stadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Die_gefrorene_Stadt.jpg/330px-Die_gefrorene_Stadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Die_gefrorene_Stadt.jpg/440px-Die_gefrorene_Stadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8854" data-file-height="8859" /></a><figcaption>Example of a painting that combines various perspectives: <i>The Frozen City</i> (Museum of Art Aarau, Switzerland) by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_A._K._Zimmermann" title="Matthias A. K. Zimmermann">Matthias A. K. Zimmermann</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Perspective images are created with reference to a particular center of vision for the picture plane. In order for the resulting image to appear identical to the original scene, a viewer must view the image from the exact vantage point used in the calculations relative to the image. When viewed from a different point, this cancels out what would appear to be distortions in the image. For example, a sphere drawn in perspective will be stretched into an ellipse. These apparent distortions are more pronounced away from the center of the image as the angle between a projected ray (from the scene to the eye) becomes more acute relative to the picture plane. Artists may choose to "correct" perspective distortions, for example by drawing all spheres as perfect circles, or by drawing figures as if centered on the direction of view. In practice, unless the viewer observes the image from an extreme angle, like standing far to the side of a painting, the perspective normally looks more or less correct. This is referred to as "Zeeman's Paradox".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">Camera angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaway_drawing" title="Cutaway drawing">Cutaway drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_control" title="Perspective control">Perspective control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zograscope" title="Zograscope">Zograscope</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the 18th century, Chinese artists began to combine oblique perspective with regular diminution of size of people and objects with distance; no particular vantage point is chosen, but a convincing effect is achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-Cucker269_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cucker269-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Near the end of the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> placed the <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">vanishing point</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">Last Supper</a></i> behind Christ's <a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">other cheek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In viewing a wall, for instance, the first triangle has a <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)" title="Vertex (geometry)">vertex</a> at the user's eye, and vertices at the top and bottom of the wall. The bottom of this triangle is the distance from the viewer to the wall. The second, similar triangle, has a point at the viewer's eye, and has a length equal to the viewer's eye from the painting. The height of the second triangle can then be determined through a simple ratio, as proven by Euclid.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-smarth_A-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smarth_A_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/early-renaissance1/beginners-renaissance-florence/v/linear-perspective-brunelleschi-s-experiement">"Linear Perspective: Brunelleschi's Experiment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Art+%28article%29&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fap-art-history%2Fancient-mediterranean-ap%2Fancient-egypt-ap%2Fa%2Fegyptian-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRegoliGioseffiMelliniSalvini1968" class="citation book cs1">Regoli, Gigetta Dalli; Gioseffi, Decio; Mellini, Gian Lorenzo; Salvini, Roberto (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vaticanmuseumsro00dall"><i>Vatican Museums: Rome</i></a></span>. Italy: Newsweek. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vaticanmuseumsro00dall/page/22">22</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vatican+Museums%3A+Rome&rft.place=Italy&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Newsweek&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Regoli&rft.aufirst=Gigetta+Dalli&rft.au=Gioseffi%2C+Decio&rft.au=Mellini%2C+Gian+Lorenzo&rft.au=Salvini%2C+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvaticanmuseumsro00dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217025816/http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/tragedy/intr15.htm">"Skenographia in Fifth Century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CUNY" class="mw-redirect" title="CUNY">CUNY</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/tragedy/intr15.htm">the original</a> on 17 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skenographia+in+Fifth+Century&rft.pub=CUNY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fclassics%2Fdunkle%2Ftragedy%2Fintr15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, A. Mark (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57"><i>Ptolemy and the Foundations of Ancient Mathematical Optics: A Source Based Guided Study</i></a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-893-3"><bdi>978-0-87169-893-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy+and+the+Foundations+of+Ancient+Mathematical+Optics%3A+A+Source+Based+Guided+Study&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-893-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASILAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cucker269-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cucker269_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cucker269_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cucker269_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCucker2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Cucker" title="Felipe Cucker">Cucker, Felipe</a> (2013). <i>Manifold Mirrors: The Crossing Paths of the Arts and Mathematics</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72876-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72876-8"><bdi>978-0-521-72876-8</bdi></a>. <q>Dubery and Willats (1983:33) write that 'Oblique projection seems to have arrived in China from Rome by way of India round about the first or second century AD.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifold+Mirrors%3A+The+Crossing+Paths+of+the+Arts+and+Mathematics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72876-8&rft.aulast=Cucker&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span> Figure 10.9 [Wen-Chi returns home, anon, China, 12th century] shows an archetype of the classical use of oblique perspective in Chinese painting.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclecticlight.co/2018/01/10/seeing-history-is-perspective-learned-or-natural/">"Seeing History: Is perspective learned or natural?"</a>. <i>Eclectic Light</i>. 10 January 2018. <q>Over the same period, the development of sophisticated and highly-detailed visual art in Asia arrived at a slightly different solution, now known as the oblique projection. Whereas Roman and subsequent European visual art effectively had multiple and incoherent vanishing points, Asian art usually lacked any vanishing point, but aligned recession in parallel. An important factor here is the use of long scrolls, which even now make fully coherent perspective projection unsuitable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eclectic+Light&rft.atitle=Seeing+History%3A+Is+perspective+learned+or+natural%3F&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feclecticlight.co%2F2018%2F01%2F10%2Fseeing-history-is-perspective-learned-or-natural%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartijn_de_Geus2019" class="citation web cs1">Martijn de Geus (9 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archdaily.com/912723/china-projections">"China Projections"</a>. <i>Arch Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arch+Daily&rft.atitle=China+Projections&rft.date=2019-03-09&rft.au=Martijn+de+Geus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archdaily.com%2F912723%2Fchina-projections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrikke2018" class="citation web cs1">Krikke, Jan (2 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@jankrikkeChina/why-the-world-relies-on-a-chinese-perspective-cf3122caf67f">"Why the world relies on a Chinese "perspective"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Medium.com</i>. <q>About 2000 years ago, the Chinese developed <i>dengjiao toushi</i> (等角透視), a graphic tool probably invented by Chinese architects. It came to be known in the West as axonometry. Axonometry was crucial in the development of the Chinese hand scroll painting, an art form that art historian George Rowley referred to as "the supreme creation of Chinese genius". Classic hand scroll paintings were up to ten meters in length. They are viewed by unrolling them from right to left in equal segments of about 50 cm. The painting takes the viewer through a visual story in space and time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium.com&rft.atitle=Why+the+world+relies+on+a+Chinese+%22perspective%22&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft.aulast=Krikke&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40jankrikkeChina%2Fwhy-the-world-relies-on-a-chinese-perspective-cf3122caf67f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224161931/http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy_except_rome_and_sicily/pompeii/ac880907.html">"Pompeii. House of the Vettii. Fauces and Priapus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo,_The_State_University_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="University at Buffalo, The State University of New York">SUNY Buffalo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy_except_rome_and_sicily/pompeii/ac880907.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pompeii.+House+of+the+Vettii.+Fauces+and+Priapus&rft.pub=SUNY+Buffalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwings.buffalo.edu%2FAandL%2FMaecenas%2Fitaly_except_rome_and_sicily%2Fpompeii%2Fac880907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanofsky1960" class="citation book cs1">Panofsky, Erwin (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissancerenas00erwi/page/122"><i>Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art</i></a></span>. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissancerenas00erwi/page/122">122, note 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430026-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-430026-9"><bdi>0-06-430026-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Renascences+in+Western+Art&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=122%2C+note+1&rft.pub=Almqvist+%26+Wiksell&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-06-430026-9&rft.aulast=Panofsky&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenaissancerenas00erwi%2Fpage%2F122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:VaticanVergilFol040rDeathOfDido.jpg" title="File:VaticanVergilFol040rDeathOfDido.jpg">Vatican Virgil image</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidi J. Hornik and Mikeal Carl Parsons, <i>Illuminating Luke: The infancy narrative in Italian Renaissance painting</i>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/sciartperspective/raphaelperspective1.html">"Perspective: The Rise of Renaissance Perspective"</a>. <i>WebExhibits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebExhibits&rft.atitle=Perspective%3A+The+Rise+of+Renaissance+Perspective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fsciartperspective%2Fraphaelperspective1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGärtner1998" class="citation book cs1">Gärtner, Peter (1998). <i>Brunelleschi</i>. Cologne: Könemann. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-0701-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-0701-6"><bdi>978-3-8290-0701-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunelleschi&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-8290-0701-6&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4rtner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgerton200944–46-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdgerton200944–46_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdgerton2009">Edgerton 2009</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgerton200940-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdgerton200940_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdgerton2009">Edgerton 2009</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDominique_Raynaud1998" class="citation book cs1">Dominique Raynaud (1998). <i>L'Hypothèse d'Oxford. Essai sur les origines de la perspective</i>. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Hypoth%C3%A8se+d%27Oxford.+Essai+sur+les+origines+de+la+perspective&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Dominique+Raynaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaynaud2014" class="citation book cs1">Raynaud, Dominique (2014). <i>Optics and the Rise of Perspective</i>. Oxford: Bardwell Press. pp. 1–2].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optics+and+the+Rise+of+Perspective&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Bardwell+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Raynaud&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...and these works (of perspective by Brunelleschi) were the means of arousing the minds of the other craftsmen, who afterwards devoted themselves to this with great zeal."<br />Vasari's <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Artists</a></i>, chapter on Brunelleschi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-great-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-great_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-great_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHale1981" class="citation book cs1">Hale, John R . (1981) [1965]. <i>Great Ages of Man: Renaissance</i> (rev. ed.). Time-Life. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Ages+of+Man%3A+Renaissance&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Time-Life&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=John+R+.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.artic.edu/ghiberti/themes.html">"The Gates of Paradise: Lorenzo Ghiberti's Renaissance Masterpiece"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a></i>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+Institute+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=The+Gates+of+Paradise%3A+Lorenzo+Ghiberti%27s+Renaissance+Masterpiece&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.artic.edu%2Fghiberti%2Fthemes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasari, <i>The Lives of the Artists</i>, "Masaccio".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Laurie (2001). <i>Italian Renaissance Art</i>. Oxford: Westview Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4902-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-4902-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Renaissance+Art&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4902-2&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Susan D. (2006). <i>Draw Like Da Vinci</i>. London: Cassell Illustrated, p. 132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-444-4">978-1-84403-444-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarness" class="citation web cs1">Harness, Brenda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finearttouch.com/Melozzo_da_Forli_Master_of_Foreshortening.html">"Melozzo da Forli: Master of Foreshortening"</a>. <i>Fine Art Touch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fine+Art+Touch&rft.atitle=Melozzo+da+Forli%3A+Master+of+Foreshortening&rft.aulast=Harness&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finearttouch.com%2FMelozzo_da_Forli_Master_of_Foreshortening.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFieldLunardiSettle1989" class="citation journal cs1">Field, J. V.; Lunardi, R.; Settle, T. B. (1989). "The perspective scheme of Masaccio's Trinity fresco". <i>Nuncius</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F182539189X00680">10.1163/182539189X00680</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=11836604">11836604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuncius&rft.atitle=The+perspective+scheme+of+Masaccio%27s+Trinity+fresco&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F182539189X00680&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=J.+V.&rft.au=Lunardi%2C+R.&rft.au=Settle%2C+T.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDominique_Raynaud1998" class="citation book cs1">Dominique Raynaud (1998). <i>L'Hypothèse d'Oxford</i>. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Hypoth%C3%A8se+d%27Oxford&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Dominique+Raynaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaynaud2016" class="citation book cs1">Raynaud, Dominique (2016). "Fact and Fiction Regarding Masaccio's Trinity Fresco". <i>Studies on Binocular Vision</i>. Archimedes. Vol. 47. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-42721-8_4">10.1007/978-3-319-42721-8_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42720-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42720-1"><bdi>978-3-319-42720-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fact+and+Fiction+Regarding+Masaccio%27s+Trinity+Fresco&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Binocular+Vision&rft.series=Archimedes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-42721-8_4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-42720-1&rft.aulast=Raynaud&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaynaud2020" class="citation book cs1">Raynaud, Dominique (2020). "Las fuentes ópticas de Leonardo". In Ramón-Laca, Luis (ed.). <i>Leonardo da Vinci. Perspectiva y visión</i>. Alcalá de Henares: UAH. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-18254-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-18254-89-5"><bdi>978-84-18254-89-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1243556932">1243556932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Las+fuentes+%C3%B3pticas+de+Leonardo&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci.+Perspectiva+y+visi%C3%B3n&rft.place=Alcal%C3%A1+de+Henares&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=UAH&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1243556932&rft.isbn=978-84-18254-89-5&rft.aulast=Raynaud&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasari1885" class="citation book cs1">Vasari, Giorgio (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jmBJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA53"><i>Stories of the Italian Artists</i></a>. Scribner & Welford. p. 53. <q>Messer Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, having returned from his studies, invited Filippo with other friends to supper in a garden, and the discourse falling on mathematical subjects, Filippo formed a friendship with him and learned geometry from him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+of+the+Italian+Artists&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Scribner+%26+Welford&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjmBJAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl-Bizri2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">El-Bizri, Nader</a> (2010). "Classical Optics and the Perspectiva Traditions Leading to the Renaissance". In <a href="/wiki/John_Shannon_Hendrix" title="John Shannon Hendrix">Hendrix, John Shannon</a>; Carman, Charles H. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissancetheor00hend"><i>Renaissance Theories of Vision (Visual Culture in Early Modernity)</i></a></span>. Farnham, Surrey: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissancetheor00hend/page/n23">11</a>–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-409400-24-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-409400-24-0"><bdi>978-1-409400-24-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Optics+and+the+Perspectiva+Traditions+Leading+to+the+Renaissance&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Theories+of+Vision+%28Visual+Culture+in+Early+Modernity%29&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey&rft.pages=11-30&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-409400-24-0&rft.aulast=El-Bizri&rft.aufirst=Nader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenaissancetheor00hend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHans2011" class="citation book cs1">Hans, Belting (2011). <i>Florence and Baghdad: Renaissance art and Arab science</i> (1st English ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05004-4"><bdi>978-0-674-05004-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701493612">701493612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florence+and+Baghdad%3A+Renaissance+art+and+Arab+science&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701493612&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05004-4&rft.aulast=Hans&rft.aufirst=Belting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivio2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Livio" title="Mario Livio">Livio, Mario</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bUARfgWRH14C&pg=PA126"><i>The Golden Ratio</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Broadway Books</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-0816-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-0816-3"><bdi>0-7679-0816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Ratio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7679-0816-3&rft.aulast=Livio&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbUARfgWRH14C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_J._J.Robertson,_E._F.1999" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Pacioli.html">"Luca Pacioli"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922124003/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Pacioli.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luca+Pacioli&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.date=1999-07&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FPacioli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2011" class="citation web cs1">Goldstein, Andrew M. (17 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/750715/the-male-mona-lisa-art-historian-martin-kemp-on-leonardo-da">"The Male "Mona Lisa"?: Art Historian Martin Kemp on Leonardo da Vinci's Mysterious "Salvator Mundi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Blouin Artinfo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Male+%22Mona+Lisa%22%3F%3A+Art+Historian+Martin+Kemp+on+Leonardo+da+Vinci%27s+Mysterious+%22Salvator+Mundi%22&rft.pub=Blouin+Artinfo&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blouinartinfo.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F750715%2Fthe-male-mona-lisa-art-historian-martin-kemp-on-leonardo-da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon1993" class="citation journal cs1">MacKinnon, Nick (1993). "The Portrait of Fra Luca Pacioli". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mathematical_Gazette" title="The Mathematical Gazette">The Mathematical Gazette</a></i>. <b>77</b> (479): 206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3619717">10.2307/3619717</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3619717">3619717</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195006163">195006163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mathematical+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Portrait+of+Fra+Luca+Pacioli&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=479&rft.pages=206&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195006163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3619717%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3619717&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/perspect1.html">"Handprint : Perspective in the world"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106023144/http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/perspect1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Handprint+%3A+Perspective+in+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handprint.com%2FHP%2FWCL%2Fperspect1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 25 December 2006</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton2009" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, Samuel Y. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsIdqi0HA-sC"><i>The Mirror, the Window & the Telescope: How Renaissance Linear Perspective Changed Our Vision of the Universe</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4758-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-4758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror%2C+the+Window+%26+the+Telescope%3A+How+Renaissance+Linear+Perspective+Changed+Our+Vision+of+the+Universe&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4758-7&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdsIdqi0HA-sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kirsti_Andersen" title="Kirsti Andersen">Andersen, Kirsti</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Geometry_of_an_Art" title="The Geometry of an Art"><i>The Geometry of an Art: The History of the Mathematical Theory of Perspective from Alberti to Monge</i></a>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geometry+of+an+Art%3A+The+History+of+the+Mathematical+Theory+of+Perspective+from+Alberti+to+Monge&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Kirsti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamisch1994" class="citation book cs1">Damisch, Hubert (1994). <i>The Origin of Perspective, Translated by John Goodman</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Perspective%2C+Translated+by+John+Goodman&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Damisch&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGill1974" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Robert W (1974). <i>Perspective From Basic to Creative</i>. Australia: Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspective+From+Basic+to+Creative&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Robert+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHyman1974" class="citation book cs1">Hyman, Isabelle, comp (1974). <i>Brunelleschi in Perspective</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunelleschi+in+Perspective&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Isabelle%2C+comp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKemp1992" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Martin (1992). <i>The Science of Art: Optical Themes in Western Art from Brunelleschi to Seurat</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Art%3A+Optical+Themes+in+Western+Art+from+Brunelleschi+to+Seurat&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPérez-GómezPelletier1997" class="citation book cs1">Pérez-Gómez, Alberto; Pelletier, Louise (1997). <i>Architectural Representation and the Perspective Hinge</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Representation+and+the+Perspective+Hinge&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Pelletier%2C+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaynaud2003" class="citation journal cs1">Raynaud, Dominique (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00005538">"Linear perspective in Masaccio's Trinity fresco: Demonstration or self-persuasion?"</a>. <i>Nuncius</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F182539103X00684">10.1163/182539103X00684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuncius&rft.atitle=Linear+perspective+in+Masaccio%27s+Trinity+fresco%3A+Demonstration+or+self-persuasion%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E344&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F182539103X00684&rft.aulast=Raynaud&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-00005538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaynaud2014" class="citation book cs1">Raynaud, Dominique (2014). <i>Optics and the Rise of Perspective. A Study in Network Knowledge Diffusion</i>. Oxford: Bardwell Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optics+and+the+Rise+of+Perspective.+A+Study+in+Network+Knowledge+Diffusion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Bardwell+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Raynaud&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaynaud2016" class="citation book cs1">Raynaud, Dominique (2016). <i>Studies on Binocular Vision</i>. Archimedes. Vol. 47. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016sbvo.book.....R">2016sbvo.book.....R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-42721-8">10.1007/978-3-319-42721-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42720-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42720-1"><bdi>978-3-319-42720-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151589160">151589160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Binocular+Vision&rft.series=Archimedes&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-42721-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151589160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016sbvo.book.....R&rft.isbn=978-3-319-42720-1&rft.aulast=Raynaud&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasari1568" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari, Giorgio</a> (1568). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LivesOfTheArtists"><i>The Lives of the Artists</i></a>. Florence, Italy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Artists&rft.place=Florence%2C+Italy&rft.date=1568&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLivesOfTheArtists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerspective+%28graphical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspective_(graphical)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_Perspective" class="extiw" title="commons:Evolution of Perspective"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Evolution of Perspective</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622055904/http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=content&sa=viewDocument&nodeId=477&bodyId=598">Teaching Perspective in Art and Mathematics through Leonardo da Vinci's Work</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.owen-artresearch.uk/custom/rwpainting/cover/index.html">Metaphysical Perspective in Ancient Roman-Wall Painting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721102550/http://timvandevall.com/two-point-perspective-grid-tutorial/">How to Draw a Two Point Perspective Grid</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timvandevall.com/">Creating Comics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinematic_techniques90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinematic_techniques" title="Template:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinematic_techniques" title="Template talk:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinematic_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinematic_techniques90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_light" title="Background light">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_lighting" title="Cameo lighting">Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_light" title="Fill light">Fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-key_lighting" title="High-key lighting">High-key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_light" title="Key light">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-key_lighting" title="Low-key lighting">Low-key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_lighting" title="Mood lighting">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_lighting" title="Rembrandt lighting">Rembrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft light">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Diegetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Non-diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Non-diegetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">Sound effects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Shot_(filmmaking)" title="Shot (filmmaking)">Shooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Field size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wide_shot" title="Wide shot">Wide / Long / Full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_shot" title="American shot">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_shot" title="Medium shot">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-up" title="Close-up">Close-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian shot">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_shot" title="Two shot">Two shot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera placement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-shoulder_shot" title="Over-the-shoulder shot">Over-the-shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of view shot">Point-of-view <span style="font-size:85%;">(POV)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot/reverse_shot" title="Shot/reverse shot">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_shot" title="Trunk shot">Trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">Single</a> / <a href="/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">multiple-camera setup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">Camera angle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">Tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial shot">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-angle_shot" title="High-angle shot">High-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_view" title="Bird's-eye view">Bird's-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_shot" title="Crane shot">Crane shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jib_(camera)" title="Jib (camera)">Jib shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-angle_shot" title="Low-angle shot">Low-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm%27s-eye_view" title="Worm's-eye view">Worm's-eye view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_angle" title="Dutch angle">Dutch angle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchained_camera_technique" title="Unchained camera technique">Unchained camera technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">Tilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whip_pan" title="Whip pan">Whip pan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-held_camera" title="Hand-held camera">Hand-held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaky_camera" title="Shaky camera">Shaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_shot" title="Tracking shot">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_dolly" title="Camera dolly">Dolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SnorriCam" title="SnorriCam">SnorriCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_and_talk" title="Walk and talk">Walk and talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_shot" title="Follow shot">Follow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lens effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">Focus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racking_focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Racking focus">Racking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">Deep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooming_(filmmaking)" title="Zooming (filmmaking)">Zooming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Establishing_shot" title="Establishing shot">Establishing shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_shot" title="Master shot">Master shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-roll" title="B-roll">B-roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-frame_shot" title="Freeze-frame shot">Freeze-frame shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_take" title="Long take">Long take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insert_(filmmaking)" title="Insert (filmmaking)">Insert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_effects" title="Template:Special effects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_effects" title="Template talk:Special effects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_effects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special effects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_effects104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Practical_effect" title="Practical effect">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_rigging" title="Aerial rigging">Aerial rigging</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wire-flying" title="Wire-flying">wire-flying</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_bladder_effect" title="Air bladder effect">Air bladder effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hit_squib" title="Bullet hit squib">Bullet hit squib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumed_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Costumed character">Costumed character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">Creature suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-character_costume" title="Dead-character costume">Dead-character costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitbashing" title="Kitbashing">Kitbashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_effect" title="Miniature effect">Miniature effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanging_miniature" title="Hanging miniature">hanging</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">Prosthetic makeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_mask" title="Rubber mask">Rubber mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_blood" title="Theatrical blood">Theatrical blood</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">In-camera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipack" title="Bipack">Bipacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">Forced perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Front projection">Front projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting effects">Lighting effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_projection" title="Rear projection">Rear projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit-scan">Slit-scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilted_plane_focus" title="Tilted plane focus">Tilted plane focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-lapse">Time-lapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast motion">Fast motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_ramping" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed ramping">Speed ramping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">Chroma key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">Compositing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">digital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">Go motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introvision" title="Introvision">Introvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">Optical printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallgantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallgantics">Smallgantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_screen_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split screen (filmmaking)">Split screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mathematics_and_art295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template talk:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mathematics_and_art295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">Catenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">Hyperboloid structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_surface" title="Minimal surface">Minimal surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">Paraboloid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perspective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lucida" title="Camera lucida">Camera lucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_ratio" title="Plastic ratio">Plastic ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projective_geometry" title="Projective geometry">Projective geometry</a></li> <li>Proportion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportion_(architecture)" title="Proportion (architecture)">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_group" title="Wallpaper group">Wallpaper group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FWF_Samuel_Monnier_(vertical_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009"><img alt="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/75px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/113px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/150px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">Algorithmic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">4D art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">Knotting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Croatian interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_mathematics" title="Music and mathematics">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_paper_folding" title="Mathematics of paper folding">Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sculpture" title="Mathematical sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_figure" title="String figure">String figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_designed_with_the_golden_ratio" title="List of works designed with the golden ratio">List of works designed with the golden ratio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Continuum_(sculpture)" title="Continuum (sculpture)">Continuum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Octacube_(sculpture)" title="Octacube (sculpture)">Octacube</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi_(art_project)" title="Pi (art project)">Pi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi_in_the_Sky" title="Pi in the Sky">Pi in the Sky</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_(San_Francisco)" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco)">Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium" title="Kresge Auditorium">Kresge Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Pyramid of Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_artists" title="List of mathematical artists">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigianino" title="Parmigianino">Parmigianino</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait_in_a_Convex_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror">Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th–20th<br />Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Blake)" title="Newton (Blake)">Newton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancer_in_a_Caf%C3%A9" title="Dancer in a Café">Danseuse au café</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Oiseau_bleu_(Metzinger)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger)">L'Oiseau bleu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Circle_Limit_III" title="Circle Limit III">Circle Limit III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Print_Gallery_(M._C._Escher)" title="Print Gallery (M. C. Escher)">Print Gallery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relativity_(M._C._Escher)" title="Relativity (M. C. Escher)">Relativity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reptiles_(M._C._Escher)" title="Reptiles (M. C. Escher)">Reptiles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Condition_(Magritte)" title="The Human Condition (Magritte)">La condition humaine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(Corpus_Hypercubus)" title="Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)">Crucifixion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swallow%27s_Tail" title="The Swallow's Tail">The Swallow's Tail</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_Johnson" title="Crockett Johnson">Crockett Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bill" title="Max Bill">Max Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Demaine" title="Martin Demaine">Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Draves" title="Scott Draves">Scott Draves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dibbets" title="Jan Dibbets">Jan Dibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest" title="John Ernest">John Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helaman_Ferguson" title="Helaman Ferguson">Helaman Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forakis" title="Peter Forakis">Peter Forakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Goldstine" title="Susan Goldstine">Susan Goldstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_Grossman" title="Bathsheba Grossman">Bathsheba Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Hart" title="George W. Hart">George W. Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hill_(artist)" title="Anthony Hill (artist)">Anthony Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Charles Jencks</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Cosmic_Speculation" title="Garden of Cosmic Speculation">Garden of Cosmic Speculation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Lomas" title="Andy Lomas">Andy Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Longhurst" title="Robert Longhurst">Robert Longhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_McLeod" title="Jeanette McLeod">Jeanette McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Orosz" title="István Orosz">István Orosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinke_Osinga" title="Hinke Osinga">Hinke Osinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pevsner" title="Antoine Pevsner">Antoine Pevsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Robbin" title="Tony Robbin">Tony Robbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Rojo_Cama" title="Alba Rojo Cama">Alba Rojo Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Sarhangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Sarhangi">Reza Sarhangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sin" title="Oliver Sin">Oliver Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto" title="Hiroshi Sugimoto">Hiroshi Sugimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daina_Taimi%C5%86a" title="Daina Taimiņa">Daina Taimiņa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Verostko" title="Roman Verostko">Roman Verostko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wertheim" title="Margaret Wertheim">Margaret Wertheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polykleitos</a> <ul><li><i>Canon</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_pictura" title="De pictura">De pictura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria" title="De re aedificatoria">De re aedificatoria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_prospectiva_pingendi" title="De prospectiva pingendi">De prospectiva pingendi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">De divina proportione</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Painting" title="A Treatise on Painting">A Treatise on Painting</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> <ul><li><i>Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a> <ul><li><i>Regole generali d'architettura</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">I quattro libri dell'architettura</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colman" title="Samuel Colman">Samuel Colman</a> <ul><li><i>Nature's Harmonic Unity</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Macody_Lund" title="Frederik Macody Lund">Frederik Macody Lund</a> <ul><li><i>Ad Quadratum</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Hambidge" title="Jay Hambidge">Jay Hambidge</a> <ul><li><i>The Greek Vase</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)#The_Grammar_of_Ornament" title="Owen Jones (architect)">The Grammar of Ornament</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Ernest Hanbury Hankin</a> <ul><li><i>The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology">A Mathematician's Apology</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> <ul><li><i>Aesthetic Measure</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Salingaros" title="Nikos Salingaros">Nikos Salingaros</a> <ul><li><i>The 'Life' of a Carpet</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="Journal of Mathematics and the Arts">Journal of Mathematics and the Arts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Naturae" title="Lumen Naturae">Lumen Naturae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework" title="Making Mathematics with Needlework">Making Mathematics with Needlework</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_of_Structure" title="Rhythm of Structure">Rhythm of Structure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viewpoints:_Mathematical_Perspective_and_Fractal_Geometry_in_Art" title="Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art">Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ars_Mathematica_(organization)" title="Ars Mathematica (organization)">Ars Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridges_Organization" title="The Bridges Organization">The Bridges Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="European Society for Mathematics and the Arts">European Society for Mathematics and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudreau_Museum_of_Mathematics_in_Art_and_Science" title="Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science">Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_For_Figuring" title="Institute For Figuring">Institute For Figuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mathematics" title="National Museum of Mathematics">National Museum of Mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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