CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="ps" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>APA 鬲賵诏賴噩賵趽蹛丿賳蹛讴蹛丿蹖 - 賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )pswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[".\t,","佾\t佻"],"wgDigitTransformTable":[ "0\t1\t2\t3\t4\t5\t6\t7\t8\t9","郯\t郾\t鄄\t鄢\t鄞\t鄣\t鄱\t鄯\t鄹\t酃"],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","噩賳賵乇賷","賮亘乇賵乇賷","賲丕乇趩","丕倬乇蹛賱","賲蹛","噩賵賳","噩賵賱丕蹖","丕诏爻偌","爻倬偌賲亘乇","丕讴鬲賵亘乇","賳賵賲亘乇","趬賷爻賲亘乇"],"wgRequestId":"d9fe3026-6665-46a4-bd18-1017a4aebcc9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"APA_鬲賵诏賴","wgTitle":"APA 鬲賵诏賴","wgCurRevisionId":0,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":0,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ps","wgPageContentLanguage":"ps","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"APA_鬲賵诏賴","wgRelevantArticleId":0,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionCreate":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true ,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ps","pageLanguageDir":"rtl","pageVariantFallbacks":"ps"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":0,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":true,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.39"};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.Font-Amiri":"ready","ext.gadget.palestineTheme":"ready","ext.gadget.WMP-icons":"ready","ext.gadget.Font-Arial":"ready","ext.gadget.HideExLinkIcon":"ready", "ext.gadget.Urgent-fixes":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.events-loader","ext.gadget.Defaulteditnotices","ext.gadget.searchlang","ext.gadget.NoRefCopy","ext.gadget.exlinks","ext.gadget.content-support-loader","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.TemplateParamWizard","ext.gadget.decodesummary","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=ext.gadget.palestineTheme&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="APA 鬲賵诏賴噩賵趽蹛丿賳蹛讴蹛丿蹖 - 賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ps.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="爻賲賵賱" href="/w/index.php?title=APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕 (ps)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ps.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ps"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕丿丕偌賵賲讴鬲賳賴" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87&feed=atom"> <noscript><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=/w/index.php?action=edit&redlink=1&title=APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&venoscript=1"></noscript> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-APA_鬲賵诏賴 rootpage-APA_鬲賵诏賴 skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕氐賱賷賱趽賱賷讴" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕氐賱賷賱趽賱賷讴</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕氐賱賷賱趽賱賷讴</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">趨賳讷倬偌蹛鬲賴賵乇爻卅</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">倬偌賵賱</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 诏乇趤跉鬲 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" title="丌乇賳蹖賲禺讴鬲賱 [z]" accesskey="z"><span>賱賵賲趽蹖賲禺</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AF_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="丿倬乇賵跇蹛倬賴丕趽賴貙鬲丕爻蹛趨賴卮賷丕賳丕賵趩蹛乇鬲賴讴賵賱丕蹖卮蹖趩蹛賵蹛賲賵賲蹗"><span>噩乇讷賴</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%9A%DB%90" title="丿丕賵爻賳賷賵倬蹛跉賵丕趽賵賳丿賴丿賴睾賵蹖丿卮丕賱賷丿賲丕賱賵賲丕鬲賲賵賳丿賱"><span>丕賵爻賳蹗倬蹛跉蹛</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="倬賴賵賷讴賷讴蹛丿賵乇賵爻鬲賷亘丿賱賵賳賵賱趽賱賷讴. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>賵乇賵爻鬲賷亘丿賱賵賳賵賳賴</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" title="賷賵賳丕偌丕讴賱蹖賲禺跉讴丕乇賴讴賵賷 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>賳丕偌丕讴賱蹖賲禺</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="丿賲賵賳丿賱賵趤丕蹖"><span>賱丕乇跉賵丿</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ps.svg" style="width: 5.3125em; height: 2em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ps.svg" width="84" height="16" style="width: 5.25em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%BC%D9%86%D9%87" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕倬賱偌賱 [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>倬賱偌賳賴</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕倬賱偌賱" aria-label="賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕倬賱偌賱" autocapitalize="sentences" title="賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕倬賱偌賱 [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="趤丕賳诏趽蹖:倬賱偌賳賴"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">倬賱偌賱</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="卮禺氐賷丕賵夭丕乇"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="跉讴丕乇蹛丿賵賳讴蹛亘诩賴"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="跉讴丕乇蹛丿賵賳讴蹛亘诩賴" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">跉讴丕乇蹛丿賵賳讴蹛亘诩賴</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps" class=""><span>賲乇爻鬲賴賵讴趽卅</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=APA+%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1" title="鬲丕爻蹛鬲賴丿賷賵诏诩賵賳丿噩賵趽賵賱賵丕賵亘賷丕睾賵賳趬丕賱讴蹛賵乇賳賳賵鬲賱賵爻倬丕乇跉鬲賳賴讴蹛跂賷貨讴賴趨賴賴賲趩蹛丿丕賷賵丕趽賷賳讴丕乇賳賴丿蹖" class=""><span>诏诩賵賳噩賵趽賵賱</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=APA+%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1" title="鬲丕爻蹛鬲賴倬賴睾賵賳趬丕賱讴蹛丿賳賳賵鬲賱賵爻倬丕乇跉鬲賳賴讴賵賵貙讴賴趨賴賴賲趩蹛丿丕賷賵丕趽賷賳讴丕乇賳賴丿蹖. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>賳賳賵鬲賱</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="卮禺氐賷丕賵夭丕乇" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">卮禺氐賷丕賵夭丕乇</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps"><span>賲乇爻鬲賴賵讴趽卅</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=APA+%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1" title="鬲丕爻蹛鬲賴丿賷賵诏诩賵賳丿噩賵趽賵賱賵丕賵亘賷丕睾賵賳趬丕賱讴蹛賵乇賳賳賵鬲賱賵爻倬丕乇跉鬲賳賴讴蹛跂賷貨讴賴趨賴賴賲趩蹛丿丕賷賵丕趽賷賳讴丕乇賳賴丿蹖"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>诏诩賵賳噩賵趽賵賱</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=APA+%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1" title="鬲丕爻蹛鬲賴倬賴睾賵賳趬丕賱讴蹛丿賳賳賵鬲賱賵爻倬丕乇跉鬲賳賴讴賵賵貙讴賴趨賴賴賲趩蹛丿丕賷賵丕趽賷賳讴丕乇賳賴丿蹖. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>賳賳賵鬲賱</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>賵賳趬蹛</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>禺亘乇蹛丕鬲乇蹛</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003E鬲趽賱\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ps\" dir=\"rtl\"\u003E\u003Ctable style=\"border: 1px solid #a40007; padding: 10px; width:100%; background-image: linear-gradient(#000000,#000000)\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:10%\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_(3).svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/70px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"70\" height=\"99\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/105px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/140px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"241\" data-file-height=\"342\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:80%; text-align:center ; color:white\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size:180%\"\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E丿倬跉鬲賵賵蹖讴蹖倬蹛趬蹖丕偌賵賱賳賴丿夭趽賴賱賴讴賵賲蹛丿賮賱爻胤賷賳丿賵讷趽賵爻乇賴賵賱丕趽賴丿賴.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">APA 鬲賵诏賴噩賵趽蹛丿賳蹛讴蹛丿蹖</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang mw-portlet-lang-icon-only" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector-empty" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-portlet-lang-heading-empty" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">亘賱賴跇亘賴賵乇讷趬賵賱</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="mw-portlet-empty-language-selector-body"> Page contents not supported in other languages. </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="賳賵賲-鬲卮賷丕賱賵賳賴"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" title="丿賲禺賲蹛賳趤倬丕賳诏賴讴鬲賱 (鬲乇丕賵爻賴倬賵乇蹛賳賴卮鬲賴) [c]" accesskey="c"><span>賲禺</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90:APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="丿賲禺丿賲蹛賳趤倬丕賳诏蹛倬賴丕趽賴禺亘乇蹛丕鬲乇蹛 (鬲乇丕賵爻賴倬賵乇蹛賳賴卮鬲賴) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>禺亘乇蹛丕鬲乇蹛</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">倬跉鬲賵</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="讴鬲賳蹛"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&action=edit" title="丿丿蹛賲禺丿爻乇趩賷賳蹛讴賵趬噩賵趽賵賱"><span>噩賵趽賵賱</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕賵夭丕乇賵賳賴" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賵夭丕乇賵賳賴</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">趨賳讷倬偌蹛鬲賴賵乇爻卅</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">倬偌賵賱</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&action=edit" title="丿丿蹛賲禺丿爻乇趩賷賳蹛讴賵趬噩賵趽賵賱 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>噩賵趽賵賱</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:WhatLinksHere/APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87" title="丿賵賷讴賷丿偌賵賱賵賴睾賵賲禺賵賳賵賱趽賱賷讴趩蹛賴賲丿蹛賲禺爻乇賴鬲趽賳蹛賱乇賷 [j]" accesskey="j"><span>丿丿蹛賲禺鬲趽賳蹛</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="丿賵鬲賳蹛倬賵乇鬲賴讴賵賱 [u]" accesskey="u"><span>丕賳趤賵乇/乇爻賳蹗倬賵乇鬲賴讴賵賱</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="丿偌賵賱賵趤丕賳诏趽賵倬丕诩賵賱趽賱賷讴 [q]" accesskey="q"><span>趤丕賳诏趽賷賲禺賵賳賴</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&action=info" title="丿丿蹛賲禺丕趽賵賳丿賴賳賵乇賲丕賱賵賲丕鬲"><span>丿賲禺賲丕賱賵賲丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAPA_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25DA%25AF%25D9%2587%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1"><span>賱賳趬 URL 鬲乇賱丕爻賴讴趽卅</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAPA_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25DA%25AF%25D9%2587%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1"><span>丿 QR 讴賵趬賷蹛趬丕賵賳賱賵趬讴趽卅</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 倬賴賳賵乇賵倬乇賵跇賵讴蹛 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="跉讴丕乇蹛丿賵賳讴蹛亘诩賴"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">跉讴丕乇蹛丿賵賳讴蹛亘诩賴</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">趨賳讷倬偌蹛鬲賴賵乇爻卅</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">倬偌賵賱</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>The editor will now load. If you still see this message after a few seconds, please <a class="external text" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&redlink=1&title=APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&venoscript=1">reload the page</a>. </p><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_鬲賵诏賴">https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_鬲賵诏賴</a>" 賳賴丕禺賷爻鬲賱卮賵蹖</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">丿倬偌賳鬲賷丕鬲诏賱丕乇賴</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87">丿賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕倬賴丕趽賴</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9">乇丿丕丿毓丕賱賷讴賵賳賴</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">倬乇賲禺鬲诏诏乇丕賳:</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ps.wikipedia.org">卮賲丕乇</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">丿讴賵讴賷夭賵賷賳丕賱賷讴</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ps.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">丿賲賵亘丕賷賱倬賴亘诩蹛讴鬲賱</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){location.href="\/w\/index.php?action=edit&redlink=1&title=APA_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%87&venoscript=1";});</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ckdzv","wgBackendResponseTime":94});});</script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

APA 鬲賵诏賴 噩賵趽蹛丿賳蹛 讴蹛 丿蹖 - 賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕

APA 鬲賵诏賴噩賵趽蹛丿賳蹛讴蹛丿蹖 - 賵賷讴賷倬蹛趬賷丕