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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Employment in the colonial government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_in_the_colonial_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_administration_of_Sihanouk,_1955–70" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_administration_of_Sihanouk,_1955–70"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the administration of Sihanouk, 1955–70</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_administration_of_Sihanouk,_1955–70-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1970_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1970_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The 1970 coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1970_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Khmer_Republic_and_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Khmer_Republic_and_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Khmer Republic and the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Khmer_Republic_and_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exile and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84" title="لون نول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لون نول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2" title="লন নল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লন নল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Лан Нол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лан Нол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84" title="لون نول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لون نول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%A0_%EB%86%80" title="론 놀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="론 놀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C" title="לון נול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לון נול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84" title="لون نول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لون نول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84" title="لن نول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لن نول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB" title="ロン・ノル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロン・ノル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B_%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B" title="លន់ នល់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លន់ នល់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Лон Нол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лон Нол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Лон Нол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лон Нол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ลอน นอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลอน นอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Лон Нол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лон Нол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lon Nol" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%BA" title="朗诺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朗诺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">21st Prime Minister of Cambodia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_name" title="Cambodian name">Cambodian name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Lon</i>. In accordance with Cambodian custom, this person should be referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, <i>Nol</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lon Nol</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="km"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">លន់ នល់</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LonNol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/LonNol.jpg/220px-LonNol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/LonNol.jpg/330px-LonNol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/LonNol.jpg/440px-LonNol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Cambodia">President of the Khmer Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 March 1972 – 1 April 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Sirik_Matak" title="Sisowath Sirik Matak">Sisowath Sirik Matak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hang_Thun_Hak" title="Hang Thun Hak">Hang Thun Hak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/In_Tam" title="In Tam">In Tam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Long_Boret" title="Long Boret">Long Boret</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Heng" title="Cheng Heng">Cheng Heng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Khoy_Saukam" title="Peter Khoy Saukam">Saukham Khoy</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="List of prime ministers of Cambodia">Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 August 1969 – 20 April 1971 <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Kossamak" title="Sisowath Kossamak">Sisowath Kossamak</a> (1969–1970)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Heng" title="Cheng Heng">Cheng Heng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Sirik_Matak" title="Sisowath Sirik Matak">Sisowath Sirik Matak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Sirik_Matak" title="Sisowath Sirik Matak">Sisowath Sirik Matak</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 October 1966 – 1 May 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Kossamak" title="Sisowath Kossamak">Sisowath Kossamak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Kantol" title="Norodom Kantol">Norodom Kantol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Son_Sann" title="Son Sann">Son Sann</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Cambodia)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Cambodia)">Minister of National Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 June 1968 – 15 November 1971<sup id="cite_ref-rulers.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulers.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Kossamak" title="Sisowath Kossamak">Sisowath Kossamak</a> (1968-1970)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Heng" title="Cheng Heng">Cheng Heng</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a><br />Himself<br /><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Sirik_Matak" title="Sisowath Sirik Matak">Sisowath Sirik Matak</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 September 1959 – 25 October 1966<sup id="cite_ref-rulers.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulers.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Suramarit" title="Norodom Suramarit">Norodom Suramarit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Kossamak" title="Sisowath Kossamak">Sisowath Kossamak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Monireth" title="Sisowath Monireth">Sisowath Monireth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pho_Proeung" title="Pho Proeung">Pho Proeung</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nhiek_Tioulong" title="Nhiek Tioulong">Nhiek Tioulong</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chau_Sen_Cocsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chau Sen Cocsal">Chau Sen Cocsal</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Kantol" title="Norodom Kantol">Norodom Kantol</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1913-11-13</span>)</span>13 November 1913<br /><a href="/wiki/Kampong_Leav_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Leav District">Kampong Leav District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey Veng Province">Prey Veng Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 17, 1985<span style="display:none">(1985-11-17)</span> (aged 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/St._Jude_Medical_Center" title="St. Jude Medical Center">St. Jude Medical Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fullerton,_California" title="Fullerton, California">Fullerton, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Republican_Party" title="Social Republican Party">Social Republican</a><br />(1972–1975)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a><br />(1970–1972)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sangkum" title="Sangkum">Sangkum</a><br />(1955–1970)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Renovation_Party" title="Khmer Renovation Party">Khmer Renovation Party</a><br />(1947–1955)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Lon Hin (father)</li><li>Mau Nuon (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Lon_Nol.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lon Nol's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_Lon_Nol.png/128px-Signature_of_Lon_Nol.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_Lon_Nol.png/192px-Signature_of_Lon_Nol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_Lon_Nol.png/256px-Signature_of_Lon_Nol.png 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">First Kingdom of Cambodia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Army" title="Royal Cambodian Army">Royal Cambodian Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khmer_National_Army" title="Khmer National Army">Khmer National Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1952–1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodian_Army_OF-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cambodian_Army_OF-10.svg/10px-Cambodian_Army_OF-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cambodian_Army_OF-10.svg/15px-Cambodian_Army_OF-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cambodian_Army_OF-10.svg/20px-Cambodian_Army_OF-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_National_Armed_Forces" title="Khmer National Armed Forces">Khmer National Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/40px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/60px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/80px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="225" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a> <b>Lon Nol</b> (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">លន់ នល់</span>, also <span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">លន់ ណុល</span></span>; 13 November 1913 – 17 November 1985) was a Cambodian military officer and politician who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister of Cambodia</a> twice (1966–67; 1969–71), as well as serving repeatedly as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Cambodia)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Cambodia)">defence minister</a> and provincial governor. As a <a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">nationalist</a> and conservative, he led the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_coup_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian coup of 1970">military coup of 1970</a> against Prince <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>, abolished the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">monarchy</a>, and established the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a>. Constitutionally a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> republic, Cambodia was <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> governed under a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a>. He was the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_National_Armed_Forces" title="Khmer National Armed Forces">Khmer National Armed Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> and became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Cambodia">President of the Khmer Republic</a> on March 10th, 1972. On April 1, 1975, 16 days before the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, Lon Nol fled to the United States, first to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, where he remained until his death in 1985. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nol was born in <a href="/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey Veng Province">Prey Veng Province</a> on 13 November 1913, to a family of mixed <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Chinese</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Lon Hin was the son of a <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tay_Ninh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tay Ninh Province">Tay Ninh Province</a><sup id="cite_ref-Corfield1994-1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corfield1994-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later served as a district chief in <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap" title="Siem Reap">Siem Reap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Thom_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Thom City">Kampong Thom</a>, after making a name for himself 'pacifying' bandit groups in Prey Veng.<sup id="cite_ref-kiernan24_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiernan24-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His maternal grandfather was a Chinese immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later became the governor of Prey Veng.<sup id="cite_ref-Corfield1994-1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corfield1994-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nol was educated in the relatively privileged surroundings of the Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, followed by the Cambodian Royal Military Academy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment_in_the_colonial_government">Employment in the colonial government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Employment in the colonial government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nol found employment with the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French colonial</a> civil service in 1937. He became a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a>, and soon proved himself as an efficient enforcer of French rule against a series of anti-colonial disturbances in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-kiernan24_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiernan24-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1946, he had risen to the post of Governor of <a href="/wiki/Kratie_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratie Province">Kratie Province</a>. He became an associate of King <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>, and by the late 1940s, when he set up a right-wing, <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a>, pro-independence political group, was becoming increasingly involved in the developing Cambodian political scene. Joining the army in 1952, he carried out military operations against the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a>. </p><p>After independence, Nol's nationalist <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Renovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer Renovation">Khmer Renovation</a> party (along with small right-wing parties headed by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Sary" title="Sam Sary">Sam Sary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dap_Chhuon" title="Dap Chhuon">Dap Chhuon</a>) became the core of the <a href="/wiki/Sangkum" title="Sangkum">Sangkum</a>, the organisation set up by Sihanouk to participate in the <a href="/wiki/1955_Cambodian_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1955 Cambodian parliamentary election">1955 elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kiernan158_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiernan158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sangkum won the elections and Sihanouk became prime minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_administration_of_Sihanouk,_1955–70"><span id="In_the_administration_of_Sihanouk.2C_1955.E2.80.9370"></span>In the administration of Sihanouk, 1955–70</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the administration of Sihanouk, 1955–70"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nol was appointed the Army Chief of Staff in 1955, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces in 1960, as well as serving as Defence Minister. At the time, he was a trusted supporter of Sihanouk, his police being instrumental in the suppression of the small, clandestine <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> movement in Cambodia. He was appointed deputy Premier in 1963. While Sihanouk, in an attempt to distance his country from the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, was pursuing a foreign policy of "extreme neutrality", which involved association with China and toleration of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese">North Vietnamese</a> activity on the eastern borders, Nol remained friendly towards the United States, and indicated that he regretted the ending of US aid after 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-shawcross61_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shawcross61-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1966_Cambodian_general_election" title="1966 Cambodian general election">1966 parliamentary elections</a> represented a major shift in the balance of power towards Lon Nol and the rightist elements of the Sangkum, as conservative and right-wing candidates were overwhelmingly elected.<sup id="cite_ref-kiernan232_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiernan232-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lon Nol became prime minister, and the following year troops carried out a savage repression of a leftist-inspired revolt, the <a href="/wiki/Samlaut_Uprising" title="Samlaut Uprising">Samlaut Uprising</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Battambang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Battambang Province">Battambang Province</a>. </p><p>Nol was injured in a car crash later in 1967, and temporarily retired from politics. In 1968, however, he returned as Minister of Defence and in 1969 became prime minister a second time, appointing the vocally anti-Sihanouk, and pro-US politician Prince <a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Sirik_Matak" title="Sisowath Sirik Matak">Sisowath Sirik Matak</a> as his deputy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_1970_coup">The 1970 coup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The 1970 coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></div> <p>Sihanouk later claimed that the 1970 coup against him was the result of an alliance between his longstanding enemy, exiled politician <a href="/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a> and Sirik Matak, with <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> support and planning.<sup id="cite_ref-sihanouk37_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sihanouk37-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are indications that Lon Nol approached the US during 1969 to gauge the likelihood of military support for a coup against Sihanouk,<sup id="cite_ref-kiernan300_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiernan300-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no concrete evidence of CIA involvement,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it remains possible some military intelligence agents may have had partial responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-clymer_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clymer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems likely that in setting in motion the events leading up to the coup, Lon Nol initially intended to strengthen his position against the North Vietnamese with the ultimate aim of preventing their troops (and those of the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>) from operating within Cambodian borders, and wished to apply pressure on Sihanouk to achieve this.<sup id="cite_ref-shawcross118_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shawcross118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, events rapidly developed far beyond the original plan, and with the encouragement of Sirik Matak – who wished to see Sihanouk deposed as Head of State – Lon Nol was ultimately to engineer Sihanouk's removal. </p><p>While Sihanouk was abroad during March 1970, there were anti-Vietnamese riots in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>. On 12 March, Lon Nol and Sirik Matak closed the port of <a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihanoukville (city)">Sihanoukville</a>, through which weapons were being smuggled to the Viet Cong, to the North Vietnamese and issued an ultimatum: all North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces were to withdraw from Cambodian soil within 72 hours or face military action.<sup id="cite_ref-sutsakhan42_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sutsakhan42-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lon Nol initially refused to countenance Sihanouk being deposed as Head of State; to force his hand, Sirik Matak played him a tape-recorded press conference from Paris, in which Sihanouk blamed them for the unrest and threatened to execute them both on his return to Phnom Penh.<sup id="cite_ref-marlay165_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marlay165-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Prime Minister remained uncertain as to whether to instigate a vote in the National Assembly. On the night of 17 March, Sirik Matak, accompanied by three army officers, went to the Prime Minister's residence and compelled a weeping Lon Nol to sign the necessary documents at gunpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-chandler_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandler-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A vote was taken in the National Assembly on 18 March in which Sihanouk was stripped of his power. General Lon Nol assumed the powers of the Head of State on an emergency basis. On 28 and 29 March there were large-scale popular demonstrations in favour of Sihanouk in several provincial cities, but Lon Nol's forces suppressed them, causing several hundred deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-kiernan302_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiernan302-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khmer Republic was formally declared that October, and Sihanouk – who had formed a government-in-exile, the <a href="/wiki/GRUNK" title="GRUNK">GRUNK</a>, incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> communists – was condemned to death <i>in absentia</i>. In the meantime during the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Campaign">Cambodian Campaign</a> of April 1970, US and South Vietnamese forces entered Cambodian territory in pursuit of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Khmer_Republic_and_the_Civil_War">The Khmer Republic and the Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Khmer Republic and the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Khmer Republic.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> (1970–1975) abandoned Sihanouk's neutrality policies, especially with regard to the Vietnamese. Ultimately, the republic proved disastrous both militarily and politically. Lon Nol's health started to decline after he suffered a stroke in February 1971. His rule became increasingly erratic and authoritarian: he appointed himself <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a> (a title previously unknown in Cambodia) in April 1971, and in October suspended the National Assembly, stating he would no longer "vainly play the game of democracy and freedom" in wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-cady672_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cady672-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backed by his forceful, ambitious younger brother General <a href="/wiki/Lon_Non" title="Lon Non">Lon Non</a>, Nol succeeded in reducing the influence of Sirik Matak, <a href="/wiki/In_Tam" title="In Tam">In Tam</a> and the other coup leaders. He also insisted on directing many of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_National_Armed_Forces" title="Khmer National Armed Forces">Khmer National Armed Forces</a> (French: <i lang="fr">Forces Armées Nationales Khmères – FANK</i>) operations personally. </p><p>In time Lon Nol's regime became completely dependent upon large quantities of American aid that towards the end were not backed by the political and military resolve needed to effectively help the beleaguered republic.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1975, the government was eventually reduced to holding little more than <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Preah_Vihear_Temple" title="Preah Vihear Temple">Preah Vihear Temple</a> in the northern border with Thailand. The FANK was quickly running out of ammunition. Lon Nol was increasingly dependent on the advice of soothsayers and Buddhist mystics: at one point during a Khmer Rouge assault on Phnom Penh, he sprinkled a circular line of consecrated sand in order to defend the city. Finally, on 1 April, he resigned and fled the country into exile, as his name was the first on a list of people the Khmer Rouge had vowed to execute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_and_death">Exile and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exile and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first priority of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> after conquering <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Cambodia</a> and overthrowing the Khmer Republic was to immediately execute all the deposed leaders and high officials.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lon Nol was able to escape, first to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and then to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. He spent time in Hawaii before settling in <a href="/wiki/Fullerton,_California" title="Fullerton, California">Fullerton, California</a>, in 1979. He lived with his second wife Sovanna Lon (1943-2013) and several of his nine children until his heart condition-related death on 17 November 1985 at <a href="/wiki/St._Jude_Medical_Center" title="St. Jude Medical Center">St. Jude Medical Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried at Loma Vista Memorial Park in Fullerton.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his actions in deposing Sihanouk, Nol was a firm believer in traditional Cambodian hierarchy: after Sihanouk had been removed he prostrated himself at the <a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Kossamak" title="Sisowath Kossamak">Queen Mother</a>'s feet to ask forgiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-shawcross128_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shawcross128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He termed his ideology, a blend of nationalism and mysticism, "Neo-Khmerism". He expressed an ambition of reuniting the ethnic Khmers of Cambodia with the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Surin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer Surin">Khmer Surin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, projecting a state of "thirty million" Khmers by the year 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-kiernan348_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiernan348-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asking his followers to embrace the traditions of what he referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon-Khmer">Mon-Khmer</a> "holy warriors" (<i>yuthesel</i>), he also encouraged them to refer to him as their "Black Papa", a name referring to the dark skin considered to be the sign of an "authentic" Khmer. In late life, Nol referred to himself as a "black Khmer" and sought to deny the fact that he had partial Chinese ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-becker134_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-becker134-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nil" title="Lon Nil">Lon Nil</a> was killed by pro-Sihanouk workers during <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_coup_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian coup of 1970">Cambodian coup of 1970</a>. Another younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Lon_Non" title="Lon Non">Lon Non</a> worked as Minister of Interior and <a href="/wiki/Ambassador-at-large" title="Ambassador-at-large">Ambassador-at-large</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a>, and was executed by <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Fall of Phnom Penh</a>. His grandnephew is French kickboxer <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinto#Biography_and_career" title="Antoine Pinto">Antoine Pinto</a>, grandson of his brother Lon Non.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His son, Lon Rith, established the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republican_Party" title="Khmer Republican Party">Khmer Republican Party</a> in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lon_Nil" title="Lon Nil">Lon Nil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_Non" title="Lon Non">Lon Non</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/First_Kingdom_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kingdom of Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> until the formal declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">republican government</a> on 9 October 1970.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lon_Nol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/20/archives/lon-nol-resigns-blaming-health-cambodian-chief-had-stroke-cabinet.html">"Lon Nol Resigns, Blaming Health"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, April 20, 1971, p1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rulers.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rulers.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rulers.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rulers.org/indexl4.html">Rulers.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Paul (2000), p. 92-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corfield1994-1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corfield1994-1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corfield1994-1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Corfield (1994), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiernan24-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kiernan24_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kiernan24_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2004">Kiernan 2004</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summary of world broadcasts: Far East, Part 3, 24 July 1984, p. FE/7703/C/12 He was given a sumptuous welcome and was even offered the opportunity to visit the grave of his grandfather in Fujian Province. It is worth noting that on this occasion, the Chinese leaders voiced support for Lon Nol's.....</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiernan158-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kiernan158_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2004">Kiernan 2004</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shawcross61-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shawcross61_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawcross1979">Shawcross 1979</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiernan232-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kiernan232_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2004">Kiernan 2004</a>, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sihanouk37-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sihanouk37_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>, <i>My War with the CIA</i>, Pantheon, 1972, p.37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiernan300-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kiernan300_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiernan, B. How Pol Pot came to power, Yale UP, p.300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilfred P. Deac, "Road to the Killing Fields: The Cambodian War of 1970–1975" (Texas A&M University Press, 1997) pp. 61–2;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Dallek, "Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power," (Harper Collins, 2007), p. 191;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Heder "Cambodian Communism and the Vietnamese Model, Volume I: Imitation and Independence, 1930–1975," (White Lotus Press, 2004), p. 156.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clymer-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clymer_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clymer, K. J. <i>The United States and Cambodia</i>, Routledge, 2004, p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shawcross118-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shawcross118_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawcross1979">Shawcross 1979</a>, pp. 118–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sutsakhan42-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sutsakhan42_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390505001A.pdf">Sutsakhan, Lt. Gen. S. <i>The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse</i> Washington DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 1987, Part 1, p. 42.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060055/https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390505001A.pdf">Archived</a> 12 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390505001A.pdf">Part 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390505001B.pdf">Part 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221083105/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390505001B.pdf">Archived</a> 21 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390505001C.pdf">Part 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070652/https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390505001C.pdf">Archived</a> 24 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marlay165-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marlay165_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlay, R. and Neher, C. <i>Patriots and tyrants</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 1999, p.165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chandler-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chandler_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler, D. <i>A History of Cambodia</i>, 2000, p.204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiernan302-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kiernan302_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2004">Kiernan 2004</a>, p. 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cady672-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cady672_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cady, <i>The History of Postwar Southeast Asia</i>, 1974, p.672</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David P. 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(1994). <i>Khmers stand up! – A history of the Cambodian government 1970–1975</i>. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0732605652" title="Special:BookSources/0732605652"><bdi>0732605652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khmers+stand+up%21+%E2%80%93+A+history+of+the+Cambodian+government+1970%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Centre+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Monash+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0732605652&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALon+Nol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2004" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parameters&rft.atitle=China%27s+Cambodia+Strategy&rft.issue=Autumn+2000&rft.pages=92-108&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0031-1723&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlisle.army.mil%2Fusawc%2Fparameters%2F00autumn%2Fmarks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALon+Nol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross1979" class="citation book cs1">Shawcross, W. (1979). <i>Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sideshow%3A+Kissinger%2C+Nixon%2C+and+the+Destruction+of+Cambodia&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALon+Nol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Kantol" title="Norodom Kantol">Prince Norodom Kantol</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister of Cambodia</a> </b><br />1966–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Son_Sann" title="Son Sann">Son Sann</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic</a> </b><br />1969–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Sirik_Matak" title="Sisowath Sirik Matak">Sisowath Sirik Matak</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Heng" title="Cheng Heng">Cheng Heng</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Head of State)</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ruler_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruler of Cambodia">President of the Khmer Republic</a> </b><br />1972–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Saukam_Khoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saukam Khoy">Saukam Khoy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Head of State)</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cambodia" title="List of heads of state of Cambodia">Heads of state of Cambodia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French Protectorate</a> <br /> (1863–1945; 1945–1953)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_of_Cambodia" title="Norodom of Cambodia">Norodom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_of_Cambodia" title="Sisowath of Cambodia">Sisowath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Monivong" title="Sisowath Monivong">Sisowath Monivong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_Cambodia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Standard of the King of Cambodia"><img alt="Royal Standard of the King of Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_Cambodia.svg/100px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_Cambodia.svg/150px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_Cambodia.svg/200px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a> <br /> (1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> <br /> (1953–1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Suramarit" title="Norodom Suramarit">Norodom Suramarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Kossamak" title="Sisowath Kossamak">Sisowath Kossamak</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuop_Hell" title="Chuop Hell">Chuop Hell</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Monireth" title="Sisowath Monireth">Sisowath Monireth</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuop_Hell" title="Chuop Hell">Chuop Hell</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Heng" title="Cheng Heng">Cheng Heng</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> <br /> (1970–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Heng" title="Cheng Heng">Cheng Heng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lon Nol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Khoy_Saukam" title="Peter Khoy Saukam">Saukam Khoy</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_Sutsakhan" title="Sak Sutsakhan">Sak Sutsakhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <br /> (1975–1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Cambodia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Cambodia (1989–1992)">State of Cambodia</a> <br /> (1979–1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chea_Sim" title="Chea Sim">Chea Sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> <br /> (1993–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">Norodom Sihamoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>‡</sup>queen mother</li> <li><sup>*</sup>acting</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cambodia&#124;link=Cambodia_Prime_ministers_of_Cambodia_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="Template:Prime ministers of Cambodia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Cambodia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Cambodia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cambodia&#124;link=Cambodia_Prime_ministers_of_Cambodia_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime ministers of Cambodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="List of prime ministers of Cambodia">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a> <br /> (1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French Protectorate</a> <br /> (1945–1953)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Monireth" title="Sisowath Monireth">Sisowath Monireth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Youtevong" title="Sisowath Youtevong">Sisowath Youtevong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Watchayavong" title="Sisowath Watchayavong">Sisowath Watchayavong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhean_Vam" title="Chhean Vam">Chhean Vam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yem_Sambaur" title="Yem Sambaur">Yem Sambaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Monipong" title="Sisowath Monipong">Sisowath Monipong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oum_Chheang_Sun" title="Oum Chheang Sun">Oum Chheang Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huy_Kanthoul" title="Huy Kanthoul">Huy Kanthoul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> <br /> (1953–1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Nak" title="Chan Nak">Chan Nak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leng_Ngeth" title="Leng Ngeth">Leng Ngeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khim_Tit" title="Khim Tit">Khim Tit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Yun" title="San Yun">San Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_Var" title="Sim Var">Sim Var</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ek_Yi_Oun" title="Ek Yi Oun">Ek Yi Oun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pho_Proeung" title="Pho Proeung">Pho Proeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhiek_Tioulong" title="Nhiek Tioulong">Nhiek Tioulong</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chau_Sen_Cocsal_Chhum" title="Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum">Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Kantol" title="Norodom Kantol">Norodom Kantol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lon Nol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Sann" title="Son Sann">Son Sann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> <br /> (1970–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lon Nol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisowath_Sirik_Matak" title="Sisowath Sirik Matak">Sisowath Sirik Matak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Thun_Hak" title="Hang Thun Hak">Hang Thun Hak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Tam" title="In Tam">In Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Boret" title="Long Boret">Long Boret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <br /> (1975–1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Nouth" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Cambodia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Cambodia (1989–1992)">State of Cambodia</a> <br /> (1979–1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Sovan" title="Pen Sovan">Pen Sovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Sy" title="Chan Sy">Chan Sy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> <br /> (1993–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ung_Huot" title="Ung Huot">Ung Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Hun Manet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>*</sup>acting</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313400#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313400#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313400#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000019940722">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72612642">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/278743/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXfbqMY4x8tv6yprkv73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/13554730X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90720119">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810658865705606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd13554730X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/13554730X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080127290">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572313">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64p52cm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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