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var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color);text-decoration:none}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.3125rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 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.alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-color-gray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-color-gray .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-color-gray-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(31.2, 34.8, 38.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214.4, 215.6, 216.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(194.1, 195.9, 197.7)}.alert-color-gray-dark .alert-link{color:#191c1f}.btn-close{box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:#000;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto 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0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-bg:#ffffff;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:1px;--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0}.offcanvas.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) 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var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-end-0{border-right:0!important}.border-bottom-0{border-bottom:0!important}.border-start-0{border-left:0!important}.border-primary{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-border-opacity))!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.h-100{height:100%!important}.flex-row{flex-direction:row!important}.justify-content-end{justify-content:flex-end!important}.justify-content-between{justify-content:space-between!important}.align-items-center{align-items:center!important}.align-content-center{align-content:center!important}.align-self-center{align-self:center!important}.m-0{margin:0!important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}.my-1,.navbar-side-item p{margin-top:.25rem!important;margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.my-2{margin-top:.5rem!important;margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem!important;margin-bottom:1rem!important}.my-auto{margin-top:auto!important;margin-bottom:auto!important}.mt-1{margin-top:.25rem!important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem!important}.mt-3{margin-top:1rem!important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem!important}.me-1{margin-right:.25rem!important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem!important}.me-3{margin-right:1rem!important}.me-4{margin-right:1.5rem!important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0!important}.mb-1{margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.mb-2,article .article-body>figure img{margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.mb-3,article .article-body>figure{margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem!important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem!important}.ms-0{margin-left:0!important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem!important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem!important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto!important}.p-1{padding:.25rem!important}.px-0{padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important}.px-3{padding-right:1rem!important;padding-left:1rem!important}.px-4{padding-right:1.5rem!important;padding-left:1.5rem!important}.pt-0{padding-top:0!important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem!important}.pb-0{padding-bottom:0!important}.pb-1{padding-bottom:.25rem!important}.pb-3{padding-bottom:1rem!important}.navbar-side-item p{padding-left:0!important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem!important}.text-center{text-align:center!important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase!important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-dark{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important;color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-black{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-color-gray-dark-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important;color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-white{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-muted{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:#6c757d!important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:inherit!important}.rounded-0{border-radius:0!important}@media (min-width:992px){.d-lg-block{display:block!important}}.blur-up{filter:blur(3px)}article p.author span,article 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class="col-md-12 col-lg-8 content g-0"><article class="item-page" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-GB"/> <div class="row"> <div class="article-title col-12 mb-2"> <h1 itemprop="headline">Machine Learning Unlocks Secrets to Advanced Alloys</h1><h2 class="subhead" itemprop="alternativeHeadline"> An MIT team uses computer models to measure atomic patterns in metals, essential for designing custom materials for use in aerospace, biomedicine, electronics, and more.</h2></div></div> <div class="row" itemprop="articleBody"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-1"><aside class="article-social-share"> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b&apitype=1&v=1&service=facebook&link=https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/51781-adttsp-10242&title=Machine+Learning+Unlocks+Secrets+to+Advanced+Alloys" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook fa-lg"></i></a> <a 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2024</time></p> <time datetime="2024-10-14T09:19:51-04:00" itemprop="dateModified"> </time> <meta itemprop="keywords" content=""><p class="author" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <span itemprop="name">Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA</span></p><a id="startOfPage"></a> <figure title=""><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1728446480/sites/adt/articles/2024/briefs/ADT-1024-p34_fig1.jpg' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>This artistic illustration shows the unique arrangement of atoms in high-entropy alloys, which have subtle patterns. Machine-learning techniques helped MIT researchers accurately measure these patterns. (Image: MIT)</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of short-range order (SRO) — the arrangement of atoms over small distances — in metallic alloys has been underexplored in materials science and engineering. But the past decade has seen renewed interest in quantifying it, since decoding SRO is a crucial step toward developing tailored high-performing alloys, such as stronger or heat-resistant materials.</p> <p>Understanding how atoms arrange themselves is no easy task and must be verified using intensive lab experiments or computer simulations based on imperfect models. These hurdles have made it difficult to fully explore SRO in metallic alloys.</p> <p>But Killian Sheriff and Yifan Cao, graduate students in MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE), are using machine learning to quantify, atom-by-atom, the complex chemical arrangements that make up SRO. Under the supervision of Assistant Professor Rodrigo Freitas, and with the help of Assistant Professor Tess Smidt in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, their work was recently published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</p> <p>Interest in understanding SRO is linked to the excitement around advanced materials called high-entropy alloys, whose complex compositions give them superior properties.</p> <p>Typically, materials scientists develop alloys by using one element as a base and adding small quantities of other elements to enhance specific properties. The addition of chromium to nickel, for example, makes the resulting metal more resistant to corrosion.</p> <p>Unlike most traditional alloys, high-entropy alloys have several elements, from three up to 20, in nearly equal proportions. This offers a vast design space. “It’s like you’re making a recipe with a lot more ingredients,” says Cao.</p> <p>The goal is to use SRO as a “knob” to tailor material properties by mixing chemical elements in high-entropy alloys in unique ways. This approach has potential applications in industries such as aerospace, biomedicine, and electronics, driving the need to explore permutations and combinations of elements, Cao says.</p> <h4>A Two-Pronged Machine Learning Solution</h4> <p>To study SRO using machine learning, it helps to picture the crystal structure in high-entropy alloys as a connect-the-dots game in a coloring book, Cao says.</p><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_21_modid_498',target_pos:'21',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_21_modid_498' class=""></div></div></div><p>“You need to know the rules for connecting the dots to see the pattern.” And you need to capture the atomic interactions with a simulation that is big enough to fit the entire pattern.</p> <p>First, understanding the rules meant reproducing the chemical bonds in high-entropy alloys. “There are small energy differences in chemical patterns that lead to differences in short-range order, and we didn’t have a good model to do that,” Freitas says. The model the team developed is the first building block in accurately quantifying SRO.</p> <p>The second part of the challenge, ensuring that researchers get the whole picture, was more complex. High-entropy alloys can exhibit billions of chemical “motifs,” combinations of arrangements of atoms. Identifying these motifs from simulation data is difficult because they can appear in symmetrically equivalent forms — rotated, mirrored, or inverted. At first glance, they may look different but still contain the same chemical bonds.</p> <p>The team solved this problem by employing 3D Euclidean neural networks. These advanced computational models allowed the researchers to identify chemical motifs from simulations of high-entropy materials with unprecedented detail, examining them atom-by-atom.</p> <p>The final task was to quantify the SRO. Freitas used machine learning to evaluate the different chemical motifs and tag each with a number. When researchers want to quantify the SRO for a new material, they run it by the model, which sorts it in its database and spits out an answer.</p> <p>The team also invested additional effort in making their motif identification framework more accessible. “We have this sheet of all possible permutations of [SRO] already set up, and we know what number each of them got through this machine learning process,” Freitas says. “So later, as we run into simulations, we can sort them out to tell us what that new SRO will look like.” The neural network easily recognizes symmetry operations and tags equivalent structures with the same number.</p> <p>“If you had to compile all the symmetries yourself, it’s a lot of work. Machine learning organized this for us really quickly and in a way that was cheap enough that we could apply it in practice,” Freitas says.</p> <p><em>This work was performed by researchers from MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE). For more information, download the Technical Support Package (free white paper) below. </em>ADTTSP-10242</p> <hr> <div class="ntb_tagsbot"> <div class="taglist"> <strong class="sans-serif text-small">Topics:</strong><br> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/aerospace/aerospace/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-rocket-launch"></i> Aerospace</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/ar_ai/artificial_intelligence/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-head-side-goggles"></i> Artificial Intelligence</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/materials/materials/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-flask-vial"></i> Materials</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/materials/metals/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-flask-vial"></i> Metals</a> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/electronics_computers/electronics_computers/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-computer"></i> Electronics & Computers</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/117/1521/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-flask-vial"></i> Materials properties</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/117/1715/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-flask-vial"></i> Metals</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/117/2143/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-flask-vial"></i> Alloys</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/117/4182/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-flask-vial"></i> Heat resistant materials</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1077/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Artificial intelligence (AI)</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/116/1078/adt,ae,tohe/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-bolt"></i> Machine learning</a></div></div> <hr class="my-3 border-secondary"> <h5 class="mb-3">This Brief includes a Technical Support Package (TSP).</h5> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1728604348/sites/adt/whitepaper-covers/ADTTSP-10242.jpg' class='float-start border border-secondary me-3 mb-4 w-33 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' 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src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' 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