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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Acronyms and Terms</title>  <link rel="manifest" href="./manifest.json">  <base href="/"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="favicon.ico"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#008080"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles-KXZ43XZK.css"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-VXA63GZB.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-MQY7IWKC.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-XOID3PTZ.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-ZEWC64LE.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-MJPKQMYT.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-TEVHEOXH.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-5QQWIXRG.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-D4A2PTZF.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-VCAJZR7P.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-4CP2SPXO.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="chunk-WPHKNVOT.js"><link 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63.99875em){.global-message--icon[_ngcontent-ng-c3089181228]{height:100%;background-position:top;margin-top:1rem}}.global-message--item[_ngcontent-ng-c3089181228]{padding:1.25rem .3125rem;display:flex;align-items:flex-start}.global-message--title[_ngcontent-ng-c3089181228]{font-weight:700}.breakout-background[_ngcontent-ng-c3089181228]:before{background-color:#002b49}.wysiwyg-output[_ngcontent-ng-c3089181228] p{margin-bottom:0}.wysiwyg-output[_ngcontent-ng-c3089181228] a{color:#fff}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.primary-header[_ngcontent-ng-c2307045016]{padding-top:1.875rem;margin:0 0 1.875rem;display:flex;align-items:center}.primary-header[_ngcontent-ng-c2307045016] > .cell[_ngcontent-ng-c2307045016]{margin:0}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.primary-header[_ngcontent-ng-c2307045016]{margin:.625rem}}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">html:lang(ar)[_nghost-ng-c1204977649] *[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649], html:lang(ar) [_nghost-ng-c1204977649] *[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649], html:lang(zh)[_nghost-ng-c1204977649] *[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649], html:lang(zh) [_nghost-ng-c1204977649] *[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif}.wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{margin:0;list-style:none;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;flex-direction:row;justify-content:flex-end;align-items:center}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{vertical-align:middle}}.item[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{padding:0 .9375rem}.item[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649] button[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{margin-bottom:0;text-decoration:underline;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:1rem;font-weight:900;color:#047bc1}.item[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]:last-child{padding-right:0}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.item[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{color:#047bc1;padding:0 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.outline-person-filled[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{height:1rem;width:1.7rem;padding-left:.25rem;display:inline-block;position:relative;top:.125rem}.search-icon-primary-blue[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{width:1.7rem;height:1.3rem;padding-left:.25rem;display:inline-block;position:relative;top:.2rem}.outline-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{height:1rem;display:inline-block;position:relative;margin-left:1rem}.megaMenu[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649] .item[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{color:#fefefe}.custom-language-popup[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649] .popup{padding:1.25rem;position:fixed;top:1rem}.custom-language-popup[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649] .popup:before{left:auto;right:10.5rem}.custom-language-popup[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649] .popup li .language-button{font-weight:400;display:block;padding:.625rem;font-size:1rem;line-height:1;color:#002b49;text-transform:capitalize;text-decoration:none}.custom-language-popup[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649] .popup li .language-button:hover, .custom-language-popup[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649] .popup li .language-button.selected{color:#fff;background:#047BC1}[lang=ar][_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .custom-language-popup[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649] .popup:before, [lang=ar] [_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .custom-language-popup[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649] .popup:before{left:10.5rem;right:auto}[lang=ar][_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649], [lang=ar] [_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{padding-left:0}[lang=ar][_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]:after, [lang=ar] [_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]:after{padding-right:.9375rem;padding-left:0}[lang=ar][_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .search-icon-secondary-blue[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649], [lang=ar] [_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .search-icon-secondary-blue[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649], [lang=ar][_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .search-icon-white[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649], [lang=ar] [_nghost-ng-c1204977649] .search-icon-white[_ngcontent-ng-c1204977649]{left:0;right:.3125rem}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">html:lang(ar)[_nghost-ng-c3291757879] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879], html:lang(ar) [_nghost-ng-c3291757879] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879], html:lang(zh)[_nghost-ng-c3291757879] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879], html:lang(zh) [_nghost-ng-c3291757879] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif}.search-component-container[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]{padding:0 .9375rem}.search-wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]{text-decoration:underline;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:1rem;font-weight:900;color:#002b49;cursor:pointer}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.search-wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]{color:#047bc1;padding:0 .625rem}}.search-wrapper.dark-version[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]{color:#fff}.search-icon-primary-blue[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]{display:block}.search-icon-secondary-blue[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879], .search-icon-white[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]{display:inline-block}@media print,screen and (min-width: 40em){.search-icon-secondary-blue[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879], .search-icon-white[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]{position:relative;top:.25rem;left:.3125rem}.search-icon-secondary-blue[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]:dir(rtl), .search-icon-white[_ngcontent-ng-c3291757879]:dir(rtl){left:0;right:.3125rem}}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">html:lang(ar)[_nghost-ng-c3738361306] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306], html:lang(ar) [_nghost-ng-c3738361306] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306], html:lang(zh)[_nghost-ng-c3738361306] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306], html:lang(zh) [_nghost-ng-c3738361306] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif}.user-account-component[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{display:flex}.user-account-component.dark-version[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306], .user-account-component.dark-version[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306] .item[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{color:#fff}.item-wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{padding:0 .9375rem}.item-wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306] .signout[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306] button[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{color:#047bc1;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:400}.item-wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306] .signout[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306] button[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:hover{text-decoration:none}.item-wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:last-child{padding-right:0;padding-left:1rem}@media print,screen and (max-width: 63.99875em){.item-wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{padding:0 .625rem}}.item[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{text-decoration:underline;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:1rem;font-weight:900;color:#002b49;position:relative}.item[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306] button[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{margin-bottom:0}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.item[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{color:#047bc1;padding:0 .625rem}}button.item[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{cursor:pointer}.person-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{display:inline-block;width:1.2rem;height:1rem}@media print,screen and (min-width: 40em){.person-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{position:relative;top:.1rem;left:.625rem}.person-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:dir(rtl){left:0;right:.625rem}}.pointer[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{cursor:pointer}.pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex}.pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306] span[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{text-decoration:underline}.pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:after{content:"|"}.pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:dir(ltr){padding-right:0}.pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:dir(ltr):after{padding-left:.9375rem}.pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:dir(rtl){padding-left:0}.pipe-divider[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:dir(rtl):after{padding-right:.9375rem}.pipe-divider.logged-user[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:dir(ltr):after{padding-left:1.5rem}.pipe-divider.logged-user[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]:dir(rtl):after{padding-right:1.5rem}.outline-person[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306], .outline-person-filled[_ngcontent-ng-c3738361306]{display:block} .popover-content:dir(rtl){margin-left:.5rem;margin-right:auto} .popover-content:dir(rtl).bottom>.arrow{right:9.6rem!important;direction:ltr}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){ .popover-content{width:18.5rem!important;margin-right:.3125rem} .popover-content:dir(rtl){margin-left:6.563rem;margin-right:auto} .popover-content.bottom>.arrow{left:14.188rem!important} .popover-content.bottom>.arrow:dir(rtl){right:14.5rem!important}} .popover-content .popover-element{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif;padding-bottom:1.5rem;font-size:1rem} .popover-content .popover-element a{font-weight:400} .popover-content .popover-element:last-child{padding-bottom:0}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">iti-fallback-image[_ngcontent-ng-c711633982] img{max-height:4.688rem}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){iti-fallback-image[_ngcontent-ng-c711633982] img{max-height:3rem}}.logo-container[_ngcontent-ng-c711633982]{display:flex;align-items:center;font-size:0}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.full-screen--show[_ngcontent-ng-c1232042173]{position:fixed;z-index:10000;background-color:#fefefe;inset:0;overflow:scroll}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">[_nghost-ng-c3775589671]{display:block}.popup[_ngcontent-ng-c3775589671]{position:absolute;z-index:1000;padding:1.5rem;width:17.5rem;background-color:#fefefe;box-shadow:0 .125rem .25rem #0a0a0a}.popup[_ngcontent-ng-c3775589671]:before{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:100%;transform:rotate(180deg);right:25%;margin-left:-5px;border:.625rem solid;border-color:#fefefe transparent transparent transparent}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.popup[_ngcontent-ng-c3775589671]{left:0;right:0;width:100%;box-shadow:none}}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">html:lang(ar)[_nghost-ng-c4177906089] *[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089], html:lang(ar) [_nghost-ng-c4177906089] *[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089], html:lang(zh)[_nghost-ng-c4177906089] *[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089], html:lang(zh) [_nghost-ng-c4177906089] *[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{margin:0;height:2.5rem;list-style:none;color:#002b49;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;flex-direction:row;justify-content:flex-end}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{line-height:1.25rem;margin-top:.625rem;margin-bottom:.625rem}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] .language-button[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{font-size:.875rem;padding-left:2.5rem}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]:first-child .language-button[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{padding-left:1.5rem}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] a.language-button[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089], ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] span.language-button[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{display:flex;color:#002b49;font-weight:300;text-decoration:underline}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] a.language-button.selected[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089], ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] span.language-button.selected[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{cursor:default;text-decoration:none;font-weight:900}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]:dir(rtl):last-child .language-button[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{padding-left:0}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]:dir(rtl):first-child .language-button[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{padding-right:1.5rem}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089]{height:100%}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li, ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li:last-child, ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li:first-child{padding-right:.4464285714rem;padding-left:.4464285714rem}ul.language-list[_ngcontent-ng-c4177906089] li:dir(rtl), 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label[_ngcontent-ng-c3649505328]{font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:1rem;color:#333;font-size:1rem}.search-modal[_ngcontent-ng-c3649505328] .filtered-search-link[_ngcontent-ng-c3649505328]{padding-top:.5rem;white-space:nowrap}.search-modal[_ngcontent-ng-c3649505328] .filtered-search-link[_ngcontent-ng-c3649505328] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3649505328]{font-weight:400}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.margin_top[_ngcontent-ng-c2702045528]{margin-top:2rem}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">[_nghost-ng-c452299901]{display:block;margin-bottom:1.5rem}[_nghost-ng-c452299901]:hover label[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]{color:#047bc1}[_nghost-ng-c452299901]:focus-within label[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]{color:#047bc1}label[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]{margin-bottom:.625rem}.hint[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]{margin-top:.625rem;font-size:12px}[hintType=error][_nghost-ng-c452299901] .hint[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;color:#b21f24}[hintType=error][_nghost-ng-c452299901] .hint[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]:before{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#red/baseline-error-24px.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.5rem auto;background-position:center;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;content:" "}[hintType=error][_nghost-ng-c452299901] .hint[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]:before{background-size:.875rem;height:.875rem;width:.875rem;margin-right:.3125rem}[hintType=success][_nghost-ng-c452299901] .hint[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;color:#197f86}[hintType=success][_nghost-ng-c452299901] .hint[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]:before{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#green/baseline-check_circle-24px.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.5rem auto;background-position:center;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;content:" "}[hintType=success][_nghost-ng-c452299901] .hint[_ngcontent-ng-c452299901]:before{background-size:.875rem;height:.875rem;width:.875rem;margin-right:.3125rem}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.textarea[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061]{border:1px solid #AAAAAA;border-radius:3px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:.2083333333rem 4rem .2083333333rem .2083333333rem;background-color:#fefefe}.textarea[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061]:dir(ltr){padding-left:.2083333333rem;padding-right:4rem}.textarea[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061]:dir(rtl){padding-right:.2083333333rem;padding-left:4rem}.textarea__clear[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061]{position:absolute;top:.625rem;right:.625rem;text-decoration:underline;font-size:.875rem;color:#047bc1;line-height:1.375rem;cursor:pointer}.textarea__clear[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061]:dir(ltr){right:.625rem;left:auto}.textarea__clear[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061]:dir(rtl){left:.625rem;right:auto}.textarea__area[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061]{flex:1 0 auto;width:auto;display:inline-block;border:none;resize:none;box-shadow:none;overflow:hidden;min-height:1.375rem;padding:.3472222222rem;margin:.15625rem;max-height:1.8rem;font-size:.875rem}.textarea__area.hidden[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061]{width:0}.error[_nghost-ng-c2277260061] .textarea[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061], .error [_nghost-ng-c2277260061] .textarea[_ngcontent-ng-c2277260061]{border-color:#b21f24}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.search-drop-down[_ngcontent-ng-c3089378542]{position:absolute;left:0;max-height:18.75rem;min-width:8rem;overflow-y:auto;z-index:10;width:100%;background-color:#fefefe;border:1px solid #333333;box-shadow:0 4px 10px #0000001a;cursor:pointer}.search-drop-down[_ngcontent-ng-c3089378542] ul[_ngcontent-ng-c3089378542]{margin-bottom:0}.search-drop-down[_ngcontent-ng-c3089378542] ul[_ngcontent-ng-c3089378542]:dir(rtl){margin-right:0}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c3089378542]{min-width:2.25rem;padding:.625rem 1rem;text-align:left}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c3089378542]:hover{background-color:#047bc1;color:#fefefe}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c3089378542]:focus{background-color:#047bc1;color:#fefefe;outline:none}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.sign-out-modal[_ngcontent-ng-c4218132866]{padding:3rem 0 3rem 3rem;margin-right:3rem}.sign-out-modal[_ngcontent-ng-c4218132866] .sign-out-modal-header[_ngcontent-ng-c4218132866]{text-align:center;margin-bottom:2.25rem}.sign-out-modal[_ngcontent-ng-c4218132866] .sign-out-modal-footer[_ngcontent-ng-c4218132866]{text-align:center;font-weight:400;margin-top:1.5rem}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.sign-out-modal[_ngcontent-ng-c4218132866] .sign-out-modal-header[_ngcontent-ng-c4218132866]{margin-bottom:1.125rem}.sign-out-modal[_ngcontent-ng-c4218132866] .sign-out-modal-footer[_ngcontent-ng-c4218132866]{margin-top:1.25rem}}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">html:lang(ar)[_nghost-ng-c3956250029] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029], html:lang(ar) [_nghost-ng-c3956250029] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029], html:lang(zh)[_nghost-ng-c3956250029] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029], html:lang(zh) [_nghost-ng-c3956250029] *[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif}footer[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-top:2.25rem;background-color:#002b49;color:#fefefe;display:flex;align-items:center}.breakout-background[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]:before{background-color:#002b49}.footer--logo[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] img[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{width:17.1875rem;height:3.8125rem;max-width:none}.footer--social--hub-link[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{font-weight:400;font-size:.9375rem;color:#fefefe}.footer--social--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin:0 3.75rem .9375rem 0;display:inline-block;min-height:1.25rem;min-width:1.25rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center left;font-size:0}.footer--social--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]:last-child{margin-right:0}.footer--social--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a.footer--social--flickr[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029], .footer--social--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a.footer--social--soundcloud[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{min-width:2.5rem;min-height:1.875rem}.footer--social--x[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/x.svg)}.footer--social--linkedin[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/linkedin.svg)}.footer--social--facebook[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/facebook.svg)}.footer--social--youtube[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/youtube.svg)}.footer--social--instagram[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/instagram.svg)}.footer--social--flickr[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_wide.svg?v=20211212#primary-white/flickr.svg)}.footer--social--soundcloud[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_wide.svg?v=20211212#white/soundcloud.svg)}.footer--social--email[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/email.svg)}.footer--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{border-top:solid 1px #fefefe;padding-top:1.5rem}.footer--links--title[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{padding-right:1.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem;font-size:1rem;text-transform:uppercase;min-height:2.25rem}.footer--links--submenu[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-left:0;padding-right:1.25rem}.footer--links--submenu[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] li[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{list-style:none;line-height:1.25rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.footer--link[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{color:#fefefe;font-weight:400;font-size:.875rem;margin:.5rem 0}.footer--header[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:1.25rem;margin-bottom:0}.footer--copyrights[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] span[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{font-size:.875rem}.footer--copyrights--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{text-align:right}@media print,screen and (min-width: 64em){.footer--logo[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-top:2rem;padding-right:17%}.footer--copyrights[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{padding:1.25rem 0;border-top:solid 1px #fefefe}.footer--copyrights--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin:0 1.5rem}.footer--copyrights--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]:last-child{margin-right:0}.footer--social[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-top:.5rem;padding-left:3.25rem}.footer--social--twitter[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin:0 125px 1.5rem 0}.footer--social--twitter[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]:first-child{margin-left:3rem}.footer--links--submenu[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] li[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-bottom:.3125rem}}@media print,screen and (min-width: 40em) and (max-width: 63.99875em){footer[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-top:1.5rem}.footer--logo[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-bottom:1.5rem;padding:1.5rem 65% 1.5rem 0;border-bottom:solid 1px #fefefe}.footer--copyrights[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{padding:2.25rem 0 1.25rem;border-top:solid 1px #fefefe}.footer--copyrights--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin:0 .625rem}.footer--copyrights--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]:first-child{margin-left:0}.footer--social[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-right:4.75rem;margin-bottom:.5rem}}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){footer[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{padding:0 1.25rem}.footer--logo[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{padding:1.5rem 5rem .625rem 0;border-bottom:solid 1px #fefefe}.footer--copyrights[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{padding:1.5rem 0;font-size:1rem}.footer--copyrights--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-top:.625rem;text-align:left}.footer--copyrights--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin:0 0 .625rem;display:block}.footer--social[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{padding:1.5rem 0}.footer--social--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin:0 4.5rem .625rem 0}.footer--social--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]:last-child, .footer--social--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]:nth-child(4){margin-right:0}.footer--social--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029] a.footer--social--flickr[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{margin-left:-.625rem;margin-right:3.75rem}.footer--links[_ngcontent-ng-c3956250029]{border-bottom:solid 1px #fefefe}}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">html:lang(ar)[_nghost-ng-c486113978] *[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978], html:lang(ar) [_nghost-ng-c486113978] *[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978], html:lang(zh)[_nghost-ng-c486113978] *[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978], html:lang(zh) [_nghost-ng-c486113978] *[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif}nav[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{position:relative}ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{margin:0;list-style:none;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-between;padding-top:.25rem}ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{font-size:1rem;color:#002b49;font-weight:700}ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] a[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{text-decoration:none;color:#002b49;text-transform:uppercase;padding:1.125rem 0;display:block}ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li.selected[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{margin-top:-.25rem;border-top:.25rem solid #fefefe}ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]:hover{margin-top:-.25rem;border-top:.25rem solid #047bc1}ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]:hover a[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{color:#047bc1}.breakout-background[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]:before{background-color:#002b49}.breakout-background[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] a[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{color:#fefefe}.secondary-navigation-container[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{position:absolute;width:100%;display:none}.secondary-navigation-container.visible[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{display:block;left:0}@media print,screen and (max-width: 63.99875em){ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]{text-align:center;width:16%}ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]:first-child, ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]:nth-child(2), ul[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978] li[_ngcontent-ng-c486113978]:nth-child(3){width:12%;white-space:normal}}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">html:lang(ar)[_nghost-ng-c327806133] *[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133], html:lang(ar) [_nghost-ng-c327806133] *[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133], html:lang(zh)[_nghost-ng-c327806133] *[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133], html:lang(zh) [_nghost-ng-c327806133] *[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{font-family:Noto Sans,sans-serif}.secondary-navigation[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{min-height:10rem;padding-bottom:2.25rem;color:#fff}.secondary-navigation[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .grid-margin-x[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{display:none}.secondary-navigation[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .grid-margin-x.selected[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{display:flex}.secondary-navigation[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .grid-margin-x[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .cell[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{margin-left:.875rem;margin-right:.875rem}.mega-menu-category[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{padding:.625rem;margin-bottom:.625rem;position:relative;height:10rem;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap}.mega-menu-category[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .secondary-nav-link[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{flex:1 1 1rem;background-color:#0d3652;width:50%;padding:.25rem 1rem}.mega-menu-category[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .secondary-nav-link[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] a[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{color:#fff;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none}.policy[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .secondary-nav-link[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{width:60%}.community[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{width:calc(25% - 1.875rem)}.community[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .mega-menu-category[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .secondary-nav-link[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{width:100%}.resources[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{width:calc(100% - 1.875rem)}.resources[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .mega-menu-category[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .secondary-nav-link[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{width:25%}.policy[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .last-child[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{flex-grow:1}.newsmedia[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .last-child[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133], .quicklinks[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .last-child[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{flex-grow:3}.community[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .last-child[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133], .resources[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .last-child[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133], .publiccomment[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .last-child[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{flex-grow:5}.quicklinks[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{width:calc(75% - 1.875rem)}.quicklinks[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .mega-menu-category[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .secondary-nav-link[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{width:35%}.quicklinks[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .mega-menu-category[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .last-child[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{flex-grow:1}@media print,screen and (max-width: 63.99875em){.mega-menu-category[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{height:auto}.flex-column[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133] .mega-menu-category[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]:last-child{flex-grow:0}.indent[_ngcontent-ng-c327806133]{margin-left:0}}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.mega-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993] h3[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993]{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700}.mega-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993] h4[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993]{font-size:1rem;font-weight:700}.mega-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993] a[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993]{background-color:#002b49;padding:1.5rem .625rem .625rem 1.5rem;color:#fefefe;text-decoration:none}.mega-menu__title[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993]{background-color:#0d3652;padding:1.5rem .625rem .625rem 1.5rem;color:#fefefe;text-transform:uppercase;border-bottom:1px solid #fefefe}.mega-menu__category[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993]{text-transform:uppercase}.mega-menu__link[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993]{text-transform:capitalize}.mega-menu__link[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993] h4[_ngcontent-ng-c2670737993]{margin-bottom:.625rem}</style><style ng-app-id="ng"> .term-of-the-day[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { margin-top: 1rem; } .alpha-filter[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { margin-bottom: 2rem; } .info[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { margin-bottom: 1rem; } .search-and-filter[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] .search[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { min-width: 15rem; } .search-box[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { background-color: #F2F8FC; padding: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .search-box__link[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { font-weight: bold; } @media print, screen and (max-width: 39.99875em) { .search-box__link[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { display: block; } } @media print, screen and (max-width: 63.99875em) { .search-and-filter[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { flex-direction: column; } .search-and-filter[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] .search[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { margin-bottom: 1rem; } } @media print, screen and (max-width: 39.99875em) { .hero-banner[_ngcontent-ng-c1707476211] { padding: 1rem 0 1rem; } .search-drop-down__results li a { line-height: 1; text-decoration: none; display: block; padding: 0.7rem 1rem; } }</style><style ng-app-id="ng"> [_nghost-ng-c1430258459] { display: block; } .hero-content[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459] { align-items: center; margin-right: 2.5rem; } @media print, screen and (min-width: 40em) { .hero-content[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459] { max-width: 432px; } } @media print, screen and (min-width: 64em) { .hero-content[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459] { max-width: 504px; } } .hero-content__title[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459] p[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459] { margin-bottom: 0.625rem; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 1.25; font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; } .hero-content__description[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459] { margin-bottom: 1.5rem; } .hero-banner__content[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459] { color: #ffffff; background-color: #002B49; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; min-height: 15rem; padding: 2.5rem; } .hero-banner__content[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459]:dir(rtl) { transform: scaleX(-1); } .hero-banner__content[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459]:dir(rtl) .grid-x[_ngcontent-ng-c1430258459] { width: 100%; transform: scaleX(-1); }</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.title-content[_ngcontent-ng-c1581700433]{margin-bottom:3rem}.title-content[_ngcontent-ng-c1581700433] h1[_ngcontent-ng-c1581700433]{margin-bottom:0}.title-content[_ngcontent-ng-c1581700433] h1[_ngcontent-ng-c1581700433]:not(.ask-headline){width:-moz-fit-content!important;width:fit-content!important}.display-description[_ngcontent-ng-c1581700433]{margin-top:-1.5rem;margin-bottom:3rem} .lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} .lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} .upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman} .upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} pre>code{display:inline-block;white-space:pre-wrap} table a{color:#002b49}</style><style ng-app-id="ng"> .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { height: 2.4rem; display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] a.filter-item[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { font-weight: normal; color: #047BC1; } .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] span.filter-item[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { color: #cccccc; } .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] .filter-item[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { text-align: center; min-width: 1.5rem; width: 100%; height: 1.85rem; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0; border-style: solid; border-color: #EEEEEE; font-size: 1.2rem; color: #333333; } .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] .filter-item.more[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { text-transform: none; padding-left: 0.5rem; padding-right: 0.5rem; } .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] .filter-item[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579]:first-child { border-left: 1px solid #EEEEEE; } .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] .filter-item.selected[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { color: #ffffff; background-color: #047bc1; } .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] .filter-item.selected.disabled[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; } .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] select[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { cursor: pointer; } .filter-list[data-language=ar][_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] .filter-item[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579]:first-child { border-left: 0; } .filter-list[data-language=ar][_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] .filter-item[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579]:last-child { border-left: 1px solid #cccccc; } @media print, screen and (max-width: 74.99875em) { .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { justify-content: center; } } @media print, screen and (max-width: 63.99875em) { .filter-list[_ngcontent-ng-c1211071579] { align-items: flex-start; } }</style><style ng-app-id="ng">button.back-to-top[_ngcontent-ng-c1307906599]{color:#fefefe;background-color:#047bc1;cursor:pointer;position:fixed;bottom:1rem;right:2rem;z-index:99;border-radius:50%;border:5px solid #fefefe;display:inline-flex;align-items:center}button.back-to-top[_ngcontent-ng-c1307906599]:after{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-white/baseline-keyboard_arrow_up.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.5rem auto;background-position:center;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;content:" "}button.back-to-top[_ngcontent-ng-c1307906599]:after{background-size:2.5rem auto;width:2.5rem;height:2.5rem}button.back-to-top[_ngcontent-ng-c1307906599]:focus{outline:0}button.back-to-top[_ngcontent-ng-c1307906599]:dir(rtl){right:auto;left:2rem}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.wrapper-content[_ngcontent-ng-c2897450778]{margin-top:2.25rem}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.component-container[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{position:sticky;top:0;width:4rem;text-align:center;z-index:1;margin-bottom:1.5rem}.component-container[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:dir(rtl){margin-left:0}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{display:block;cursor:pointer;width:2.375rem;height:2.375rem;border-radius:50%;margin:.5rem auto;border:1px solid #002b49;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.25rem auto;background-position:center}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button.twitter-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{border-color:#00aced;margin-top:0}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button.x-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{border-color:#0a0a0a;margin-top:0}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button.facebook-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{border-color:#3b5998}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button.linkedin-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{border-color:#007bb6}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:hover.twitter-icon{background-color:#00aced;background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/twitter.svg)}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:hover.x-icon{background-color:#0a0a0a;background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/x.svg)}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:hover.facebook-icon{background-color:#3b5998;background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/facebook.svg)}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:hover.linkedin-icon{background-color:#007bb6;background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/linkedin.svg)}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:hover.email-icon{background-color:#002b49;background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/email.svg)}.share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:hover.copy-icon{background-color:#002b49;background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#white/link.svg)}.success-text[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{width:100%}.circle-check-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}.circle-check-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:before{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#green/baseline-check_circle-24px.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.5rem auto;background-position:center;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;content:" "}.notification-wrapper[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{padding:.5rem .75rem}@media print,screen and (max-width: 63.99875em){.component-container[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{position:relative;margin-left:0;top:0;width:100%;text-align:justify;display:inline-block}.component-container[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:dir(rtl){margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.component-container[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] .share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]{display:inline;cursor:pointer;margin:0;margin-right:1rem}.component-container[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] .share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:last-child{margin-right:0rem}.component-container[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] .share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:dir(rtl):first-child{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.component-container[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] .share-media-buttons[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693] button[_ngcontent-ng-c885554693]:dir(rtl):last-child{margin-left:0;margin-right:1rem}}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.notification[_ngcontent-ng-c3844381510]{width:max-content;position:absolute;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;background:#ffffff;box-shadow:0 0 5px #8a8a8ab3;font-size:.9rem}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530]{display:flex;align-items:baseline;justify-content:space-between;padding:.625rem 1.5rem .625rem 1rem;border:1px solid #CCD5DB;border-radius:0 0 3px 3px}[lang=es][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530], [lang=es] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530], [lang=fr][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530], [lang=fr] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530], [lang=ru][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530], [lang=ru] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530]{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:1.5rem}[lang=es][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, [lang=es] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, [lang=es][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, [lang=es] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, [lang=fr][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, [lang=fr] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, [lang=fr][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, [lang=fr] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, [lang=ru][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, [lang=ru] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, [lang=ru][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, [lang=ru] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less{align-items:normal!important}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530]{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:1.5rem}.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, .banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less{align-items:normal!important}}.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530]{display:flex;align-items:baseline;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;padding:.625rem 1.5rem .625rem 1rem;border:1px solid #CCD5DB;border-radius:0 0 3px 3px}.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530]:dir(rtl){padding:.625rem 1rem .625rem 1.5rem}.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .menu-items[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530]{display:flex;gap:1.5rem;justify-content:space-between;flex-grow:1;flex-wrap:nowrap}.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .more-items[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530]{padding-left:1rem;padding-right:0}.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .more-items[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530]:dir(rtl){padding-right:1rem;padding-left:0}.server-style.banner-menu [lang=es][_nghost-ng-c3619989530], [lang=es] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530], .server-style.banner-menu [lang=fr][_nghost-ng-c3619989530], [lang=fr] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530], .server-style.banner-menu [lang=ru][_nghost-ng-c3619989530], [lang=ru] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530]{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:1.5rem}.server-style.banner-menu [lang=es][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, [lang=es] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, .server-style.banner-menu [lang=es][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, [lang=es] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, .server-style.banner-menu [lang=fr][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, [lang=fr] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, .server-style.banner-menu [lang=fr][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, [lang=fr] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, .server-style.banner-menu [lang=ru][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, [lang=ru] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, .server-style.banner-menu [lang=ru][_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less, [lang=ru] [_nghost-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less{align-items:normal!important}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.server-style.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530]{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:1.5rem}.server-style.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-more, .server-style.banner-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c3619989530] .item-dropdown .expand-less{align-items:normal!important}}</style><meta name="og:site_name" value="ICANN"><meta name="og:type" value="website"><meta name="og:image" value="https://itp.cdn.icann.org/en/files/homepage/icann-logo-on-blue-536x302-13-02-2023-en-large.jpg"><meta name="og:title" value="Acronyms and Terms"><meta name="og:url" value="http://www.icann.org/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms"><meta name="og:description" value=""><style ng-app-id="ng"> .results[_ngcontent-ng-c2953010097] { font-size: 0.875rem; margin-bottom: 0.625rem; } .paginator[_ngcontent-ng-c2953010097] { margin: 2.25rem 0; } .resultItem[_ngcontent-ng-c2953010097] { margin-bottom: 1rem; } .letter-key[_ngcontent-ng-c2953010097] { text-align: center; background-color: #002B49; color: #ffffff; padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem; font-size: 1.25rem; display: inline-block; border-radius: 3px; } .letter-key[_ngcontent-ng-c2953010097]:dir(rtl) { float: right; } .letter-key[_ngcontent-ng-c2953010097]:dir(ltr) { float: left; } .pagination-info[_ngcontent-ng-c2953010097]:dir(rtl) { float: left; } .pagination-info[_ngcontent-ng-c2953010097]:dir(ltr) { float: right; } .no-results--title[_ngcontent-ng-c2953010097] { font-weight: bold; }</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:hover{cursor:pointer}.item-dropdown__link[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]{padding:.3rem 0 0;position:relative}.item-dropdown__link.open-in-new-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:after{margin-left:.5rem;position:relative;top:-.125rem}.item-dropdown__link.open-in-new-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:dir(rtl){top:-5px}.item-dropdown__link.open-in-new-icon[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:dir(rtl):after{transform:scaleX(-1);top:0;margin-left:0;margin-right:.5rem}.item-dropdown__active[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]{font-weight:700;color:#047bc1;text-decoration:underline}.item-dropdown__active.banner-menu.browser-style[_nghost-ng-c1864855799], .banner-menu.browser-style [_nghost-ng-c1864855799]{white-space:nowrap;position:relative}.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799] .expand-more[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799] .expand-more[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:after{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-expand_more.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.5rem auto;background-position:center;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;content:" "}.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799] .expand-more[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:after:dir(rtl){background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-expand_more.svg)}.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799] .expand-less[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799] .expand-less[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:after{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-expand_less.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.5rem auto;background-position:center;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;content:" "}.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799] .expand-less[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:after:dir(rtl){background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-expand_less.svg)}.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799] .more-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799] .more-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:after{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-more_vert-24px.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.5rem auto;background-position:center;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;content:" "}.item-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799] .more-menu[_ngcontent-ng-c1864855799]:after:dir(rtl){background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-more_vert-24px.svg)}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.search-drop-down[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{position:absolute;left:0;min-width:17rem;overflow-y:auto;z-index:150;width:auto;background-color:#fefefe;border:1px solid #333333;box-shadow:0 4px 10px #0000001a;display:none;cursor:pointer}.search-drop-down.visible[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{display:block}.search-drop-down[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] .scroll-container[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;max-height:20rem}.search-drop-down.first-visible[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:dir(rtl){right:0;left:auto}.search-drop-down.more-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552], .search-drop-down.last-visible[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{left:inherit;right:-1.5rem}.search-drop-down.more-dropdown[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:dir(rtl), .search-drop-down.last-visible[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:dir(rtl){right:inherit;left:-1rem}.search-drop-down.bind-to-right[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{left:inherit;right:-1.5rem}.search-drop-down.bind-to-right[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:dir(rtl){right:inherit;left:-1rem}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{margin-bottom:0;min-width:2.25rem}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:dir(rtl){margin-right:0}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{padding:0 .625rem}@media print,screen and (min-width: 40em){.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{white-space:nowrap}}@media print,screen and (max-width: 39.99875em){.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{white-space:normal}}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] a[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{color:#333;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5rem}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] a[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:hover{background-color:#047bc1;color:#fefefe}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] span[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{line-height:1;text-decoration:none;display:block;padding:.5rem 1rem}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] span.banner-menu-left[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{padding-left:0;margin-left:-.625rem}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] span.banner-menu-right[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]{padding-right:0}.search-drop-down__results[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552] li[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:hover{background-color:#047bc1;color:#fefefe}html:lang(ar)[_nghost-ng-c4152979552] .banner-menu-left[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:before, html:lang(ar) [_nghost-ng-c4152979552] .banner-menu-left[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:before, html:lang(ar)[_nghost-ng-c4152979552] .banner-menu-right[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:after, html:lang(ar) [_nghost-ng-c4152979552] .banner-menu-right[_ngcontent-ng-c4152979552]:after{position:relative;top:3px;transform:scaleX(-1)}</style><style ng-app-id="ng">.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] .current[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{border-radius:50%;font-weight:700;margin-left:.625rem;margin-right:.625rem;padding:0;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.875rem}.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] a[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787], .pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] button[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{color:#047bc1;font-weight:400}.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]:last-child a[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{padding-right:0}.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] a[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]:hover, .pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] button[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]:hover{background:transparent}.arrow[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{display:inline-block;cursor:pointer;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.25rem auto;background-position:center;width:1.875rem;padding-top:.625rem}.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] li[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{margin-left:.625rem;margin-right:.625rem;padding:0}.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] li.current[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{width:1.875rem;height:1.875rem}.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] li[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] a[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{padding:0;margin:0}.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] li[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] div[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] li.pagination-previous[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{margin-left:0}.pagination[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] li.pagination-next[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{margin-right:0}.left[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-keyboard_arrow_left.svg)}.left[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]:dir(rtl){background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-keyboard_arrow_right.svg)}.left[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]:dir(ltr){background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-keyboard_arrow_left.svg)}.right[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]{background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-keyboard_arrow_right.svg)}.right[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]:dir(rtl){background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-keyboard_arrow_left.svg)}.right[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787]:dir(ltr){background-image:url(/../src/assets/images/icons/sprites_v8.svg?v=20231127#primary-blue/baseline-keyboard_arrow_right.svg)}.disabled[_ngcontent-ng-c2323809787] 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font-weight: bold; } .glossary-definition ul li:dir(rtl) { margin: 0.3125rem 1.5rem 0.3125rem 0; padding: 0 0.75rem 0 0; } .term[_ngcontent-ng-c681423400] { font-weight: bold; color: #002B49; margin-right: 0.25rem; margin-left: 0; } .term[_ngcontent-ng-c681423400]:dir(rtl) { margin-left: 0.25rem; margin-right: 0; } .acronym[_ngcontent-ng-c681423400] { font-weight: normal; color: #002B49; } .glossary-entry[_ngcontent-ng-c681423400] { padding: 1.5rem; border: 1px solid #CCD5DB; } .timeout-notification-content[_ngcontent-ng-c681423400] { color: #ffffff; background: #34B66D; padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem; } .extras-header[_ngcontent-ng-c681423400] { margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: bold; } .extras-value[_ngcontent-ng-c681423400] { margin-bottom: 0.5rem; word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; display: inline-block; } .extras-items-list[_ngcontent-ng-c681423400] { border: 1px solid; display: inline-block; border-radius: 3px; border-color: #047BC1; padding: 0.25rem 1rem; margin-bottom: 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ng-app-id="ng">.additional-languages[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855]{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1rem;background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:1.5rem;width:100%}.additional-languages[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855] p.preamble[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855]{font-size:.875rem;display:inline}ul.language-variants[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855]{list-style:none;display:inline;margin:.5rem}ul.language-variants[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855] li[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855]{display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700}ul.language-variants[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855] li[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855] a[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855], ul.language-variants[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855] li[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855] div[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855]{display:inline}ul.language-variants[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855] li[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855]:not(:first-child):before{content:"|";margin:0 .5rem}[lang=ar][_nghost-ng-c2885152855] .additional-languages[_ngcontent-ng-c2885152855], [lang=ar] [_nghost-ng-c2885152855] 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class="hero-content__title"><p _ngcontent-ng-c1430258459="">ICANN Acronyms and Terms</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c1430258459="" class="hero-content"><div _ngcontent-ng-c1430258459="" ititransformcontentlinks="" class="hero-content__description">ICANN has hundreds of acronyms and terms, which can be confusing. 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class="ng-star-inserted"><iti-additional-languages-template _ngcontent-ng-c2885152855="" _nghost-ng-c338225980=""></iti-additional-languages-template></div></iti-additional-languages-container><div _ngcontent-ng-c1581700433="" class="title-content grid-x grid-margin-x align-bottom"><h1 _ngcontent-ng-c1581700433="" class="cell shrink"><span _ngcontent-ng-c1581700433=""></span>ICANN Acronyms and Terms</h1></div><section _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" main-content="" class="cell large-10-11"><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" class="grid-x grid-margin-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" class="search-and-filter cell"><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" class="info">Type in the acronym or term you are looking for in the Search bar below.</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" class="info">In addition to English, translated versions of acronyms and terms are also available in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish. Links for each language are located in the top right of the page.</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" class="grid-x grid-margin-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" id="filterTop" class="search cell small-12 medium-9 large-8-10"><iti-shared-form-field _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" _nghost-ng-c452299901=""><label _ngcontent-ng-c452299901="" for="acronymSearch" class="ng-star-inserted"> Find an Acronym or Term </label><iti-shared-search _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" searchplaceholder="" _nghost-ng-c2702045528=""><form _ngcontent-ng-c2702045528="" novalidate="" id="searchField" class="search ng-untouched ng-valid ng-dirty"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2702045528="" class="grid-x grid-margin-x align-left align-top"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2702045528="" class="cell rel search__simple-input small-12 medium-9 large-8-12"><iti-shared-form-field _ngcontent-ng-c2702045528="" _nghost-ng-c452299901=""><iti-shared-textarea-input _ngcontent-ng-c2702045528="" name="searchField" _nghost-ng-c2277260061="" class="ng-untouched ng-valid ng-dirty"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2277260061="" iticlickoutside="" class="textarea rel"><textarea _ngcontent-ng-c2277260061="" name="textarea" class="textarea__area ng-untouched ng-pristine ng-valid" id="acronymSearch" placeholder="" aria-label="searchInput"></textarea></div><iti-shared-dropdown-list _ngcontent-ng-c2277260061="" _nghost-ng-c3089378542=""></iti-shared-dropdown-list></iti-shared-textarea-input></iti-shared-form-field></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2702045528="" class="cell search__button small-12 medium-3 large-2-12"><button _ngcontent-ng-c2702045528="" class="button default expanded search__button"> Search </button></div></div></form></iti-shared-search></iti-shared-form-field></div></div></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" class="info">Click the first letter of the term you are looking for to search alphabetically.</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" class="alpha-filter"><iti-alpha-navigation-filter _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" namedroute="AcronymsAndTerms" _nghost-ng-c1211071579=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="show-for-large filter-list" data-language="en" style="justify-content: flex-start;"><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item selected ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=a&page=1">A </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=b&page=1">B </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=c&page=1">C </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=d&page=1">D </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=e&page=1">E </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=f&page=1">F </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=g&page=1">G </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=h&page=1">H </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=i&page=1">I </a><span _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item disabled ng-star-inserted">J </span><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=k&page=1">K </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=l&page=1">L </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=m&page=1">M </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=n&page=1">N </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=o&page=1">O </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=p&page=1">P </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=q&page=1">Q </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=r&page=1">R </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=s&page=1">S </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=t&page=1">T </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=u&page=1">U </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=v&page=1">V </a><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=w&page=1">W </a><span _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item disabled ng-star-inserted">X </span><span _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item disabled ng-star-inserted">Y </span><a _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms?nav-letter=z&page=1">Z </a></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-list hide-for-large" data-language="en"><label _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" for="filter" class="show-for-sr">Filter</label><select _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" id="filter" class="ng-star-inserted"><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" disabled="">Select</option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="A"> A </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="B"> B </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="C"> C </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="D"> D </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="E"> E </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="F"> F </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="G"> G </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="H"> H </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="I"> I </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="K"> K </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="L"> L </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="M"> M </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="N"> N </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="O"> O </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="P"> P </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="Q"> Q </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="R"> R </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="S"> S </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="T"> T </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="U"> U </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="V"> V </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="W"> W </option><option _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" class="filter-item ng-star-inserted" value="Z"> Z </option></select><label _ngcontent-ng-c1211071579="" for="disabledfilter" class="show-for-sr">Filter</label></div></div></iti-alpha-navigation-filter></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" class="search-box"> Do you have feedback on the definitions or the terms? Send us an email to: <a _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#3a5b594855544357495b545e4e5f4857497a53595b54541455485d"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="1e7f7d6c717067736d7f707a6a7b6c736d5e777d7f707030716c79">[email protected]</span></a>. </div><iti-glossary-results _ngcontent-ng-c1707476211="" _nghost-ng-c2953010097="" class="ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" id="resultsTop" class="ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="clearfix"><h3 _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="letter-key">A</h3><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="pagination-info">1-20 of 40 results</div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="A record"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">A record</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/a-record-en">A record</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>A <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-system-en">Domain Name System</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-system-en">DNS</a>) record that holds an <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-version-4-en">Internet Protocol version 4</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-version-4-en">IPv4</a>) address for a <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-en">domain name</a>.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-aka="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Also Known As</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"> IPv4 address record </span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-system-en"> Domain Name System <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(DNS)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/authoritative-name-server-en"> authoritative name server </a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-version-4-en"> Internet Protocol version 4 <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(IPv4)</span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="A-label"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">A-label</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/a-label-en">A-label</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/ascii-compatible-encoding-en">ASCII-compatible encoding</a> of a valid <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internationalized-domain-names-in-applications-en">Internationalized Domain Names in Applications</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internationalized-domain-names-in-applications-en">IDNA</a>) <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/label-en">label</a>. <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/a-label-en">A-label</a>s consist of the prefix “xn--” followed by a valid <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/punycode-en">Punycode</a> <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/string-en">string</a>. </p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Term</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/unicode-standard-en"> Unicode Standard </a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="AAAA record"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">AAAA record</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/aaaa-record-en">AAAA record</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>A <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-system-en">Domain Name System</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-system-en">DNS</a>) record that holds an <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-version-6-en">Internet Protocol version 6</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-version-6-en">IPv6</a>) address for a <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-en">domain name</a>. </p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-aka="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Also Known As</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"> IPv6 address record </span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-system-en"> Domain Name System <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(DNS)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/authoritative-name-server-en"> authoritative name server </a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-version-6-en"> Internet Protocol version 6 <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(IPv6)</span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Accountability and Transparency Review"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Accountability and Transparency Review</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(ATRT Review)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/accountability-and-transparency-review-en">Accountability and Transparency Review</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>A periodic review required by the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/icann-bylaws-en">ICANN Bylaws</a> to assess <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a>’s execution of its commitment to maintain and improve robust mechanisms for public input, accountability, and transparency. The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/accountability-and-transparency-review-en">ATRT Review</a> is designed to ensure that the outcomes of <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a>’s decision-making reflect the public interest and are accountable to the Internet community.</p> <p>Section 4.6 in the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/icann-bylaws-en">ICANN Bylaws</a> provides details about performing an <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/accountability-and-transparency-review-en">ATRT Review</a>. Reports from past <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/accountability-and-transparency-review-en">ATRT Review</a>s are available on the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a> website, along with progress updates for any <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/accountability-and-transparency-review-en">ATRT Review</a>s that are underway.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/registration-directory-service-review-en"> Registration Directory Service Review <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(RDS Review)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/competition-consumer-trust-and-consumer-choice-review-en"> Competition, Consumer Trust, and Consumer Choice Review <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(CCT Review)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/specific-reviews-en"> Specific Reviews </a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/security-stability-and-resiliency-of-the-domain-name-system-dns-review-en"> Security, Stability, and Resiliency of the Domain Name System (DNS) Review <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(SSR Review)</span></a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/reviews/specific-reviews/atrt" data-website="true">https://www.icann.org/resources/reviews/specific-reviews/atrt‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="accountability mechanisms"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">accountability mechanisms</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/accountability-mechanisms-en">accountability mechanisms</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>Mechanisms established in the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/icann-bylaws-en">ICANN Bylaws</a> that enable review and reconsideration of <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a>’s actions. These mechanisms are:</p><ul> <li><a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/empowered-community-en">Empowered Community</a></li> <li><a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/reconsideration-en">Reconsideration</a></li> <li><a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/independent-review-process-en">Independent Review Process</a></li> <li>Ombudsman</li></ul></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/root-zone-en"> root zone </a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/security-stability-and-resiliency-en"> Security, Stability, and Resiliency <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(SSR)</span></a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/governance/bylaws-en/#IV" data-website="true">https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/governance/bylaws-en/#IV‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Address Supporting Organization"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Address Supporting Organization</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(ASO)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/address-supporting-organization-en">Address Supporting Organization</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>One of three <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/supporting-organization-en">Supporting Organization</a>s in the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/icann-community-en">ICANN community</a>. The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/address-supporting-organization-en">ASO</a> reviews and develops recommendations and advises the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a> Board on global Internet number resource policy. </p> <p>The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/address-supporting-organization-en">ASO</a> Address Council manages the global policy development activities of the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/address-supporting-organization-en">ASO</a>.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/generic-names-supporting-organization-en"> Generic Names Supporting Organization <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(GNSO)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/country-code-names-supporting-organization-en"> Country Code Names Supporting Organization <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(ccNSO)</span></a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://aso.icann.org/" data-website="true">https://aso.icann.org/‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Address Supporting Organization Address Council"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Address Supporting Organization Address Council</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(ASO AC)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/address-supporting-organization-address-council-en">Address Supporting Organization Address Council</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>A council within the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/address-supporting-organization-en">Address Supporting Organization</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/address-supporting-organization-en">ASO</a>) that manages the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/address-supporting-organization-en">ASO</a>’s global <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/policy-development-process-en">policy development process</a>. This council is composed of 15 members, including 3 representatives from each of the Regional Internet Registries. The members of this council also serve on the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/number-resource-organization-en">Number Resource Organization</a> Number Council.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://aso.icann.org/" data-website="true">https://aso.icann.org/‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Advanced Research Projects Agency"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Advanced Research Projects Agency</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(ARPA)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/advanced-research-projects-agency-en">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>An agency within the U.S. Department of Defense established in 1958 to research advanced defense technology. The agency, later renamed the Defense <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/advanced-research-projects-agency-en">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (D<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/advanced-research-projects-agency-en">ARPA</a>), funded and coordinated some of the initial technology for the modern Internet.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-aka="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Also Known As</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"> DARPA </span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-assigned-numbers-authority-en"> Internet Assigned Numbers Authority <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(IANA)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-system-en"> Domain Name System <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(DNS)</span></a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="Darpa.mil" data-website="true">Darpa.mil‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Advanced Research Projects Agency Network"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Advanced Research Projects Agency Network</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(ARPANET)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/advanced-research-projects-agency-network-en">Advanced Research Projects Agency Network</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>A pioneering network for sharing digital resources among geographically separated computers. Its initial demonstration in 1969 led to the Internet, whose world-changing consequences unfold on a daily basis today. A seminal step in this sequence took place in 1968 when <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/advanced-research-projects-agency-en">ARPA</a> contracted BBN Technologies to build the first routers, which one year later enabled <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/advanced-research-projects-agency-network-en">ARPANET</a> to become operational.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/arpanet" data-website="true">https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/arpanet‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Advisory Committee"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Advisory Committee</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(AC)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/advisory-committee-en">Advisory Committee</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>A formally recognized body under the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/icann-bylaws-en">ICANN Bylaws</a> that is charged with advising the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a> Board on policies within <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a>’s mission and scope. The Bylaws recognize four <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/advisory-committee-en">AC</a>s:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/at-large-advisory-committee-en">At-Large Advisory Committee</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/at-large-advisory-committee-en">ALAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/governmental-advisory-committee-en">Governmental Advisory Committee</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/governmental-advisory-committee-en">GAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/root-server-system-advisory-committee-en">Root Server System Advisory Committee</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/root-server-system-advisory-committee-en">RSSAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/security-and-stability-advisory-committee-en">Security and Stability Advisory Committee</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/security-and-stability-advisory-committee-en">SSAC</a>)</li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/advisory-committee-en">Advisory Committee</a>s help shape the policy recommendations that the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/icann-community-en">ICANN community</a> develops and refines through its <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/supporting-organization-en">Supporting Organization</a>s.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Term</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/supporting-organization-en"> Supporting Organization <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(SO)</span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Africa Top Level Domains Organization"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Africa Top Level Domains Organization</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(AfTLD)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/africa-top-level-domains-organization-en">Africa Top Level Domains Organization</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>A nonprofit association of <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/country-code-top-level-domain-en">country code top-level domain</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/country-code-top-level-domain-en">ccTLD</a>) registries in the African region. <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/africa-top-level-domains-organization-en">AfTLD</a> provides a forum where its members can discuss policy matters affecting the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/country-code-top-level-domain-en">ccTLD</a> registries in their region. The association also serves as a channel of communication between its membership and Internet governance bodies such as <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a>.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/latin-american-and-caribbean-country-code-top-level-domain-association-en"> Latin American and Caribbean Country Code Top-Level Domain Association <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(LACTLD)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/asia-pacific-top-level-domain-association-en"> Asia Pacific Top Level Domain Association <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(APTLD)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/council-of-european-national-top-level-domain-registries-en"> Council of European National Top-Level Domain Registries <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(CENTR)</span></a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="http://www.aftld.org/" data-website="true">http://www.aftld.org/‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="African Network Information Centre"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">African Network Information Centre</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(AFRINIC)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/african-network-information-centre-en">African Network Information Centre</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/regional-internet-registry-en">Regional Internet Registry</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/regional-internet-registry-en">RIR</a>) that allocates <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-en">Internet Protocol</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-en">IP</a>) addresses to Africa.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/asia-pacific-network-information-centre-en"> Asia Pacific Network Information Centre <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(APNIC)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/rseaux-ip-europens-network-coordination-centre-en"> Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(RIPE NCC)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/latin-american-and-caribbean-internet-addresses-registry-en"> Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(LACNIC)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/number-resource-organization-en"> Number Resource Organization <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(NRO)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/american-registry-for-internet-numbers-en"> American Registry for Internet Numbers <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(ARIN)</span></a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://www.afrinic.net/" data-website="true">https://www.afrinic.net/‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="African Regional At-Large Organization"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">African Regional At-Large Organization</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(AFRALO)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/african-regional-at-large-organization-en">African Regional At-Large Organization</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/regional-at-large-organization-en">Regional At-Large Organization</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/regional-at-large-organization-en">RALO</a>) that serves as the main forum and coordination point for public input to <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a> from the At-Large community in the African region. <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/african-regional-at-large-organization-en">AFRALO</a> keeps the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/at-large-structure-en">At-Large Structure</a>s (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/at-large-structure-en">ALS</a>es) in its community informed about significant <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a> news. It also establishes mechanisms to facilitate two-way communication between the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/at-large-structure-en">ALS</a>es and <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a> policymakers, so <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/at-large-structure-en">ALS</a> members can share their views on pending issues.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/north-american-regional-at-large-organization-en"> North American Regional At-Large Organization <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(NARALO)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/asian-australasian-and-pacific-islands-regional-at-large-organization-en"> Asian, Australasian, and Pacific Islands Regional At-Large Organization <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(APRALO)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/latin-american-and-caribbean-islands-regional-at-large-organization-en"> Latin American and Caribbean Islands Regional At-Large Organization <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(LACRALO)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/european-regional-at-large-organization-en"> European Regional At-Large Organization <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(EURALO)</span></a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://atlarge.icann.org/ralos/afralo" data-website="true">https://atlarge.icann.org/ralos/afralo‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="American Registry for Internet Numbers"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">American Registry for Internet Numbers</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(ARIN)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/american-registry-for-internet-numbers-en">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/regional-internet-registry-en">Regional Internet Registry</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/regional-internet-registry-en">RIR</a>) that allocates <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-en">Internet Protocol</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-en">IP</a>) addresses to Canada, many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands, and the United States. </p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/african-network-information-centre-en"> African Network Information Centre <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(AFRINIC)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/asia-pacific-network-information-centre-en"> Asia Pacific Network Information Centre <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(APNIC)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/rseaux-ip-europens-network-coordination-centre-en"> Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(RIPE NCC)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/latin-american-and-caribbean-internet-addresses-registry-en"> Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(LACNIC)</span></a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/number-resource-organization-en"> Number Resource Organization <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(NRO)</span></a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://www.arin.net/" data-website="true">https://www.arin.net/‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Annual General Meeting"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Annual General Meeting</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(AGM)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/annual-general-meeting-en">Annual General Meeting</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>The third Public Meeting in <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a>’s three-meeting annual cycle. This meeting features workshops, working meetings, and sessions on topics of interest. Additionally, it provides two <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/public-forum-en">Public Forum</a>s where the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/icann-community-en">ICANN community</a> can speak directly with the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a> Board. New members of the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/icann-board-of-directors-en">ICANN Board of Directors</a> also take their seats at the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/annual-general-meeting-en">Annual General Meeting</a>.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Terms</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/policy-forum-en"> Policy Forum </a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/community-forum-en"> Community Forum </a></span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/icann-public-meeting-en"> ICANN Public Meeting </a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Anti-Phishing Working Group"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Anti-Phishing Working Group</span><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="acronym ng-star-inserted" data-acronym="true">(APWG)</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/anti-phishing-working-group-en">Anti-Phishing Working Group</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>A global coalition of industry, law enforcement, and governments that work to unify the global response to <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/phishing-en">phishing</a> attacks and other cybercrimes. The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/anti-phishing-working-group-en">APWG</a> is a clearinghouse for cybercrime event data, cybercrime response utilities, and programs that promote cybercrime awareness and research. </p> <p><a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a> is a participant in the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/anti-phishing-working-group-en">APWG</a>.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Term</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/messaging-malware-and-mobile-anti-abuse-working-group-en"> Messaging, Malware and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(M3AAWG)</span></a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://www.antiphishing.org/" data-website="true">https://www.antiphishing.org/‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="anycast instance"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">anycast instance</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/anycast-instance-en">anycast instance</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>A server that responds to an anycast <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-en">Internet Protocol</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-en">IP</a>) address. With anycast routing, a server is replicated across multiple network locations. The servers are then assigned to the same anycast <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-address-en">IP address</a>. Each server assigned to that <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-address-en">IP address</a> is referred to as an <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/anycast-instance-en">anycast instance</a> (or simply an <i>instance</i>). When a computer sends a message to an anycast <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-protocol-address-en">IP address</a>, Internet routers automatically direct the message to the nearest (in terms of routing distance) available instance of that server. Anycast routing helps reduce latency and improve reliability.</p> <p>Many of the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/authoritative-name-server-en">authoritative name server</a>s in the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/domain-name-system-en">Domain Name System</a> use anycast routing. </p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Term</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/root-server-instance-en"> root server instance </a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="applicant"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">applicant</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/applicant-en">applicant</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>An entity applying to <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/internet-corporation-for-assigned-names-and-numbers-en">ICANN</a> for a <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/new-generic-top-level-domain-en">new generic top-level domain</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/generic-top-level-domain-en">gTLD</a>) within a designated <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/application-submission-period-en">application submission period</a>.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Term</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/generic-top-level-domain-en"> generic top-level domain <span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted">(gTLD)</span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="Applicant Guidebook"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">Applicant Guidebook</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/applicant-guidebook-en">Applicant Guidebook</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>In the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/new-generic-top-level-domain-program-en">New Generic Top-Level Domain Program</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/new-generic-top-level-domain-program-en">New gTLD Program</a>), a document that describes the requirements of the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/generic-top-level-domain-en">gTLD</a> application and evaluation processes. </p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-relatedterms="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Related Term</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/application-round-en"> application round </a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Website</div><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-value" href="https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/agb" data-website="true">https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/agb‎</a></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="resultItem ng-star-inserted"><iti-glossary-entry _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" _nghost-ng-c681423400=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="glossary-entry ng-star-inserted" data-term="application round"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x grid-padding-x separator-cells"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="grid-x"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-11"><h4 _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="term">application round</span></h4></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="small-1"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><iti-timeout-action-notification _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" _nghost-ng-c3844381510=""></iti-timeout-action-notification></div><noscript _ngcontent-ng-c681423400=""><a _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/application-round-en">application round</a></noscript></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" itiintermlinking="" class="wysiwyg-output glossary-definition"><p>In the <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/new-generic-top-level-domain-program-en">New Generic Top-Level Domain Program</a> (<a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/new-generic-top-level-domain-program-en">New gTLD Program</a>), the completion of the application process for all <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/generic-top-level-domain-en">gTLD</a> applications received during one <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/application-submission-period-en">application submission period</a>. The <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/applicant-guidebook-en">Applicant Guidebook</a> explains the terms and conditions for a specific <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/application-round-en">application round</a>. Subsequent <a href="/en/icann-acronyms-and-terms/round-en">round</a>s are subject to updated guidebooks.</p></div></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell large-6 medium-6 small-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="cell medium-4 side-bar ng-star-inserted" data-sidebar="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="side-bar-extras ng-star-inserted" data-aka="true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-header colon-title">Also Known As</div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"> new gTLD application round </span></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="ng-star-inserted"><span _ngcontent-ng-c681423400="" class="extras-items-list"> round </span></div></div></div></div></div></div></iti-glossary-entry></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" class="grid-x paginator align-right"><iti-responsive-link-paginator _ngcontent-ng-c2953010097="" pageparametername="page"><div 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IDNA uses the Punycode algorithm to generate an ASCII domain, known as an A-label, within the Domain Name System. 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When an Internet user sends a message to an IP address that exists outside the user’s own AS, routers forward the message to the AS in which the address resides. 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Liaisons serve as non-voting, advisors. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Established Board Committees include: \u003C/p> \n\u003Cli>Audit Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Compensation Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Executive Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Finance Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Governance Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Organizational Effectiveness Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Risk Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Technical Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Accountability Mechanisms Committee\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/board-of-directors","dmsId":"G0450-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0069","glossaryGroup":"B","term":"botnet command and control","slug":"botnet command and control","acronym":"botnet C&C","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A computer operated by cyberattackers that issues commands to devices that comprise a \u003Cem>botnet\u003C/em>. A botnet is a collection of malware-infected devices (\u003Cem>bots\u003C/em>) that act in response to commands from a botnet C&C. Typically, a botnet C&C instructs elements of its botnet to extract information from their host systems or engage in malicious action such as a distributed denial-of-service attack.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0186","G0072","G0074"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"58ced568-3736-436e-9011-e9b605708319","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0231","glossaryGroup":"B","term":"bottom-up process","slug":"bottom-up process","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A consultative style of decision-making that provides an opportunity for open and equal participation at all levels. 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All new gTLD registry operators are required to provide zone data as described in their Registry Agreement with ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"f26e229e-f7a1-4989-9ebe-79d494611991","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0489","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"chain of trust","slug":"chain of trust","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A collection of information to ensure the delegation of responsibility from one party to another can be verified using electronic certificates. 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In ideographic, pictographic, or logographic systems, a character may represent a concept or word. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0530","G0385"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0482-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0221","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Claims Period","slug":"Claims Period","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>See \u003Ci>Trademark Claims Period\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"1dbca445-26ff-49e5-a842-e969d855d7c2","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0150","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Claims Service","slug":"Claims Service","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A rights protection service available to trademark holders who verify their marks with the Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH). The Claims Service notifies individuals who attempt to register a domain name that it matches a trademark in the TMCH. If the registrant elects to proceed with the registration, the Claims Service notifies the holders whose TMCH-registered marks match the registrant’s domain name.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>This service is currently available only in new generic top-level domain registries.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0160"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"77503fa5-3294-4f78-bf96-0e76064f1b3a","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0412","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"code point","slug":"code point","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A value within the codespace of a coded character set. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In relation to domain names, \u003Ci>code point\u003C/i> generally refers to the unique value assigned to each character in the US-ASCII or Unicode Standard repertoire. By convention, code points in the Unicode Standard are written in hexadecimal form as shown in the following examples: \u003C/p> \u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>U+03A8 Code point for Ψ\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>U+0402 Code point for Ђ\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>U+20A5 Code point for ¥\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>U+25B7 Code point for ▷\u003C/li> \u003C/ul>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.unicode.org/standard/standard.html","dmsId":"G0412-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0310","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Commercial Stakeholder Group","slug":"Commercial Stakeholder Group","acronym":"CSG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A stakeholder group within the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) that represents the interests and concerns of commercial entities. These entities include commercial and business users, Internet service providers, and intellectual property owners. The CSG is a member of the Non-Contracted Parties House within the GNSO Council. \u003C/p>\n \n\u003Cp>The CSG consists of three constituencies: \u003C/p>\n\u003Cul> \n\u003Cli>Business Constituency (BC) )\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Intellectual Property Constituency (IPC) )\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Internet Service Providers and Connectivity Providers Constituency (ISPCP) )\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>","relatedTerms":["G0314","G0465","G0309"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://gnso.icann.org/en/about/stakeholders-constituencies/csg","dmsId":"G0310-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0177","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Community Forum","slug":"Community Forum","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The first Public Meeting in ICANN’s three-meeting annual cycle. In addition to workshops and working meetings, the Community Forum provides two Public Forums where the ICANN community can speak directly with the ICANN Board.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0178","G0175","G0113","G0176"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"1ff6807a-6d77-4294-bfd3-4d186be7e81a","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0194","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"community objection","slug":"community objection","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), an objection made on the grounds that there is substantial opposition to a gTLD application from a significant portion of the community to which the gTLD string may be explicitly or implicitly targeted.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0196","G0195"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"6d572a85-5e75-4765-9a47-41a53acc3b92","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0195","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Community Priority Evaluation","slug":"Community Priority Evaluation","acronym":"CPE","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a process to resolve string contention, which may be elected by a community-based applicant.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0196","G0194"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"8fe4f941-7ec5-4fba-b5a6-5dc8cea74cbd","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0557","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Community Regional Outreach Program","slug":"Community Regional Outreach Program","acronym":"CROP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An ICANN program that provides funding to the five Regional At-Large Organizations and five Generic Names Supporting Organization constituencies to support their regional outreach and engagement efforts.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://community.icann.org/display/soacabout/Community+Regional+Outreach+Program","dmsId":"G0557-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0196","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"community-based generic top-level domain","slug":"community-based generic top-level domain","acronym":"community-based gTLD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a gTLD that is operated for the benefit of a clearly delineated community.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0194","G0213","G0195"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"0d6c03e6-b8eb-4c4f-89a1-77a0b008ac8a","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0240","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Competition, Consumer Trust, and Consumer Choice Review","slug":"Competition, Consumer Trust, and Consumer Choice Review","acronym":"CCT Review","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A periodic review required by the ICANN Bylaws to examine the extent to which the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program) has promoted competition, consumer trust, and consumer choice. Besides assessing the overall effectiveness of the program’s application and evaluation process, this review also evaluates the safeguards that are in place to mitigate issues that arise.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>A CCT Review is performed after an application round has been in operation for one year.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Section 4.6 in the ICANN Bylaws provides details about performing a CCT Review. Reports from past reviews are available on the ICANN website, along with progress updates for any CCT Reviews that are underway.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0265","G0236","G0239","G0121","G0238"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/reviews/specific-reviews/cct","dmsId":"194b414a-3c0d-401f-a604-0d09f3e89bc9","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0092","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Computer Emergency Readiness Team","slug":"Computer Emergency Readiness Team","acronym":"CERT","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A group of experts with responsibility for protecting an organization or entity against cybersecurity threats and for responding to cybersecurity incidents when they occur. CERTs also work to improve the security and resiliency of the systems they protect. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Most countries maintain a national CERT to protect their national computing infrastructure and their governmental computing systems. In large corporations, CERTs are a standard feature in most information technology organizations. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0187"],"alsoKnownAs":["Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTS)"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"f205b84a-9966-43cb-b5db-40c8963efc2c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0471","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"connectivity provider","slug":"connectivity provider","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An entity that operates an Internet backbone network based on TCP/IP. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Connectivity providers maintain high-speed data routes between the Internet’s major networks and routers. Along with Internet service providers (ISPs), connectivity providers are key players in the Internet ecosphere and have essential roles in its stability and development. Within ICANN, connectivity providers are represented by the Internet Service Providers and Connectivity Providers Constituency (ISPCP) within the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0468"],"alsoKnownAs":["backbone provider"],"origin":null,"website":"https://community.icann.org/display/gnsoiscp/ISPCP+Home","dmsId":"G0471-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0097","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"consensus policy","slug":"consensus policy","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A category of ICANN policies that accredited registrars and generic top-level domain registry operators are required to follow. ICANN’s agreements with these parties require compliance with stated procedures and with consensus policies. ICANN’s multistakeholder community develops consensus policies as described in the ICANN Bylaws.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"a1b1439e-a18f-4347-92bb-0d5a40bdd7c5","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0234","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Consensus Policy Implementation Framework","slug":"Consensus Policy Implementation Framework","acronym":"CPIF","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A five-stage process that the ICANN organization follows to implement policies that have been developed by the Generic Names Supporting Organization and approved by the ICANN Board of Directors. The Consensus Policy Implementation Framework is designed to support predictability, accountability, transparency, and efficiency in the implementation process.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/policy/implementation","dmsId":"bb6131be-de89-4b3a-aaed-db5fe2089e54","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0520","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"contention set","slug":"contention set","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A group of applications containing an identical or similar applied-for generic top-level domain (gTLD) string.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0169","G0516"],"alsoKnownAs":["string contention set"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0520-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0225","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Continued Operations Instrument","slug":"Continued Operations Instrument","acronym":"COI","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a letter of credit or an escrow agreement that registry operators (ROs) of gTLDs must maintain to ensure the availability of funds to provide continuity of service should an issue with a registry arise. According to Specification 8 of the new gTLD Registry Agreement, ROs shall have a COI that provides sufficient financial resources to cover the five critical registry functions in Section 6 of Specification 10, for a determined time period.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0227"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"be3018ce-9d38-4629-b890-ff10c823e7d2","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0306","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Contracted Parties House","slug":"Contracted Parties House","acronym":"CPH","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A body within the Generic Names Supporting Organization Council that represents the interests of generic top-level domain (gTLD) registries and gTLD registrars. The Contracted Parties House consists of representatives from the Registry Stakeholder Group, the Registrar Stakeholder Group, and one member appointed by the ICANN Nominating Committee. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0307","G0004"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://gnso.icann.org/en/about/gnso-council.htm","dmsId":"G0306-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0531","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"contracted party","slug":"contracted party","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Registry or registrar that has entered into a contract with ICANN. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0102","G0123"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0531-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0532","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Contractual Compliance","slug":"Contractual Compliance","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The ICANN organization function working to ensure that contracted parties fulfill the requirements in their agreements with ICANN. This function addresses complaints, monitors industry trends impacting contract terms, and oversees the ICANN Contractual Compliance Audit Program. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0102","G0123","G0531"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/compliance-2012-02-25-en","dmsId":"G0532-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0300","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Contractual Compliance Audit Program","slug":"Contractual Compliance Audit Program","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A program to ensure that registrars, registry operators, and other contracted parties comply with their agreements and consensus policies. Through the audit program, ICANN enhances community transparency with fact-based and measurable reporting, while proactively addressing potential deficiencies. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["0185","0184"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/audits-2012-02-25-en","dmsId":"G0300-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0041","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Council of European National Top-Level Domain Registries","slug":"Council of European National Top-Level Domain Registries","acronym":"CENTR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A nonprofit association of country code top-level domain (ccTLD) registries in the European region. CENTR provides a forum where its members can discuss policy issues affecting ccTLD registries in their region. The association also serves as a channel of communication between its membership and Internet governance bodies such as ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0042","G0043","G0044"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.centr.org/","dmsId":"fa1d272b-1114-440e-9fcf-236da4640cc6","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0303","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Country Code Names Supporting Organization","slug":"Country Code Names Supporting Organization","acronym":"ccNSO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>One of three Supporting Organizations in the ICANN community. The ccNSO develops a limited set of policies relating to country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Its membership consists of ccTLD managers. The ccNSO works together with the various ICANN constituencies and stakeholders on matters of common interest. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0302","G0304"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://ccnso.icann.org/","dmsId":"G0303-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0013","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Country Code Names Supporting Organization Council","slug":"Country Code Names Supporting Organization Council","acronym":"ccNSO Council","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The council that administers the affairs of the Country Code Names Supporting Organization and manages the development of policy recommendations for country code top-level domains.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://ccnso.icann.org/en","dmsId":"38fed5e2-18c7-463c-aa8d-d42fc92313f6","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0170","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"country code top-level domain","slug":"country code top-level domain","acronym":"ccTLD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The class of top-level domains reserved for use by countries, territories, and geographical locations identified in the ISO 3166-1 Country Codes list. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>ccTLDs can base their names on the two-letter country codes defined by the ISO 3166-1 standard (e.g., .jp for Japan, .fr for France, .ke for Kenya), or they can represent a country or territory name in a script other than US-ASCII characters. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Because ccTLDs are managed locally, the rules and policies for registering domain names vary across ccTLDs. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0169"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b2866c9b-5829-42f2-bf97-60e8275f1d66","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0308","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"cross-community working group","slug":"cross-community working group","acronym":"CCWG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A mechanism that allows any number of Supporting Organizations (SOs) and Advisory Committees (ACs) to work together to address an issue of common interest that does not fall within the scope of a single SO or AC. \u003C/p> \n\u003Cp>The \u003Ca href=\"https://ccnso.icann.org/en/workinggroups/iana-stewardship-naming.htm\">Cross-Community Working Group to Develop an IANA Stewardship Transition Proposal on Naming Related Functions\u003C/a> is an example of a CCWG. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0003"],"alsoKnownAs":["CCG"],"origin":null,"website":"https://gnso.icann.org/sites/default/files/file/field-file-attach/2016-12/uniform-framework-principles-recommendations-16sep16-en.pdf","dmsId":"G0308-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0025","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"Customer Standing Committee","slug":"Customer Standing Committee","acronym":"CSC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A body that provides oversight of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) naming services provided by Public Technical Identifiers (PTI). \u003Cspan>The CSC and PTI meet monthly to review performance data and address any areas of concern.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The CSC includes \u003Cspan>members\u003C/span>\u003Cspan> \u003C/span>from the \u003Cspan>country code top-level domain and generic top-level domain \u003C/span>registry operators and \u003Cspan>liai\u003C/span>\u003Cspan>s\u003C/span>\u003Cspan>ons\u003C/span> from various Supporting Organizations, Advisory Committees, and stakeholder groups in ICANN (the liaisons).\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/csc","dmsId":"f2fa23ba-5db0-415e-b922-afa5ebc920b4","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0071","glossaryGroup":"C","term":"cybersquatting","slug":"cybersquatting","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A form of misuse in which a party intentionally registers a domain name that coincides with a commercial trademark or the name of a well-known person. After acquiring the domain name, the cybersquatter usually offers to sell the name to the legitimate owner at an inflated price. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>When cybersquatting occurs in a generic top-level domain that operates under ICANN, legitimate owners may be able to initiate a Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)proceeding. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0059"],"alsoKnownAs":["domain parking"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"2726d6ba-0346-405b-95b4-08204c501abd","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0419","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Dark Web","slug":"Dark Web","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A part of the Internet ecosystem where publishers can host or exchange information without revealing their identities or locations. Although the Dark Web uses the Internet Protocol (IP), it uses encryption and the \u003Ci>Onion Router\u003C/i> (TOR) to protect users from surveillance and traceability. \u003C/p> \n\u003Cp>The Dark Web does not use the Domain Name System to resolve domain names. Instead it uses TOR's hidden service names, which are delegated from .onion, a special-use top-level domain. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/news/blog/the-dark-web-the-land-of-hidden-services","dmsId":"G0419-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0072","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"data breach","slug":"data breach","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An incident that results in the intentional or unintentional exposure or release of personal data or sensitive information to an unauthorized party. If a data breach were to expose the credentials for a registrant’s account with a registrar, cyberattackers could access the account and hijack the registrant’s domain name.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0069","G0084","G0085","G0088"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"5c1f1653-92db-4e56-93d7-92379be648a9","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0533","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"data escrow","slug":"data escrow","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>ICANN-approved registrars and registries are required to store copies of some of their registration data with a neutral third party to ensure continuity if the registrar or registry ceases to operate. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/registrar-data-escrow-2015-12-01-en","dmsId":"G0533-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0051","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Decisional Participants","slug":"Decisional Participants","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Members of the ICANN Empowered Community, which the ICANN Bylaws define as all of ICANN’s Supporting Organizations (SOs) plus the At-Large Advisory Committee and the Governmental Advisory Committee. The Empowered Community gives Decisional Participants the ability to legally enforce community powers. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0052","G0027"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/ec","dmsId":"c1a2520f-9133-4293-bece-2483175c6fcf","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0197","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Declared Variants List","slug":"Declared Variants List","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a list maintained by ICANN that records the variant gTLD strings that applicants list in their gTLD applications. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"429b09ea-aafd-42b2-9f98-49b5e49485b8","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0473","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"delegation","slug":"delegation","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The assignment of administrative authority for a domain to a registry operator. A registry operator to which this authority is delegated assumes the responsibility for operating and maintaining the authoritative name servers for a given domain. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A domain at any level in the Domain Name System hierarchy can optionally delegate authority to any or all its subdomains (children). To put a delegation into effect, the operator of the parent domain must update its zone file to point to the authoritative name servers for the child domains to which authority has been delegated. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/help/gtld-delegation","dmsId":"G0473-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0372","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Digital Object Architecture","slug":"Digital Object Architecture","acronym":"DOA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An architecture that emerged from the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) in the mid-1990s for managing digital objects on the Internet. The architecture consists of three components: an identifier/resolution component, a digital object repository component, and a digital object registry component. The DOA design provides flexibility in how data and metadata are represented in individual systems. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":"Result of the work on mobile programs by Dr. Robert Kahn and Dr. Vinton Cerf, both of CNRI.","website":"http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/tmp_hp/doa.html","dmsId":"G0372-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0135","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"dispute resolution","slug":"dispute resolution","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A process that can be used to resolve a conflict, dispute, or complaint. ICANN has policies to address various types of disputes involving the registration and use of domain names. Under these policies, claimants can file complaints with one of the approved Dispute Resolution Service Providers instead of taking the dispute to the court system for adjudication. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0155","G0156","G0152"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"2a24da34-3adf-46d2-8c1e-cb9fa88e51c4","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0154","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Dispute Resolution Service Provider","slug":"Dispute Resolution Service Provider","acronym":"DRSP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An entity approved by ICANN to adjudicate dispute resolution proceedings in response to formally filed disputes. Working through a DRSP offers parties a mechanism to resolve a dispute outside the court system. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"2557be42-4105-4c5b-ba75-508d90e8453d","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0341","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"distributed denial-of-service attack","slug":"distributed denial-of-service attack","acronym":"DDOS attack","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A malicious activity in which cyberattackers use multiple computers (sometimes thousands) to engage in a synchronized attack on a targeted system. Attackers often launch DDOS attacks from \u003Ci>botnets\u003C/i>, a collection of malware-infected devices that act in response to commands from a botnet command and control. Like a denial-of-service attack, the attackers overwhelm the targeted system with spurious requests, making the system difficult or impossible for its intended users to reach.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"8404bcdc-ff50-42d8-b652-fb91d873ffe5","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0518","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"DNS zone transfer protocol","slug":"DNS zone transfer protocol","acronym":"AXFR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A protocol that is used to replicate Domain Name System (DNS) zones across servers.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0474"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0518-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0068","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Abuse Activity Reporting System","slug":"Domain Abuse Activity Reporting System","acronym":"DAAR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The system that ICANN uses to monitor domain abuse and registration activity across top-level domains (TLDs). DAAR continuously collects registration and security threat data from numerous reputation data feeds. Using this data, ICANN analysts identify and report the use of domain names for activities such as phishing, malware distribution, botnet activity, and spam.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0186","G0069","G0087"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/octo-ssr/daar","dmsId":"d45ffd26-fd98-4c1d-9588-2c3e3178e22d","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0168","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"domain name","slug":"domain name","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A unique name that forms the basis of the uniform resource locators (URLs) that people use to find resources on the Internet (e.g., web pages, email servers, images, and videos). The domain name itself identifies a specific address on the Internet that belongs to an entity such as a company, organization, institution, or individual. For example, in the URL \u003Cstrong>https://www.icann.org/public-comments\u003C/strong>, the domain name \u003Cstrong>icann.org\u003C/strong> directs a browser to the ICANN organization’s domain. The rest of the URL directs the browser to a specific resource on the \u003Cstrong>www\u003C/strong> server within ICANN’s domain (in this case, the Public Comments page on the ICANN org website).\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A domain name consists of two or more textual segments separated by dots. For example, in the domain name \u003Cstrong>icann.org\u003C/strong>, the first part of the name, \u003Cstrong>icann\u003C/strong>, represents a second-level domain within the top-level domain \u003Cstrong>org\u003C/strong>. Domain names can also have more than two segments, as in \u003Cstrong>bbc.co.uk\u003C/strong>. In this example, \u003Cstrong>bbc\u003C/strong> represents a subdomain within the second-level domain \u003Cstrong>co\u003C/strong>, which resides in the top-level domain \u003Cstrong>uk\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0099"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"27797904-ab08-48f6-b897-f4e7a1673d76","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0104","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"domain name holder","slug":"domain name holder","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An individual or entity who registers a domain name. See \u003Ci>registrant\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"3c3e7c27-5109-4e7c-9245-64dd925e0f2d","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0479","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"domain name label","slug":"domain name label","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A constituent part of a domain name. The labels of domain names are connected by dots. For example, “www.icann.org\" contains three labels: “www”, “icann”, and “org”.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0168"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0479-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0105","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"domain name registration","slug":"domain name registration","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The process of selecting a domain name and registering it in a top-level domain. Domain name registration typically involves a:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>Registrant:\u003C/em> the individual or entity who wants to register a domain name\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>Registrar:\u003C/em> an entity that processes domain name registrations\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>Registry operator:\u003C/em> the entity that maintains the master database (the registry) of domain names registered in a particular top-level domain (TLD)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>To complete a domain name registration, the registrant registers the domain name with a registrar. The registrar verifies that the domain name is available in the requested TLD and submits the registration request to the registry operator for that TLD. The registry operator then adds the new domain to the TLD’s registry.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A registrant can optionally register a domain name through a reseller. Resellers are third-party companies that offer domain name registration services through a registrar.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0100","G0144"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"6a268fc5-fd8f-4bb4-a97c-921ac012262c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0144","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name Registration Data","slug":"Domain Name Registration Data","acronym":"DNRD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Data that is accessible to the public through a directory service known as WHOIS. DNRD refers to the information that registrants submit when they register a domain name. Registrars or registry operators collect this data and make some of it available for public display or for use by applications. The data elements that registrants must submit are specified in the Registrar Accreditation Agreement. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"6adf0c56-e11c-4c58-96b2-4bfd52a12851","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0080","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"domain name registration hijacking","slug":"domain name registration hijacking","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A form of Domain Name System (DNS) abuse in which a cyberattacker gains control over how a registered domain name is resolved. Sometimes attackers hijack a domain name by gaining control of an authoritative name server and altering the domain name’s DNS configuration in that server. In other cases, attackers hijack a domain name by gaining control of a registrant’s account with a registrar. Once the attackers have access to the account, they alter the domain name’s DNS configuration or transfer the domain name to another registrar.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0144","G0134","G0084","G0142","G0070"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"95f1cc06-2222-4a03-bf0d-49f3dbd69830","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0106","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"domain name renewal","slug":"domain name renewal","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The process of extending the registration of a domain name when the registration reaches its expiration date. When individuals register domain names, they obtain the right to use the name for a specified length of time. To continue using the name, a registrant must renew the registration. If a domain name is not renewed, the registrant may lose the right to use the name.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0127","G0183","G0128"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"0ec6cb53-0e45-430f-b775-e9de97dc99f6","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0443","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"domain name reseller","slug":"domain name reseller","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A person or entity that participates in a registrar's distribution channel for domain name registrations. Resellers contract with registrars to provide some or all registrar services. Services that resellers provide can include collecting registration data from registrants, submitting registration data to registrars, and facilitating registration agreements between registrars and registrants. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["\u003Cp>Domain","Name","System\u003C/p>"],"alsoKnownAs":["reseller"],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/registrar-reports/accreditation-qualified-list.html","dmsId":"G0443-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0183","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"domain name status","slug":"domain name status","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Information that indicates certain properties of a domain name registration.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Codes called \u003Ci>Extensible Provisioning Protocol domain status codes\u003C/i> indicate the current state of the domain name in the registry. These codes are defined on the EPP Status Code page of the ICANN website. Registrants can check the status of their domain names using WHOIS Lookup on the ICANN website or through their registrar’s WHOIS search tool.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":["EPP status"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"f151de3b-c9b9-47ef-aa47-61f2a48be33e","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0474","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System","slug":"Domain Name System","acronym":"DNS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The Domain Name System (DNS) helps users to find their way around the Internet. Every computer on the Internet has a unique address - just like a telephone number - which is a complicated string of numbers called its \u003Ci>IP address\u003C/i> (IP stands for \u003Ci>Internet Protocol\u003C/i>). IP addresses can be hard to remember. The DNS makes using the Internet easier by allowing a familiar string of letters - the \u003Ci>domain name\u003C/i> - to be used instead of the arcane IP address. For instance, you only need to type \u003Ca href=\"https://icann.org\"> https://icann.org\u003C/a> to reach our website, instead of the IP address \u003Cb>192.0.43.7.\u003C/b>\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0474","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0067","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System Abuse","slug":"Domain Name System Abuse","acronym":"DNS Abuse","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>DNS Abuse, as defined by ICANN, refers to:\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cbr>\n1. botnets\u003Cbr>\n2. malware\u003Cbr>\n3. pharming\u003Cbr>\n4. phishing\u003Cbr>\n5. spam (when spam serves as a delivery mechanism for the forms of DNS Abuse listed)\u003Cbr>\n\u003Cbr>\nThis set of harms was recognized by the ICANN Board as actionable elements of DNS Abuse for ICANN and aligns with the 5 April 2024 amendments to the Registrar Accreditation Agreement and the Base Generic Top-Level Domain Registry Agreement regarding DNS Abuse mitigation obligations.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0076","G0078","G0074","G0068","G0070","G0066"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/dnsabuse","dmsId":"G0067-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0074","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System covert channel attack","slug":"Domain Name System covert channel attack","acronym":"DNS covert channel attack","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A form of attack in which a cyberattacker uses the DNS channel to evade an organization’s network security systems. In an attack through the DNS channel, attackers use specially crafted DNS queries to download malware onto infected computers. They can also use this technique to extract sensitive information from infected computers inside one or more organizations.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0069","G0072","G0079"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"c09bd7ca-5a04-4b4b-bd49-364013137cfd","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0060","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System Forum","slug":"Domain Name System Forum","acronym":"DNS Forum","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A regional conference where individuals and groups that are key stakeholders in the DNS meet and discuss issues of relevance to their region. Regional and global Internet organizations sponsor DNS Forums in various regions around the world. Key to ICANN's regional outreach efforts, these forums raise awareness and foster collaboration among regional stakeholders and encourage involvement in ICANN’s multistakeholder process.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"706bc0f9-c4ab-4af0-86ae-215e0e87c2d7","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0066","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System misuse","slug":"Domain Name System misuse","acronym":"DNS misuse","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Any activity that uses the DNS protocol or the domain name registration process to carry out malicious or illegal activity. Misuse activities include hijacking domain names, registering domain names to sell counterfeit merchandise, using the DNS to distribute spam, and exploiting the DNS protocol to launch denial-of-service attacks.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0071","G0067","G0084","G0080","G0074","G0068"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"f6dd2602-79a8-4738-94d1-d3dabdba49c2","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0445","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System query","slug":"Domain Name System query","acronym":"DNS query","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A request that a DNS client (usually a resolver) submits to a name server to obtain information from the Domain Name System. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A DNS query often contains a request for the Internet Protocol (IP) address of a specific host or domain name. For this type of query, the name server responds with either 1) the requested IP address, 2) the IP address of the next name server in the path of authority, or 3) an NXDOMAIN error code, which signals that the requested host or domain name does not exist. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":["query","request"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0445-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0075","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System reflection attack","slug":"Domain Name System reflection attack","acronym":"DNS reflection attack","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A technique in which an attacker sends a request to a name server using a falsified (spoofed) source Internet Protocol (IP) address. The spoofed IP address not only conceals the location of the attacker, it also causes the name server to direct responses to the attacker’s intended target. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Attackers often use this technique in denial-of-service attacks to flood a targeted name server with query traffic. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0076","G0078"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"80f3f1c1-e7b2-4ca8-8677-abced8fa0095","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0076","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System resource exhaustion attack","slug":"Domain Name System resource exhaustion attack","acronym":"DNS resource exhaustion attack","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An attack in which the attacker continuously queries a name server with the intent of depleting a resource that is essential to the server’s operation. In one type of exhaustion attack, the attacker continuously opens connections on a name server, but does not complete the connection process for any of them. The incomplete connections eventually consume available memory on the name server, preventing it from opening any legitimate connections. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0075","G0078"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"a83fcf07-92a4-4fc6-9f36-2e267aa8a77f","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0077","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System response modification attack","slug":"Domain Name System response modification attack","acronym":"DNS response modification attack","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An attack on the DNS in which the operator of a name server manipulates response messages to queries for nonexistent domain names. Instead of delivering the response message to the Internet user, the name server delivers a synthesized message that contains an Internet Protocol (IP) address selected by the operator.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Operators that manipulate DNS response messages in this way often redirect users to sites that provide a search engine or sites that display pay-per-click advertising.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":["domain monetization","DNS wildcarding","DNS response rewriting","error resolution services"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"0c0e7dfb-4970-47e4-8c9f-56993fd6ae37","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0420","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System Response Policy Zone","slug":"Domain Name System Response Policy Zone","acronym":"DNS RPZ","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A file that identifies domain names that are known (or suspected) to resolve to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses that host botnet command-and-control servers or other malicious content. \u003C/p> \n\u003Cp>Zone administrators in the DNS deploy RPZs to create firewalls around their recursive resolvers. The resolvers check the RPZ when they receive requests to resolve domain names. If a requested domain appears in the RPZ, the resolver can return an error message or redirect the requestor to a web page that provides malware detection and remediation instructions. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0069","G0080","G0082","G0087","G0068","G0066"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/news/blog/reputation-block-lists-protecting-users-everywhere","dmsId":"G0420-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0253","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System Security Extensions","slug":"Domain Name System Security Extensions","acronym":"DNSSEC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A technology that helps secure domain name lookups by incorporating a chain of digital signatures into the lookup process. Using DNSSEC, resolvers can determine whether the query responses they receive have been generated by authenticated DNS servers. By accepting only authenticated query results, resolvers can prevent attackers from hijacking the lookup process and directing Internet users to deceptive websites. Full deployment of DNSSEC ensures that users are connected to the Internet Protocol (IP) address that genuinely corresponds to the domain name specified in a uniform resource locator (URL).\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0270","G0297","G0294","G0070"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"e9134e14-f1b4-4b54-a5e8-fbcf87b1f3fc","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0078","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System traffic amplification attack","slug":"Domain Name System traffic amplification attack","acronym":"DNS traffic amplification attack","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A technique that attackers use to magnify the effect of a cyberattack on a name server or resolver. With this technique, attackers amplify DNS traffic by issuing queries that deliver huge response messages to the targeted name server or resolver.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0075"],"alsoKnownAs":["volumetric attack"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"ba5ecb4a-064d-44d6-a6cd-de80f7e1d480","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0079","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System vulnerability exploitation attack","slug":"Domain Name System vulnerability exploitation attack","acronym":"DNS vulnerability exploitation attack","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An attack in which the attacker takes advantage of a vulnerability (e.g., a bug or a security hole) in the DNS server software. Some attackers use this form of attack to disable a name server. For example, they might craft an unorthodox DNS message to cause a targeted name server to fail. Other attackers exploit vulnerabilities that allow them to gain administrative control over a name server.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0074"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"ed936393-3825-4bfe-8048-3c0bd26a9b54","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0449","glossaryGroup":"D","term":"Domain Name System zone","slug":"Domain Name System zone","acronym":"DNS zone","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A segment of the DNS namespace to which administrative authority has been delegated. For example, when sections of the root zone are delegated as top-level domains (TLDs), each TLD becomes an independently administered DNS zone. Likewise, when a TLD divides its namespace into second-level domains, it generally delegates administrative authority to each of those domains, thus creating additional DNS zones. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A parent domain at any level in the DNS hierarchy can optionally delegate administrative authority to any or all its subdomains (children). A zone always starts at a domain boundary and includes a zone file identifies the host servers over which it has administrative authority. A zone ends at the boundary of another independently administered zone. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":["zone"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0449-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0386","glossaryGroup":"E","term":"Email Address Internationalization","slug":"Email Address Internationalization","acronym":"EAI","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The protocol described in Request for Comments (RFC) 6530 that enables internationalized email addresses to function within the traditional email environment. Internationalized email addresses are addresses that include Internationalized Domain Names or Unicode characters. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0300","G0331","G0385"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6530","dmsId":"G0386-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0227","glossaryGroup":"E","term":"Emergency Back-End Registry Operator","slug":"Emergency Back-End Registry Operator","acronym":"EBERO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), an entity that provides temporary support if a gTLD registry operator is at risk of failing to sustain any of the five critical registry functions.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0225"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"a592780d-0015-42f0-8bc1-35f5a0ddbc23","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0026","glossaryGroup":"E","term":"Empowered Community","slug":"Empowered Community","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An accountability mechanism under the ICANN Bylaws through which ICANN's Supporting Organizations and Advisory Committees are organized under California law. This mechanism provides the Empowered Community with nine powers it can use to raise concerns regarding an action or inaction taken by the ICANN Board or the ICANN organization.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>The community powers and rules that govern the Empowered Community are defined in the ICANN Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws. The Empowered Community is composed of five \u003Ci>Decisional Participants\u003C/i>: ICANN’s three Supporting Organizations, the At-Large Advisory Committee, and the Governmental Advisory Committee.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0027"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/ec","dmsId":"1c299696-2b57-49f9-a8a1-a3f795b71066","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0027","glossaryGroup":"E","term":"Empowered Community Administration","slug":"Empowered Community Administration","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The administrative body through which the Empowered Community acts. For example, when the community decides to bring a concern to the ICANN Board or the ICANN organization, it does so through the Empowered Community Administration. If the Empowered Community enters mediation proceedings brought under the ICANN Bylaws, the Empowered Community Administration appoints individuals to represent the Empowered Community. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>The Empowered Community Administration is composed of one representative from each of the five Decisional Participants.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/ec","dmsId":"433f654c-a7f2-47e7-a3b6-1bb675128a29","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0019","glossaryGroup":"E","term":"European Regional At-Large Organization","slug":"European Regional At-Large Organization","acronym":"EURALO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The Regional At-Large Organization (RALO) that serves as the main forum and coordination point for public input to ICANN from the At-Large community in Europe. EURALO keeps the At-Large Structures (ALSes) in its community informed about significant ICANN news. It also establishes mechanisms to facilitate two-way communication between the ALSes and ICANN policymakers, so ALS members can share their views on pending issues.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0021","G0017","G0018","G0020"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://atlarge.icann.org/ralos/euralo","dmsId":"f8291957-5f43-4c42-93a2-dfd9231fdf74","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0222","glossaryGroup":"E","term":"evaluation fee","slug":"evaluation fee","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a fee due from each applicant to obtain consideration of an application for a gTLD. The evaluation fee consists of a partial deposit and payment of the full fee amount for each application submitted. A deposit allows the applicant access to the Top-Level Domain (TLD) Application System.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0212"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b0f08f6d-0e93-4164-91ff-75a89104a6fc","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0521","glossaryGroup":"E","term":"evaluation fee","slug":"evaluation fee","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A fee to apply for top-level domains (TLDs). It consists of a partial deposit and a full payment.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0048","G0528"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0521-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0522","glossaryGroup":"E","term":"evaluator","slug":"evaluator","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>People or organizations appointed by ICANN to perform tasks within the phases of reviewing applications for new generic top-level domains (gTLDs). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0169","G0528"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0522-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0550","glossaryGroup":"E","term":"expedited policy development process","slug":"expedited policy development process","acronym":"EPDP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The early steps of the policy development process are eliminated to fast track policy development in cases of urgency. 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According to the European Commission, the aim of the GDPR is to protect all EU residents from privacy and data breaches. It applies to all companies processing and holding the personal data of subjects residing in the European Union, regardless of a company's location.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"d06499f4-fd32-4d61-939c-504f0776ad38","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0407","glossaryGroup":"G","term":"Generation Panel","slug":"Generation Panel","acronym":"GP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A group of community volunteers who come together to create a set of Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR) for a specific script or writing system. 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This class also includes domains associated with the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), which includes names such as .futbol, .istanbul, and .pizza, and names in other alphabets and languages.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>ICANN coordinates the development of the rules and policies that govern the registration of domain names within gTLDs.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Some gTLDs, known as \u003Cem>sponsored gTLDs\u003C/em>, represent a specific community of Internet users. In these cases, the community’s sponsor develops the rules and policies specific to the gTLD. 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See \u003Ci>Registry Transition Process\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"5696d772-31ee-450e-a390-fcae6433f6a5","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0121","glossaryGroup":"G","term":"Generic Top-Level Domain Marketplace Health Index","slug":"Generic Top-Level Domain Marketplace Health Index","acronym":"gTLD Marketplace Health Index","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A set of statistics and trends that ICANN publishes semiannually to track progress against its goals for the domain name marketplace. 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The GSC has support centers around the world that operate 24 hours a day, Monday through Friday. Besides the six United Nations languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish), the GCS provides voice support in Turkish.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/customer-support-2015-06-22-en","dmsId":"5115580c-cf02-4102-affa-f25ce6029adc","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0381","glossaryGroup":"G","term":"glue record","slug":"glue record","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A resource record in a zone file that provides the Internet Protocol (IP) address of an authoritative name server for a subdomain. 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The Bylaws provide similar information for other organizational structures, including the Empowered Community, Supporting Organizations, Advisory Committees, constituencies, and stakeholder groups.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0111","G0113","G0112"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/governance/bylaws-en","dmsId":"93db3572-2157-4e43-b9d4-2c58c86b7f3f","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0111","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"ICANN community","slug":"ICANN community","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The volunteer-based collection of global stakeholders that provide advice, develop policy recommendations, conduct reviews, and propose implementation solutions for issues that relate to ICANN’s mission and scope. \u003Cspan>Together, t\u003C/span>hese stakeholders\u003Cspan>, which\u003C/span> include businesses, Internet engineers, technical experts, civil society, governments, end users, and many others\u003Cspan>, \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>w\u003C/span>\u003Cspan>ork \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>t\u003C/span>\u003Cspan>hrough their \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>respective \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>Supporting Organizations and Advisory Committees\u003C/span>\u003Cspan> to \u003C/span>shape policies that guide the operation and evolution of the Domain Name System.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0110","G0008","G0113","G0014","G0112"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"58b745fe-7865-48c0-b463-331989dbe263","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0534","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"ICANN Fellowship program","slug":"ICANN Fellowship program","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The ICANN organization manages a fellowship program designed to strengthen and diversify participation in its multistakeholder model by targeting individuals from underserved and under-represented communities. 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groups, and organizations that develop, contribute, and maintain the unique identifiers on which the operation of the Internet depends. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Besides ICANN and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), participants in the identifier ecosystem include: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and other bodies that work with Internet standards and their respective identifiers. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://ietf.org/","dmsId":"G0472-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0284","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Incremental Zone Transfer","slug":"Incremental Zone Transfer","acronym":"IXFR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A \u003Cspan>Domain Name System (DNS)\u003C/span> protocol mechanism through which a partial copy of a DNS zone can be replicated to a remote DNS server.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0283"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b7d36c49-1b3d-4a80-8532-bf33c666aaf9","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0469","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Independent Review Process","slug":"Independent Review Process","acronym":"IRP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>One of the accountability mechanisms mandated by ICANN's Bylaws.\u003C/p> \n\u003Cp>An IRP provides a means by which a party can raise claims that an action or inaction taken by the ICANN Board, individual Directors, Officers, or staff members violates ICANN's Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws, The IRP allows for review of such claims by independent neutral panelists and provides an alternative to legal action in a court. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0467","G0305"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/governance/bylaws-en/#IV-3","dmsId":"G0469-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0560","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Inferential Analysis of Maliciously Registered Domains","slug":"Inferential Analysis of Maliciously Registered Domains","acronym":"INFERMAL","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A project that aims to systematically analyze the preferences of cyberattackers and possible measures to mitigate malicious activities across top-level domains.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0560-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0184","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Informal Resolution Process","slug":"Informal Resolution Process","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A process that allows ICANN Contractual Compliance to work closely with contracted parties to address 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Today, the Internet is a major component in the ICT landscape, and ICT developers are continually creating new digital devices and communication technologies for it. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"0dd15625-58b2-486c-9978-fdbdb097a2f0","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0202","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Initial Evaluation period","slug":"Initial Evaluation period","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), the first stage in ICANN’s review of an application for a gTLD. 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This panel is responsible for carrying out the second phase of the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/lgr-procedure-20mar13-en.pdf\">Procedure to Develop and Maintain the Label Generation Rules for the Root Zone in Respect of Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) Labels\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The Integration Panel is composed of individuals with expertise in the Domain Name System, the Unicode Standard, and scripts. 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ITU’s original purpose was to allocate the global radio spectrum and satellite orbits. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>ITU is a member of ICANN’s Technical Liaison Group, which gives the ICANN Board authoritative information about technical standards that relate to ICANN’s activities.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.itu.int/","dmsId":"G0058-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0385","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internationalized Domain Name","slug":"Internationalized Domain Name","acronym":"IDN","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A domain name in which one or more of its labels contain characters other than ASCII letters, digits, or hyphens. Because IDNs support the use of Unicode characters, they can include characters from local languages and scripts. 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For example, the character strings السعودية and السعودیۃ are variant labels according to the LGR for the root zone. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0340"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/glossary-2014-02-04-en#v","dmsId":"G0457-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0447","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internationalized Domain Name variant top-level domain","slug":"Internationalized Domain Name variant top-level domain","acronym":"IDN variant TLD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A label that is generated as a variant of an Internationalized Domain Name for a top-level domain. IDN variant TLDs are generated according to Root Zone Label Generation Rules. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/idn-variant-tld-exec-summary-25jan19-en.pdf","dmsId":"G0338-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0397","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internationalized Domain Names in Applications","slug":"Internationalized Domain Names in Applications","acronym":"IDNA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The technical protocol defined in Request for Comments (RFC) 5891 that supports domain names in various languages and scripts using Unicode characters. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0334","G0385","G0339","G0300","G0282","G0391"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891","dmsId":"G0397-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0109","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Architecture Board","slug":"Internet Architecture Board","acronym":"IAB","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An Internet governance body that provides the long-range technical direction for the Internet to grow and continually evolve as a platform for global communication and innovation. The IAB is represented on ICANN’s Technical Liaison Group. This group provides the ICANN Board with authoritative information concerning the technical standards associated with ICANN’s activities.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iab.org/","dmsId":"c983b16b-ea31-4137-bb45-90cd0814a18b","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0235","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority","slug":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority","acronym":"IANA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The suite of Internet coordination functions relating to ensuring the assignment of globally unique protocol parameters, including management of the root of the Domain Name System and the Internet Protocol (IP) address space.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The IANA functions are delivered by Public Technical Identifiers (PTI), an affiliate of ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/","dmsId":"10dadb8b-5d61-46da-9f1e-283f3c63381b","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0189","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority functions","slug":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority functions","acronym":"IANA functions","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Functions involving the coordination of the unique identifiers and codes that keep the Internet running smoothly. IANA functions include management of Internet number resources, management of the Domain Name System root zone, and maintenance of the authoritative registries for many of the codes and numbers used in the Internet protocols.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>The IANA functions are performed by Public Technical Identifiers, an affiliate of ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/","dmsId":"fc453162-01d2-4a4c-ab87-dd9327d12a92","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0536","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Naming Function Review","slug":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Naming Function Review","acronym":"IFR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>This is an accountability mechanism to ensure that Public Technical Identifiers (PTI) meets the needs and expectations of its naming customers. The IANA Naming Function Review (IFR) evaluates PTI's performance of the IANA naming function against the contractual requirements in the IANA Naming Function Contract.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0188","G0189","G0467"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/iana-naming-function-review-review-team-members-announced-26-9-2019-en","dmsId":"G0536-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0241","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority stewardship transition","slug":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority stewardship transition","acronym":"IANA stewardship transition","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The final step in a nearly two-decade-long process by the U.S. Department of Commerce to transition the coordination and management of the Domain Name System to the private sector. This step involved the transition of the IANA functions from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) to the global multistakeholder community.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>In 2014, NTIA asked ICANN to convene the global multistakeholder community to formulate proposals to replace NTIA’s stewardship role and enhance ICANN’s accountability mechanisms.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>After 800 hours in meetings, more than 32,000 emails, and numerous public comments, a package of proposals developed by the global community was submitted to NTIA. By 30 September 2016, all implementation tasks required for the transition were complete. When ICANN’s contract with NTIA expired on 1 October 2016, the coordination and management of the Internet’s unique identifiers officially transitioned to the global multistakeholder community.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0188","G0189"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/stewardship","dmsId":"5978a133-07e5-41a9-9d90-6fa76ad8c411","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0110","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers","slug":"Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers","acronym":"ICANN","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>ICANN’s mission is to help ensure a stable, secure, and unified global Internet. To reach another person on the Internet, you type an address – a name or a number – into your computer or other device. That address must be unique so computers know where to find each other. ICANN helps coordinate and support these unique identifiers across the world. ICANN was formed in 1998 as a not-for-profit public-benefit corporation with a community of participants from all over the world.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0235","G0111","G0188","G0113","G0112"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://icann.org","dmsId":"307f79f9-eed2-4f78-8cb2-c439e07eaba1","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0064","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Engineering Steering Group","slug":"Internet Engineering Steering Group","acronym":"IESG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The body that is responsible for forming working groups in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and for ensuring the quality of work that the IETF produces. The IESG also administers the \u003Ci>Standards Track\u003C/i>, which is the formal process a specification undergoes to become an Internet standard. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0181"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.ietf.org/about/groups/iesg/","dmsId":"c78ab496-9338-436c-91c9-b99a85f8f5f4","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0108","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Engineering Task Force","slug":"Internet Engineering Task Force","acronym":"IETF","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A large, open, international community of network designers, developers, operators, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the stable operation of the Internet. The IETF develops Internet standards for the communication protocols that enable the flow of data over the network. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Because ICANN and the IETF rely closely on each other’s work, representatives from IETF are included on the ICANN Board and Nominating Committee. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0181","G0062","G0064"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.ietf.org/","dmsId":"5068dc1b-2b63-4074-8f02-a105515f82df","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0538","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Exchange Point","slug":"Internet Exchange Point","acronym":"IXP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A physical location where different networks meet and exchange Internet traffic through a switch. IXPs are usually placed in neutral locations between Internet service providers (ISPs) and content delivery networks. Using IXPs allows networks to connect directly rather than going through third-party networks, and can help bring down costs and speed up routing efficiency. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0468"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0538-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0033","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet governance","slug":"Internet governance","acronym":"IG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The rules, norms, mechanisms, and organizations through which the global Internet community’s many stakeholders work together to shape the evolution and use of the Internet. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0034","G0107"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"0d814f16-1fdb-4be9-804b-f345ca3a737f","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0107","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet governance ecosystem","slug":"Internet governance ecosystem","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The decentralized collection of individuals, groups, and organizations that develop the operating rules, standards, and policies to shape the evolution and use of the Internet. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0033","G0034"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"f84a12cf-fcf3-4550-9b82-c9748b909d6b","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0539","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Governance Forum","slug":"Internet Governance Forum","acronym":"IGF","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Established in July 2006, the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) is a global multistakeholder platform established by the United Nations to facilitate discussions related to Internet governance. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://intgovforum.org/en","dmsId":"G0539-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0034","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Governance Forum","slug":"Internet Governance Forum","acronym":"IGF","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A multistakeholder platform established by the United Nations in 2006 that supports global dialogue on policy issues relating to Internet sustainability, robustness, security, stability, and development. At the IGF annual meeting, delegates from across the world meet to exchange information and share best practices. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Other forums, called \u003Ci>National and Regional Initiatives\u003C/i> (NRIs), are organized at the national, regional, and subregional level, and include Youth IGFs. These forums provide platforms where members can discuss matters of Internet policy affecting local stakeholders.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.intgovforum.org","dmsId":"31e1371b-485f-448b-bf2c-446b6082b0a7","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0254","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet identifier","slug":"Internet identifier","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Unique values and codes that enable Internet components (e.g., network equipment, protocols, servers) to operate in a unified and predictable manner. ICANN’s mission is to ensure the stable and secure operation of the Internet's unique identifier systems within its scope. Among the Internet identifiers that ICANN coordinates are:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>domain names\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Internet Protocol (IP) addresses\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>autonomous system numbers\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>protocol port parameter numbers\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>","relatedTerms":["G0115"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"cf00e007-1e06-496a-843b-b030995f0c8c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0256","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Protocol","slug":"Internet Protocol","acronym":"IP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The set of rules that govern how devices communicate over the Internet. The Internet Protocol specifies the format of the packets that devices use to transmit messages through the network. It also specifies the addressing scheme that routers use to transmit messages to their destinations.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Two versions of the Internet Protocol are currently in popular use: Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6).\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"6fec33e5-fc47-43c7-8741-c1b183dd1c9c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0435","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Protocol address","slug":"Internet Protocol address","acronym":"IP address","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A numeric value that uniquely identifies a device attached to the Internet. The Internet Protocol (IP) uses IP addresses to route message packets to their intended destinations. \u003C/p> \n\u003Cp>The Internet Protocol has two addressing schemes. \u003C/p>\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cb>Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses\u003C/b> have a length of 32 bits, which allows for just over four billion unique identifiers. IPv4 addresses are written as a sequence of four decimal values ranging from 0 through 255, separated by dots. A typical IPv4 address looks like this: 192.0.32.7.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cb>Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) addresses\u003C/b> have a length of 128 bits, which allows for 340 undecillion unique identifiers. IPv6 addresses are written using sequences of hexadecimal values, separated by colons. A typical IPv6 address looks like this: 2620:0:2d0:200::7.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>An Internet device can have both types of addresses simultaneously. Having both address types enables the device to send and receive messages using IPv4 or IPv6. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/ipv6-initiative-2017-02-28-en","dmsId":"G0435-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0498","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Protocol address block","slug":"Internet Protocol address block","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A range of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses assigned to a network in a contiguous block. Internet service providers obtain allocations of IP address blocks from a local Internet registry, National Internet Registry, or from their appropriate Regional Internet Registry. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0256","G0257","G0258","G0235"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":"See also RFC 2826.","website":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2826","dmsId":"G0498-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0499","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Protocol address space","slug":"Internet Protocol address space","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The entire range of possible Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) addresses managed by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority functions. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0256","G0257","G0256","G0235"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":"See also RFC 2026.","website":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2026","dmsId":"G0499-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0257","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Protocol version 4","slug":"Internet Protocol version 4","acronym":"IPv4","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The first version of the Internet Protocol (IP) to gain popular use. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency developed IPv4 in the early 1980s. With an address length of 32 bits, IPv4 has a capacity of just over four billion unique IP addresses. After years of rapid Internet expansion, its pool of available addresses has been fully allocated to Internet services providers and users.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>IPv4 addresses are written as a sequence of four decimal values between 0 and 255, separated by dots. A typical IPv4 address looks like this: 192.0.2.67.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0258"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"281fb604-ca2a-451c-b864-42846a7dbc3d","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0258","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Protocol version 6","slug":"Internet Protocol version 6","acronym":"IPv6","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP). The Internet Engineering Task Force developed IPv6, and the protocol became an IP standard in 1996. With an address length of 128 bits, IPv6 has a capacity for 340 undecillion unique IP addresses.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>IPv6 addresses are written using sequences of hexadecimal values, separated by colons. A typical IPv6 address looks like this: fd84:69e1:1ce7::25.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0257"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"78aaa332-dccc-4355-9096-cce147b3c55c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0062","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Research Task Force","slug":"Internet Research Task Force","acronym":"IRTF","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A body of experts who perform research that is critical to the evolution of the Internet. The IRTF is composed of several focused and long-term research groups. Topics that these groups explore include decentralized infrastructure services, cryptographic mechanisms, congestion control, and thing-to-thing communication. Often, the findings of IRTF research are applied and standardized by its sister group, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://irtf.org/","dmsId":"bbf8ed33-74d7-4421-a4ac-a25798dbf97e","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0468","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet service provider","slug":"Internet service provider","acronym":"ISP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A company that primarily provides Internet access for organizations and individuals. Besides Internet access, ISPs often provide services such as web hosting, email, and voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0468-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0312","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Service Providers and Connectivity Providers Constituency","slug":"Internet Service Providers and Connectivity Providers Constituency","acronym":"ISPCP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A constituency within the Commercial Stakeholder Group of the Generic Names Supporting Organization. The ISPCP represents the interests of Internet service providers and other entities that operate backbone networks or provide transit to Internet users and third-party content. The ISPCP also represents the interests of entities that provide electronic commerce services, application services, or managed security services over the Internet. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0307","G0311","G0313"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"http://www.ispcp.info/","dmsId":"G0312-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0045","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet Society","slug":"Internet Society","acronym":"ISOC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The international organization for global cooperation and coordination for the Internet and its internetworking technologies and applications. The Internet Society supports and promotes the development of the Internet as a global technical infrastructure, a resource to enrich people’s lives, and a force for good in society. ISOC membership is open to any interested person. \u003Cspan>Regional ISOC chapters across the globe focus on promoting ISOC’s mission locally.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0107"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":"Founding of ISOC in 1991 under the auspices of Robert Kahn’s Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) and the leadership of Vint Cerf, then with CNRI.","website":"https://www.internetsociety.org/","dmsId":"a0a7d4bb-e602-4248-be54-b3afa2e6f5cd","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0497","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"Internet standard","slug":"Internet standard","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>As defined in RFC 2026, a “specification that is stable and well-understood, is technically competent, has multiple, independent, and interoperable implementations with substantial operational experience, enjoys significant public support, and is recognizably useful in some or all parts of the Internet.” \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0109","G0108","G0181"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/unique-authoritative-root-2012-02-25-en","dmsId":"G0497-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0500","glossaryGroup":"I","term":"ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency","slug":"ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency","acronym":"ISO 3166/MA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The agency within the International Organization for Standardization that is tasked with updating, implementing, and maintaining the ISO 3166 standard that defines codes of letters used to refer to countries and subdivisions. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority uses the two-letter names defined in ISO 3166-1 as identifiers for country code top-level domains. ISO 3166/MA is responsible for any updates, for example, when a country code is created or ceases to exist. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0170","G0474","G0168","G0048"],"alsoKnownAs":["IP address space"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0500-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0540","glossaryGroup":"K","term":"key signing key ceremony","slug":"key signing key ceremony","acronym":"KSK ceremony","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>During this procedure, the master cryptographic key that secures the Domain Name System root zone is retrieved from its secure protections and used to generate cryptographic signatures for the signing of the root zone. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0474","G0298"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/dnssec/ceremonies","dmsId":"G0540-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0561","glossaryGroup":"K","term":"Knowledge-sharing and Instantiation Norms for DNS and Naming Security","slug":"Knowledge-sharing and Instantiation Norms for DNS and Naming Security","acronym":"KINDNS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An ICANN initiative to promote voluntary security best practices for authoritative and recursive DNS operators.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0249","G0505"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://kindns.org","dmsId":"G0561-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0267","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"L-Root server","slug":"L-Root server","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The former name for the ICANN Managed Root Server (IMRS)\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0288","G0262","G0289"],"alsoKnownAs":["L-Root"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"a5b01a93-57f7-438f-8553-a70f7fcf1891","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0099","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"label","slug":"label","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The segments that are separated by dot characters in a domain name. For example, the name \u003Cb>gnso.icann.org\u003C/b> consists of three labels: \u003Cb>gnso\u003C/b>, \u003Cb>icann\u003C/b>, and \u003Cb>org\u003C/b>. Each label in the name, when read from first to last, represents a subdomain of the label that follows it. For example, the labels in the name \u003Cb>gnso.icann.org\u003C/b> indicate that \u003Cb>gnso\u003C/b> is a subdomain of the \u003Cb>icann\u003C/b> domain, and \u003Cb>icann\u003C/b> is a subdomain of the \u003Cb>org\u003C/b> domain. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>In the early days of the Domain Name System (DNS), labels could be composed only of characters from the Latin alphabet (a to z), European-Arabic digits (0 to 9), and the hyphen (-). The DNS now supports \u003Ci>Internationalized Domain Names\u003C/i>, which allow labels to include characters from other alphabets (e.g., Arabic and Cyrillic) and languages (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Korean). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"2531a48c-7729-4501-9038-f6c80ac38830","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0333","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"Label Generation Rules","slug":"Label Generation Rules","acronym":"LGR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Algorithms used to determine whether, and under what conditions, a particular label is permitted within a zone of the Domain Name System. LGRs include a list of permissible code points and variant code point mappings, along with a set of rules that act on the code points and mappings. LGRs are included in the policies that zone managers establish for the zones they manage. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>The terms \u003Ci>Label Generation Rules\u003C/i> and \u003Ci>Internationalized Domain Name table\u003C/i> are synonymous. The term Label Generation Rules is favored when rules are specified in Request for Comments (RFC) 7940 format. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["ecf6ac17-83f4-4917-a57b-b58409e6a3d7"],"alsoKnownAs":["Label Generation Ruleset","policy","Internationalized Domain Name table"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"43a373ac-54f1-4160-a533-139ada25c7b1","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0042","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"Latin American and Caribbean Country Code Top-Level Domain Association","slug":"Latin American and Caribbean Country Code Top-Level Domain Association","acronym":"LACTLD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A nonprofit association of country code top-level domain (ccTLD) registries in the Latin American and Caribbean region. LACTLD provides a forum where its members can discuss policy issues affecting the ccTLD registries in their region. The association also serves as a channel of communication between its membership and Internet governance bodies such as ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0043","G0044","G0041"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.lactld.org/en","dmsId":"4181a2ea-f3b6-4848-b2bb-8c213c8dab33","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0040","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry","slug":"Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry","acronym":"LACNIC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The Regional Internet Registry (RIR) that allocates Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to Latin America and parts of the Caribbean. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0039","G0036","G0037","G0011","G0038"],"alsoKnownAs":["Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre"],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.lacnic.net/","dmsId":"a762c090-362f-4bf1-9abb-4a5ed2852fec","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0020","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"Latin American and Caribbean Islands Regional At-Large Organization","slug":"Latin American and Caribbean Islands Regional At-Large Organization","acronym":"LACRALO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The Regional At-Large Organization (RALO) that serves as the main forum and coordination point for public input to ICANN from the At-Large community in Latin America and the Caribbean. LACRALO keeps the At-Large Structures (ALSes) in its community informed about significant ICANN news. It also establishes mechanisms to facilitate two-way communication between the ALSes and ICANN policymakers, so ALS members can share their views on pending issues.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0021","G0017","G0018","G0019"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://atlarge.icann.org/ralos/lacralo","dmsId":"e93b8cf3-d6c6-4ab8-b351-9e5f4e7b6aee","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0339","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"LDH label","slug":"LDH label","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A label that conforms to the hostname format defined in Request for Comments (RFC) 952, as modified by RFC 1123. LDH labels can consist of ASCII letters, digits, or hyphens. A hyphen must not occupy the first or last position of the label.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["0b535a68-41e6-4ad8-b2ad-c6d6ddbd309a"],"alsoKnownAs":["Letter, Digit, Hyphen","LDH","LDH rule"],"origin":"An acronym that describes the pool of ASCII characters from which labels can be composed. This pool includes: \u003Cul>\u003Cli>Letters A to Z from the English alphabet (no distinction is made between uppercase and lowercase letters)\u003C/li> \u003Cli>Digits 0 to 9\u003C/li> \u003Cli>Hyphens\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>","website":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc952","dmsId":"e116c845-072e-43a0-a838-248fd7addf4c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0204","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"Legal Rights objection","slug":"Legal Rights objection","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), an objection made on grounds that an applied-for gTLD string infringes on legal rights of the objector.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0207","G0205"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"455692a9-ffd6-42fd-b17e-37720ab73fa6","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0205","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"Limited Public Interest objection","slug":"Limited Public Interest objection","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), an objection made on the grounds that the applied-for gTLD string is contrary to generally accepted legal norms of morality and public order that are recognized under principles of international law.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0204","G0207"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"aa959951-9aba-4835-ae1c-82b4b9b36a1c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0228","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"Limited Registration Period","slug":"Limited Registration Period","acronym":"LRP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), any registration period in which a registry operator (RO) imposes registration restrictions beyond the restrictions imposed by the gTLD’s general registration policy.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>ROs can offer an LRP between the end of the Sunrise Period and the start of general registration. If an RO offers an LRP, all registrations during the LRP must be subject to the Claims Service in the same manner as registrations registered or allocated during the Trademark Claims Period.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b4015c4a-6bdb-4588-a428-0a97e03b1617","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0481","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"local Internet community","slug":"local Internet community","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Entities and individuals within the same geographic area who operate or use Internet services. Country code top-level domains are delegated to sponsoring organizations from local Internet communities to operate the domains in the best interests of this community.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0170"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0481-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0425","glossaryGroup":"L","term":"losing registrar","slug":"losing registrar","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the transfer of a domain name from one registrar to another, the losing registrar is the current registrar of record. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0142","G0140"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/registrars/transfers-en","dmsId":"G0425-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0082","glossaryGroup":"M","term":"malware","slug":"malware","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Any software that, when installed, performs unwanted or malicious activity, often for the benefit of a third party. Adware, spyware, and viruses are some well-known forms of malware.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0086","G0068"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":"A blending of the English words “malicious\" and \"software”","website":null,"dmsId":"806434f6-9bad-4f43-8ada-fa64169f353c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0186","glossaryGroup":"M","term":"malware hosting","slug":"malware hosting","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A scheme in which cyberattackers conceal malicious software files (\u003Ci>malware\u003C/i>) on a website to infect computers that visit the site. Often, the attackers place these files on legitimate websites without the site owner’s knowledge. When victims click a link that leads to the malicious software files, their computers are infected. In some cases, attackers distribute links to the malicious files through spam, adware, or mobile in-app advertising. In other cases, they rely on the site’s popularity to attract victims.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0069","G0068"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"411cf26e-d21e-4487-bd5c-3c68aea728a8","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0083","glossaryGroup":"M","term":"man-in-the-middle attack","slug":"man-in-the-middle attack","acronym":"MITM attack","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Any attack in which the attacker secretly interposes software or a computer system to intercept, capture, alter, or replay messages between two parties. Attackers use MITM attacks to capture information that one party transmits to another. Installing malware to record a computer user’s keystrokes is one form of MITM attack. In more elaborate schemes, an attacker impersonates one or both parties in an email exchange. During the email exchange, the attacker aims to dupe one of the parties into divulging sensitive information or authorizing a financial transaction.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":["CEO fraud","business email compromise","banking trojan horse","browser-in-the-middle attack","email in the middle attack"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"998993b1-4d5d-40ee-8301-8216bc6b7f24","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0226","glossaryGroup":"M","term":"Material Subcontracting Arrangement","slug":"Material Subcontracting Arrangement","acronym":"MSA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Any subcontracting arrangement that relates to one or more of the critical functions identified in the Registry Agreement for generic top-level domains. A subcontractor that participates in an MSA is often referred to as a \u003Cem>back-end service provider\u003C/em> or a \u003Cem>registry service provider\u003C/em>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0103"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"3a682c11-7862-4552-9d9b-7e61987c8a49","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0409","glossaryGroup":"M","term":"Maximal Starting Repertoire","slug":"Maximal Starting Repertoire","acronym":"MSR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A template that provides the basis for updates to the Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR). The MSR contains: \u003C/p>\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Code points that are eligible for use in labels for top-level domains. \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>A default set of Whole Label Evaluation Rules for the root zone. \u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>A Generation Panel (GP) uses the MSR as its starting point to create RZ-LGR for a particular script or writing system. \u003C/p> \n\u003Cp>The MSR is updated from time to time based on feedback from the community and to accommodate relevant updates to the Unicode Standard. Each new version of the MSR is given a version number in the form MSR-# (e.g., MSR-1, MSR-2, MSR-3). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0333","G0337"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/msr-2015-06-21-en","dmsId":"G0409-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0416","glossaryGroup":"M","term":"media type","slug":"media type","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An identifier (formerly known as a \u003Ci>MIME type\u003C/i>) that some protocols use to indicate the nature and format of files sent over the Internet. A file’s media type appears in the header of a file transmission and indicates the file’s \u003Ci>type\u003C/i> and \u003Ci>subtype\u003C/i>. Common type/subtype values include: \u003C/p>\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>text/html\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>image/png\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>audio/mp4\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>application/javascript\u003C/li>\n\u003Cp>The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains the registry of media types. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml","dmsId":"G0416-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0091","glossaryGroup":"M","term":"Messaging, Malware and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group","slug":"Messaging, Malware and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group","acronym":"M3AAWG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An association of global stakeholders that work cooperatively to target abusive messaging, malware, and other new forms of online abuse. The M3AAWG publishes best practices and provides training and educational materials on fighting abuse. Its membership includes Internet service providers, telecom companies, email service providers, and social networking companies.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>ICANN is a participant in the M3AAWG.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0090"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.m3aawg.org/","dmsId":"cd991848-9c0e-42cc-a5c1-0438796ab5aa","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0458","glossaryGroup":"M","term":"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions type","slug":"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions type","acronym":"MIME type","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>See \u003Ci>media type\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0458-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0136","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"name collision","slug":"name collision","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A situation where a name used in a private network, such as a corporate intranet, results in a query to the public Domain Name System (DNS). If the name from the private network matches a domain name in the DNS, the resolution of that name can produce adverse results.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"69434eea-880f-4b13-8dba-a250828c5d2b","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0562","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Name Collision Analysis Project","slug":"Name Collision Analysis Project","acronym":"NCAP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A combined SSAC and community project to facilitate the development of a policy on name collisions to mitigate potential harm to the stability and security of the DNS posed by delegation of such strings.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0136"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0562-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0436","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"name resolution","slug":"name resolution","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The process of transforming a domain name or hostname to its corresponding Internet Protocol (IP) address. When a user requests a domain or host server by name (e.g., \u003Cb>www.icann.org\u003C/b>), the Domain Name System \u003Ci>resolves\u003C/i> the requested name to its assigned IP address (e.g., 192.0.32.7). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0251","G0168","G0435","G0272","G0275"],"alsoKnownAs":["domain name look-up","domain name resolution","look up","resolution"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0436-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0515","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"name server","slug":"name server","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A server within the Domain Name System that answers queries about a domain name, such as providing its Internet Protocol (IP) address. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0474","G0168","G0435"],"alsoKnownAs":["reverse Domain Name System (DNS)"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0515-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0122","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Naming Services portal","slug":"Naming Services portal","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An online service available through the ICANN website that provides a central location for contracted parties (e.g., contracted registry operators and accredited registrars) to conduct business with the ICANN organization. The portal helps streamline operational processes and is customized with community-requested features such as case tracking, multiuser company access, and structured workflows. Users of the portal can ask questions, submit information, and request approvals through the portal.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"http://portal.icann.org","dmsId":"271f7482-178f-40e9-bc5a-0f52d443386f","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0242","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"National Telecommunications and Information Administration","slug":"National Telecommunications and Information Administration","acronym":"NTIA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An agency of the United States Department of Commerce that is principally responsible for advising the Executive Branch on telecommunications and information policy issues.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>When ICANN’s contract with NTIA expired on 1 October 2016, the coordination and management of the Internet’s unique identifiers transitioned to the global multistakeholder community. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0235","G0188","G0189"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.ntia.doc.gov/","dmsId":"44e1015d-de43-45ae-a621-e2c4ca50fb8f","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0061","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Network Operators Group","slug":"Network Operators Group","acronym":"NOG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A professional association for individuals and groups involved in network architecture, engineering, or operations. NOG members come from entities such as Internet service providers, Regional Internet Registries, and network security groups. Through mailing lists and conferences, members exchange ideas, information, and best practices. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>NOGs are usually geographically based (e.g., \u003Ci>North American\u003C/i> Network Operators Group, \u003Ci>Australian\u003C/i> Network Operators Group, \u003Ci>Hong Kong\u003C/i> Network Operators Group). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":["Internet Network Operators Group (INOG)"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"e74a7c08-4157-401e-b5f3-60038b6bfd79","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0444","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"new generic top-level domain","slug":"new generic top-level domain","acronym":"new gTLD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A gTLD that is introduced through the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (new gTLD Program). This program aims to enhance innovation, competition, and consumer choice by enabling interested and qualified entities to establish new TLDs. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0193","G0385"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://newgtlds.icann.org","dmsId":"G0444-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0167","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"New Generic Top-Level Domain Program","slug":"New Generic Top-Level Domain Program","acronym":"New gTLD Program","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A program coordinated by ICANN to enable the expansion of the Domain Name System (DNS). \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>The final part of a domain name (e.g., .com, .net, or .org) represents a top-level domain (TLD). Under the New gTLD Program, entities can register TLDs with names such as .futbol, .istanbul, and .pizza, along with names in other alphabets (e.g., Arabic and Cyrillic) and languages (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Korean).\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>The New gTLD Program aims to enhance innovation, competition, and consumer choice. Since the program began delegating new domains in 2013, over 1,300 new gTLDs have entered the Internet's root zone.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>As part of the expansion of the namespace, the New gTLD Program has introduced several Rights Protection Mechanisms to safeguard intellectual property rights in the DNS. These mechanisms include the \u003Ci>Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH)\u003C/i>, which monitors domain registrations for trademark infringements, and \u003Ci>Uniform Rapid Suspension (URS)\u003C/i>, which enables trademark holders to resolve infringement disputes outside the court system.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://newgtlds.icann.org/","dmsId":"293c41f5-2d39-4113-b6b5-952f5fe9a244","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0551","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"New Generic Top-Level Domain Subsequent Procedures Policy Development Process","slug":"New Generic Top-Level Domain Subsequent Procedures Policy Development Process","acronym":"SubPro PDP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An ICANN community-led project to plan when and how to expand the number of generic top-level domains. The Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) New Generic Top-Level Domain Subsequent Procedures Policy Development Process Working Group evaluated the 2012 application round to identify areas where additional policy development might be needed before launching another round. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0304","G0003","G0048"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://gnso.icann.org/en/group-activities/active/new-gtld-subsequent-procedures","dmsId":"G0551-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0031","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Newcomer program","slug":"Newcomer program","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A day-long learning session for people attending their first ICANN Public Meeting. During this highly interactive session, members of the ICANN organization and community share their experiences and expertise about ICANN and its work. Newcomers learn how to engage in ICANN’s multistakeholder model of policymaking and have an opportunity to network with others in the community.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/newcomers","dmsId":"8219429f-c4d5-4fd9-ad47-a29476c0e7bc","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0541","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"NextGen@ICANN program","slug":"NextGen@ICANN program","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The ICANN organization manages a program designed to broaden community participation in ICANN policy development. The program targets students 18 to 30 years-old who live in the region hosting a selected ICANN Public Meeting and provides mentoring opportunities. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/public-responsibility-support/nextgen","dmsId":"G0541-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0117","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Nominating Committee","slug":"Nominating Committee","acronym":"NomCom","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The ICANN body that \u003Cspan>appoints a number of position\u003C/span>\u003Cspan>s\u003C/span>\u003Cspan> on \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>the  ICANN Board of Directors, the At-Large Advisory Committee\u003C/span>\u003Cspan>,\u003C/span>\u003Cspan> and the Councils of the Country Code Names Supporting Organization and the Generic Names Supporting Organization\u003C/span>\u003Cspan>. \u003C/span>. \u003Cspan>The NomCom consists of 15 voting delegates along with a number of nonvoting leaders, advisors, and delegates.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The NomCom calls for applications from the ICANN community and evaluates candidates in a fair and consistent manner. The composition and responsibilities of the NomCom are described in the ICANN Bylaws.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0113"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"f80178ef-81ad-4f12-b301-4c47de148065","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0393","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"non-ASCII","slug":"non-ASCII","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Referring to a character encoding standard other than ASCII. This term is often used to characterize a domain name or label that is not solely composed of ASCII characters (e.g., a \u003Ci>non-ASCII\u003C/i> domain name or a \u003Ci>non-ASCII\u003C/i> label). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0300"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/faqs-84-2012-02-25-en#5","dmsId":"G0393-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0307","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Non-Contracted Parties House","slug":"Non-Contracted Parties House","acronym":"NCPH","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A body within the Generic Names Supporting Organization Council that represents the interests of commercial and noncommercial entities. The Non-Contracted Parties House consists of representatives from the Commercial Stakeholder Group, the Noncommercial Stakeholder Group, and one voting member appointed by the ICANN Nominating Committee. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0306","G0004"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://gnso.icann.org/en/about/gnso-council.htm","dmsId":"G0307-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0314","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Noncommercial Stakeholder Group","slug":"Noncommercial Stakeholder Group","acronym":"NCSG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A stakeholder group within the Generic Names Supporting Organization that represents the interests of noncommercial registrants and noncommercial Internet users of generic top-level domains. The NCSG is a member of the Non-Contracted Parties House within the Generic Names Supporting Organization Council. \u003C/p>\n \n\u003Cp>The NCSG consists of two constituencies: \u003C/p>\n \u003Cul> \n\u003Cli>Noncommercial Users Constituency (NCUC)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Not-for-Profit Operational Concerns Constituency (NPOC)\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>","relatedTerms":["G0310","G0466","G0309"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://gnso.icann.org/en/about/stakeholders-constituencies/ncsg","dmsId":"G0314-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0315","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Noncommercial Users Constituency","slug":"Noncommercial Users Constituency","acronym":"NCUC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A constituency within the Noncommercial Stakeholder Group of the Generic Names Supporting Organization. The NCUC represents the interests of noncommercial registrants and noncommercial Internet users of generic top-level domains. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0307","G0316"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://ncuc.org","dmsId":"G0315-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0021","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"North American Regional At-Large Organization","slug":"North American Regional At-Large Organization","acronym":"NARALO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The Regional At-Large Organization (RALO) that serves as the main forum and coordination point for public input to ICANN from the At-Large community in North America. NARALO keeps the At-Large Structures (ALSes) in its community informed about significant ICANN news. It also establishes mechanisms to facilitate two-way communication between the ALSes and ICANN policymakers, so ALS members can share their views on pending issues.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0017","G0018","G0020","G0019"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://atlarge.icann.org/ralos/naralo","dmsId":"471b8093-4a0f-4d7c-8faa-69ef48ee254e","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0316","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Not-for-Profit Organizations Constituency","slug":"Not-for-Profit Organizations Constituency","acronym":"NPOC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The Not-for-Profit Organizations Constituency (NPOC) is a constituency within the Noncommercial Stakeholder Group of the Generic Names Supporting Organization that represents the interests of not-for-profit and nongovernmental organizations.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0307","G0315"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://npoc.org","dmsId":"G0316-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0268","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"NS record","slug":"NS record","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A type of resource record in a zone file that identifies the name servers that are authoritative for a zone. A zone file contains one NS record for each of the zone’s own authoritative names servers. It also includes an NS record for each subdomain that has been delegated to other authoritative name servers. If a subdomain’s authoritative name server resides within the subdomain’s namespace, the zone file must include a \u003Cem>glue record\u003C/em> that provides the name server’s Internet Protocol (IP) address.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"4433b59c-5aa0-4b75-a6bb-6a4ae3932a3c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0011","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Number Resource Organization","slug":"Number Resource Organization","acronym":"NRO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The coordinating body for the five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). The NRO provides secretariat support to the Address Supporting Organization.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp> \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The NRO consists of the NRO Executive Council and the NRO Number Council. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0039","G0036","G0037","G0040","G0038"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.nro.net/","dmsId":"b320e5c7-a421-485c-a907-aaf6b4e8515d","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0012","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Number Resource Organization Executive Council","slug":"Number Resource Organization Executive Council","acronym":"NRO EC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The council in the NRO that represents the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) community in interactions with external organizations. The NRO EC consists of one representative from each of the RIRs.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0010"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.nro.net/","dmsId":"2b93817d-4450-4537-9d48-9dea029b96cf","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0010","glossaryGroup":"N","term":"Number Resource Organization Number Council","slug":"Number Resource Organization Number Council","acronym":"NRO NC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The council in the NRO that oversees recommendations and manages the global policy development process relating to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. 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OCTO \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>works to improve\u003C/span>\u003Cspan> and disseminate\u003C/span>\u003Cspan> knowledge about the identifiers that ICANN helps coordinate.\u003C/span> OCTO divides its efforts between research (OCTO Research) and ensuring the security, stability, and resiliency of the Internet’s global identifier systems (OCTO-SSR).\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>OCTO Research provides trusted and verifiable information to the Internet community regarding the Internet’s system of unique identifiers. 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Registration also allows users to save customized analysis, receive notifications when selected datasets are updated, generate API keys, and view API quota usage. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0102"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://opendata.icann.org","dmsId":"G0553-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0244","glossaryGroup":"O","term":"Open Data Initiative","slug":"Open Data Initiative","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An effort that began in 2016 to make eligible ICANN data sets available for easy public discovery and access. In accordance with ICANN's commitment to transparency, the Open Data Initiative aims to make as much data as possible available for the benefit of the community and the general public.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/opendata","dmsId":"d6897d4c-7698-45e3-a1b1-408296cb7317","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0563","glossaryGroup":"O","term":"Operational Design Assessment","slug":"Operational Design Assessment","acronym":"ODA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The output of an Operational Design Phase.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0552"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://icann.org/odp‎","dmsId":"G0563-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0552","glossaryGroup":"O","term":"Operational Design Phase","slug":"Operational Design Phase","acronym":"ODP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>This process, initiated by the ICANN Board and conducted by ICANN organization (ICANN org), assesses the operational impact of the implementation of Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) Council-approved policy recommendations. The outcome of the ODP, the Operational Design Assessment (ODA), provides the ICANN Board with relevant information to facilitate its determination whether each recommendation is in the best interest of the ICANN community or ICANN. While community consultation on the facts, figures, and assumptions used by ICANN org is part of the ODP, it is not a process to relitigate policy questions. Should questions on the intent or substance on any of the recommendation occur during an ODP, then ICANN org will reach out to the GNSO Council for clarification.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0304","G0002","G0113","G0563"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://icann.org/odp","dmsId":"G0552-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0065","glossaryGroup":"O","term":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","slug":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","acronym":"OECD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An intergovernmental organization based in Paris that provides a forum where governments can work together to find solutions to common problems. With a shared commitment to market economies backed by democratic institutions, the OECD promotes policies that seek to improve the economic and social well-being of people worldwide.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The OECD is an observer in the Governmental Advisory Committee in ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"http://www.oecd.org/","dmsId":"01833bdc-e49b-46ea-baab-2806897358fc","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0063","glossaryGroup":"O","term":"Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards","slug":"Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards","acronym":"OASIS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A nonprofit consortium of over 600 organizations and individual members from around the world that work together to advance the development and adoption of open standards for structured information. The consortium has been instrumental in defining many communication protocols that are based on the Extensible Markup Language (XML). OASIS has developed more than 80 standards, some of which have become ISO standards or World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendations.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.oasis-open.org/","dmsId":"073ccb54-8264-44b8-a37f-3799df8a10e4","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0054","glossaryGroup":"O","term":"Organizational Effectiveness Committee","slug":"Organizational Effectiveness Committee","acronym":"OEC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A group of ICANN Board members that oversees certain Organizational Reviews, as mandated by the ICANN Bylaws. These reviews are intended to assess whether ICANN is achieving key organizational objectives and whether its organizational structure is effective and relevant to its mission. 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Once there, users are duped into entering login credentials, credit card numbers, or other sensitive data.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0072","G0081","G0080","G0085","G0070"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"8f79873c-3ccf-40b5-aec6-feef905b42ba","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0085","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"phishing","slug":"phishing","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A form of fraud in which an attacker masquerades as a trusted entity to infect a computer with malware or obtain sensitive information (e.g., login credentials or credit card numbers). Often attackers deceive victims by sending emails (or other types of electronic messages) that appear to be from a trusted person or a reputable entity. 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When the community achieves consensus, the relevant Supporting Organization submits the policy recommendations to the ICANN Board for approval.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"fc9bc77f-0f4e-44cc-9132-0dc544b47fe7","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0178","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"Policy Forum","slug":"Policy Forum","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The second Public Meeting in ICANN’s three-meeting annual cycle. 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The PPFT is appointed by the Address Supporting Organization Address Council, \u003Cspan>which is \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>composed \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>of representatives from each of the Regional Internet Registries.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0035"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"6d9621cc-4a79-4b0c-9cac-969955db9fc4","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0155","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"Post-Delegation Dispute Resolution Procedures","slug":"Post-Delegation Dispute Resolution Procedures","acronym":"PDDRP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Formal procedures that give certain parties a way to resolve disputes related to the conduct of a registry operator for a generic top-level domain. 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An expert panel determines whether a registry operator is at fault and recommends remedies to ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/pddrp","dmsId":"79a6c3bb-53a6-4b78-8c9c-3313b4dea662","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0141","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"Post-Expiration Domain Name Recovery","slug":"Post-Expiration Domain Name Recovery","acronym":"PEDNR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A policy that describes a registrar’s responsibilities with respect to restoring an expired domain name to the registrant of record at the time of expiration. PEDNR describes the process registrars must follow before deleting an expired domain name. It also outlines the processes and rules under which a registrant can renew an expired registration.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0106","G0127","G0128"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"307a8458-e50f-4a6c-a8cb-582e9cbdbac6","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0209","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"pre-delegation test","slug":"pre-delegation test","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a technical test required before an applicant’s applied-for gTLD string is delegated into the root zone.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"6d252a11-5057-4c91-ba8e-cfd4cd31bd13","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0210","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"primary contact","slug":"primary contact","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), the person named by an applicant to act as the main contact for the gTLD application. 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A privacy service allows a registrant to appear as the domain name holder of record, but it provides alternate contact information for that registrant. For example, the privacy address might provide a forwarding address in place of the registrant's home address.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"e6361819-0809-42f3-84c1-a5c6a5ccdddf","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0478","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"private Internet Protocol addresses","slug":"private Internet Protocol addresses","acronym":"private IP addresses","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A set of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses that can only be used within private networks, and therefore not in the global Internet. They are commonly used within home or office networks in conjunction with network address translation, which converts private IP addresses into a valid IP address when data leaves the local network. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains some special ranges of IP addresses solely for use as private IP addresses.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0235"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0478-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0243","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"Process Documentation Initiative","slug":"Process Documentation Initiative","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An effort that began in January 2017 to describe and document processes involving interaction between the ICANN community and the ICANN organization. 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For this reason, the Domain Name System prohibits labels that contain these characters. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0411-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0269","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"protocol parameter","slug":"protocol parameter","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A unique code, value, or name, used by the Internet protocols. Examples of important protocol parameters include port numbers, language tags, and media types. 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When the domain name is queried by a Registration Directory Service such as WHOIS, the identity and contact information for the proxy service is shown.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"3c4c1446-5a09-4fd9-963b-f21db51579d8","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0270","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"public and private key pair","slug":"public and private key pair","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A pair of cryptographic keys used to encrypt, decrypt, or digitally sign messages exchanged over the Internet. The private key is known only to the owner of the key pair. The public key is distributed to those parties with whom the key’s owner wants to exchange encrypted or digitally signed messages.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) technology uses public-private cryptography to \u003Cem>sign and validate query responses\u003C/em> from authoritative name servers in the root zone. 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Public Comment is also used to guide implementation work, reviews, and operational activities of the ICANN organization.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/public-comments","dmsId":"e67f1255-4e1d-4555-89eb-507a7142c017","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0179","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"Public Forum","slug":"Public Forum","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A period of open discussion during an ICANN Public Meeting, where the ICANN community can speak directly with the ICANN Board of Directors. 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PTI is responsible for the operational aspects of coordinating the Internet’s unique identifiers and maintaining the trust of the community to provide these services in an unbiased, responsible, and effective manner.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>PTI is an affiliate of ICANN that was created in 2016 when stewardship of the IANA functions transitioned to the multistakeholder community.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://pti.icann.org/","dmsId":"7fb634ff-cda3-44dc-8808-39a80c6c8233","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0400","glossaryGroup":"P","term":"Punycode","slug":"Punycode","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The standard for transforming a Unicode string into an ASCII string as specified in Request for Comments (RFC) 3492. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0334","G0413","G0397","G0300","G0391"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3492.txt","dmsId":"G0400-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0229","glossaryGroup":"Q","term":"Qualified Launch Program","slug":"Qualified Launch Program","acronym":"QLP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A mechanism available in the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program) that allows a registry operator (RO) to register a limited number of domain names to third parties before the Sunrise Period begins. The QLP gives an RO the opportunity to promote its gTLD.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"e9be172f-5f66-44cf-8608-a41161ec5710","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0086","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"ransomware","slug":"ransomware","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A form of malware in which the attacker disables or disrupts a victim’s computer and demands payment to undo the damage. Often attackers threaten to disable the computer permanently or destroy the user’s data unless they receive payment within 24 hours. Attackers frequently demand payment in cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin to make their identities and the transactions difficult to trace.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0085"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"3a6190aa-90b8-4edc-8c9c-7bc8f7dd2554","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0305","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Reconsideration","slug":"Reconsideration","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A process by which any person or entity materially affected by an action or inaction of the ICANN Board or ICANN organization can ask the ICANN Board to review or reconsider that action or inaction. 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RALOs also establish mechanisms to facilitate two-way communication between the ALSes and ICANN policymakers so interested individuals can share their views on pending issues.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The ICANN Bylaws recognize five Regional At-Large Organizations:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>African Regional At-Large Organization (AFRALO)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Asian, Australasian, and Pacific Islands Regional At-Large Organization (APRALO)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>European Regional At-Large Organization (EURALO)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Latin American and Caribbean Islands Regional At-Large Organization (LACRALO)\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>North American Regional At-Large Organization (NARALO)\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Each RALO elects its leadership and defines its own operating rules.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://atlarge.icann.org/ralos/","dmsId":"ea6a995f-18f8-4b58-8f73-8fffd868a848","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0507","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Regional Internet Registry","slug":"Regional Internet Registry","acronym":"RIR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>One of the five registries responsible for the allocation of Internet Protocol (IP) address resources within a particular region of the world. 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Advantages of RDAP include secure data transmission via HTTPS, support for internationalization, and the ability to limit access to certain information about a registration.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0144","G0232"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"e66edff8-7ddd-40be-9352-205545bbf7ac","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0564","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registration Data Request Service","slug":"Registration Data Request Service","acronym":"RDRS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A proof-of-concept for a ticketing system to handle requests for access to nonpublic registration data related to gTLDs.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0477"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/rdrs-en","dmsId":"G0564-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0265","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registration Directory Service Review","slug":"Registration Directory Service Review","acronym":"RDS Review","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A periodic review required by the ICANN Bylaws to assess the effectiveness of the generic top-level domain Registration Directory Services. The RDS Review is designed to assess whether the implementation of the Registration Directory Services meets the legitimate needs of law enforcement, promotes consumer trust, and safeguards registrant data.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Section 4.6 in the ICANN Bylaws provides details about performing an RDS Review. Reports from current and past RDS Reviews are available on the ICANN website.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cb>Note:\u003C/b> This review was formerly known as the \u003Ci>WHOIS Review\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0240","G0236","G0239","G0238"],"alsoKnownAs":["RDS-WHOIS Review"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"07fc8600-bf86-4329-8e4f-39ed4b1acd98","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0232","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registration Directory Services","slug":"Registration Directory Services","acronym":"RDS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A set of online services that registrars and registry operators of top-level domains provide to enable public access to Domain Name Registration Data. Currently, Registration Directory Services are available for generic top-level domains through the WHOIS protocol and through HTTP-based directory services.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Individual Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) also use the Registration Directory Services to maintain a database of the Internet Protocol addresses that have been assigned in their region.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"9d58a94b-182c-43f0-adec-f0c99f9e527a","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0233","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registration Reporting Interface","slug":"Registration Reporting Interface","acronym":"RRI","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An interface that the ICANN organization provides to enable registry operators and data escrow agents to submit data in accordance with reporting requirements.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b6f2e327-3c04-44f7-b31a-e7b53da6d740","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0156","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registration Restriction Dispute Resolution Procedure","slug":"Registration Restriction Dispute Resolution Procedure","acronym":"RRDRP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A formal procedure that gives established institutions a way to resolve disputes related to the registration restrictions in the Registry Agreement for a generic top-level domain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Disputes resolved through an RRDRP are administered by Dispute Resolution Service Providers approved by ICANN. Complainants are required to take specific steps to address their issues before filing a formal complaint. An expert panel determines whether a registry operator is at fault and recommends remedies to ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0155"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"ad07c4f4-5557-4270-90a6-f165899ee09d","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0309","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registries Stakeholder Group","slug":"Registries Stakeholder Group","acronym":"RySG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A stakeholder group within the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) that represents the interests and concerns of the generic top-level domain registries under contract to ICANN. The RySG is a member of the Contracted Parties House within the GNSO Council. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0466"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://gnso.icann.org/en/about/stakeholders-constituencies/rysg","dmsId":"G0309-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0102","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"registry","slug":"registry","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An authoritative master database of the domain names registered in a top-level domain (TLD). Each TLD is associated with a registry that contains a record for each domain name that exists in its domain. 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The agreement defines the rights, obligations, and provisions for the registry operator to operate the TLD. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0102","G0123"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/en/registry-agreements?first-letter=a&sort-column=top-level-domain&sort-direction=asc&page=1","dmsId":"G0542-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0131","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registry Agreement termination","slug":"Registry Agreement termination","acronym":"RA termination","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A decision made by ICANN or a registry operator to end a Registry Agreement before the end date specified in the agreement. The RA describes the circumstances under which each party can terminate the agreement and the obligations of each party in the termination process.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"f2f28177-d0c6-4853-b577-36bca7cac1f0","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0124","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"registry operator","slug":"registry operator","acronym":"RO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The organization that maintains the master database (\u003Ci>registry\u003C/i>) of all domain names registered in a particular top-level domain (TLD). ROs receive requests from registrars to add, delete, or modify domain names, and they make the requested changes in the registry.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>An RO also operates the TLD’s authoritative name servers and generates the zone file. This information enables recursive name servers across the Internet to translate domain names into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, so devices on the Internet can connect to one another. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"f3337c46-4d19-4465-a95b-567057b1b245","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0143","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registry Operator Name Change Service","slug":"Registry Operator Name Change Service","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A service that a registry operator uses to notify ICANN when the registry operator changes its name.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"32e25c70-8d50-45ae-8f44-bb0ef4bbfd01","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0163","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registry Request Service","slug":"Registry Request Service","acronym":"RRS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An online tool that registry operators of generic top-level domains use to submit proposals for new registry services or for material changes to existing registry services.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b9848dca-5840-4f24-92dc-2f8a2554c660","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0103","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"registry services","slug":"registry services","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A set of services that registry operators of generic top-level domains (gTLD) provide under their Registry Agreements with ICANN. To modify existing registry services or offer new registry services, gTLD registry operators must obtain approval from ICANN as outlined in the Registry Services Evaluation Policy.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"c015ebf3-daf6-4f28-b828-b3254a9d8c73","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0524","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registry Services Technical Evaluation Panel","slug":"Registry Services Technical Evaluation Panel","acronym":"RSTEP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A team of technical experts that help evaluate the security and stability impact of requests for new registry services.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0102","G0168","G0474"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0524-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0164","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registry System Testing","slug":"Registry System Testing","acronym":"RST","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A set of tests to determine whether a registry operator has the capacity to operate a new generic top-level domain in a stable and secure manner. The RST checks critical registry functions as described in the Registry Agreement. Testing requirements vary depending on the services a registry operator supports. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"3b9f9c91-4f25-4358-b8fb-78e4ad9ca742","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0165","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registry Transition Process","slug":"Registry Transition Process","acronym":"RTP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The formal process that ICANN follows when a contracted registry operator (RO) is replaced. ICANN uses the RTP when an RO terminates its Registry Agreement and a new RO takes over. It also uses the RTP in cases where an RO changes its name or is acquired by another company. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"c162305c-267d-4cf6-968f-269ff815ed50","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0132","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registry-Registrar Agreement","slug":"Registry-Registrar Agreement","acronym":"RRA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A contract between a registry operator and an ICANN-accredited registrar. This contract defines the terms under which a registrar agrees to perform domain name registration services for a designated generic top-level domain.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"a419d346-fb2f-4839-af20-384108e10bfe","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0543","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Registry-Registrar Agreement Amendment Procedure","slug":"Registry-Registrar Agreement Amendment Procedure","acronym":"RRA Amendment Procedure","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The process for consideration of proposed amendments to generic top-level domain (gTLD) Registry-Registrar Agreements (RRAs) where the registry operator is required to obtain the ICANN organization's approval of such amendments. This process is designed to ensure registrar input (and public input where appropriate) before the ICANN organization approves changes to an RRA.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0102","G0278"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/rra-amendment-procedure-2015-04-06-en","dmsId":"G0543-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0087","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"reputation block list","slug":"reputation block list","acronym":"RBL","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A list of domain names, Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), or Internet Protocol (IP) addresses that are known security threats. Security systems throughout the Internet use RBLs to keep malicious or unwanted material from reaching victims. In addition to filtering out billions of incoming spam messages a day, RBLs block outgoing requests to malicious or disreputable IP addresses. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>RBLs are created and maintained by commercial service providers, researchers, and public interest communities. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0069","G0084","G0085","G0068"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"9450bfa9-1000-4cd7-9642-80d6014fe540","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0181","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Request for Comments","slug":"Request for Comments","acronym":"RFC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A document of record produced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), or the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). When the IETF develops an Internet standard, the standard is published as an RFC. The IAB, IRTF, and IETF also use RFCs to publish best practices and informational material.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":"In the early days of ARPANET, members of the Network Working Group would circulate their ideas and designs under the heading “Request for Comments.” Although RFCs no longer represent literal “requests for comments,” the IETF, IRTF, and the IAB continue to apply that title to their documents of record.","website":"https://www.ietf.org/","dmsId":"5b55fee1-019f-4950-bf67-405769816273","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0037","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre","slug":"Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre","acronym":"RIPE NCC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The Regional Internet Registry (RIR) that allocates Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0039","G0036","G0040","G0011","G0038"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.ripe.net/","dmsId":"9c8c4953-cec3-47c5-844b-279cb9c8fa8b","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0137","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"reserved name","slug":"reserved name","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A domain name that is not available for registration in a generic top-level domain (gTLD). Reserved names include:\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Names of country code top-level domains\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Names related to ICANN\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Names related to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions (such as \u003Ci>example\u003C/i>)\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Names of countries and territories\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Names of international and intergovernmental organizations\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Names that a registry operator uses in operating the gTLD\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\n\n\u003Cp>The Registry Agreement defines the reserved names for a gTLD. The reserved names vary according to the gTLD.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"65baac0f-329d-4554-bd26-904c8be308a9","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0271","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"resiliency","slug":"resiliency","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>See \u003Ci>Security, Stability, and Resiliency\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/is-ssr-2014-11-24-en","dmsId":"24adcd4d-3e3b-4ec1-aeb7-d332a02a8587","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0272","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"resolver","slug":"resolver","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A Domain Name System (DNS) server that resolves host names on behalf of Internet users and applications (\u003Ci>clients\u003C/i>). Distributed throughout the Internet, a resolver performs iterative queries, starting at the root zone, to obtain the Internet Protocol (IP) address of a host computer requested by a client. Resolvers typically cache their query results so they can quickly retrieve the IP addresses for host names they have already resolved. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0251","G0277","G0275"],"alsoKnownAs":["Domain Name System resolver","domain name resolver","recursive name server","recursive resolver","recursive name resolver"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"861788d6-52ae-4a35-9497-8927b4a792bc","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0439","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"resource record","slug":"resource record","acronym":"RR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An entry in a zone file that enables the Domain Name System to resolve the names of host servers within a domain. Types of RRs commonly found in a zone file are: \u003C/p>\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>NS records, which identify authoritative name servers for the domain itself and for any subdomains to which administrative authority has been delegated. \u003C/li> \n\u003Cli>MX records, which identify servers that handle email messages on behalf of the domain. \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>A and AAAA records, which provide the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses (respectively) for a specified hostname. \u003C/li> \u003C/ul>","relatedTerms":["G0299"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters/dns-parameters.xhtml#dns-parameters-4","dmsId":"G0439-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0514","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"reverse Internet Protocol","slug":"reverse Internet Protocol","acronym":"reverse IP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A method for converting an Internet Protocol (IP) address into its corresponding domain name. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0514-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0301","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"review mechanisms","slug":"review mechanisms","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Periodic assessments mandated by the ICANN Bylaws that are critical for maintaining the health of the multistakeholder model. These mechanisms help ICANN determine the effectiveness, transparency, and accountability of its organizations (Organizational Reviews) and gauge its performance with respect to key commitments and core values (Specific Reviews).\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0298","G0467"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/reviews","dmsId":"G0301-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0317","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Rights holder","slug":"Rights holder","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The person or entity that maintains a set of rights to a particular property. With respect to policy development regarding domain names, the term rightsholder often refers to a person, entity, or designee (such as a licensee or assignee) that holds intellectual property rights on a specific trademark. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0151"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/about/trademark-clearinghouse/rights-holders","dmsId":"G0317-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0151","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Rights Protection Mechanism","slug":"Rights Protection Mechanism","acronym":"RPM","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A mechanism that helps safeguard intellectual property rights in the Domain Name System. RPMs include the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), Uniform Rapid Suspension (URS), and Trademark Post-Delegation Dispute Resolution Procedure (Trademark PDDRP).\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"59d222c0-45fa-4397-aa8d-3be0db41f5f1","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0380","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root","slug":"root","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The topmost, all-encompassing authority in any hierarchical naming or numbering system. Within ICANN, this term is often used to refer to the root zone in the Domain Name System. \u003C/p> \n\u003Cp>More generally, root can refer to the central authority for a hierarchical system. In this sense, it is sometimes used to refer to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions, which maintain the root for many of the Internet’s naming and numbering systems. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The IANA functions are delivered by Public Technical Identifiers (PTI), an affiliate of ICANN. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0189"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/domains/root","dmsId":"G0380-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0262","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root hints file","slug":"root hints file","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A file that provides the names and Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of the 13 authoritative name servers in the root zone of the Domain Name System. Recursive resolvers consult this file when resolving domain names whose IP addresses are not in local cache. The root hints file is often installed with the resolver software. It is also available from the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.iana.org/domains/root/files\">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority website\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/domains/root/files","dmsId":"7cc45118-53e5-474c-9198-832ac6845c41","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0330","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root server","slug":"root server","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An authoritative name server that responds to queries about the contents of the root zone. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["1dcebe4d-74c6-484e-9403-d2bc01877401","ba1b519f-0e7e-4fe2-8330-3f1f2aec4e29","0f97f4cf-59e0-44cf-9e7f-de930a5fc7e0"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"52bd9678-e3d4-4333-8902-54caa8541c13","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0287","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root server instance","slug":"root server instance","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An individual server that responds to Domain Name System queries that are directed to the Internet Protocol (IP) address of one of the servers that is authoritative for the root zone. For example, an “instance of the ICANN Managed Root Server\" refers to a root server that answers queries sent to the IP address of the authoritative name server operated by ICANN.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Hundreds of root server instances exist around the world. When a resolver submits a query to a root server, anycast routing relays the query packet to the nearest (in terms of routing layout) root server instance. If a local instance is unavailable (perhaps due to a power outage or a network problem), routers automatically redirect the query to the next nearest instance.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Note:\u003C/strong> The term \u003Cem>root server instance\u003C/em> replaces \u003Cem>root server mirror\u003C/em> because it more accurately defines the technology that the Root Server System uses to provide the root service.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0288","G0248"],"alsoKnownAs":["instance"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"ba1b519f-0e7e-4fe2-8330-3f1f2aec4e29","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0288","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root server operator","slug":"root server operator","acronym":"RSO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An organization responsible for managing the root service on the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses specified in the root zone and the root hints file.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0287"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"0f97f4cf-59e0-44cf-9e7f-de930a5fc7e0","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0289","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Server System","slug":"Root Server System","acronym":"RSS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The set of root servers that collectively implement the root service.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0298","G0287"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0289-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0263","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Server System Advisory Committee","slug":"Root Server System Advisory Committee","acronym":"RSSAC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The Advisory Committee that advises the ICANN Board and the ICANN community on matters relating to the operation, administration, security, and integrity of the Internet’s Root Server System. The RSSAC consists of representatives from the root server operator organizations and liaisons from other ICANN groups and the partner organizations involved in the technical and operational management of the root zone.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0113"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/groups/rssac","dmsId":"28d65fb7-5c6a-434a-8963-1bb6e3a76546","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0023","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Server System Advisory Committee Caucus","slug":"Root Server System Advisory Committee Caucus","acronym":"RSSAC Caucus","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The group within the RSSAC that is responsible for the essential work of the RSSAC. The RSSAC Caucus produces advisories, reports, and other technical documents for approval by the RSSAC. The RSSAC Caucus consists of RSSAC members and individual Domain Name System and root server system experts appointed by the RSSAC.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0024"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/groups/rssac","dmsId":"8edbddd6-ead6-49fa-965b-aa1dc6ac9070","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0290","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root service","slug":"root service","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The collective services provided by all of the anycast instances managed by the root server operators. The root service responds to Domain Name System queries about the root zone. It does not matter which root server instance responds to a query. All root servers with the same version or edition of the root zone provide identical answers. Answers received from the root service can be validated using the Domain Name System Security Extensions.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0289"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"10c7dca4-e940-4507-b632-4a0c79d2f4dd","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0354","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root trust anchor","slug":"root trust anchor","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The authoritative key at the top of the chain of trust for the Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC). The authority of the root trust anchor is conferred through parameter settings on DNSSEC-aware resolvers. It is not derived from other keys. \u003C/p> \n\u003Cp>The root trust anchor consists of a public-private key pair. The private key is used to sign the zone signing key (ZSK) for the root zone. DNSSEC-aware resolvers use the public key to verify the authenticity of data in the root zone. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0270","G0358","G0446"],"alsoKnownAs":["trust anchor","DNSSEC trust anchor"],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/dnssec/files","dmsId":"G0354-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0298","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root zone","slug":"root zone","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The top of the Domain Name System hierarchy. The root zone contains all the information needed to find top-level domains. Each edition of the root zone has a unique serial number. All root servers are expected to have (and respond to queries about) the current edition of the root zone.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0296"],"alsoKnownAs":["DNS root zone","DNS root"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"0663e54d-2f5a-493e-8e4e-caa140404226","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0291","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Zone Administrator","slug":"Root Zone Administrator","acronym":"RZA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The entity responsible for managing the data contained within the root zone. The Root Zone Administrator works with the operators of top-level domains (TLDs) and maintains technical and administrative details about the TLDs.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The RZA role is performed by Public Technical Identifiers (PTI) as part of its contracts with ICANN to perform the \u003Cspan>Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (\u003C/span>IANA) functions. PTI is an affiliate of ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0295","G0296"],"alsoKnownAs":["root zone manager"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"641ad014-ac21-476d-9f62-cd13af962f9a","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0544","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root zone database","slug":"root zone database","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The delegation details of all the top-level domains in the Domain Name System (DNS). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions coordinate the database. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0189","G0474","G0235"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db","dmsId":"G0544-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0293","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root zone distribution system","slug":"root zone distribution system","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The collection of organizations, components, and procedures that provide a reliable and tamperproof means by which the latest version of the root zone can be acquired.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0295"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"353e75ff-fd05-4800-bace-47189fb1ea34","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0024","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Zone Evolution Review Committee","slug":"Root Zone Evolution Review Committee","acronym":"RZERC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The group that reviews proposed architecture changes to the contents of the Domain Name System root zone and makes recommendations regarding the changes to the ICANN Board. The RZERC consists of nine members:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>ICANN Board member\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Senior representative of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions operator\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Chair or delegate of the Security and Stability Advisory Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Chair or delegate of the Root Server System Advisory Committee\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Chair or delegate of the Address Supporting Organization\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Chair or delegate of the Internet Engineering Task Force\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Representative selected by the Registry Stakeholder Group of the Generic Names Supporting Organization\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Representative selected by the Country Code Names Supporting Organization\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Representative of the organization identified to serve as the Root Zone Maintainer\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>","relatedTerms":["G0023"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/rzerc","dmsId":"db02f7db-abde-4233-927a-a260b68bed06","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0358","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root zone key signing key","slug":"root zone key signing key","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The public-private key pair that is the secure entry point for the root zone and serves as the root trust anchor for the Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC). The root trust anchor uses its private key to digitally sign the zone signing key (ZSK) for the root zone. DNSSEC-aware resolvers use the root trust anchor’s public key to verify the authenticity of the data in the root zone. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0278","G0446"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/dnssec/ceremonies","dmsId":"G0358-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0446","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Zone Key Signing Key Operator","slug":"Root Zone Key Signing Key Operator","acronym":"RZ KSK Operator","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The entity that provides services related to the KSK for the Domain Name System as outlined in the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.iana.org/dnssec/dps/zsk-operator/dps-zsk-operator-v2.0.pdf\">\nDNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone ZSK Operator\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The RZ KSK Operator is responsible for: \u003C/p>\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Generating and protecting the private component of the RZ KSK.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Securely importing public key component from the Root Zone Zone Signing Key Operator (RZ ZSK) Operator. \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Authenticating and validating the public RZ ZSK keyset. \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Securely signing the RZ ZSK keyset. \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Securely transmitting the signed RZ ZSK key set to the RZ ZSK Operator. \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Securely exporting the RZ KSK public key components. \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Issuing an emergency key rollover within a reasonable time if any private key component associated with the zone is lost or suspected to be compromised. \u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>The RZ KSK Operator role is performed by Public Technical Identifiers (PTI) as part of its contracts with ICANN to perform the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions. PTI is an affiliate of ICANN. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0297","G0294","G0438"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0446-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0294","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root zone key signing key rollover","slug":"root zone key signing key rollover","acronym":"KSK rollover","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The process of retiring a root zone key signing key (KSK) and replacing it with a new key. The requirement for periodic rollovers of the KSK is specified in the \u003Ci>DNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone KSK Operator\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/ksk-rollover","dmsId":"4a2989d6-3fff-4253-9989-753f724924b1","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0404","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Zone Label Generation Rules","slug":"Root Zone Label Generation Rules","acronym":"RZ-LGR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A set of rules that determine valid top-level domain labels and their variant labels. The RZ-LGR includes a list of permissible code points and variant code point mappings (if any), along with a set of rules that act on these code points and mappings. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0333","G0337"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/root-zone-lgr-2015-06-21-en","dmsId":"G404-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0295","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Zone Maintainer","slug":"Root Zone Maintainer","acronym":"RZM","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The entity that accepts root zone data from the Root Zone Administrator, cryptographically signs the root zone data using the zone signing key, and places the signed data in the root zone distribution system. The RZM also serves as the Zone Signing Key Operator for the root zone. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Currently, Verisign serves as the RZM under contract with ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0297"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"4ce86972-3a61-4bc1-a6c3-aa2840da51f8","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0296","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"root zone management","slug":"root zone management","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) function related to the stewardship of the root zone. Root zone management involves maintaining the authoritative registry of the top-level domains (TLDs), coordinating with the operators of the TLDs, and managing the root zone’s key signing key (KSK).\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Like all IANA functions, root zone management is performed by Public Technical Identifiers, an affiliate of ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0291","G0189"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"8d5de53b-8811-41ce-9ef9-1f90d867abc0","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0565","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Zone Management System","slug":"Root Zone Management System","acronym":"RZMS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A system that enables top-level domain administrators to lodge change requests, and for IANA staff to process them for inclusion in the root zone and root zone database.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/help/rzm-system","dmsId":"G0565-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0438","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"Root Zone Zone Signing Key Operator","slug":"Root Zone Zone Signing Key Operator","acronym":"RZ ZSK Operator","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The entity that provides services related to the ZSK for the root zone as outlined in the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.iana.org/dnssec/dps/zsk-operator/dps-zsk-operator-v2.0.pdf\">DNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone ZSK Operator\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The RZ ZSK Operator is responsible for: \u003C/p>\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Generating and protecting the private component of the RZ ZSK.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Securely exporting and transmitting the public RZ ZSK component to the RZ Key Signing Key (KSK) Operator.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Securely importing the signed RZ ZSK keyset from the RZ KSK Operator. \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Signing the root zone's resource records.\u003C/li> \n\u003Cli>Issuing an emergency key rollover within a reasonable amount of time if any private key component associated with the zone is lost or suspected to be compromised.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Verisign currently serves as the RZ ZSK Operator under contract with ICANN. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0420","G0297"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters/dns-parameters.xhtml#dns-parameters-4","dmsId":"G0438-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0529","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"round","slug":"round","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>One defined application submission and processing period for new generic top-level domains (gTLDs). \u003Cp>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0529-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0362","glossaryGroup":"R","term":"routing system","slug":"routing system","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The organized collection of protocols, addressing schemes, and processes that enable the efficient transmission of data packets between and within networks. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0256","G0435","G0250"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0362-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0530","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"script","slug":"script","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A collection of symbols used for writing a language. There are three basic kinds of scripts. One is the alphabetic (e.g., Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin), with individual elements termed letters. A second is ideographic (e.g., Chinese), the elements of which are ideographs. The third is termed a syllabary (e.g., Hangul), with individual elements representing syllables. In order to be used in a computing environment, each element of a script needs to be numerically encoded. \u003Cp>","relatedTerms":["G0385","G0527"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0530-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0508","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"script table","slug":"script table","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A set of rules that govern which code points are permissible to represent a particular script in the domain name system. Contemporarily known as a \u003Ci>label generation ruleset\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0048"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0508-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0545","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"second-level domain","slug":"second-level domain","acronym":"SLD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A label that is found in a zone that is under a top-level domain. In \u003Ci>example.com\u003C/i>, the second-level domain is \u003Ci>example\u003C/i>. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0168","G0298"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0545-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0406","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Second-Level Label Generation Rules Reference","slug":"Second-Level Label Generation Rules Reference","acronym":"Second-Level LGR Reference","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A set of Label Generation Rules for a particular language or script, which has been reviewed for linguistic, security, and stability considerations and formally published as a \u003Ci>reference\u003C/i> for second-level domain names. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Second-Level LGR References are made available on the ICANN website. Top-level domains can adopt these LGRs as is or use them as the basis for further modifications.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G407","G408","G404"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/second-level-lgr-2015-06-21-en","dmsId":"G0406-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0325","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"second-level name","slug":"second-level name","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A domain name that has been registered in a top-level domain. For example, in the \u003Cb>icann.org\u003C/b> domain name, \u003Cb>icann\u003C/b> is the second-level name and \u003Cb>icann.org\u003C/b> is the full name.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"027e6ac9-86f3-4ddd-8595-515cd0c4d080","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0328","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"secondary market","slug":"secondary market","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>When used in reference to the Domain Name System, the buying and selling of domains names that have already been registered and are available for sale by their current owners. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"072f517f-79e9-4bac-a4ff-5a0cd772e820","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0273","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"security","slug":"security","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>See \u003Ci>Security, Stability, and Resiliency\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/is-ssr-2014-11-24-en","dmsId":"b99a7efd-123d-4fd2-8138-77f0c78c1e4b","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0319","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Security and Stability Advisory Committee","slug":"Security and Stability Advisory Committee","acronym":"SSAC","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>One of four Advisory Committees in the ICANN community. The SSAC advises the ICANN Board and the ICANN community on issues relating to the security and integrity of the Internet's naming and address allocation systems. Besides providing guidance on security matters during policy development, the SSAC monitors the Internet's naming and address allocation system for threats. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>The members of SSAC are appointed by the ICANN Board. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0464","G0318","G0319","G0023"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/groups/ssac","dmsId":"G0319-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0301","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Security, Stability, and Resiliency","slug":"Security, Stability, and Resiliency","acronym":"SSR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Essential elements of ICANN’s commitment to enhance the operational stability, reliability, resiliency, security, and global interoperability of the Internet identifiers that ICANN coordinates.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>ICANN’s \u003Cem>FY15-16 Identifier Systems Security, Stability and Resiliency Framework\u003C/em> defines the SSR elements as:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Security –\u003C/strong> the capacity to protect Internet Identifier Systems and prevent misuse.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Stability –\u003C/strong> the capacity to ensure that Internet Identifier Systems operate as expected, and that users of these systems have confidence that the systems operate as expected or intended.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Resiliency –\u003C/strong> the capacity of Internet Identifier Systems to effectively withstand, tolerate, or survive malicious attacks and other disruptive events without interruption or cessation of service.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>","relatedTerms":["G0115","G0238"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/is-ssr-2014-11-24-en","dmsId":"bf77ea81-4800-4860-8ae0-8a69e82ca831","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0238","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Security, Stability, and Resiliency of the Domain Name System (DNS) Review","slug":"Security, Stability, and Resiliency of the Domain Name System (DNS) Review","acronym":"SSR Review","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A periodic review required by the ICANN Bylaws to assess ICANN’s execution of its commitment to enhance the operational stability, reliability, resiliency, security, and global interoperability of the Internet’s system of unique identifiers. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Section 4.6 in the ICANN Bylaws provides details about performing an SSR Review. Reports from past reviews are available on the ICANN website, along with progress updates for any SSR Reviews that are underway.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0265","G0240","G0236","G0239"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/reviews/specific-reviews/ssr","dmsId":"e2d3ce78-0180-448f-8c27-3cbd9bf1f485","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0327","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Shared Registry System","slug":"Shared Registry System","acronym":"SRS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A system that enables multiple registrars to update the same registry simultaneously. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"053954f9-ed33-4617-a188-f2345b33df22","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0212","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"slot request","slug":"slot request","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a step within the application submission period in which the applicant submits a deposit for each requested slot in the Top-Level Domain (TLD) Application System. One slot is designated per application.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0222"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"c684cd93-a4c8-4b77-9322-baedd4ca3cf9","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0088","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"social engineering","slug":"social engineering","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A technique in which attackers attempt to exploit people’s natural inclinations to trust others and be helpful. For example, in a phishing scheme, attackers exploit their victims’ sense of trust using emails that appear to be from trusted person (e.g., a friend, family member, or coworker) or entity (e.g., a bank, reputable e-commerce site, or credit card company). \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Social engineers also exploit other human inclinations such as curiosity, vanity, fear, or greed. Although social engineering often plays a role in cybercrime, the technique is frequently used in other types of crime. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"de11c46c-5750-49f1-bac1-3850c9d52599","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0566","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"spam","slug":"spam","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Unsolicited bulk email, where the recipient has not granted permission for the message to be sent, and where the message was sent as part of a larger collection of messages, all having substantively identical content.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0067"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/dns-security-threat","dmsId":"G0566-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0567","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Special Interest Forums on Technology","slug":"Special Interest Forums on Technology","acronym":"SIFT","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A platform for the ICANN community to discuss emerging technologies and trends related to the Internet's identifier systems.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/octo/sift-en","dmsId":"G0567-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0236","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Specific Reviews","slug":"Specific Reviews","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Periodic reviews required by the ICANN Bylaws to assess and report on ICANN’s performance in key areas. These reviews provide a mechanism to assess and report on ICANN's progress toward fundamental organizational objectives. The Bylaws require four Specific Reviews:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Accountability and Transparency Review\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Security, Stability, and Resiliency of the Domain Name System (DNS) Review\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Competition, Consumer Trust, and Consumer Choice Review\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Registration Directory Service Review\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Community-led review teams conduct these reviews as described in Section 4.6 of the ICANN Bylaws. Reports from past reviews are available on the ICANN website, along with progress updates for any Specific Reviews that are underway.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The Specific Reviews were formerly known as the \u003Cem>Affirmation of Commitments (AoC) Reviews\u003C/em>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0237"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/reviews/specific-reviews","dmsId":"27534f94-3fdf-4cf1-a4cf-589920d11a01","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0274","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"stability","slug":"stability","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>See \u003Ci>Security, Stability, and Resiliency\u003C/i>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/is-ssr-2014-11-24-en","dmsId":"d7589be1-86a9-486a-ba69-9deae065d34a","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0001","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"stakeholder","slug":"stakeholder","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Within ICANN, any individual or entity that is directly or indirectly affected by the decisions or actions of the ICANN community, organization, or Board. ICANN stakeholders include registry operators, registrars, Internet service providers, businesses, civil society, Internet users, governments, research institutions, technical experts, and nongovernmental organizations.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"2cded6e8-bfed-4742-a07d-8fe27fba486c","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0004","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"stakeholder group","slug":"stakeholder group","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A formally recognized body within the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) that represents a specific segment of the GNSO community. Stakeholder groups are specified in the ICANN Bylaws and hold designated seats on the GNSO Council. The GNSO has four stakeholder groups:\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Registry Stakeholder Group (RySG)\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Registrar Stakeholder Group (RrSG)\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Commercial Stakeholder Group (CSG)\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Non-Commercial Stakeholder Group (NCSG)\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\n\n\u003Cp>Some stakeholder groups are further divided into constituencies. A constituency represents a segment of a stakeholder group’s community. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b5a04b2e-96a0-4316-9d89-11e63f910be1","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0213","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"standard application","slug":"standard application","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), an application that has not been designated by the applicant as community-based.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0196"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"8aae2620-b8b8-4d3d-848a-834d15e5151b","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0140","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Standardized Form of Authorization","slug":"Standardized Form of Authorization","acronym":"FOA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The forms that the two registrars involved in a domain name transfer use to obtain the authorizations necessary to perform the transfer. The FOAs help prevent the unauthorized transfer of a domain name.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>To initiate a transfer, the gaining registrar uses the \u003Ci>Initial Authorization for Registrar Transfer\u003C/i> FOA to obtain authorization from one of the domain name’s transfer contacts. The gaining registrar is responsible for authenticating the identity of the individual who authorizes the transfer request.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>To complete the transfer, the losing registrar sends the \u003Ci>Confirmation of Registrar Transfer Request\u003C/i> FOA to one of the transfer contacts to confirm that the registrant authorized the transfer. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0138","G0142"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"03516ba6-967c-44ba-9333-416cd715b13b","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0214","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"string","slug":"string","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), the string of characters comprising an applied-for gTLD.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0215","G0216","G0217","G0193"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"0c951fd9-66bf-453f-8e09-3b2211806ab4","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0525","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"string confusion objection","slug":"string confusion objection","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An objection made on the grounds that an applied-for generic top-level domain (gTLD) string is confusingly similar to an existing top-level domain name (TLD) or to another applied-for gTLD.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0048","G0169","G0520","G0528"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0525-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0215","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"string contention","slug":"string contention","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a scenario in which there is more than one qualified applicant for the same gTLD string or for strings that are so similar they create a probability of user confusion if more than one of the strings is delegated into the root zone.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0216","G0217","G0193"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"2ebc150c-dbbb-4219-b7e6-0ae337a69767","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0216","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"String Similarity Algorithm","slug":"String Similarity Algorithm","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), an algorithmic tool used to help identify applied-for gTLD strings that may result in string confusion.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0215","G0217"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"7f9edb4d-39d2-4c8b-a857-53c71c4cb8ad","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0217","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"String Similarity Panel","slug":"String Similarity Panel","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a panel charged with assessing whether an applied-for gTLD string creates a probability of user confusion due to its similarity with other specified strings.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0215","G0216"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b8b30757-aba0-46b1-9cba-6d0bcb4bfdd6","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0275","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"stub resolver","slug":"stub resolver","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A simple resolver that is a part of the operating system on an Internet user’s computer. When a user clicks a link or types a uniform resource locator (URL) in a web browser, the stub resolver sends a \u003Cem>recursive query\u003C/em> to a designated resolver. A recursive query instructs the resolver to either return the Internet Protocol (IP) address for the requested resource or return an error. Stub resolvers do not accept referrals to other name servers.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0251","G0277","G0272"],"alsoKnownAs":["client resolver"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"bd6290e2-7f68-4735-a02b-4b656a8eccc9","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0098","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"subdomain","slug":"subdomain","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A domain that resides within a higher-level domain in the Domain Name System hierarchy. For example, the domains \u003Cstrong>community.icann.org\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>gnso.icann.org\u003C/strong> are subdomains of the second-level domain \u003Cstrong>icann.org\u003C/strong>. The domain \u003Cstrong>icann.org\u003C/strong> is a subdomain of the top-level domain \u003Cstrong>.org\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Subdomains can be delegated to specific entities. Registrars, for example, delegate second-level domains to registrants. The registrants can then delegate subdomains within their second-level domains.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"9cdbba14-ba66-487c-ad0a-e2ab419620b1","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0220","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Sunrise Period","slug":"Sunrise Period","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a period of at least 30 days during the launch of a new gTLD. During this period, trademark holders have an opportunity to register domain names corresponding to their marks before domain name registration is generally available to the public.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0160","G0148"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"34753441-7ed0-4923-a147-31e78e9b374b","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0160","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Sunrise Service","slug":"Sunrise Service","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A service provided by the Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH) that allows trademark holders to register domain names associated with their marks before registration is generally available to the public. To use this service, trademark holders must have their marks and proof of use verified by the TMCH. \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Registries for new generic top-level domains are required to offer the Sunrise Service for at least 30 days.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0150"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"1527f50f-bc59-470e-a8a9-578684240bd2","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0008","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"Supporting Organization","slug":"Supporting Organization","acronym":"SO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A formally recognized body under the ICANN Bylaws that is charged with developing policy recommendations for a particular area of ICANN's operations. Supporting Organizations are composed of volunteers from the community. The Bylaws recognize three SOs: \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Address Supporting Organization (ASO)\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Country Code Names Supporting Organization (ccNSO)\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cli>Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO)\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\n\n\u003Cp>Besides developing policy recommendations, SOs select directors for designated seats on the ICANN Board and participate in the nominating process to fill open Board positions.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0014"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"70ec6566-14e1-4f0f-a7d2-37c1c6f56772","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0548","glossaryGroup":"S","term":"System for Standardized Access/Disclosure to Nonpublic Generic Top-Level Domain Registration Data","slug":"System for Standardized Access/Disclosure to Nonpublic Generic Top-Level Domain Registration Data","acronym":"SSAD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A system recommended by the second phase of the Expedited Policy Development Process on the Temporary Specification for Generic Top-Level Domain Registration Data (EPDP-TempSpec) to bring the requests and disclosure of generic top-level domain (gTLD) name registration data information into compliance with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The hybrid model design is intended to provide a predictable, transparent, and accountable mechanism in which requests would be centralized and disclosure decisions would typically (in the initial implementation) be made by contracted parties. The system is still under consideration.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0531","G0550","G0245","G0304"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://gnso.icann.org/en/group-activities/active/gtld-registration-data-epdp-phase-2","dmsId":"G0548-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0428","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"Technical Experts Group","slug":"Technical Experts Group","acronym":"TEG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A body within ICANN that focuses on forward-looking technical and technological issues. The TEG primarily addresses how issues with the Internet's system of unique identifiers affect the strategies and operations of the ICANN Board and the ICANN organization. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The TEG meets at ICANN Public Meetings with ICANN Board members and other invited participants. Meeting agendas focus on forward-looking issues to aid the Board in making informed strategic decisions. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0113","G0427"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/teg-2017-05-24-en","dmsId":"G0428-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0427","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"Technical Liaison Group","slug":"Technical Liaison Group","acronym":"TLG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A body within ICANN that connects the ICANN Board with appropriate sources of technical advice on matters pertinent to ICANN's activities. The TLG consists of four organizations, each of which can appoint two representatives to the group: \u003C/p>\n\u003Cli>European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>International Telecommunications Union's Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Internet Architecture Board (IAB) \u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>All TLG participants are also members of ICANN's Technical Experts Group (TEG). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0113"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/tlg-73-2012-02-25-en","dmsId":"G0427-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0329","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"temporary policy","slug":"temporary policy","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A short-term policy or specification that the ICANN Board of Directors can institute when it determines that an immediate action is necessary to maintain the stability or security of registrar services, registry services, the Domain Name System, or the Internet. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["fc9bc77f-0f4e-44cc-9132-0dc544b47fe7","a1b1439e-a18f-4347-92bb-0d5a40bdd7c5"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b0ac05b8-b3a0-49ae-a8f7-3cc1c6042d41","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0546","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"thick record","slug":"thick record","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Registries satisfy their Registry Registration Data Directory Services (RDDS) obligations using different delivery services depending upon their contract terms. Thick registries maintain records of the registrant’s contact information and designated administrative and technical contact information, in addition to the sponsoring registrar, status of the registration, as well as creation and expiration dates for each registration. \u003C/p> \u003Cp>Examples of thick registries include .info and .biz. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0102","G0278","G0477"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0546-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0547","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"thin record","slug":"thin record","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Registries satisfy their Registry Registration Data Directory Services (RDDS) obligations using different delivery services depending upon their contract terms. A thin registry only includes records of technical data sufficient to identify the sponsoring registrar, status of the registration, as well as creation and expiration dates for each registration in its registration database.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Examples of thin registries include .com and .net.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0102","G0278","G0477"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0547-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0276","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"time to live","slug":"time to live","acronym":"TTL","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A numeric value in a resource record that indicates the length of time (in seconds) a resolver can keep the resource record in its cache. If a resolver queries its cache and receives a record whose TTL has elapsed, the resolver requests a new copy of the record from an authoritative name server.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0251"],"alsoKnownAs":["time-to-live"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"31ae71c8-6f6a-4c55-b437-03d9d83afe25","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0048","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"top-level domain","slug":"top-level domain","acronym":"TLD","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A domain at the top of the naming hierarchy of the Domain Name System. In a domain name, the TLD appears after the second-level domain. For example, in the domain name \u003Cstrong>icann.org\u003C/strong>, the characters \u003Cstrong>org\u003C/strong> identify the TLD.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The administrators of a TLD control which second-level domains are recognized within the TLD. TLDs fall into two classes: generic top-level domains (e.g., .com, .net, .edu) and country code top-level domains (e.g., .jp, .de, .in).\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"0b3023ca-f303-44a3-89ea-0585f24d7c7f","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0218","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"Top-Level Domain (TLD) Application System","slug":"Top-Level Domain (TLD) Application System","acronym":"TAS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), the online interface that applicants use to submit applications for gTLDs to ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0192","G0222","G0212"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"3abc71ba-d05a-48cd-87cc-f9ddf1cc86dd","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0526","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"trademark claims notice","slug":"trademark claims notice","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An automatic alert sent to trademark holders when someone attempts to register a domain name already matching a holder’s trademark in the Trademark Clearinghouse. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0168","G0474","G0528"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0526-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0219","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"Trademark Claims Period","slug":"Trademark Claims Period","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the New Generic Top-Level Domain Program (New gTLD Program), a period that follows the Sunrise Period and runs for at least the first 90 days of general registration in a new gTLD.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>During the Claims Period, registrants are alerted in real time if they attempt to register domain names that match trademarks in the Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH). If the registrant chooses to proceed with the registration after receiving the alert, the Claims Service notifies the holder of the trademark.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":["Claims Period"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"95ec46aa-3e72-4438-9ad8-a64e5e890bf7","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0148","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"Trademark Clearinghouse","slug":"Trademark Clearinghouse","acronym":"TMCH","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A mechanism of the New Generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) Program designed to help protect the rights of trademark holders. The Trademark Clearinghouse verifies and records rights information from all over the world. This verified information is used during domain name registration processes, especially when new gTLDs launch.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0160","G0150"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/about/trademark-clearinghouse","dmsId":"f6269d43-d224-45b4-8c30-8dc0d5ebd092","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0149","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"Trademark Clearinghouse Requirements","slug":"Trademark Clearinghouse Requirements","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A set of requirements related to the Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH) that are specified in the Registry Agreement. 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Complainants are required to take specific steps to address their issues before filing a formal complaint. An expert panel determines whether a registry operator is liable and recommends remedies to ICANN.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["b9d3db66-4b8b-4968-820c-a5bfda8ca68f","e0864fe6-4836-4c62-a7ad-9a0471ac920a","79a6c3bb-53a6-4b78-8c9c-3313b4dea662"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/pddrp-2014-01-09-en","dmsId":"f4b48d93-a73b-4127-8687-d9be23aa1145","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0506","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"transfer","slug":"transfer","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The process of moving responsibility for a delegation of a resource from one entity to another. In the context of the Domain Name System (DNS) root zone, it involves assessing potential changes to top-level domains in the DNS against the applicable policies. This process was historically known as a redelegation. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0474","G0168","G0449"],"alsoKnownAs":["Recursive name resolver"],"origin":null,"website":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8499","dmsId":"G0506-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0134","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"transfer contact","slug":"transfer contact","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An individual who is authorized to transfer a domain name to another registrar. 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TCP and IP work in tandem to provide reliable delivery of data between applications running on host systems connected to a network. During an Internet transmission: \u003C/p>\u003Cul> \n\u003Cli>IP breaks the sender’s data into small pieces called packets and relays the packets across the Internet based on the IP address in the packet header.\u003C/li> \n\u003Cli>TCP establishes a connection between the applications and ensures that the sender’s data is delivered, error-checked, and reassembled in the proper order on the receiving end. \u003C/li>\u003C/ul>","relatedTerms":["G0256","G0435"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0373-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0279","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"Transport Layer Security","slug":"Transport Layer Security","acronym":"TLS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A cryptographic protocol that enables applications to communicate over the Internet in a way that helps prevent eavesdropping, message tampering, and forgery.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>TLS is the replacement for the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, which has been deprecated by the Internet Engineering Task Force. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"12a59b44-bddb-47b0-a63d-88a97000e4f4","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0509","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"trust anchor","slug":"trust anchor","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A verified cryptographic certificate that can be used to validate a chain of trust. For the Domain Name System (DNS), this is a signature of the key signing key for the root zone. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0474","G0253","G0168"],"alsoKnownAs":["label generation ruleset"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0509-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0286","glossaryGroup":"T","term":"Trusted Community Representative","slug":"Trusted Community Representative","acronym":"TCR","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A trusted member of the Domain Name System’s technical and operational communities who has been selected to maintain custody of materials required for the successful operation of the root zone key signing key (KSK). By design, access to the KSK is spread across many individuals who must come together to operate the key. The TCRs play an essential role in securing the KSK and maintaining trust in the Domain Name System Security Extensions mechanism.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0294"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"fe09dd19-531d-4f18-b721-f805b825cd27","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0391","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"U-label","slug":"U-label","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A label, composed of a valid Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) string of Unicode characters, that is in proper form and contains at least one non-ASCII character. A U-label expresses a label in the form that users expect to see it displayed in applications. U-labels are digitally represented in a Unicode encoding format such as UTF-8. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0334","G0385","G0398","G0300"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/glossary-2014-02-04-en#u","dmsId":"G0391-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0266","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"Unicode Consortium","slug":"Unicode Consortium","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A non-profit organization founded to develop, extend, and promote the use of the Unicode Standard, which specifies the representation of text in modern software products and standards.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Unicode is a registered trademark of Unicode, Inc. in the United States and other countries.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0282"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"69d98462-6d2a-463e-8259-5effb0893bc0","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0300","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"Unicode Standard","slug":"Unicode Standard","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A universal character encoding that most modern software programs and communication protocols use to process, store, and exchange textual data. Each character in the Unicode Standard is represented by a unique integer called a \u003Ci>code point\u003C/i>. Besides encompassing characters from writing systems around the world, the Unicode Standard includes technical symbols, punctuation, and other characters used in written text (e.g., emojis). \u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>The Unicode Standard is the basis for Internationalized Domain Names.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Unicode is a registered trademark of Unicode, Inc. in the United States and other countries.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0282"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.unicode.org/standard/standard.html","dmsId":"e87d4711-08ad-48b0-9e8e-bba7671265df","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0152","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy","slug":"Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy","acronym":"UDRP","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A policy for resolving disputes arising from alleged abusive registrations of domain names (for example, cybersquatting). The UDRP allows trademark holders to initiate expedited administrative proceedings by filing a complaint with an approved Dispute Resolution Service Provider. The UDRP is one of the Rights Protection Mechanisms that help safeguard intellectual property rights in the Domain Name System. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0153"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"b9d3db66-4b8b-4968-820c-a5bfda8ca68f","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0153","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"Uniform Rapid Suspension","slug":"Uniform Rapid Suspension","acronym":"URS","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An expedited administrative procedure that rights holders can initiate for certain types of domain name disputes. The URS procedure is a tool for quickly addressing clear-cut cases of trademark infringement. The URS is one of the Rights Protection Mechanisms that helps safeguard intellectual property rights in the Domain Name System. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0152"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"e0864fe6-4836-4c62-a7ad-9a0471ac920a","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0281","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"uniform resource locator","slug":"uniform resource locator","acronym":"URL","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A globally unique sequence of characters that describes the location of a specific file or resource (e.g., streaming video, software application, online service) on the Internet. The URL also identifies the protocol to use to open the specified file or resource. In the URL, \u003Ca href=\"https://whois.icann.org/en\">https://whois.icann.org/en\u003C/a>, \u003Cb>https\u003C/b> identifies the protocol to use to open the resource located at \u003Cb>whois.icann.org/en\u003C/b>.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0168"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"32a95e81-0426-4e21-a348-77e46ff4d84f","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0367","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"unique identifier","slug":"unique identifier","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Any identifier within a protocol that must be used in the same manner by all protocol users in order for the protocol to function correctly. Unique identifiers are recorded in authoritative registries to ensure their uniqueness and avoid usage conflicts among protocol users. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The Internet relies on many types of unique identifiers. These include domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, autonomous system numbers, and port numbers. ICANN’s technical mission involves allocating the unique identifiers that enable the proper operation of the Internet. This function is delivered by Public Technical Identifiers (PTI) as part of its contracts with ICANN to perform the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions. PTI is an affiliate of ICANN. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0189","G0188"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0367-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0368","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"unique identifier health","slug":"unique identifier health","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A state of general functioning of the Internet’s unique identifiers that is within nominal technical bounds in the dimensions of coherency, integrity, speed, availability, vulnerability, and resiliency. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0238"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/ithi","dmsId":"G0368-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0331","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"Universal Acceptance","slug":"Universal Acceptance","acronym":"UA","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>The principle of accepting, validating, storing, processing, and displaying domain names and email addresses correctly and consistently across all applications, devices, and systems. Universal Acceptance is a fundamental requirement for achieving a fully multilingual Internet, where Internet users around the world can navigate entirely in local languages. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["fdb5b02a-7b3a-4cdd-a167-fcd5174db3e6"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/universal-acceptance-2012-02-25-en","dmsId":"8042eb73-0f97-44e5-9c00-ddb456f05cb5","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0332","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"Universal Acceptance Steering Group","slug":"Universal Acceptance Steering Group","acronym":"UASG","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A community-based team working to champion Universal Acceptance as a vision for the Internet of the future. The UASG helps software developers and website owners understand how to update their systems to stay current with an evolving Domain Name System.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://uasg.tech/","dmsId":"fdb5b02a-7b3a-4cdd-a167-fcd5174db3e6","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0282","glossaryGroup":"U","term":"UTF-8","slug":"UTF-8","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A serialization standard that enables Unicode characters to be transmitted over the Internet using one to four 8-bit bytes. UTF-8 (an acronym for \u003Ci>Unicode Transformation Format 8-bit\u003C/i>) is widely used for transmitting data over the Internet.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Cp>Unicode is a registered trademark of Unicode, Inc. in the United States and other countries.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0266"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"http://www.utf-8.com/","dmsId":"a18eda2b-0aff-4059-a049-b9bbdc548796","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0277","glossaryGroup":"V","term":"validating resolver","slug":"validating resolver","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A resolver that uses Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) technology to verify the cryptographic signatures for data it receives from Domain Name System servers.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0251","G0272"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"7c3cf3a8-7ba3-4276-8bcb-f9abf8540b33","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0476","glossaryGroup":"V","term":"variant","slug":"variant","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An Internationalized Domain Name that can be registered in different ways due to variations in the spelling of words in a given language. For example, when registering a Chinese domain name, two versions of a character might exist in simplified and traditional Chinese or 名称 (Míngchēng, or \u003Ci>name\u003C/i>) and 名稱 (Míngchēng, or name) may be considered variants in Chinese.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0385","G0417"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0476-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0417","glossaryGroup":"V","term":"variant character","slug":"variant character","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>This term is no longer used. See \u003Ci>Internationalized Domain Name variant code points.\u003C/i> \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0417-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0403","glossaryGroup":"V","term":"variant table","slug":"variant table","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>See \u003Ci>Internationalized Domain Name table\u003C/i>. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0403-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0527","glossaryGroup":"V","term":"variant top-level domains","slug":"variant top-level domains","acronym":"variant TLDs","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>Top-level domain strings resulting from the substitution of one or more characters in a string with variant characters from an Internationalized Domain Name table. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0168","G0385"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0527-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0477","glossaryGroup":"W","term":"WHOIS","slug":"WHOIS","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A system which provides online records containing identifying and contact information about registered domain names, Autonomous System Numbers, and Internet Protocol addresses. The registration data is managed by registries and registrars. For years, the WHOIS system has been based on a simple plain text-based protocol (called the WHOIS protocol), described in the \u003Ca href=”https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3912>RFC 3912\u003C/a>. The \u003Ca href=”https://www.icann.org/rdap>Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)\u003C/a> began replacing the WHOIS protocol in 2015.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0278","G0108"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":"A computer program based on a 1982 protocol or standard, which was first published at the Internet Engineering Task Force. The program looked up the contact information of an individual with a directory on ARPANET and who was able to transmit data over the network. As the Internet grew, this program began to serve a broader audience. Existing policies require ICANN to maintain up-to-date public data and access to accurate and complete domain name registrant, technical, billing, and administrative contact information. The Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) is supplanting WHOIS.","website":"https://lookup.icann.org/","dmsId":"G0477-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0510","glossaryGroup":"W","term":"WHOIS database","slug":"WHOIS database","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A database containing registration information about Internet resources, such as domain names or Internet Protocol (IP) numbering resources. These databases can be accessed using a variety of technologies, such as the WHOIS protocol or the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0512","G0474","G0278"],"alsoKnownAs":["A public or symmetric key"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0510-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0511","glossaryGroup":"W","term":"WHOIS gateway","slug":"WHOIS gateway","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An interface for the WHOIS protocol used to access domain name registration data. See WHOIS database for more details.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0512"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3912","dmsId":"G0511-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0512","glossaryGroup":"W","term":"WHOIS protocol","slug":"WHOIS protocol","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A program providing publicly available data on domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and autonomous systems numbers in a registry. The protocol is in the process of being replaced by the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP). \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0278","G0123","G0102"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":"See also RFC 3912.","website":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3912","dmsId":"G0512-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0513","glossaryGroup":"W","term":"WHOIS server","slug":"WHOIS server","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A system that accepts queries using the WHOIS protocol. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0512"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://whois.icann.org/en/technical-overview","dmsId":"G0513-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0410","glossaryGroup":"W","term":"Whole Label Evaluation Rules","slug":"Whole Label Evaluation Rules","acronym":"WLER","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A type of Label Generation Rule that determines the validity of a label based on whether its code points appear in permissible contexts. For example, zone administrators often use WLER to prohibit the use of labels that start (or end) with certain code points. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0333","G0409","G0337"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/whole-label-evaluation-rules-15sep17-en.pdf","dmsId":"G0410-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0470","glossaryGroup":"W","term":"work stream","slug":"work stream","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A progression of related activities aimed at producing a specified deliverable or outcome. For example, a working group in the ICANN community might divide its work into multiple work streams, each with a distinct goal or work product. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":["track"],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/public-comments/draft-ccwg-accountability-proposal-2015-11-30-en","dmsId":"G0470-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0003","glossaryGroup":"W","term":"working group","slug":"working group","acronym":null,"revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>A temporary group formed by a Supporting Organization (SO) or an Advisory Committee (AC) to solve a specific problem or carry out a particular assignment. For example, during a policy development process, the Generic Names Supporting Organization Council assembles a working group to develop and refine a policy recommendation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Working groups are composed of volunteers from the community. The formation and membership of a working group vary according to the SO’s or AC’s procedural rules. Working groups are expected to operate in accordance with ICANN’s principles of accountability and transparency. Active working groups are listed on the SO’s or AC’s website.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":["working party"],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"G0003-EN","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0059","glossaryGroup":"W","term":"World Intellectual Property Organization","slug":"World Intellectual Property Organization","acronym":"WIPO","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>An agency of the United Nations that provides a global forum for intellectual property services, policies, and information. WIPO enables its 191 member states to collectively shape rules associated with the international registration systems for intellectual property. 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Resource records (RRs) in a zone file identify the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of the hosts (e.g., web servers, mail servers) and name servers within the name server’s zone. A zone file can also contain other types of RRs (such as ones containing digital signatures) as determined by the zone owner. The RRs in a zone file enable an authoritative name server to respond definitively to DNS queries about the contents of a zone.\u003C/p>","relatedTerms":["G0268"],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":null,"dmsId":"30398d28-9722-41b7-9c5b-367dd88365d9","languageTag":"en"},{"__typename":"Glossary","glossaryId":"G0297","glossaryGroup":"Z","term":"zone signing key","slug":"zone signing key","acronym":"ZSK","revisedDefinition":"\u003Cp>In the root zone, the cryptographic public and private key pair that the Root Zone ZSK Operator uses to digitally sign the content of the root zone. 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This effort resulted in a series of easy-to-follow materials that serve as introductions to key processes conducted across ICANN's multistakeholder model. \u003C/p>","relatedTerms":[],"alsoKnownAs":[],"origin":null,"website":"https://www.icann.org/processdocumentation","dmsId":"980e5fb8-9fc5-471b-a1e3-1d443d98af29","languageTag":null}}},"loading":false,"networkStatus":7}}</script><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8ec6c05b5c9b3fc5',t:'MTczMzI2MjQwNy4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></html>