CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Healthcare in Canada - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c602b08c-fdf5-4e44-a352-c6dfaba7b9be","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Healthcare_in_Canada","wgTitle":"Healthcare in Canada","wgCurRevisionId":1256154369,"wgRevisionId":1256154369,"wgArticleId":811741,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with dead external links from June 2016","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from March 2020","Use Canadian English from January 2019" ,"All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Healthcare in Canada"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Healthcare_in_Canada","wgRelevantArticleId":811741,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3535133","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/800px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/640px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Healthcare in Canada - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Healthcare_in_Canada rootpage-Healthcare_in_Canada skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Healthcare+in+Canada" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Healthcare+in+Canada" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Healthcare+in+Canada" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Healthcare+in+Canada" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_healthcare_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_healthcare_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Canadian healthcare policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_healthcare_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_and_measuring_healthcare_in_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_and_measuring_healthcare_in_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Monitoring and measuring healthcare in Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_and_measuring_healthcare_in_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Current status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Current status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefits_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Benefits and features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Coverage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coverage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Coverage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Oral health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiotherapy,_occupational_therapy,_and_massage_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiotherapy,_occupational_therapy,_and_massage_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and massage therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiotherapy,_occupational_therapy,_and_massage_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_coverage_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_coverage_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other coverage limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_coverage_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nursing_homes_and_home_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nursing_homes_and_home_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Nursing homes and home care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nursing_homes_and_home_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Healthcare spending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_sector_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_sector_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Private sector funding </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Private_sector_funding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Private sector funding subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Private_sector_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_health_insurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_health_insurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Private health insurance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_health_insurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Out-of-pocket_expenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Out-of-pocket_expenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Out-of-pocket expenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Out-of-pocket_expenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_healthcare_expenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_healthcare_expenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Major healthcare expenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_healthcare_expenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hospitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Hospitals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceuticals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceuticals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Pharmaceuticals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceuticals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physician_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physician_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Physician services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physician_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_physicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_physicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3.1 Number of physicians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_physicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physician_payment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physician_payment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3.2 Physician payment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physician_payment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3.3 Professional organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3.4 Provincial associations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_spending_and_an_aging_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_spending_and_an_aging_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Healthcare spending and an aging population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_spending_and_an_aging_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparing_healthcare_spending_over_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparing_healthcare_spending_over_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Comparing healthcare spending over time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparing_healthcare_spending_over_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_spending_by_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_spending_by_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Healthcare spending by province </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_spending_by_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_timeline_of_significant_events_in_Canadian_healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_timeline_of_significant_events_in_Canadian_healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 A timeline of significant events in Canadian healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_timeline_of_significant_events_in_Canadian_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_debates_in_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_debates_in_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Healthcare debates in Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_debates_in_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flaws_in_Canada's_healthcare_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flaws_in_Canada's_healthcare_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Flaws in Canada's healthcare system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flaws_in_Canada's_healthcare_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Flaws in Canada's healthcare system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Flaws_in_Canada's_healthcare_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hospital_and_urgent_care_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital_and_urgent_care_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Hospital and urgent care access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital_and_urgent_care_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wait_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wait_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Wait times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wait_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_gaps_in_healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_gaps_in_healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Gender gaps in healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_gaps_in_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_healthcare_privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_healthcare_privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3.1 Effects of healthcare privatization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_healthcare_privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_gap_in_healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_gap_in_healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Socioeconomic gap in healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_gap_in_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inequalities_in_care_by_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inequalities_in_care_by_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Inequalities in care by community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inequalities_in_care_by_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5.1 Black community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5.2 Indigenous community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5.3 LGBT community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5.4 Immigrants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5.5 Refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_living_with_intellectual_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_living_with_intellectual_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5.6 People living with intellectual disabilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_living_with_intellectual_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Added_incentive_to_encourage_assisted_suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Added_incentive_to_encourage_assisted_suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Added incentive to encourage assisted suicide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Added_incentive_to_encourage_assisted_suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadians_receiving_healthcare_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadians_receiving_healthcare_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Canadians receiving healthcare in the United States </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canadians_receiving_healthcare_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Canadians receiving healthcare in the United States subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Canadians_receiving_healthcare_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americans_visiting_Canada_to_receive_healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americans_visiting_Canada_to_receive_healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Americans visiting Canada to receive healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americans_visiting_Canada_to_receive_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portability_and_provincial_residency_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portability_and_provincial_residency_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Portability and provincial residency requirements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portability_and_provincial_residency_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_selected_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_selected_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Comparison to selected other countries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_selected_other_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparison to selected other countries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_selected_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare_spending_compared_to_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_spending_compared_to_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Healthcare spending compared to other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_spending_compared_to_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elective_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elective_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Elective surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elective_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy_at_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy_at_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Life expectancy at birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy_at_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy_at_65" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy_at_65"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Life expectancy at 65 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy_at_65-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under-five_mortality_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under-five_mortality_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 Under-five mortality rates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under-five_mortality_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_mortality_rate_per_100,000_live_births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_mortality_rate_per_100,000_live_births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.6 Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_mortality_rate_per_100,000_live_births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physicians_per_1000_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physicians_per_1000_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.7 Physicians per 1000 people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physicians_per_1000_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_challenges_to_Canada's_healthcare_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_challenges_to_Canada's_healthcare_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Legal challenges to Canada's healthcare system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_challenges_to_Canada's_healthcare_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal challenges to Canada's healthcare system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_challenges_to_Canada's_healthcare_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambie's_failed_constitutional_challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambie's_failed_constitutional_challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Cambie's failed constitutional challenge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambie's_failed_constitutional_challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_healthcare_contribution_to_Climate_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_healthcare_contribution_to_Climate_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Canadian healthcare contribution to Climate Change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_healthcare_contribution_to_Climate_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Healthcare in Canada</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" > 6 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الرعاية الصحية في كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرعاية الصحية في كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مراقبت سلامتی در کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مراقبت سلامتی در کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelayanan_kesehatan_di_Kanada" title="Pelayanan kesehatan di Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelayanan kesehatan di Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E3%81%AE%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82" title="カナダの医療 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダの医療" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAde_no_Canad%C3%A1" title="Saúde no Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saúde no Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கனடாவில் நலம் பேணல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனடாவில் நலம் பேணல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3535133#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Healthcare_in_Canada" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Healthcare_in_Canada" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&oldid=1256154369" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Healthcare_in_Canada&id=1256154369&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHealthcare_in_Canada">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHealthcare_in_Canada">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Healthcare_in_Canada" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3535133" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Category:Healthcare in Canada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:135%;font-weight:heavy;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Healthcare in Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/130px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/195px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/260px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Canada)" title="Minister of Health (Canada)">Minister of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Transfer" title="Canada Health Transfer">Health Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Insured_Health_Benefits" title="Non-Insured Health Benefits">Non-Insured Benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_Canada" title="History of medicine in Canada">History of medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_Canada" title="Physicians in Canada">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Canada" title="Nursing in Canada">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_medicare" title="Father of medicare">Father of medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_healthcare_systems_in_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States">Comparison with the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_Insurance_and_Diagnostic_Services_Act" title="Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act">Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_health_care_in_Canada" title="Refugee health care in Canada">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Canada" title="Smoking in Canada">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Canada" title="Obesity in Canada">Obesity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Healthcare_in_Canada_sidebar" title="Template:Healthcare in Canada sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Healthcare_in_Canada_sidebar" title="Template talk:Healthcare in Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Healthcare_in_Canada_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Healthcare in Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Healthcare in Canada is delivered through the provincial and territorial systems of <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded health care</a>, informally called <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">Medicare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AaseWaring2017-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It is guided by the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a> of 1984,<a href="#cite_note-Bégin1988-3">[3]</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LeattMapa2003-4">[4]</a>: 81  The 2002 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Future_of_Health_Care_in_Canada" title="Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada">Royal Commission</a>, known as the Romanow Report, revealed that Canadians consider universal access to publicly funded health services as a "fundamental value that ensures national health care insurance for everyone wherever they live in the country".<a href="#cite_note-Romanow_Report_2002-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romanow_Recommendations_2002-6">[6]</a> Canadian Medicare provides coverage for approximately 70 percent of Canadians' healthcare needs, and the remaining 30 percent is paid for through the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2005-8">[8]</a> The 30 percent typically relates to services not covered or only partially covered by Medicare, such as <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a>, eye care, <a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">medical devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">gender care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_Canada" title="Dentistry in Canada">dentistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2005-8">[8]</a> About 65-75 percent of Canadians have some form of supplementary health insurance related to the aforementioned reasons; many receive it through their employers or use secondary <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">social service programs</a> related to extended coverage for families receiving social assistance or vulnerable demographics, such as seniors, minors, and those with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_20170701-9">[9]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> (CIHI), by 2019, Canada's aging population represents an increase in healthcare costs of approximately one percent a year, which is a modest increase.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a> In a 2020 <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS), 69 percent of Canadians self-reported that they had excellent or very good physical health—an improvement from 60 percent in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-statcan_Findlay_20200424-10">[10]</a> In 2019, 80 percent of Canadian adults self-reported having at least one major risk factor for chronic disease: <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Canada" title="Smoking in Canada">smoking</a>, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating or excessive <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drinks_in_Canada" title="Alcoholic drinks in Canada">alcohol</a> use.<a href="#cite_note-GregoryStephens2019-11">[11]</a> Canada has <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Canada" title="Obesity in Canada">one of the highest rates of adult obesity</a> among <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) countries attributing to approximately 2.7 million cases of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> (types 1 and 2 combined).<a href="#cite_note-GregoryStephens2019-11">[11]</a> Four chronic diseases—<a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> (a leading cause of death), <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory diseases</a> and diabetes account for 65 percent of deaths in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-GregoryStephens2019-11">[11]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> reported that healthcare spending reached $308 billion, or 12.7 percent of Canada's GDP for that year.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 2022 Canada's per-capita spending on health expenditures ranked 12th among <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">healthcare systems in the OECD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-barcharts-13">[13]</a> Canada has performed close to the average on the majority of OECD health indicators since the early 2000s,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and ranks above average for <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">access to care</a>, but the number of doctors and hospital beds are considerably below the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_2017-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Fund" title="Commonwealth Fund">Commonwealth Funds</a> 2021 report comparing the healthcare systems of the 11 most developed countries ranked Canada second-to-last.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-16">[16]</a> Identified weaknesses of Canada's system were comparatively higher infant mortality rate, the prevalence of chronic conditions, long wait times, poor availability of after-hours care, and a lack of prescription drugs coverage.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> An increasing problem in Canada's health system is a shortage of healthcare professionals and hospital capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Duong_Vogel_2023_pp._E309–E310-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen_Partner_Organization_Ma_2023_j399-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_healthcare_policy">Canadian healthcare policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Canadian healthcare policy">edit</a>]</div> The primary objective of the Canadian healthcare policy, as set out in the 1984 <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a> (CHA), is to "protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers."<a href="#cite_note-CHA_1984-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-LoP_Tiedemann_20191217-21">[21]</a> The federal government ensures compliance with its requirements that all Canadians have "reasonable access to medically necessary hospital, physician, and surgical-dental services that require a hospital" by providing cash to provinces and territories through the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Transfer" title="Canada Health Transfer">Canada Health Transfer</a> (CHT) based on their fulfilling certain "criteria and conditions related to insured health services and extended health care services."<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Tiedemann_20191217-21">[21]</a> In his widely cited 1987 book, Malcolm G. Taylor traced the roots of Medicare and federal-provincial negotiations involving "issues of jurisdiction, cost allocations, revenue transfers, and taxing authorities" that resulted in the current system that provides healthcare to "Canadians on the basis of need, irrespective of financial circumstances."<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1987-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2009-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring_and_measuring_healthcare_in_Canada">Monitoring and measuring healthcare in Canada</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Monitoring and measuring healthcare in Canada">edit</a>]</div> Health Canada, under the direction of the Health Minister, is the ministry responsible for overseeing Canada's healthcare, including its public policies and implementations. This includes the maintenance and improvement of the health of the Canadian population, which is "among the healthiest in the world as measured by longevity, lifestyle and effective use of the public health care system."<a href="#cite_note-CHA_2015-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">federal department</a>, publishes a series of surveys of the healthcare system in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Canadastat-25">[25]</a> Although life-threatening cases are dealt with immediately, some services needed are non-urgent and patients are seen at the next-available appointment in their local chosen facility. In 1996, in response to an interest in renewing its healthcare system, the federal government established the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHRSF) in the 1996 federal budget to conduct research in collaboration with "provincial governments, health institutions, and the private sector" to identify the successes and failures in the health system.<a href="#cite_note-Mullner_2009-26">[26]</a>: 113  The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> (CIHI) is a not-for-profit, independent organization established by the provincial, territorial, and federal government to make healthcare information publicly available.<a href="#cite_note-about_CIHI-27">[27]</a> The CIHI was established in 1994 to serve as a national "coordinating council and an independent institute for health information" in response to the 1991 report, "Health Information for Canada" produced by the National Task Force on Health Information.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_History_2019-28">[28]</a> In 1994, the CIHI merged the Hospital Medical Records Institute (HMRI) and The Management Information Systems (MIS) Group.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_History_2019-28">[28]</a> Reports include topics such as the evaluating and suggested improvements for the efficiency of healthcare services. Regions that were similar in factors such as education levels and immigration numbers were found to have different efficiency levels in health care provision. The study concluded if increased efficiency of the current system was set as a goal, the death rate could be decreased by 18%-35%.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The study notes that supporting physician leadership and facilitating engagement of the care providers could reap great gains in efficiency. Additionally, the study suggested facilitating the exchange of information and interaction between health providers and government figures as well as flexible funding would also contribute to the improvement and solve the problem of differences in regional care by allowing regions to determine the needs of their general populace and meet those needs more efficiently by allowing target-specific allocation of funds.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> For 24 years, the CIHI has produced an annual detailed report updating "National Health Expenditure Trends" which includes data tables with the most recent report published in January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_upcoming-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2019-32">[32]</a> Other CIHI research topics include hospital care, organ and joint replacements, health system performance, seniors and aging, health workforce, health inequality, quality and safety, mental health and addictions, pharmaceuticals, international comparisons, emergency care, patient experience, residential care, population health, community care, patient outcomes, access and wait times, children and youth, and First Nations, Inuit and Métis. In 2003, at the First Ministers' Accord on Health Care Renewal, the <a href="/wiki/Health_Council_of_Canada" title="Health Council of Canada">Health Council of Canada</a> (HCC)—an independent national agency—was established to monitor and report on Canada's healthcare system.<a href="#cite_note-HCC_seniors_201204-33">[33]</a> For over a decade, until 2014, the HCC produced 60 reports on access and wait times, health promotion, seniors healthcare, aboriginal healthcare, home and community care, pharmaceuticals management, and primary health care.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_snapshot_of_the_health_of_Canadians-eng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/A_snapshot_of_the_health_of_Canadians-eng.jpg/240px-A_snapshot_of_the_health_of_Canadians-eng.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/A_snapshot_of_the_health_of_Canadians-eng.jpg/360px-A_snapshot_of_the_health_of_Canadians-eng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/A_snapshot_of_the_health_of_Canadians-eng.jpg/480px-A_snapshot_of_the_health_of_Canadians-eng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption>A snapshot of the health of Canadians</figcaption></figure> By February 2024, the median age in Canada was 40.6 years in 2023<a href="#cite_note-statcan_20242102-35">[35]</a> compared to 39.5 in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-statscan_2006-36">[36]</a> By July 2020, there were 6,835,866 individuals who were 65 years old and older and 11,517 <a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">centenarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statcan_20190208-37">[37]</a> The same data reported that by July 2020, 16% of Canadians were 14-years-old or under, 66.5% were between the ages of 15 and 65, and 17.5% were 65 years and older.<a href="#cite_note-statcan_20190208-37">[37]</a> Canada's population is aging, like that of many other countries.<a href="#cite_note-statscan_health&aging_20160728-38">[38]</a> By 2016, there were about six million seniors in Canada, which then had a population of approximately 34 million.<a href="#cite_note-CMA_stateofseniorshealth_2016-39">[39]</a> This significantly influences Canada's healthcare services;<a href="#cite_note-statscan_health&aging_20160728-38">[38]</a> by 2019, Canada's aging population represented a modest increase in healthcare costs of about 1% a year.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a> Since the 2010s, Statistics Canada health research on aging has focused on "chronic diseases," "social isolation" and senior's mental health needs, and "transitions to institutional care" including long-term care.<a href="#cite_note-statscan_health&aging_20160728-38">[38]</a> The eight chronic conditions that are prevalent in one out of ten seniors include high blood pressure, arthritis, back problems, eye problems, heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes and urinary incontinence, with many seniors having <a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">multiple chronic conditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statscan_health&aging_20160728-38">[38]</a> Those with chronic conditions are "associated with higher use of home-care services and need for formal-care providers."<a href="#cite_note-statscan_health&aging_20160728-38">[38]</a> Ninety percent of Canadians agree that Canada should have a "national seniors strategy to address needs along the full continuum of care."<a href="#cite_note-CMA_stateofseniorshealth_2016-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current status">edit</a>]</div> The government guarantees the quality of care through federal standards. The government does not participate in day-to-day care or collect any information about an individual's health, which remains confidential between a person and their physician.<a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-40">[40]</a> In each province, each doctor handles the insurance claim against the provincial insurer. There is no need for the person who accesses healthcare to be involved in billing and reclaim. Private health expenditure accounts for 30% of health care financing.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a> does not cover prescription drugs, home care, or long-term care or <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dental care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-40">[40]</a> Provinces provide partial coverage for children, those living in poverty, and seniors.<a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-40">[40]</a> Programs vary by province. In Ontario, for example, most prescriptions for youths under the age of 24 are covered by the Ontario health insurance plan if no private insurance plan is available.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Competitive practices such as advertising are kept to a minimum, thus maximizing the percentage of revenues that go directly towards care. Costs are paid through funding from federal and provincial general tax revenues, which include income taxes, sales taxes, and corporate taxes. In British Columbia, taxation-based funding was (until January 1, 2020) supplemented by a fixed monthly premium that was waived or reduced for those on low incomes.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In Ontario, there is an income tax identified as a health premium on taxable income above $20,000.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In addition to funding through the tax system, hospitals and medical research are funded in part by charitable contributions. For example, in 2018, Toronto's <a href="/wiki/The_Hospital_for_Sick_Children_(Toronto)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto)">Hospital for Sick Children</a> embarked on campaign to raise $1.3 billion to equip a new hospital.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Charities such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society" title="Canadian Cancer Society">Canadian Cancer Society</a> provide assistance such as transportation for patients.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> There are no deductibles on basic health care and co-pays are extremely low or non-existent (supplemental insurance such as Fair <a href="/wiki/Pharmacare" title="Pharmacare">Pharmacare</a> may have deductibles, depending on income). In general, user fees are not permitted by the Canada Health Act, but physicians may charge a small fee to the patient for reasons such as missed appointments, doctor's notes, and prescription refills done over the phone. Some physicians charge "annual fees" as part of a comprehensive package of services they offer their patients and their families. Legally, such charges must be completely optional and can only be for non-essential health options,<a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-40">[40]</a> however, some clinics have allegedly broken these rules,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and provincial agencies have pursued injunctions and investigations.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits_and_features">Benefits and features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Benefits and features">edit</a>]</div> Health cards are issued by provincial health ministries to individuals who enroll for the program, though newcomers must wait up to three months after they arrive in the province,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and everyone receives the same level of care once they receive one.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Most essential basic care is covered, including maternity but excluding <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_care" title="Home care">home care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a> costs are not covered in any province other than Quebec, though they are now partially covered in some other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In some provinces, private supplemental plans are available for those who desire private rooms if they are hospitalized. <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmetic Surgery">Cosmetic surgery</a> and some forms of elective surgery are not considered essential care and are generally not covered. For example, Canadian health insurance plans do not cover non-therapeutic <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bulletin-54">[54]</a> These can be paid out-of-pocket or through private insurers. Basic health coverage is not affected by loss or change of jobs, cannot be denied due to unpaid premiums, and is not subject to lifetime limits or exclusions for pre-existing conditions. The Canada Health Act deems that essential physician and hospital care be covered by the publicly funded system, but each province has reasons to determine what is considered essential, and where, how and who should provide the services. There are some provinces that are moving towards private health care away from public health care.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The result is that there is a wide variance in what is covered across the country by the public health system, particularly in more controversial or expensive areas, such as mental health, substance use treatment, <a href="/wiki/In-vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In-vitro fertilization">in-vitro fertilization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> treatments.<a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-40">[40]</a> Canada (with the exception of the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) is one of the few countries with a universal healthcare system that does not include coverage of prescription medication (other such countries are Russia and some of the former USSR republics<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>). Residents of Quebec who are covered by the province's public prescription drug plan pay an annual premium of $0 to $660 when they file their Quebec income tax return.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Over the past two decades, at least some provinces have introduced some universal prescription drug insurance. Nova Scotia has Family Pharmacare, introduced in 2008 by Rodney MacDonald's Progressive Conservative government.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> However, residents do not automatically receive it through their health care as they must register separately for it, and it covers a limited range of prescriptions. No premiums are charged. A deductible and out-of-pocket maximum for copayments are set as a percentage of taxable income of two years before.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Pharmaceutical medications are covered by public funds in some provinces for the elderly or indigent,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> through employment-based private insurance or paid for out-of-pocket. In Ontario, eligible medications are provided at no cost for covered individuals aged 24 and under.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Most drug prices are negotiated with suppliers by each provincial government to control costs but more recently, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Federation" title="Council of the Federation">Council of the Federation</a> announced an initiative for select provinces to work together to create a larger buying block for more leverage to control costs of pharmaceutical drugs.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> More than 60 percent of prescription medications are paid for privately in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_physician" class="mw-redirect" title="Family physician">Family physicians</a> ("General Practitioners") are assigned to individuals using provincial waitlist registry systems.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> If a patient wishes to see a specialist or is counseled to see a specialist by their GP, a referral is made by a GP in the local community. Preventive care and early detection are considered critical.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coverage">Coverage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coverage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> The Canada Health Act covers the services of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_doctors" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical doctors">medical doctors</a> with additional training in <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>. In Canada, psychiatrists tend to focus on the treatment of mental illness with medication.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> However, the Canada Health Act excludes care provided in a "hospital or institution primarily for the mentally disordered."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Some institutional care is provided by provinces. The Canada Health Act does not cover treatment by a <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotherapist">psychotherapist</a> unless the practitioner is also a medical doctor. <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_Sales_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonized Sales Tax">Harmonized Sales Tax</a> (depending on the province) applies to the services of psychotherapists.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Some coverage for mental health care and substance abuse treatment may be available under other government programs. For example, in Alberta, the province provides funding for mental health care through Alberta Health Services.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Most or all provinces and territories offer government-funded drug and alcohol addiction rehabilitation, although waiting lists may exist.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The cost of treatment by a psychologist or psychotherapist in Canada has been cited as a contributing factor in the high suicide rate among first responders such as police officers, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">EMTs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a>. According to a CBC report, some police forces "offer benefits plans that cover only a handful of sessions with community psychologists, forcing those seeking help to join lengthy waiting lists to seek free psychiatric assistance."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_health">Oral health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oral health">edit</a>]</div> Among the OECD countries, Canada ranks second to last in the public funding of <a href="/wiki/Oral_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral health">oral healthcare</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Those who need dental care are usually responsible for the finances and some may benefit from the coverage available through employment, under provincial plans, or private dental care plans. "As opposed to its national system of public health insurance, dental care in Canada is almost wholly privately financed, with approximately 60% of dental care paid through employment-based insurance, and 35% through out-of-pocket expenditures. Of the approximately 5% of publicly financed care that remains, most has focused on socially marginalized groups (e.g., low-income children and adults), and is supported by different levels of government depending on the group insured."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> It is true that compared to primary care checkups, dental care checkups depend on the ability of people being able to pay those fees. Studies in Quebec and Ontario provide data on the extent of dental health care.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For example, studies in Quebec showed that there was a strong relation among dental services and the socioeconomic factors of income and education whereas in Ontario older adults heavily relied on dental insurance with visits to the dentist. "According to the National Public Health Service in 1996/1997, it showed a whopping difference of people who were in different classes. About half of Canadians aged 15 or older (53%) reported having dental insurance. Coverage tended to be highest among middle-aged people. At older ages, the rate dropped, and only one-fifth of the 65-or-older age group (21%) was covered."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Attributes that can contribute to these outcomes is household income, employment, as well as education. Those individuals who are in the middle class may be covered through the benefits of their employment whereas older individuals may not due to the fact of retirement. Under the government healthcare system in Canada, routine dental care is not covered.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> There are a couple of provinces that offer child prevention programs such as Nova Scotia and Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Other provinces make patients pay for medical dental procedures that are performed in the hospital. Some dental services that are possibly not covered by Medicare may include cavity fillings, routine dental check-ups, restorative dental care, and preventive care, dentures, dental implants, bridges, crowns, veneers, and in-lays, X-rays, and orthodontic procedures. In 2022, however, the federal government announced the creation of a new Canada Dental Benefit which reimburses low- to middle-income parents up to $650 of dental fees per child.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This was a transitional policy on the way to universal, public coverage of dental care. In 2023, the government established the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Dental_Care_Plan" title="Canadian Dental Care Plan">Canadian Dental Care Plan</a>, which began a staggered enrolment rollout in December 2023, to pay costs for covered dental services of eligible residents.<a href="#cite_note-Rachini-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiotherapy,_occupational_therapy,_and_massage_therapy">Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and massage therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and massage therapy">edit</a>]</div> Coverage for services by <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapist">physiotherapists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">occupational therapists</a> (also known as OTs) and Registered <a href="/wiki/Massage_Therapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Massage Therapist">Massage Therapists</a> (RMTs) varies by province. For example, in Ontario the provincial health plan, OHIP, does cover physiotherapy following hospital discharge and occupational therapy<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> but does not cover massage therapy. To be eligible for coverage for physiotherapy in Ontario, insured individuals must have been discharged as an inpatient of a hospital after an overnight stay and require physiotherapy for the condition, illness or injury, or be age 19 or younger or age 65 or older.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_coverage_limitations">Other coverage limitations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other coverage limitations">edit</a>]</div> Coverage varies for care related to the feet. In Ontario, as of 2019, Medicare covers between $7–16 of each visit to a registered <a href="/wiki/Podiatrist" title="Podiatrist">podiatrist</a> up to $135 per patient per year, plus $30 for x-rays.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Although the elderly, as well as diabetic patients, may have needs that greatly exceed that limit, such costs would have to be covered by patients or private supplemental insurance. As of 2014, most, but not all provinces and territories provide some coverage for sex reassignment surgery (also known as gender confirming surgery) and other treatment for <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In Ontario, sex reassignment surgery requires prior approval before being covered.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> However, access to care does not meet <a href="/wiki/World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health" title="World Professional Association for Transgender Health">WPATH</a> guidelines in provinces covering 84% of Canada's population (excepting British Columbia, Prince Edward Island and Yukon Territory). Wait times are extensive for gender care in Canada, and can be as long as eight years.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> There are wide discrepancies in coverage for various assistive devices such as wheelchairs and respiratory equipment in Canada. Ontario, which has one of the most generous programs, pays 75% of the cost for listed equipment and supplies for persons with a disability requiring such equipment or supplies for six months or longer.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The program does not have age or income restrictions. As with other health coverage, veterans and others covered by federal programs are not eligible under the provincial program. Only certain types of equipment and supplies are covered, and within categories only approved models of equipment from approved vendors are covered, and vendors may not charge more than specified prices established by the government.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nursing_homes_and_home_care">Nursing homes and home care</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nursing homes and home care">edit</a>]</div> Home care is an "extended" service, and is therefore not an insured service under the Canada Health Act.<a href="#cite_note-CHA_Homecare_2009-88">[88]</a>: 10  Home care is not considered to be a medically necessary service, like hospital and physician services, and provincial and territorial governments are under no obligation to provide home care services.<a href="#cite_note-CHA_Homecare_2009-88">[88]</a>: 9  In their 2009 report on home care in Canada, the Canadian Healthcare Association (CHA ) said that there was an increase in chronic disease rates as Canada's population aged.<a href="#cite_note-CHA_Homecare_2009-88">[88]</a>: 9  Home care is generally considered to be a lower cost alternative at a time when governments are concerned about the cost of healthcare and is generally the preferred option for seniors.<a href="#cite_note-CHA_Homecare_2009-88">[88]</a>: 9  One in four caregivers provide care related to aging.<a href="#cite_note-statscan_health&aging_20160728-38">[38]</a> A 2016 study published in the Journal of Canadian Studies said that with an increasing elder <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">population</a>, in Canada, the supply of home care aids (HCA)s was not meeting the demand required to provide adequate <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursing home care">nursing home care</a> and home care in an increasingly complex care system.<a href="#cite_note-JCS_Lowndes_2016-89">[89]</a> Home care aids face intense job precarity, inadequate staffing levels as well as increasingly complex needs including different types of routinized, assembly-lines types of work, and cost-cutting on equipment and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-JCS_Lowndes_2016-89">[89]</a> They also work in situations where there are more <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">occupational hazards</a>, which can include aggressive pets, environmental tobacco smoke, oxygen equipment, unsafe neighborhoods, and pests.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[Notes 1]</a> As the role of home care aids evolves, so does the need for more training and instruction. Nurses and HCAs are expected to think critically and execute real-time, and make evidence-based care decisions.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> The largest group the federal government is directly responsible for is <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>. Native peoples are a federal responsibility and the federal government guarantees complete coverage of their health needs. For the last twenty years and despite health care being a guaranteed right for First Nations due to the many treaties the government of Canada signed for access to First Nations lands and resources, the amount of coverage provided by the Federal government's <a href="/wiki/Non-Insured_Health_Benefits" title="Non-Insured Health Benefits">Non-Insured Health Benefits</a> program has diminished drastically for optometry, dentistry, and medicines. Status First Nations individuals qualify for a set number of visits to the optometrist and dentist, with a limited amount of coverage for glasses, eye exams, fillings, root canals, etc. For the most part, First Nations people use normal hospitals and the federal government then fully compensates the provincial government for the expense. The federal government also covers any user fees the province charges. The federal government maintains a network of clinics and health centers on <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">First Nations reserves</a>. At the provincial level, there are also several much smaller health programs alongside Medicare. The largest of these is the health care costs paid by the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> system. Regardless of federal efforts, healthcare for First Nations has generally not been considered effective.<a href="#cite_note-CMAJ_Silversides_2007-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMAJ_Song_2008-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMAJ_Peiris_2008-95">[94]</a> Despite being a provincial responsibility, the large health costs have long been partially funded by the federal government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare_spending">Healthcare spending</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Healthcare spending">edit</a>]</div> While the Canadian healthcare system has been called a <a href="/wiki/Single_payer_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single payer system">single payer system</a>, Canada "does not have a single health care system" according to a 2018 Library of Parliament report.<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> The provinces and territories provide "publicly funded health care" through provincial and territorial public health insurance systems.<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> The total health expenditure in Canada includes expenditures for those health services not covered by either federal funds or these public insurance systems, that are paid by private insurance or by individuals out-of-pocket.<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> reported that healthcare spending is expected to reach $242 billion, or 11.5% of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> for that year. The provinces and territories health spending accounted for approximately "64.2% of total health expenditure" in 2018. <a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2018-97">[96]</a> Public sources of revenue for the public healthcare system include provincial financing which represented 64.2% of the total in 2018. This includes funds transferred from the federal government to the provinces in the form of the CHT.<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> Direct funding from the federal government, as well as funds from municipal governments and social security funds represented 4.8% in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2018-97">[96]</a>: 11  According to the CIHI 2019 report, since 1997, the 70–30 split between public and private sector healthcare spending has remained relatively consistent with approximately 70% of Canada's total health expenditures from the public sector and 30% from the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2005-8">[8]</a> Public-sector funding, which has represented approximately 70% of total health expenditure since 1997, "includes payments by governments at the federal, provincial/territorial and municipal levels and by workers' compensation boards and other social security schemes".<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2018-97">[96]</a>: 11  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_sector_funding">Private sector funding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Private sector funding">edit</a>]</div> Private sector funding is regulated under the Canada Health Act, (CHA) which sets the conditions with which provincial/territorial health insurance plans must comply if they wish to receive their full transfer payments from the federal government. The CHA does not allow charges to insured persons for insured services (defined as medically necessary care provided in hospitals or by physicians). Most provinces have responded through various prohibitions on such payments.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2005-8">[8]</a> Private-sector health care dollars, which has represented about 30% of total health expenditure, "consists primarily of health expenditures by households and private insurance firms".<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2018-97">[96]</a> In 2018, private sector funding for health care, accounted for 31% of the total health expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> "includes primarily private insurance and household expenditures."<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> The top categories of private sector expenditures account for 66% of this spending, and include pharmaceuticals, and professional services such as dental and vision care services.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a> Only 10% of these services are paid for by the public sector.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a> In 2017, 41% of private sector expenses were paid by private insurance companies. The amount of out-of-pocket spending represented 49% of private sector spending.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a> A 2006 in-depth CBC report, the Canadian system is for the most part publicly funded, yet most of the services are provided by private enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_2006-98">[97]</a> In 2006, most doctors do not receive an annual salary, but receive a fee per visit or service.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_2006-98">[97]</a> According to Dr. Albert Schumacher, former president of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a>, an "estimated 75% of Canadian health care services are delivered privately but funded publicly."<a href="#cite_note-CBC_2006-98">[97]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Front line practitioners whether they're GP's or specialists, by and large, are not salaried. They're small hardware stores. Same thing with labs and radiology clinics ... The situation we are seeing now are more services around not being funded publicly but people having to pay for them, or their insurance companies. We have sort of a passive privatization."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dr. Albert Schumacher. CBC. December 1, 2006.</cite></div></blockquote> Private clinics are permitted and are regulated by the provinces and territories. Private clinics can charge above the agreed-upon fee schedule if they are providing non-insured services, treating non-insured persons, or based in Quebec, due to a court decision.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> This may include those eligible under automobile insurance or worker's compensation, in addition to those who are not Canadian residents, or providing non-insured services. This provision has been controversial among those seeking a greater role for private funding. It's been suggested<a href="#cite_note-Maple-100">[99]</a> that the apparent success of the private telehealth provider Maple, with its hundreds of thousands of paying users, indicates the existence of a rapidly growing private healthcare tier. Maple has come under criticism for affordability,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> as appointments with a general practitioner on Maple can cost over $200 per visit.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_health_insurance">Private health insurance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Private health insurance">edit</a>]</div> In Canada private health insurances is mainly provided through employers.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_health_project_2004-103">[102]</a> By 2016, "health care dollars from private insurance were $788 per capita" in 2016, which represents an annual growth rate of 6.4% from 1988 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> According to a 2004 OECD report, 75% of Canadians had some form of supplementary private health insurance.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_health_project_2004-103">[102]</a> In many provinces, purchasing duplicate health insurance for care already covered by the government's health insurance plan is prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Out-of-pocket_expenses">Out-of-pocket expenses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Out-of-pocket expenses">edit</a>]</div> From 1988 to 2016, the amount of out‑of‑pocket expenses paid by individuals had grown by about 4.6% annually. By 2016, it amounted to $972 per capita.<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_healthcare_expenses">Major healthcare expenses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major healthcare expenses">edit</a>]</div> The highest health expenditures were hospitals—$51B in 2009 up from $45.4B, representing 28.2% in 2007, followed by <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceuticals</a>—$30B in 2009 up from $26.5B, representing 16.5% in 2007, and physician services—$26B in 2009, up from $21.5B or 13.4% in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-CBC2009-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-106">[105]</a> The proportion spent on hospitals and physicians has declined between 1975 and 2009 while the amount spent on pharmaceuticals has increased.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-107">[106]</a> Of the three biggest health care expenses, the amount spent on pharmaceuticals has increased the most. In 1997, the total price of drugs surpassed that of doctors. In 1975, the three biggest health costs were hospitals ($5.5B/44.7%), physicians ($1.8B/15.1%), and medications ($1.1B/8.8%).<a href="#cite_note-auto-106">[105]</a> By 2018, drugs (both prescription and non-prescription) had become the second largest expenditure representing 15.3% of the total, hospitals at 26.6% represented the largest sector by expenses, and physician services represented 15.1% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2019-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hospitals">Hospitals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hospitals">edit</a>]</div> Hospitals have consistently been the top healthcare expenditure representing 26.6% of total healthcare expenditures in Canada in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2019-32">[32]</a> Hospital capacity in Canada peaked in 1970. Since then, per-capita hospital bed capacity has been reduced by 63%.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Hospital care is delivered by publicly funded hospitals in Canada. Most of the public hospitals, each of which are independent institutions incorporated under provincial Corporations Acts, are required by law to operate within their budget.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Amalgamation of hospitals in the 1990s has reduced competition between hospitals. An <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> study in 2010 noted that there were variations in care across the different provinces in Canada. The study found that there was a difference in hospital admission rates depending on the number of people and what province they lived in. Typically, provinces with low population counts had higher hospital admission rates due to there being a lack of doctors and hospitals in the region.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pharmaceuticals">edit</a>]</div> By 2018, drugs—both prescription and non-prescription—were the second largest healthcare expenditure in Canada at 15.3% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2019-32">[32]</a> According to the December 2020 CIHI report, in 2019 public drug programs expenditures were $15 billion, representing a one-year increase of 3%.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_prescribeddrugs_20201217-111">[110]</a> The drug that contributed to about 26% of the increase in spending were drugs for diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_prescribeddrugs_20201217-111">[110]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a> drugs were the 2nd highest contributor to increase in pharmaceutical spending. In 2019, this decreased by 18% as fewer people took these drugs. In 2019, spending on <a href="/wiki/Biologics" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologics">biologics</a> increased from 9% to 17% of public spending for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, Crohn's disease and similar conditions.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_prescribeddrugs_20201217-111">[110]</a> By 1997, the total cost of pharmaceuticals surpassed the total cost of physician services and has remained in second place, after hospitals in terms of total annual health expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-107">[106]</a> The proportion spent on hospitals and physicians has declined between 1975 and 2009 while the amount spent on pharmaceuticals has increased.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-107">[106]</a> Of the three biggest health care expenses, the amount spent on pharmaceuticals has increased the most. In 1997, the total price of drugs surpassed that of doctors. In 1975, the three biggest health costs were hospitals ($5.5B/44.7%), physicians ($1.8B/15.1%), and medications ($1.1B/8.8%).<a href="#cite_note-auto-106">[105]</a> According to the April 2018 report entitled Pharmacare Now: Prescription Medicine Coverage for All Canadians issued by the House of Commons Standing Committee on Health "spending on medicines dispensed outside hospitals accounted for 85% of total drug expenditures in 2017."<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> The CHA requires that public provincial and territorial health insurance policies must cover all "medicines used within the hospital setting...out‑of‑hospital drug expenditures are paid for by private insurance and individuals, as well as by provincial health insurance for certain population groups".<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> Public provincial and territorial health insurance covers "43% of out‑of‑hospital medicine"; private insurance covers 35%; and the remainder, which represents 22% is paid by individuals out-of-pocket.<a href="#cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">[95]</a> Pharmaceutical costs are set at a global median by the government <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physician_services">Physician services</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Physician services">edit</a>]</div> The third largest healthcare expenditure in Canada are physician services which represented 15.1% of the total in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2019-32">[32]</a> From 1997 through 2009, the proportion of total annual health expenditures spent on physicians declined.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-107">[106]</a> In 2007, physician services cost $21.5B representing 13.4% of total health expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-CBC2009-105">[104]</a> By 2009, that had increased to $26B.<a href="#cite_note-CBC2009-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Number_of_physicians">Number of physicians</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Number of physicians">edit</a>]</div> Canada, like its North American neighbor the United States, has a ratio of practising physicians to a population that is below the OECD average<a href="#cite_note-number_of_docs-112">[111]</a> but a level of practising nurses that is higher than the OECD average, though below the US average in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-numberofnurses-113">[112]</a> A record number of doctors was reported in 2012 with 75,142 physicians, though this includes doctors who have partially or completely opted out of the public health system, which has occurred at record numbers in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gross_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross (economics)">gross</a> average salary was $328,000. Out of the gross amount, doctors pay for taxes, rent, staff salaries and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Recent reports indicate that Canada has an imbalanced supply of specialists to general physicians, and a severe shortage of family doctors, with 10 million Canadians projected to lack access to primary care,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> compounded by new graduates opting against selecting family medicine,<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> and communities in rural, remote and northern regions, experience particularly acute shortages.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Limitations on which and how many physicians can complete Canada's required two year medical residency may prevent trained doctors from acquiring a license to practice medicine, leading to an effective shortage.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Burnout and mental health reasons may also play a role, as in 2021, 48% of physicians polled by the Canadian Medical Association screened positive for depression.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Physician_payment">Physician payment</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Physician payment">edit</a>]</div> Basic services are provided by private doctors (since 2002 they have been allowed to incorporate), with the entire fee paid for by the government at the same rate. Most family doctors receive a fee per visit. These rates are negotiated between the provincial governments and the province's medical associations, usually on an annual basis. The fee for service model has been criticized for deterring physicians from becoming family doctors in British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> CTV news reported that, in 2006, family physicians in Canada made an average of $202,000 a year.<a href="#cite_note-CTV.ca-125">[124]</a> In 2018, to draw attention to the low pay of nurses and the declining level of service provided to patients, more than 700 physicians, residents and medical students in Quebec signed an <a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">online petition</a> asking for their pay raises to be canceled.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Professional_organizations">Professional organizations</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Professional organizations">edit</a>]</div> Each province regulates its medical profession through a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Canada" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada">College of Physicians and Surgeons</a>, which is responsible for licensing physicians, setting practice standards, and investigating and disciplining its members. The national doctors association is called the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a> (CMA);<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> it describes its mission as "To serve and unite the physicians of Canada and be the national advocate, in partnership with the people of Canada, for the highest standards of health and health care."<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Since the passage of the 1984 Canada Health Act, the CMA itself has been a strong advocate of maintaining a strong publicly funded system, including lobbying the federal government to increase funding, and being a founding member of (and active participant in) the Health Action Lobby (HEAL).<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In December 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynaecologists_of_Canada" title="Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada">Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada</a> reported a critical shortage of <a href="/wiki/Obstetricians" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetricians">obstetricians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gynaecologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecologists">gynecologists</a>. The report stated that 1,370 obstetricians were practising in Canada and that number is expected to fall by at least one-third within five years. The society is asking the government to increase the number of <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> spots for obstetrics and gynecologists by 30 percent a year for three years and also recommended rotating placements of doctors into smaller communities to encourage them to take up residence there.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Some provincial medical associations have argued for permitting a larger private role. To some extent, this has been a reaction to strong cost control; CIHI estimates that 99% of physician expenditures in Canada come from public sector sources, and physicians—particularly those providing elective procedures who have been squeezed for operating room time—have accordingly looked for alternative revenue sources. The CMA presidency rotates among the provinces, with the provincial association electing a candidate who is customarily ratified by the CMA general meeting. Day's selection was sufficiently controversial that he was challenged—albeit unsuccessfully—by another physician.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Provincial_associations">Provincial associations</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Provincial associations">edit</a>]</div> Because healthcare is deemed to be under provincial/territorial jurisdiction, negotiations on behalf of physicians are conducted by provincial associations such as the Ontario Medical Association. The views of Canadian doctors have been mixed, particularly in their support for allowing parallel private financing. The history of Canadian physicians in the development of Medicare has been described by C. <a href="/wiki/David_Naylor" title="David Naylor">David Naylor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In 1991, the Ontario Medical Association agreed to become a province-wide <a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">closed shop</a>, making the OMA union a monopoly. Critics argue that this measure has restricted the supply of doctors to guarantee its members' incomes.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Medical_Association" title="Ontario Medical Association">Ontario Medical Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ontario" title="Government of Ontario">Ontario government</a> agreed to a four-year contract with a 12.25% doctors' pay raise, which was expected to cost Ontarians an extra $1 billion. Ontario's then-<a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario" title="Premier of Ontario">premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Dalton_McGuinty" title="Dalton McGuinty">Dalton McGuinty</a> said, "One of the things that we've got to do, of course, is ensure that we're competitive ... to attract and keep doctors here in Ontario ..."<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_spending_and_an_aging_population">Healthcare spending and an aging population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Healthcare spending and an aging population">edit</a>]</div> By 2019, Canada's aging population represented a modest increase in healthcare costs of about 1% a year.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a> It is also the greatest at the extremes of age at a cost of $17,469 per capita in those older than 80 and $8,239 for those less than 1 year old in comparison to $3,809 for those between 1 and 64 years old in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_p.xiv-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparing_healthcare_spending_over_time">Comparing healthcare spending over time</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Comparing healthcare spending over time">edit</a>]</div> Healthcare spending in Canada (in 1997 dollars) has increased each year between 1975 and 2009, from $39.7 billion to $137.3 billion, or per capita spending from $1,715 to $4089.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In 2013 the total reached $211 billion, averaging $5,988 per person.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Figures in National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2012, show that the pace of growth is slowing. Modest economic growth and budgetary deficits are having a moderating effect. For the third straight year, growth in healthcare spending will be less than that in the overall economy. The proportion of Canada's gross domestic product will reach 11.6% in 2012 down from 11.7% in 2011 and the all-time high of 11.9% in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Total spending in 2007 was equivalent to 10.1% of the gross domestic product which was slightly above the average for OECD countries, and below the 16.0% of GDP spent in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Since 1999, 70% of Canada's total health expenditures is from the public sector and 30% from the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2005-8">[8]</a> This was slightly below the OECD average of public health spending in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_p.xiii-140">[139]</a> Public sector funding included most hospital and physician costs with the other 30% primarily paid by individuals through their private or workplace insurance or out-of-pocket.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Half of private health expenditure comes from private insurance and the remaining half is supplied by out-of-pocket payments.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIHI_2005-8">[8]</a> There is considerable variation across the provinces/territories as to the extent to which such costs as out of hospital prescription medications, assistive devices, physical therapy, long-term care, dental care and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Canada" title="Emergency medical services in Canada">ambulance services</a> are covered.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spending_on_health_care_per_capita_by_age_group.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Spending_on_health_care_per_capita_by_age_group.png/310px-Spending_on_health_care_per_capita_by_age_group.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Spending_on_health_care_per_capita_by_age_group.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Canadian per capita health care spending by age group in 201X<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_p.xiv-135">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_health_expenditure_in_constant_1997_dollars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Total_health_expenditure_in_constant_1997_dollars.png/310px-Total_health_expenditure_in_constant_1997_dollars.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Total_health_expenditure_in_constant_1997_dollars.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Total Canadian health care expenditures in 1997 dollars from 1975 to 2009<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></figcaption></figure> According to a 2001 article in Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, applying a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacoeconomics" title="Pharmacoeconomics">pharmacoeconomic</a> perspective to analyze cost reduction, it has been shown that savings made by individual hospitals result in actual cost increases to the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-MacInnes_2001-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_spending_by_province">Healthcare spending by province</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Healthcare spending by province">edit</a>]</div> The planning and funding of most publicly insured health services are the responsibility of provinces and territories. There is a regional variation in health system characteristics. Healthcare costs per capita vary across Canada with Quebec ($4,891) and British Columbia ($5,254) at the lowest level and Alberta ($6,072) and Newfoundland ($5,970) at the highest.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_p.xiv-135">[134]</a> Total health spending per resident varies from $7,378 in Newfoundland and Labrador to $6,321 in British Columbia. Public drug spending increased by 4.5% in 2016, driven largely by prescriptions for <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">tumor necrosis factor alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a> drugs.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> According to a 2003 article by Lightman, "In-kind delivery in Canada is superior to the American market approach in its efficiency of delivery." In the US, 13.6 percent of <a href="/wiki/GNP" class="mw-redirect" title="GNP">GNP</a> is used in medical care. By contrast, in Canada, only 9.5 percent of GNP is used on the Medicare system, "in part because there is no profit incentive for private insurers." Lightman also notes that the in-kind delivery system eliminates much of the advertising that is prominent in the US and the low overall administrative costs in the in-kind delivery system. Since there are no means tests and no bad-debt problems for doctors under the Canadian in-kind system, doctors billing and collection costs are reduced to almost zero.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2020 survey, 75% of Canadians "were proud of their health-care system."<a href="#cite_note-tricitynews_2020101-147">[146]</a> An August 31, 2020 PBS article comparing the American healthcare system to Canada's, cited the director of the University of Ottawa's Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics, Colleen Flood, who said that there was "no perfect health care system", and the "Canadian system is not without flaws." However, Canadians "feel grateful for what they have." At times, the complacency has resulted in Canadians not demanding for "better outcomes for lower costs". She said that, Canadians are "always relieved that at least [our healthcare system] is not the American system."<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Santhanam_20200831-148">[147]</a> A 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nanos_Research" title="Nanos Research">Nanos Research</a> poll found that 86.2% of Canadians "supported or strongly supported" "public solutions" to make Canadian "public health care stronger."<a href="#cite_note-thestar_Laidlaw_20090812-149">[148]</a> According to the survey report, commissioned by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Healthcare_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Healthcare Coalition (page does not exist)">Canadian Healthcare Coalition</a>, there was "compelling evidence" that Canadians "across all demographics" prefer a "public over a for-profit health-care system."<a href="#cite_note-thestar_Laidlaw_20090812-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> A Strategic Counsel survey found 91% of Canadians prefer their healthcare system instead of a U.S. style system.<a href="#cite_note-http-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-blogs.chicagotribune.com-152">[151]</a> A 2009 Harris-Decima poll found 82% of Canadians preferred their healthcare system to the one in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> A 2003 Gallup poll found 57% of Canadians compared to 50% in the UK, and 25% of Americans, were either "very" or "somewhat" satisfied with "the availability of affordable healthcare in the nation". Only 17% of Canadians were "very dissatisfied" compared to 44% of Americans. In 2003, 48% of Americans, 52% of Canadians, and 42% of Britons say they were satisfied.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup.com-154">[153]</a> A 2016 Canadian Institute for Health Information survey found that Canadians wait longer to access health care services than citizens in 11 other countries including France, Germany, the United States and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> In a 2021 Ipsos poll, 71% of Canadians agreed that their health care system is too bureaucratic to respond to the needs of the population.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The 2024 OurCare Initiative Survey found that, in some provinces, 30% of Canadians lacked access to primary care, 63% lacked access to after-hours or weekend care, and that 65% believed they couldn't get a same or next-day appointment when they urgently needed care.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_timeline_of_significant_events_in_Canadian_healthcare">A timeline of significant events in Canadian healthcare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: A timeline of significant events in Canadian healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_Canada" title="History of medicine in Canada">History of medicine in Canada</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a> (formerly called the British North America Act, 1867) did not give either the federal or provincial governments responsibility for healthcare, as it was then a minor concern. However, the Act did give the provinces responsibility for regulating hospitals, and the provinces claimed that their general responsibility for local and private matters encompassed healthcare. The federal government felt that the health of the population fell under the "<a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a>" part of its responsibilities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> ruled that the federal government had the responsibility of protecting the health and well-being of the population,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and that the provinces had the responsibility of administering and delivering healthcare. Before 1966, <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Affairs_Canada" title="Veterans Affairs Canada">Veterans Affairs Canada</a> had a large healthcare network, but this was merged into the general system with the creation of Medicare. In 1975, Health Canada, which was then known as National Health and Welfare, established the National Health Research and Development Program. In 1977, cost-sharing agreement between the federal and provincial governments, through the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Insurance_and_Diagnostic_Services_Act" title="Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act">Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act</a> and extended by the Medical Care Act was discontinued. It was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Established_Programs_Financing" title="Established Programs Financing">Established Programs Financing</a>. This gave a bloc transfer to the provinces, giving them more flexibility but also reducing the federal influence on the health system. Almost all government health spending goes through Medicare, but there are several smaller programs. Provinces developed their own programs, for example, <a href="/wiki/OHIP" class="mw-redirect" title="OHIP">OHIP</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, that are required to meet the general guidelines laid out in the federal Canada Health Act. The federal government directly administers health to groups such as the military, and inmates of federal prisons. They also provide some care to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> and veterans, but these groups mostly use the public system. In 1996, when faced with a large budget shortfall, the Liberal federal government merged the health transfers with the transfers for other social programs into the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_and_Social_Transfer" title="Canada Health and Social Transfer">Canada Health and Social Transfer</a>, and overall funding levels were cut. This placed considerable pressure on the provinces and combined with <a href="/wiki/Population_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Population aging">population aging</a> and the generally high rate of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> in health costs, has caused problems with the system. The 2002 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Future_of_Health_Care_in_Canada" title="Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada">Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada</a>, also known as the Romanow Report, was published.<a href="#cite_note-Romanow_Report_2002-5">[5]</a> The Canadian Health Coalition formed in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Romanow_Report_2002-5">[5]</a> In 2004, the First Ministers came to an agreement with the federal government on a ten-year plan to improve Canada's healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-HC_FirstMinisters_2004-158">[157]</a> Areas of focus included wait times, home care, primary care reform, national pharmaceuticals strategy, prevention, promotion and public health, aboriginal health, and the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) at Health Canada.<a href="#cite_note-HC_FirstMinisters_2004-158">[157]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> won the federal election on a "platform that pushed for a mix of public and private health care, provided that health care stays publicly funded and universally accessible".<a href="#cite_note-CBC_2006-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare_debates_in_Canada">Healthcare debates in Canada</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Healthcare debates in Canada">edit</a>]</div> Canada has robust debates between those who support the one-tier public healthcare, such as the Canadian Health Coalition, a group that formed following the publication of the Romanov Report in 2002,<a href="#cite_note-Romanow_Report_2002-5">[5]</a> and a number of pro-privatization organizations, such as the conservative <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a>, that call for a two-tiered healthcare system. American organizations that support privatization of health services, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_Bykowicz_20120903-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian_2018-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian20090918-161">[160]</a> have focused criticism of the Canadian healthcare system on wait times.<a href="#cite_note-Independent_Lemieux_20040423-162">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Potter" title="Wendell Potter">Wendell Potter</a>, who had worked for multinational American health insurance company <a href="/wiki/Cigna" title="Cigna">Cigna</a> from 1993 until 2008, told PBS that the American health industry felt threatened by Canada's healthcare system as it "exposed shortcomings in the private U.S. health system and potentially threatened their profits."<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Santhanam_20200831-148">[147]</a> He said that corporate PR used the tactic of repeating misinformation about the publicly funded Canadian system by focusing on wait times for elective surgeries.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Santhanam_20200831-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Potter_20101109-163">[162]</a> As healthcare debate in the United States reached the top of the U.S. domestic policy agenda during the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">U.S. 2008 presidential race</a> with a combination of "soaring costs" in the healthcare system and an increasing number of Americans without health insurance because of job loss during the recession, the long wait lists of Canada's so-called "socialized" healthcare system<a href="#cite_note-commonwealthfund_2008-164">[163]</a> became a key Republican argument against Obama's health reforms.<a href="#cite_note-commonwealthfund_2008-164">[163]</a> The Huffington Post described it as the "American politics of Canadian healthcare."<a href="#cite_note-huffpost_Milne_20120906-165">[164]</a> A 2009 Huffington Post article described how American insurance companies were concerned that they would not be as profitable if his healthcare reforms were implemented.<a href="#cite_note-HuffingtonPost_Welsh_2009-166">[165]</a> Starting in July 2009, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Shona_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Shona Holmes">Shona Holmes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Waterdown,_Ontario" title="Waterdown, Ontario">Waterdown, Ontario</a> became the poster child of the Americans for Prosperity support for Republican presidential candidates against then-candidate and President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s who ran on health reform and the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_Bykowicz_20120903-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian_2018-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP_2014-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian20090918-161">[160]</a> In 2005, Holmes had paid $100,000 out-of-pocket for immediate treatment for a condition called <a href="/wiki/Rathke%27s_cleft_cyst" title="Rathke's cleft cyst">Rathke's cleft cyst</a> at the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, one of the best hospitals in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_Mayo_Miller_20190405-168">[167]</a> the Singapore General Hospital, and the Charité hospital in Berlin<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_Mayo_Miller_20190405-168">[167]</a> instead of waiting for an appointment with specialists in her home province of Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-TorStar2007-09-06-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nrfm2007-09-30-170">[169]</a> In 2007, she filed a lawsuit against the Ontario government when OHIP refused to re-imburse her $100,000. The media attention from the Americans for Prosperity advertisements resulted in further scrutiny of Holmes' story. A 2009 CBC report consulted medical experts who found discrepancies in her story, including that Rathke's cleft cyst was neither cancerous or life-threatening.<a href="#cite_note-CbcShonaExaggeration-171">[170]</a> The mortality rate for patients with a Rathke's cleft cyst is zero percent.<a href="#cite_note-emedicine-172">[171]</a> Since 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a> has focused on investigating the Canadian healthcare system's historic and problematic wait times by publishing an annual report based on a nationwide survey of physicians and health care practitioners, entitled Waiting Your Turn: Wait Times for Health Care in Canada. The 2021 edition of the report found that the average waiting time between referral from a general practitioner and delivery of elective treatment by a specialist rose from 9.3 weeks in 1993 to 25.6 weeks in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:6-173">[172]</a> Waiting times ranged from a low of 18.5 weeks in Ontario to 53.2 weeks in Nova Scotia. A 2015 Fraser Institute article focused on Canadians who sought healthcare in other countries and reported that the percentage of Canadian patients who travelled abroad to receive non-emergency medical care was 1.1% in 2014, and 0.9% in 2013, with British Columbia being the province with the highest proportion of its citizens making such trips.<a href="#cite_note-FraserInst2015-174">[173]</a> A 2017 Fraser Institute <a href="/wiki/Cost-effectiveness_analysis" title="Cost-effectiveness analysis">cost-effectiveness analysis</a> promoted a two-tiered system with more privatization, arguing that "although Canada ranks among the most expensive universal-access health-care systems in the OECD, its performance for availability and access to resources is generally below that of the average OECD country, while its performance for use of resources and quality and clinical performance is mixed."<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent_Lemieux_20040423-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flaws_in_Canada's_healthcare_system">Flaws in Canada's healthcare system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Flaws in Canada's healthcare system">edit</a>]</div> Identified weaknesses of Canada's system were comparatively higher infant mortality rate, the prevalence of chronic conditions, long wait times, poor availability of after-hours care, and a lack of prescription drugs coverage.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Limited dental coverage was added in 2023 <a href="#cite_note-Reason_magazine,_September_7th,_2022-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-16">[16]</a> An increasing problem in Canada's health system is a shortage of healthcare professionals and hospital capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Duong_Vogel_2023_pp._E309–E310-18">[18]</a> Prescription medications have been consistently expensive in Canada, which has the third-highest drug costs of any OECD nation,<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> and a 2018 study found that almost 1 million Canadians gave up food or heat to afford prescription medications.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> In 2021, over one in five (21%) adults in Canada reported not having any prescription insurance to cover medication costs.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> There is enormous waste in Canada's healthcare system related to medical records. Although the Canadian federal government has invested more than $2.1 billion developing <a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a> (HIT), all 10 provinces still have their own separate incompatible HIT systems.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> A recent study<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> showed that a shift to shared open source medical software could save Canada's healthcare system millions of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospital_and_urgent_care_access">Hospital and urgent care access</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hospital and urgent care access">edit</a>]</div> Canada's hospital beds per capita have decreased 63% since 1976,<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> to 44% fewer beds than the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Overcrowding, or "hallway medicine," is common in hospitals,<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> and hospital patients are instructed to sleep on concrete floors,<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> in storage rooms,<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> as hospitals often operate at over 100% capacity,<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> and in some regions as high as 200%<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> capacity.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> In 2023, more than 1.3 million Canadians "gave up" waiting for emergency care, and left without being seen.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> The crisis is projected to continue to build, as Canada's hospitals are unable to operate safely at 90% or greater ongoing capacity.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> In addition, ambulance access in Canada is also inconsistent<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> and decreasing,<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> with Code/Level Zeros, where one or no ambulances are available for emergency calls, doubling and triple year-over-year in major cities such as Calgary,<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Ottawa,<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Windsor, and Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> As an example, cumulatively, Ottawa spent seven weeks lacking ambulance response abilities, with individual periods lasting as long as 15 hours, and a six-hour ambulance response time in one case.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Ambulance unload delays, due to hospitals lacking capacity<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> and cutting their hours,<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> have been linked to deaths,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> but the full impact is unknown as provincial authorities, have not responded to requests to release ambulance offload data to the public.<a href="#cite_note-:5-211">[210]</a> Plans to address ambulance access that included using taxis instead of ambulances<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> to transport patients have drawn support from local leaders,<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> but rejection from local residents<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> and Ontario's provincial authorities.<a href="#cite_note-:5-211">[210]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">“That kind of creative solution is exactly what we need. I was a little bit surprised that the province wasn’t in agreement with that option,”<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mark Sutcliffe, Mayor of Ottawa</cite></div></blockquote> Temporary hospital and emergency room closures are common<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> in Canada, with over 1,100 in Ontario alone in 2023,<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> and in 2022, the president of the Canadian Medical Association described Canada's healthcare system with the following quote;<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"We've been saying for a while that we're concerned about collapse. And in some places, collapse has already happened,"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dr. Alika Lafontaine, President of the Canadian Medical Association</cite></div></blockquote> Canada's healthcare system ranks poorly among peer nations on medical technology access indicators, ranking second-to-last in the G20 for MRI units<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> and radiotherapy equipment,<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> fifth-to-last for CT scanners,<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> and has 33% fewer mammography machines than the G20 average.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wait_times">Wait times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Wait times">edit</a>]</div> In a May 28, 2020, report by the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) that examined wait times in member nations—all of which are democratic countries with <a href="/wiki/High_income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High income economy">high-income economies</a> with a very high <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI), found that long waiting times for health services was an important policy issue in most OECD countries.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_20200528-228">[227]</a> In 2017, Canada ranked above the average on OECD indicators for wait-times and access to care, with average scores for quality of care and use of resources.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_2017-15">[15]</a> In the 1980s and the 1990s, wait times for certain surgeries, such as knee and hip replacements, had increased.<a href="#cite_note-:4-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> The year before the 2002 Romanow Royal Commission report was released, in 2001, the Ontario Health Coalition (OHC) called for increased provincial and federal funding for Medicare and an end to provincial funding cuts as solutions to unacceptable wait times.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> In December 2002, the Romanow Report recommended that "provincial and territorial governments should take immediate action to manage wait lists more effectively by implementing centralized approaches, setting standardized criteria, and providing clear information to patients on how long they can expect to wait."<a href="#cite_note-Romanow_Report_2002-5">[5]</a> In response to the report, in September 2004, the federal government came to an agreement with the provinces and territories add an additional C$41 billion over a ten-year period, to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Transfer" title="Canada Health Transfer">Canada Health Transfer</a> (CHT) to improve wait times for access to essential services, a challenge that most other OECD countries shared at that time. By 2006, the federal government had invested C$5.5 billion to decrease wait times.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_waiting_20061129-232">[231]</a> In April 2007, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> promised that all ten provinces and three territories would establish wait-time guarantees by 2010. <a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> In 2015, Choosing Wisely Canada promoted <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> Organizations like this focus on facilitating doctor-patient communication to decrease unnecessary care in Canada and to decrease wait times.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> In 2014, wait times for knee replacements were much longer in Nova Scotia,<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> compared to Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A 2016 study by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Fund" title="Commonwealth Fund">Commonwealth Fund</a>, based in the US, found that Canada's wait time for all categories of services ranked either at the bottom or second to the bottom of the 11 surveyed countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Canada's wait time on emergency services was the longest of the 11 nations, with 29% of Canadians reporting that they waited for more than four hours the last time they went to an emergency department. Canada also had the longest wait time for specialist appointments, with 56% of all Canadians waiting for more than four weeks. Canada ranked last in all other wait time categories, including same- or next-day appointments, same-day answers from doctors, and elective surgeries, except for access to after-hour care, where Sweden ranks lower. The 2016 study also noted that despite government investment, Canada's wait-time improvements were negligible when compared to the 2010 survey.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Commonwealth_2016-237">[236]</a> The 2021 Waiting Your Turn: Wait Times for Health Care in Canada report by the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a> found that the average waiting time between referral from a general practitioner and delivery of elective treatment by a specialist rose from 9.3 weeks in 1993 to 25.6 weeks in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:6-173">[172]</a> Waiting times ranged from a low of 18.5 weeks in Ontario to 53.2 weeks in Nova Scotia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_gaps_in_healthcare">Gender gaps in healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Gender gaps in healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Canada_-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Canada_-diff.png/230px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Canada_-diff.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Canada_-diff.png/345px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Canada_-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Canada_-diff.png/460px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Canada_-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> in Canada by gender</figcaption></figure> Gender gaps in healthcare are significantly influenced by socioeconomic status, geographical location, and ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> It has been hypothesized that women experience a higher rate of health-related issues because of their reduced access to the material and social conditions of life that foster good health, as well as a heightened level of stress associated with their gender and marital roles.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Moreover, research has shown that women with low income and who work full-time outside of the house have poorer health status in comparison to their male counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-:52-240">[239]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The added responsibilities women hold as primary caregivers in households not only creates additional stress, but also indirectly increases the difficulty of the scheduling and meeting of medical appointments; these implications explain women's poorer self-rated health status in comparison to men, as well as their report of their unmet healthcare needs.<a href="#cite_note-:52-240">[239]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Women's additional healthcare requirements, such as pregnancy, further exacerbate the gender gap. Despite comprising approximately half of Canada's population, women receive the majority of Canadian healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-:02-241">[240]</a> Men and women also experience different wait times for diagnostic tests; longer wait times have been associated with a higher risk of health complications. One Canadian study reports, "mean wait times are significantly lower for men than for women pertaining to overall diagnostic tests: for <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a>, 70.3 days for women compared to 29.1 days for men."<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_healthcare_privatization">Effects of healthcare privatization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Effects of healthcare privatization">edit</a>]</div> Disparities between men and women's access to healthcare in Canada have led to criticism, especially regarding healthcare privatization. While most healthcare expenses remain covered by Medicare, certain medical services previously paid for publicly have been shifted to individuals and employer-based supplemental insurance. While this shift has affected both genders, women have been more affected. Compared to men, women are generally less financially stable, and individual payments are a greater burden.<a href="#cite_note-:02-241">[240]</a> Furthermore, many women work part-time or in fields that do not offer supplemental insurance, such as <a href="/wiki/Homemaking" title="Homemaking">homemaking</a>. As such, women are less likely to have private insurance to cover the costs of drugs and healthcare services.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> The shift from public to private financing has also meant additional labor for women due to families relying on them as caregivers. Less public financing has shifted care to women, leaving "them with more support to provide at home."<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> Women's additional healthcare requirements, such as pregnancy, further exacerbate the gender gap. Despite comprising approximately half of Canada's population, women receive the majority of Canadian healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-:02-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_gap_in_healthcare">Socioeconomic gap in healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic gap in healthcare">edit</a>]</div> It has been previously documented that one's socioeconomic status significantly impacts their health.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Another recent study re-assessed this relationship and found similar results that demonstrated that people with higher levels of education or income experience longer life expectancies and <a href="/wiki/Healthy_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthy life expectancy">health-adjusted life expectancies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:04-247">[246]</a> The study discovered a distinct stepwise gradient in Canada, with life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy incrementally increasing as social position improves.<a href="#cite_note-:04-247">[246]</a> They also found that this socioeconomic gap in healthcare had gotten wider in the previous 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-:04-247">[246]</a> The reasoning behind the socioeconomic gap is complex and multifaceted.<a href="#cite_note-:13-248">[247]</a> Certain relationships between socioeconomic status and health outcomes can be relatively easily explained through direct exposures.<a href="#cite_note-:13-248">[247]</a> For example, lead or pollutant exposure tends to be more common in rural neighbourhoods, which can result in lower cognitive functions, stunted growth and exacerbated asthma.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Higher income levels allow for the purchase of higher-quality resources, including food products, produce and shelter, as well as faster access to services.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> Higher education is often thought to lead to greater health literacy, resulting in the adoption of healthier lifestyles.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> Longer, more complex pathways can also be used to explain potential relationships between socioeconomic status and health outcomes. Duration of poverty has been related to increased chronic stress levels.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> Recent studies have described how these stress levels can result in the biological "wear-and-tear" for these individuals constantly exposed to social and environmental stressors.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Increased stress and lower SES has been correlated with increased blood pressure, worser cholesterol profiles and increased risk for other cardiovascular diseases.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inequalities_in_care_by_community">Inequalities in care by community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Inequalities in care by community">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_community">Black community</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Black community">edit</a>]</div> In Canadian healthcare, <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black individuals</a> encounter pervasive discrimination from overt acts like harassment to subtle daily indignities, eroding trust and discouraging Black Canadians from seeking medical care.<a href="#cite_note-:06-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> A quantitative study in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a> found that all 24 Black women participants experienced objectification, maltreatment, and unequal power dynamics in healthcare, mirroring historical patterns of oppression and exposing racial treatment disparities amid challenging healthcare access.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Black Canadians encounter significant racial treatment disparities, including lower rates of receiving <a href="/wiki/Biopharmaceutical" title="Biopharmaceutical">biologic</a> treatments such as medications for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, compared to White patients.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> Additionally, limited participatory visits with physicians and clinical trials, undermining treatment validation.<a href="#cite_note-:15-260">[259]</a> Despite Canada's universal healthcare access, socioeconomic status exacerbates these disparities, hindering low-income individuals' access to prescription drug coverage and specialist care.<a href="#cite_note-:15-260">[259]</a> Evidently, racialized persons are twice as likely as non-racialized persons to face these challenges.<a href="#cite_note-:15-260">[259]</a> These issues are further compounded by historical and systemic contexts and a lack of diversity among healthcare workers, shaping negative healthcare experiences for Black individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:15-260">[259]</a> In contemporary Canadian healthcare, research indicates that everyday racism adversely affects the health outcomes of Black Canadians and other racialized communities.<a href="#cite_note-:07-261">[260]</a> For instance, in Ontario, Black people, constituting 5% of the population, represented one-quarter of new HIV diagnoses.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> Additionally, throughout the first 14 months of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> epidemic in Toronto, Black people accounted for 14% of cases and 15% of hospitalizations, despite comprising 9% of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> These findings highlight that Black Canadians face insensitivity and discrimination from healthcare providers, dissuading individuals from seeking care and exacerbating disparities in health outcomes. Studies highlight that evidence-informed health promotion initiatives and interventions targeting racism's impact on health and within Canadian healthcare are crucial for promoting health equity, rebuilding trust within the healthcare system, and improving public health outcomes in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> Additionally, collecting ethically disaggregated ethno-racial data for monitoring outcomes is essential for positive changes within the Canadian healthcare system.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_community">Indigenous community</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Indigenous community">edit</a>]</div> It is well documented in the literature that <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> lack equitable access to healthcare services for a variety of reasons.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> One major reason for this inequitable access is due to Indigenous locations of residence. Statistics Canada reported that the majority of Métis live in urban centres, while almost half of First Nations people live on reserves.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> In rural northern communities, they struggle to attract and retain healthcare professionals, leaving a great shortage in services that results in far lesser access to care.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> In the Inuit Nunangat, it was found that just 23% of Inuit had a medical doctor they regularly visited.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Additionally, due to the lack of healthcare access in northern communities, many are forced into lengthy transportation to southern Ontario to receive necessary care. One study examined an Inuit community in Rigolet, Canada, and looked at the direct and indirect costs of these long-distance healthcare visits, including missed paid employment, mental well-being costs, transportation costs and others. Altogether, this community experiences healthcare costs greater than other Canadian non-Indigenous and urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> Another prominent reason for inequitable access to care is the persistence of racism that remains in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:22-271">[270]</a> In 2012, The Health Council of Canada conducted a series of meetings across the country with a variety of healthcare workers, researchers and Aboriginal people. Through their conversations, they discovered that a large part of the problem comes from the healthcare system. They found that many Indigenous people simply do not trust mainstream health service due to stereotyping, racism and that they feel intimidated. One participant described their experiences as "being treated with contempt, judged, ignored, stereotyped, racialized, and minimized." Finally the Health Council of Canada went on to describe that this lack of equitable access comes as an extension of systemic racism in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:22-271">[270]</a> A 2015 study examined 80 Indigenous women who experienced neurological conditions.<a href="#cite_note-:32-272">[271]</a> Participants described their lack of access to health services to stem from the racism and sexism experienced in the system. In the same study, the researchers interviewed multiple key informants, including various types of health practitioners. They described how important it is for the health system to implement culturally safe care. They also discussed how many stereotyping problems occur in medical school and that Canada requires further Indigenous-centred training. They recommend higher education and awareness training amongst medical schools and healthcare institutions to address the growing healthcare disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:32-272">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_community">LGBT community</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: LGBT community">edit</a>]</div> Canadians in the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Canada">LGBT community</a>, especially those in poverty, receive inadequate levels of treatment. A research study by Lori Ross and Margaret Gibson notes that of all demographics, LGBT members need mental health services the most due to systemic discrimination. According to the study, LGBT members often need to turn to mental health services that are mainly private and not covered by publicly funded healthcare. Low-income LGBT members might be unable to afford these private programs; subsequently, their mental health issues may remain unaddressed or even worsen.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Researcher Emily Colpitts states that LGBT members in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> experience ambiguous or alienating language in their health policies. According to Colpitts, the "heteronormative and <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender-binary language</a> and structure of medical intake forms have the consequence of alienating LGBT populations." Colpitts adds that in the previous study of queer and transgender women in Nova Scotia, patients experienced significant discomfort in their meetings with healthcare providers and feared that because of the language of health policy, they would not be able to receive adequate healthcare based on their <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual identities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> According to researcher Judith MacDonnell, LGBT members, especially childbearing lesbians, have trouble navigating through health policy. MacDonnell states that LGBT women encounter challenges at every point of the childbearing process in Canada and have to rely on personal and professional means to receive information that they can understand, such as in reproductive health clinics and postpartum or parenting support.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> The healthcare needs of the LGBT community are affected by a number of social, behavioural, and structural factors.<a href="#cite_note-:14-276">[275]</a> Various bodies of literature have identified the health disparities associated with the LGBT community, and how these individuals receive disproportionate healthcare services. For example, mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety, eating disorders, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases are all of higher prevalence and a major concern amongst LGBT persons.<a href="#cite_note-:14-276">[275]</a> These health issues are not sufficiently addressed either, as healthcare professionals (such as physicians) may be unaware of these individuals' sexual orientation. In 2008, Analysis of Canadian Community Health Service data showed that: LGB persons were more likely to seek out mental health services than heterosexuals;<a href="#cite_note-:23-277">[276]</a> lesbians have lower reported rates of using family physicians.<a href="#cite_note-:23-277">[276]</a> bisexuals report higher levels of unmet healthcare needs compared to heterosexuals(2); and LGB persons perceive they have less equitable access to healthcare services compared to heterosexual persons.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> Another barrier that exists with regard to the healthcare disparities experienced by LGBT persons is the stigma that continues to persist in society. Moreover, LGBT populations may fear that their health needs are not considered in primary health since healthcare has been historically been constituted through a cisnormative and heteronormative framework.<a href="#cite_note-:33-279">[278]</a> As a result, LGBT populations are less likely to access primary healthcare services due to the fear of discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-:33-279">[278]</a> In addition, recent data shows that healthcare professionals lack adequate knowledge and cultural competence when it comes to addressing health issues predominantly affecting the LGBT community.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> Cultural competence is an important consideration in assessing the quality of care received by the LGBT community, as a lack of cultural competency in healthcare professionals and systems leads to a reduced life expectancy, a lower quality of life, and an increased risk of acute and chronic illness amongst LGBT persons.<a href="#cite_note-:33-279">[278]</a> Research has also highlighted that higher rates of chronic illness seen in LGBT persons is associated with discrimination, minority stress, avoidance of healthcare providers, and irregular access to healthcare services.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> Another important consideration in addressing the quality of care received by the LGBT community is patient-physician communication.<a href="#cite_note-:42-282">[281]</a> Many health risks LGBT persons face come as a result of avoidance and/or dissatisfaction of healthcare services; this is in part due to assumptions made by the patient's healthcare providers, such as assuming the sexuality of the patient and predicting their sexual behaviours.<a href="#cite_note-:42-282">[281]</a> In these scenarios, it can be very difficult for LGBT persons to feel comfortable in a clinical setting because they may experience a decline in self-confidence and trust in their healthcare providers. The underlying message in terms of providing equitable care, and access to care, for patients in the LGBT community is that healthcare providers and systems must be aware of the appropriate methods through which to administer care. The specific needs of LGBT persons must be appreciated in order to enhance the quality of care and provide it in a non-judgemental, gender-neutral manner.<a href="#cite_note-:42-282">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigrants">Immigrants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Immigrants">edit</a>]</div> Inadequate access to primary care and treatment interventions has been and continues to be a prevalent issue amongst minority populations in Canada. As a result, many immigrants are faced with constant barriers with regard to receiving high-quality care. The patient experience is revered as one of the most significant aspects of healthcare, however its relation to immigrant status is not well defined.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> The "healthy immigrant effect" is a term that recognizes how immigrants on average enter Canada with better health than those born in the country. However, over time, this health advantage experienced by immigrants may begin to decline.<a href="#cite_note-:0-284">[283]</a> Multiple factors contribute to this health decline, including: racialization and discrimination, stress of immigration, barriers accessing healthcare practitioners and others.<a href="#cite_note-:0-284">[283]</a> The most prevalent barriers faced by immigrants with regard to accessing primary care services are related to geography and geographic distribution, language, and culture.<a href="#cite_note-:03-285">[284]</a> Moreover, the distribution of physicians has a direct impact on the utilization of primary care services by immigrants. Immigrants tend to settle in suburbs, and long term immigrants tend to migrate toward suburban areas. These areas offer the most affordable housing options for immigrants, however this creates a "spatial mismatch"<a href="#cite_note-:03-285">[284]</a> between patients and physicians since physicians and medical services are primarily concentrated in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-:03-285">[284]</a> Language is another strong barrier faced by immigrant populations due to the poor distribution of same-language physicians. Immigrants often face challenges in terms of understanding English medical terms.<a href="#cite_note-:03-285">[284]</a> These linguistic differences are yet another contributing factor to the discordance and miscommunication between immigrants and English-speaking physicians. Since healthcare services in Canada are paid in-part by the federal and provincial governments and by health insurance systems, economic and financial barriers are generally not considered to be a severe issue dealt with by the immigrant community. However, local availability (i.e., spatial accessibility<a href="#cite_note-:03-285">[284]</a>) of physicians and individual patient preferences such as ethnicity and language spoken by physicians are both impactful factors contributing to the precipitous decrease in primary healthcare access by immigrants. Many immigrants report experiencing social isolation in Canada while also lacking social support from friends or family, which significantly impacts their mental health and also impacts their access to mental health services.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> Other racialized immigrants, specifically seniors, may be reluctant to access mental health services due to the stigmatization that surrounds these issues.<a href="#cite_note-:12-287">[286]</a> Another significant barrier reported was the difficulty immigrants faced in finding mental health providers that were appropriately trained in cultural sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> Immigrants in Canada face multiple barriers to accessing mental health services.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> As with primary care access, the language barrier between healthcare providers and immigrants remains one of the greatest challenges in delivering mental health care and often leads to underuse.<a href="#cite_note-:12-287">[286]</a> Many subpopulations of immigrants, including but not limited to: African women,<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> Latin American men,<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> Iranian immigrants<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> and South Asian immigrants<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> have been shown in studies to underuse mental health services due to the limited amount of services offered outside of the English language, which hinders their access to mental health care. One study discussed how immigrants avoided, or did not benefit from, mental health counselling services as there lacks an adequate amount of professional interpretation services.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> Another study conducted in Montreal examined the reasons behind why immigrants were reluctant to access mental health services. They found a multitude of reasons as to why immigrants were hesitant to seek help, including the fact that their perception of Western doctors' over willingness to utilize pharmaceutical medications, while they believed in the curative powers of non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as God and traditional folk medicine.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refugees">Refugees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Refugees">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugees</a> in Canada experience numerous barriers to healthcare, such as gaps in knowledge regarding healthcare needs, which may not be always considered by public health initiatives and policies.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> Immigrants and refugees are among the groups most at risk for negative health effects resulting from persistent <a href="/wiki/Health_disparities" class="mw-redirect" title="Health disparities">health disparities</a>; differences in race, socioeconomic status, income, citizenship status, and other social factors further exacerbate healthcare inequalities. Compared to immigrants, refugees often require additional healthcare due to previous conditions in their countries of origin.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> The 2012 <a href="/wiki/Protecting_Canada%27s_Immigration_System_Act" title="Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act">Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act</a> formed a tiered system that classified refugees and separated care based on these classifications.<a href="#cite_note-:1-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-300">[299]</a> Differing levels of care were provided to refugees based on each refugee's home country and other factors.<a href="#cite_note-:2-300">[299]</a> The act also reduced healthcare coverage for refugees provided by the Interim Federal Health Program (IFHP).<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> The changes in refugee healthcare programs created in a rise in <a href="/wiki/Emergency_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency room">emergency room</a> (ER) visits due to a lack of provisions of healthcare to refugees. This created concerns among Canadian citizens that the overall cost of healthcare will rise due. According to one study, the cuts to IFHP also made funding uncertain for programs that helped pay for ER costs.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> In July 2014, Canada's Federal Court ruled that denying health services to asylum seekers was "cruel and unusual treatment" and therefore unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-:1-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-300">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> One study suggested open dialogue among policymakers, clinicians, and researchers and working with settlement programs to effectively respond to challenges encountered by the healthcare system regarding refugees.<a href="#cite_note-:3-306">[305]</a> The study notes that supporting primary care and focusing on social accountability training in medical schools will help ensure the sustainability of the healthcare system's response to refugees.<a href="#cite_note-:3-306">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="People_living_with_intellectual_disabilities">People living with intellectual disabilities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: People living with intellectual disabilities">edit</a>]</div> Healthcare needs and comorbidities are often underdiagnosed in those living with intellectual disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> A study conducted in Quebec, Canada investigated healthcare utilization and access amongst people with intellectual disabilities in comparison to the general population.<a href="#cite_note-:05-308">[307]</a> Of the study sample, approximately 30 percent reported not having had a comprehensive medical examination in the past year, which is what is currently advised in the 2018 Canadian consensus guidelines for practitioners providing primary care for those with intellectual disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-:05-308">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> Compared to the general population, women with intellectual disabilities aged 18–69 years were found to undergo cervical cancer screening less often. Results demonstrated them to be 1.5 times less likely to undergo a Pap test in the past three years compared to similar aged women without disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-:05-308">[307]</a> For breast cancer screening, women living with severe or profound intellectual disabilities or <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> were found to be screened significantly less than those in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-:05-308">[307]</a> People with Down syndrome also reported the lowest usage of physiotherapy services compared to other measured population groups, which is a concern given that Down syndrome is associated with a variety of musculoskeletal problems that may be improved with physiotherapy.<a href="#cite_note-:05-308">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Added_incentive_to_encourage_assisted_suicide">Added incentive to encourage assisted suicide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Added incentive to encourage assisted suicide">edit</a>]</div> Canada since at least 2016 has legally allowed for a so-called <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">right to die</a>, or legalized <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reason_magazine,_September_7th,_2022-177">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported in August, 2022 that, "...human rights advocates say the country's regulations lack necessary safeguards, devalue the lives of disabled people and are prompting doctors and health workers to suggest the procedure to those who might not otherwise consider it."<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> Critics have raised concerns that doctors and medical professionals in Canada may have an added incentive to encourage patients to self-select an early or possibly even unnecessary instance of euthanasia as a cost cutting procedure due to governmental budget pressures based around a system of socialized medicine. Scott Shackford of <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a> magazine reported on September 7, 2022, that, "Unfortunately, the philosophical argument for the right to die can also end up colliding with troubling decisions in a country where the government funds and controls access to healthcare. That is reportedly happening in Canada, where some citizens say health officials are actively encouraging people with disabilities and other chronic medical issues to consider suicide."<a href="#cite_note-Reason_magazine,_September_7th,_2022-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadians_receiving_healthcare_in_the_United_States">Canadians receiving healthcare in the United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Canadians receiving healthcare in the United States">edit</a>]</div> Along with the highly publicized 2005 case of Shona Holmes, who campaigned against the Canadian healthcare system on behalf of the Americans for Prosperity's PAC from 2009 through 2012, there have been other high-profiled incidents in which Canadian politicians have visited the Mayo Clinic and other highly specialized hospitals in the United States. Media reports about <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a>, the premier of Quebec in 1994, then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>'s visit to the Mayo Clinic in 1999,<a href="#cite_note-gazette20100203-312">[311]</a> then Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Belinda_Stronach" title="Belinda Stronach">Belinda Stronach</a>'s visit to the Mayo in 2007, and then Newfoundland and Labrador Premier <a href="/wiki/Danny_Williams_(Canadian_politician)" title="Danny Williams (Canadian politician)">Danny Williams</a> have been criticized for being cynical, ironic, hypocritical, and/or elitist.<a href="#cite_note-levant20020115-313">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-CTV_20070914-314">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-theindependent_1994-315">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC_20100202-316">[315]</a> An often-cited 2002 study reported in the Health Affairs journal, said that their research results did "not support the widespread perception that Canadian residents seek care extensively in the United States."<a href="#cite_note-Katz2002-317">[316]</a> The Katz study—based on an analysis of data from the 1996–1997 National Population Health Survey (NPHS)—a large survey representative of the Canadian noninstitutionalized population, including 17,276 Canadian residents, reported that 0.5% sought medical care in the U.S. in the previous year. Of these, less than a quarter had travelled to the U.S. expressly to get that care.<a href="#cite_note-Katz2002-317">[316]</a> This was supported by an additional analysis performed from the American side, using a structured telephone survey of all ambulatory care clinical facilities located in specific heavily populated U.S. urban corridors bordering Canada and discharge data for 1994–1998 from major border states, and contacted key informants at each of <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>'s "America's Best Hospitals" to inquire about the number of Canadians seen in both inpatient and outpatient settings.<a href="#cite_note-Katz2002-317">[316]</a> The authors characterized this rate of medical travel as "barely detectable relative to the use of care by Canadians at home" and that the results "do not support the widespread perception that Canadian residents seek care extensively in the United States."<a href="#cite_note-Katz2002-317">[316]</a> The majority of Canadians who seek healthcare in the U.S. are already there for other reasons, including business travel or vacations.<a href="#cite_note-Katz2002-317">[316]</a> A smaller proportion seek care in the U.S. for reasons of confidentiality, including abortions, mental illness, substance abuse, and other problems that they may not wish to divulge to their local physician, family, or employer. Canadians offered free care in the U.S. paid by the Canadian government have sometimes declined it.<a href="#cite_note-Schmitz_1991-318">[317]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> twice in 1999 for medical care.<a href="#cite_note-gazette20100203-312">[311]</a> Chrétien allegedly kept the visits a secret, with one occurring during a publicly announced ski trip to Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-levant20020115-313">[312]</a> Canadian Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Belinda_Stronach" title="Belinda Stronach">Belinda Stronach</a> went to the United States for breast cancer surgery in June 2007. Stronach's spokesperson Greg MacEachern was quoted in the article saying that the U.S. was the best place to have this type of surgery done. Stronach paid out-of-pocket for the surgery.<a href="#cite_note-CTV_20070914-314">[313]</a> Stronach had stated in an interview that she was against <a href="/wiki/Two-tier_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-tier health care">two-tier health care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a>, the premier of Quebec, needed cancer treatment, he went to the U.S. to get it.<a href="#cite_note-theindependent_1994-315">[314]</a> In 2010, Newfoundland and Labrador Premier <a href="/wiki/Danny_Williams_(Canadian_politician)" title="Danny Williams (Canadian politician)">Danny Williams</a> travelled to the U.S. for heart surgery.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_20100202-316">[315]</a> One 2008, KOMO-TV report said that some Canadian pregnant women were "forced" to give birth in U.S.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> One pregnant woman from <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> had to deliver her quadruplets in <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls, Montana</a> because at that time, in 2007, there were hospitals with enough neonatal intensive beds to accommodate the extremely rare quadruple birth.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> A January 19, 2008, article in <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a> said that, "More than 150 critically ill Canadians—many with life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage" title="Intracerebral hemorrhage">cerebral hemorrhages</a>—have been rushed to the United States since the spring of 2006 because they could not obtain intensive-care beds here. Before patients with bleeding in or outside the brain have been whisked through U.S. operating-room doors. Some wait times for these patients in Canada waiting as long as eight hours in emergency wards Canadian health-care workers found solutions for them in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americans_visiting_Canada_to_receive_healthcare">Americans visiting Canada to receive healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Americans visiting Canada to receive healthcare">edit</a>]</div> Some U.S. citizens travel to Canada for healthcare-related mainly to access lower costs. <a href="/wiki/Consumer_import_of_prescription_drugs#Canada_to_United_States" title="Consumer import of prescription drugs">Many U.S. citizens purchase prescription drugs from Canada</a>, either over the Internet or by travelling there to buy them in person, because prescription drug prices in Canada are substantially lower than <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">prescription drug prices in the United States</a>; this cross-border purchasing has been estimated at $1 billion annually.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> Some states like Florida have signed bills to import prescription drugs from Canada but are awaiting federal approval.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> Because <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">marijuana</a> is legal in Canada but illegal in some of the U.S., many U.S. citizens with <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> have travelled to Canada for medical treatment. One of those was <a href="/wiki/Steve_Kubby" title="Steve Kubby">Steve Kubby</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>'s 1998 candidate for governor of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal cancer">adrenal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> Recent legalization of marijuana in some states of the U.S. has reduced this type of travelling. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portability_and_provincial_residency_requirements">Portability and provincial residency requirements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Portability and provincial residency requirements">edit</a>]</div> The Canada Health Act covers residents of Canada, which are persons "lawfully entitled to be or to remain in Canada who makes his home and is ordinarily present in the province, but does not include a tourist, a transient or a visitor to the province."<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_Canada-328">[327]</a> When traveling within Canada, a Canadian's health card from his or her home province or territory is accepted for hospital and physician services.<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_Canada-328">[327]</a> Each province has residency and physical presence requirements to qualify for health care coverage. For example, to qualify for coverage in Ontario, with certain exceptions, one must be physically present in Ontario for 153 days in any given 12-month period. Most provinces require 183 days of physical presence in any given 12-month period. Exceptions may be made for mobile workers, if the individual can provide documentation from his or her employer verifying that the individual's work requires frequent travel in and out of the province.<a href="#cite_note-Queen-329">[328]</a> Transients, self-employed itinerant workers (e.g. farm workers) who move from province to province several times within a year, and peripatetic retired or unemployed individuals who move from province to province (e.g. staying with various relatives, or living in a recreational vehicle) may find themselves ineligible for health coverage in any province or territory, even though they are Canadian citizens or landed immigrants physically present in Canada 365 days a year. "<a href="/wiki/Snowbird_(person)" title="Snowbird (person)">Snowbirds</a>" (Canadians who winter in warm climates) and other Canadians who are out their home province or territory for a total of more than 183 days in twelve months lose all coverage, which is reinstated after a three-month waiting period.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> Students attending a university or college outside their home province are generally covered by the health insurance program of their home province, however, "Typically this coverage (while out-of-province but within Canada) is for physician and hospital services only."<a href="#cite_note-Queen-329">[328]</a> The Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, for example, states, "Therefore, when travelling outside of Ontario but within Canada, the ministry recommends that you obtain private supplementary health insurance for non-physician/non-hospital services."<a href="#cite_note-Queen-329">[328]</a> Such services might include prescription drugs, or ground and air ambulance services that might be covered in one's home province.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_selected_other_countries">Comparison to selected other countries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Comparison to selected other countries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_and_American_health_care_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Canadian and American health care systems">Comparison of Canadian and American health care systems</a></div> The Canadian health care system is often <a href="/wiki/Canadian_and_American_health_care_systems_compared" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian and American health care systems compared">compared</a> to the U.S. system. According to a report by the New York-based independent health-care advocacy group, The Commonwealth Fund, that compared 11 rich countries, over 25% of Canadians report a <a href="/wiki/Body-mass_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-mass index">body-mass index</a> of 30 or higher—a measure of obesity—compared to 40% in the U.S. This is twice the rate reported in Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-NaPo_Perkel_20200131-332">[331]</a> Canada ranked 4th in the eleven countries for the number of suicides per 100,000 compared, with a rate of 11.8 per 100,000 compared to the U.S. rate of 13.9 which was the highest of the eleven wealthy countries. In both Canada and the United States there has been an increase in "deaths of despair" which includes substance abuse and overdoses.<a href="#cite_note-NaPo_Perkel_20200131-332">[331]</a> From 2000 to 2015, the number of preventable deaths caused by treatable health conditions—diabetes, high blood pressure or some cancers—dropped from 109 to 72 deaths per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-NaPo_Perkel_20200131-332">[331]</a> In 2016, of the eleven countries, the U.S. "had the highest rate of avoidable deaths at 112 per 100,000".<a href="#cite_note-NaPo_Perkel_20200131-332">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_spending_compared_to_other_countries">Healthcare spending compared to other countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Healthcare spending compared to other countries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">List of countries by total health expenditure per capita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_spending_as_a_percent_of_GDP_by_country_(gross_domestic_product)" class="mw-redirect" title="Health spending as a percent of GDP by country (gross domestic product)">Health spending as a percent of GDP by country (gross domestic product)</a></div> In 2018, The OECD average represented 8.8% of GDP or CAN$5,175 per person with 27% private and 73% public. Canada's health spending represented 10.7% of GDP or $6,448 per person with 30% private and 70% public. The U.S. spending represented 16.9% of GDP or $13,722 per person with 51% private and 49% public.<a href="#cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2019-32">[32]</a>: 11  In 2022, Canada's per-capita spending on health expenditures ranked 12th among <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">health-care systems in the OECD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-barcharts-13">[13]</a> In comparison, in 2006, Canada spent approximately 10.0% of GDP on healthcare in 2006. The average of OECD countries at that time was 8.9%.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_2008-333">[332]</a> <div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_(Gross_domestic_product).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png/440px-Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png/660px-Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png/880px-Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">Health spending by country. Percent of GDP</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a>. 11.2% for Canada in 2022. 16.6% for the United States in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-barcharts-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> </div> <div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_(using_economy-wide_PPPs).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png/440px-Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png/660px-Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png/880px-Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">Total healthcare cost per person</a>. Public and private spending. US dollars <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>. $6,319 for Canada in 2022. $12,555 for the US in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-barcharts-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elective_surgery">Elective surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Elective surgery">edit</a>]</div> In its 2016 international health survey, the Commonwealth Fund found that 18 percent of patients in Canada had waited four months or longer for elective surgery in the previous two years, compared to 3 percent of patients in the United States, 6 percent in Switzerland, 4 percent in the Netherlands, and 0 percent in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy_at_birth">Life expectancy at birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Life expectancy at birth">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg/250px-Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg/375px-Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg/500px-Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries. <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">US average of $10,447 in 2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-life-335">[334]</a></figcaption></figure> Based on OECD 2018 data, in terms of life expectancy at birth by gender, women in France is 85.9, Switzerland's 85.7, Canada's 84.1, the Netherlands's 83.4, Germany's 83.3, and the U.S.' 81.2 years.<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-statcan_20111001-337">[336]</a> The Commonwealth Fund report ranked Canada at slightly above average in life expectancy and the U.S. at the bottom of the list with a life expectancy of 78.6 years.<a href="#cite_note-NaPo_Perkel_20200131-332">[331]</a> Of the eleven countries, the U.S. spends the most of healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-NaPo_Perkel_20200131-332">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy_at_65">Life expectancy at 65</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Life expectancy at 65">edit</a>]</div> Based on Statistics Canada data from 2017 to 2019, women in Canada have a life expectancy at 65 of 22.2 years or 87.5 years and men at 65 have a life expectancy of 19.5 years or 84.5 years.<a href="#cite_note-statcan_20190208-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under-five_mortality_rates">Under-five mortality rates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Under-five mortality rates">edit</a>]</div> From 1971 to 2020, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_and_under-five_mortality_rates" title="List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates">under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births</a> rate for Canada dropped gradually from 20.9 deaths per 1000 live births to 4.98 deaths per 1000.<a href="#cite_note-knoema_Canada_2020-338">[337]</a> In comparison, in the U.S. during the same period, the rate decreased slowly from 22.49 to 6.98 deaths per 1000.<a href="#cite_note-knoema_US_2020-339">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_mortality_rate_per_100,000_live_births">Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> rate per 100,000 live births in Canada was 8.3 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-statcan_MMR_20191126-340">[339]</a> Since 2008, the rate has been between "4.5 and 8.7 deaths per 100,000 live births".<a href="#cite_note-statcan_MMR_20191126-340">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physicians_per_1000_people">Physicians per 1000 people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Physicians per 1000 people">edit</a>]</div> According to the Commonwealth report, 11 wealthy countries have a higher number of physicians per 1000 people, than Canada.<a href="#cite_note-NaPo_Perkel_20200131-332">[331]</a> Norway has 4.8, Canada has 2.7 and the U.S. has 2.6 physicians per 1000 people.<a href="#cite_note-NaPo_Perkel_20200131-332">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_challenges_to_Canada's_healthcare_system">Legal challenges to Canada's healthcare system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Legal challenges to Canada's healthcare system">edit</a>]</div> There have been several court cases that have challenged Canadian and provincial health systems including the <a href="/wiki/Chaoulli_v._Quebec_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General)">Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General)</a> and the high-profile, multi-year lawsuit against the provincial government, <a href="/wiki/Cambie_Surgeries_Corporation_v._British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia">Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia (Medical Services Commission)</a> which ruled in favour of the BC MSC.<a href="#cite_note-Fayerman16-341">[340]</a> In June 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled in <a href="/wiki/Chaoulli_v._Quebec_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General)">Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General)</a> that Quebec AG had violated the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a> by forbidding private health insurance for medically necessary health services. The ruling raised concerns for some and hope for others that there could be an increase in private sector participation in the health system. Chief Justice McLachlin ruled that "[a]ccess to a waiting list is not access to health care".<a href="#cite_note-CBC_20060822-342">[341]</a> The Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia case was settled on September 10, 2020, when Justice Steeves of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">Supreme Court of British Columbia</a> ruled against legalizing private health care.<a href="#cite_note-globalnews_20200910-343">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-345">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-chaoulli_ontario_20070925-346">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fayerman16-341">[340]</a> On September 5, 2007, the attorneys of Lindsay McCreith and Shona Holmes filed a statement of claim at the Ontario Superior in McCreith and Holmes v. Ontario (Attorney General) with the support of the Canadian Constitution Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-chaoulli_ontario_20070925-346">[345]</a> a "conservative organization which funds litigation involving individual freedoms, economic liberty, and equality before the law".<a href="#cite_note-chaoulli_ontario_20070925-346">[345]</a> In William Murray v. Alberta (Minister of Health) the CCF "backed a challenge to Alberta's healthcare laws".<a href="#cite_note-chaoulli_ontario_20070925-346">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambie's_failed_constitutional_challenge">Cambie's failed constitutional challenge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Cambie's failed constitutional challenge">edit</a>]</div> On September 10, 2020, Justice John J. Steeves of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">Supreme Court of British Columbia</a> (BCSC) dismissed <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> violation claims in the high-profile, multi-year trial, <a href="/wiki/Cambie_Surgeries_Corporation_v._British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia">Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia</a>, launched in 2016 by <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>-based Cambie Surgeries Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-345">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, the Government of British Columbia threatened to shut down one private clinic because it was planning to start accepting private payments from patients.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> Since 2008, Dr. Brian Day has been suing the British Columbia government on the basis that the Canada Health Act is unconstitutional. In 2016, the Government of Quebec was sued for passing Bill 20, which allows and regulates add-on fees.<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitation_(healthcare)" title="Capitation (healthcare)">Capitation based models</a> are used in some provinces as in place of or in parallel with the traditional fee for service model.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> An April 2006 perspective on private healthcare in Canada in the New England Journal of Medicine included an interview with Michael McBane and Brian Day on the future of health care in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM_Steinbrook_20060420-354">[353]</a> In August 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a> (CMA) elected as president <a href="/wiki/Brian_Day" title="Brian Day">Brian Day</a>, who owns the largest private hospital in Canada and who vocally supports increasing private healthcare in Canada. A 2006 New York Times article entitled "Canada's Private Clinics Surge as Public System Falters" said that the "Cambie Surgery Center"—"Canada's most prominent private hospital— was operating in plain view of health authorities as a "rogue enterprise". By 2006, Cambie, which was founded by Dr. Brian Day, Cambie's medical director and president, had a staff of 120 doctors.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Krauss_2006-355">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-BMJ_Ed_Board-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC_20200910-357">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-bc-injury-law-358">[357]</a> Day was quoted in the 2006 Times saying, without evidence, that, "This is a country in which dogs can get a hip replacement in under a week and in which humans can wait two to three years."<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Krauss_2006-355">[354]</a> The Canadian Health Coalition responded to Day's claims, pointing out that "access to veterinary care for animals is based on the ability to pay. Dogs are put down if their owners can't pay. Access to care should not be based on ability to pay."<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> According to a May 1, 2006 Maclean's in-depth article, private medical providers in British Columbia and Quebec were expanding their services encouraged by the Supreme Court's 2005 Chaoulli v. Quebec ruling. Quebec was influenced by the success of the blend of private and public healthcare services in France, and Brian Day was influenced by similar health services in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-macleans_Shimo_20060501-360">[359]</a> Maclean's provided a consumer guide to private healthcare services in 2006. In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a> met to discuss the potential for an increase in private clinics in Canada's healthcare system A European study presented at the meeting was "expected to call for private clinics, such as the chain of radiology centres owned by Ouellet, to play a bigger role in Canada's health-care system."<a href="#cite_note-thestar_Laidlaw_20090812-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_healthcare_contribution_to_Climate_Change">Canadian healthcare contribution to Climate Change</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Canadian healthcare contribution to Climate Change">edit</a>]</div> Climate change is a growing concern all around the world, and its causes vary from multiple factors. It has been identified that Climate change is the single greatest public health threat of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-:16-361">[360]</a> The healthcare sector in Canada contributes to climate change, and it was responsible for 4.6% of national greenhouse gas emission in 2009 to 2015.<a href="#cite_note-:16-361">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-:08-362">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a>With the relationship between air pollution and human health, it was estimated by researchers that "every year, health care emissions result in 23 000 years of life lost due to disability or early death".<a href="#cite_note-:08-362">[361]</a> The health sector has contributed to pollution in various ways, with Hospitals and Pharmaceutical companies as the largest drivers of its emissions according to the PLOS Medicine study. There is also the impact of medical waste, anesthetics used in surgery, and unsustainable materials which are all greenhouse gases.<a href="#cite_note-:08-362">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-361">[360]</a> There have been projects led by The Canadian Coalition for Green Health Care with the aim to reduce the environmental impacts of providing healthcare, such as reducing toxic chemicals when cleaning and promoting sustainable foods in hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-:08-362">[361]</a> They recently studied medical imaging equipment's energy consumption.<a href="#cite_note-:08-362">[361]</a> When patients and hospital staff travel to hospitals and clinics they release greenhouse gas, which can be viewed as part of the equation.<a href="#cite_note-:08-362">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-361">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Transfer" title="Canada Health Transfer">Canada Health Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_and_Social_Transfer" title="Canada Health and Social Transfer">Canada Health and Social Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease_in_Northern_Ontario" title="Chronic disease in Northern Ontario">Chronic disease in Northern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_healthcare_systems_in_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States">Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_compared" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care compared">Health care compared</a> - tabular comparisons of the US, Canada, and other countries not shown above.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_Spending_Account" title="Healthcare Spending Account">Healthcare Spending Account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EvidenceNetwork.ca" title="EvidenceNetwork.ca">EvidenceNetwork.ca</a> Evidence Network of Canadian Health Policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Transfer_Policy" title="Indian Health Transfer Policy">Indian Health Transfer Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Future_of_Health_Care_in_Canada" title="Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada">Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_universal_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries with universal health care">List of countries with universal health care</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Researcher Matthew Wong uses <a href="/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution" title="Chi-squared distribution">chi-square analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_analysis" title="Post hoc analysis">posthoc pairwise</a> tests with a <a href="/wiki/Bonferroni_correction" title="Bonferroni correction">Bonferroni correction</a> to find out that occupational hazards home care nurses experience, although depending on the type of geographical setting (rural, town, suburban, urban areas), it is common to find that aggressive pets, environmental tobacco smoke, oxygen equipment, unsafe neighborhoods, and pests, hinder a quality performance by the nurse from occurring. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AaseWaring2017-1"><a href="#cite_ref-AaseWaring2017_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKarina_AaseJustin_WaringLene_Schibevaag2017" class="citation book cs1">Karina Aase; Justin Waring; Lene Schibevaag (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jvs1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128">Researching Quality in Care Transitions: International Perspectives</a>. Springer. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-62346-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-62346-7"><bdi>978-3-319-62346-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researching+Quality+in+Care+Transitions%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-62346-7&rft.au=Karina+Aase&rft.au=Justin+Waring&rft.au=Lene+Schibevaag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvs1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/healthcare/public_vs_private.html">"Public vs. private health care"</a>. CBC News. December 1, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+vs.+private+health+care&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews2%2Fbackground%2Fhealthcare%2Fpublic_vs_private.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bégin1988-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Bégin1988_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonique_Bégin1988" class="citation book cs1">Monique Bégin (1988). Medicare: Canada's Right to Health. Optimum Pub. International. p. Intro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88890-219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88890-219-1"><bdi>978-0-88890-219-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicare%3A+Canada%27s+Right+to+Health&rft.pages=Intro&rft.pub=Optimum+Pub.+International&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88890-219-1&rft.au=Monique+B%C3%A9gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeattMapa2003-4"><a href="#cite_ref-LeattMapa2003_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeggy_LeattJoseph_Mapa2003" class="citation book cs1">Peggy Leatt; Joseph Mapa (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_y6J647QFoC&pg=PA81">Government Relations in the Health Care Industry</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-513-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-513-8"><bdi>978-1-56720-513-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+Relations+in+the+Health+Care+Industry&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-513-8&rft.au=Peggy+Leatt&rft.au=Joseph+Mapa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_y6J647QFoC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romanow_Report_2002-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Romanow_Report_2002_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romanow_Report_2002_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romanow_Report_2002_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romanow_Report_2002_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romanow_Report_2002_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanow2002" class="citation report cs1">Romanow, Roy J. (November 28, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/CP32-85-2002E.pdf">Building on values: the future of health care in Canada</a> (PDF). Government of Canada Public Services and Procurement Canada (Report). Saskatoon. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-33043-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-662-33043-9"><bdi>0-662-33043-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Building+on+values%3A+the+future+of+health+care+in+Canada&rft.place=Saskatoon&rft.pages=392&rft.date=2002-11-28&rft.isbn=0-662-33043-9&rft.aulast=Romanow&rft.aufirst=Roy+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2FCollection%2FCP32-85-2002E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romanow_Recommendations_2002-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Romanow_Recommendations_2002_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/372/soci/rep/repoct02vol6part7-e.htm">"Recommendations for Reform"</a>. The Health of Canadians – The Federal Role. 17.2 Universality: Parliament of Canada. October 2002. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+Reform&rft.place=17.2+Universality&rft.series=The+Health+of+Canadians+%E2%80%93+The+Federal+Role&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Canada&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2Fcontent%2Fsen%2Fcommittee%2F372%2Fsoci%2Frep%2Frepoct02vol6part7-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_2019-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2019_7-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201348/https://www.cihi.ca/en/health-spending-in-canada-reaches-264-billion">"Health spending in Canada reaches $264 billion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/health-spending-in-canada-reaches-264-billion">the original</a> on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft.atitle=Health+spending+in+Canada+reaches+%24264+billion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fhealth-spending-in-canada-reaches-264-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_2005-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2005_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2005_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2005_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2005_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2005_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_2005_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Institute_for_Health_Information2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> (September 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060319000252/http://www.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=AR_1282_E">CIHI exploring the 70-30 split</a>. Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Institute for Health Information. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55392-655-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55392-655-9"><bdi>978-1-55392-655-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=AR_1282_E">the original</a> on March 19, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CIHI+exploring+the+70-30+split&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-55392-655-9&rft.au=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fcihiweb%2FdispPage.jsp%3Fcw_page%3DAR_1282_E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_20170701-9"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_20170701_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKliff2017" class="citation news cs1">Kliff, Sarah (July 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/07/01/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-canadian-health-care-in-one-post/">"Everything you ever wanted to know about Canadian health care in one post"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Everything+you+ever+wanted+to+know+about+Canadian+health+care+in+one+post&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Kliff&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2012%2F07%2F01%2Feverything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-canadian-health-care-in-one-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statcan_Findlay_20200424-10"><a href="#cite_ref-statcan_Findlay_20200424_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlayArim2020" class="citation report cs1">Findlay, Leanne; Arim, Rubab (April 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2020001/article/00003-eng.htm">Canadians report lower self-perceived mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, Government of Canada (Report). Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Canadians+report+lower+self-perceived+mental+health+during+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=Leanne&rft.au=Arim%2C+Rubab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fpub%2F45-28-0001%2F2020001%2Farticle%2F00003-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GregoryStephens2019-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GregoryStephens2019_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregoryStephens2019_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregoryStephens2019_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_GregoryTracey_StephensChristy_Raymond-SeniukLinda_Patrick2019" class="citation book cs1">David Gregory; Tracey Stephens; Christy Raymond-Seniuk; Linda Patrick (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEeCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT75">Fundamentals: Perspectives on the Art and Science of Canadian Nursing</a>. Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4963-9850-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4963-9850-5"><bdi>978-1-4963-9850-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Art+and+Science+of+Canadian+Nursing&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4963-9850-5&rft.au=David+Gregory&rft.au=Tracey+Stephens&rft.au=Christy+Raymond-Seniuk&rft.au=Linda+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEeCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/national-health-expenditure-trends">"National Health Expenditure Trends"</a>. Canadian Institute for Health Information. 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Health+Expenditure+Trends&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fnational-health-expenditure-trends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-barcharts-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD-barcharts_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD-barcharts_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD-barcharts_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD-barcharts_13-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm">Health resources - Health spending</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F8643de7e-en">10.1787/8643de7e-en</a>. 2 bar charts: For both: From bottom menus: Countries menu > choose OECD. Check box for "latest data available". Perspectives menu > Check box to "compare variables". Then check the boxes for government/compulsory, voluntary, and total. Click top tab for chart (bar chart). For GDP chart choose "% of GDP" from bottom menu. For per capita chart choose "US dollars/per capita". Click fullscreen button above chart. Click "print screen" key. Click top tab for table, to see data. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/canada/Health-at-a-Glance-2017-Key-Findings-CANADA.pdf">"Health at a Glance 2017"</a> (PDF). OECD Publishing. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+at+a+Glance+2017&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fcanada%2FHealth-at-a-Glance-2017-Key-Findings-CANADA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD_2017-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_2017_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_2017_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/health-at-a-glance-19991312.htm">"Health at a Glance - OECD Indicators by country"</a>. OECD Publishing. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+at+a+Glance+-+OECD+Indicators+by+country&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-systems%2Fhealth-at-a-glance-19991312.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderShahDotyRoosa_Tikkanen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, Eric C.; Shah, Arnav; Doty, Michelle M.; Roosa Tikkanen; Fields, Katharine; Williams II, Reginald D. (August 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2021/aug/mirror-mirror-2021-reflecting-poorly">"Mirror, Mirror 2021: Reflecting Poorly"</a>. www.commonwealthfund.org. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26099%2F01dv-h208">10.26099/01dv-h208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.commonwealthfund.org&rft.atitle=Mirror%2C+Mirror+2021%3A+Reflecting+Poorly&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26099%2F01dv-h208&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Eric+C.&rft.au=Shah%2C+Arnav&rft.au=Doty%2C+Michelle+M.&rft.au=Roosa+Tikkanen&rft.au=Fields%2C+Katharine&rft.au=Williams+II%2C+Reginald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealthfund.org%2Fpublications%2Ffund-reports%2F2021%2Faug%2Fmirror-mirror-2021-reflecting-poorly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> A PRESCRIPTION FOR CANADA: ACHIEVING PHARMACARE FOR ALL (Government of Canada report, retrieved 2023) </li> <li id="cite_note-Duong_Vogel_2023_pp._E309–E310-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duong_Vogel_2023_pp._E309–E310_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duong_Vogel_2023_pp._E309–E310_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuongVogel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Duong, Diana; Vogel, Lauren (February 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9970629">"Overworked health workers are "past the point of exhaustion""</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 195 (8). CMA Impact Inc.: E309–E310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.1096042">10.1503/cmaj.1096042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0820-3946">0820-3946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9970629">9970629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36849179">36849179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Overworked+health+workers+are+%22past+the+point+of+exhaustion%22&rft.volume=195&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=E309-E310&rft.date=2023-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9970629%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0820-3946&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36849179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.1096042&rft.aulast=Duong&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9970629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiessen_Partner_Organization_Ma_2023_j399-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen_Partner_Organization_Ma_2023_j399_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/book/export/html/10799">"Taking the pulse: A snapshot of Canadian health care, 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a>. August 2, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft.atitle=Taking+the+pulse%3A+A+snapshot+of+Canadian+health+care%2C+2023&rft.date=2023-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F10799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHA_1984-20"><a href="#cite_ref-CHA_1984_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-6/index.html">"Canada Health Act"</a>. Government of Canada. April 1, 1984. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+Health+Act&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1984-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2Fc-6%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoP_Tiedemann_20191217-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Tiedemann_20191217_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Tiedemann_20191217_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiedemann2019" class="citation web cs1">Tiedemann, Marlisa (December 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/201954E?">"The Canada Health Act: An Overview"</a>. Library of Parliament. Research publications. p. 18. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Parliament&rft.atitle=The+Canada+Health+Act%3A+An+Overview&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.aulast=Tiedemann&rft.aufirst=Marlisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2Fsites%2FPublicWebsite%2Fdefault%2Fen_CA%2FResearchPublications%2F201954E%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1987-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1987_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1987" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Malcolm G. (1987). Health Insurance and Canadian Public Policy: The Seven Decisions That Created the Health Insurance System and Their Outcomes (2 ed.). Kingston and Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Insurance+and+Canadian+Public+Policy%3A+The+Seven+Decisions+That+Created+the+Health+Insurance+System+and+Their+Outcomes&rft.place=Kingston+and+Montreal&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=McGill+Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2009-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2009_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorMaslove2009" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Malcolm G.; Maslove, Allan (April 1, 2009) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80w3s">Health Insurance and Canadian Public Policy: The Seven Decisions That Created the Health Insurance System and Their Outcomes</a>. McGill Queen's University Press (MQUP). p. 579. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3566-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-3566-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80w3s">j.ctt80w3s</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Insurance+and+Canadian+Public+Policy%3A+The+Seven+Decisions+That+Created+the+Health+Insurance+System+and+Their+Outcomes&rft.pages=579&rft.pub=McGill+Queen%27s+University+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt80w3s%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3566-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+G.&rft.au=Maslove%2C+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt80w3s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHA_2015-24"><a href="#cite_ref-CHA_2015_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Annual Report 2014-2015 (Report). Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Health. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+2014-2015&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Minister+of+Health&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadastat-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Canadastat_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.506140/publication.html">"Healthy Canadians: Canadian government report on comparable health care indicators"</a>. July 2002. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Healthy+Canadians%3A+Canadian+government+report+on+comparable+health+care+indicators&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.506140%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullner_2009-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Mullner_2009_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullner2009" class="citation book cs1">Mullner, Ross M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUItoTour5oC&q=Canada+Health+Act&pg=PA559">Encyclopedia of health services research</a>. SAGE. pp. 559–562. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7194-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7194-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-7194-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+health+services+research&rft.pages=559-562&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-7194-2&rft.aulast=Mullner&rft.aufirst=Ross+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUItoTour5oC%26q%3DCanada%2BHealth%2BAct%26pg%3DPA559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-about_CIHI-27"><a href="#cite_ref-about_CIHI_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-221-x/2011002/abc-eng.htm">"About the Canadian Institute for Health Information'"</a>, Statistics Canada, October 25, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=About+the+Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information%27&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fpub%2F82-221-x%2F2011002%2Fabc-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_History_2019-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_History_2019_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_History_2019_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/cihi-a-history">"CIHI: A history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft.atitle=CIHI%3A+A+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fcihi-a-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/hse_short_aib_10apr14_en.pdf">"Health System Efficiency in Canada: Why Does Efficiency Vary Among Regions?"</a> (PDF). www.cihi.ca. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cihi.ca&rft.atitle=Health+System+Efficiency+in+Canada%3A+Why+Does+Efficiency+Vary+Among+Regions%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.cihi.ca%2Ffree_products%2Fhse_short_aib_10apr14_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/improving_health_system_efficiency_en.pdf">"Improving Health System Efficiency in Canada Perspectives of Decision-Makers"</a> (PDF). secure.cihi.ca. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Retrieved December 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=secure.cihi.ca&rft.atitle=Improving+Health+System+Efficiency+in+Canada+Perspectives+of+Decision-Makers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.cihi.ca%2Ffree_products%2Fimproving_health_system_efficiency_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_upcoming-31"><a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_upcoming_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/upcoming-releases">"Upcoming releases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> CIHI. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information+CIHI&rft.atitle=Upcoming+releases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fupcoming-releases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2019-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2019_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2019_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2019_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2019_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2019_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2019_32-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103911/https://www.cihi.ca/en/national-health-expenditure-trends-1975-to-2019">National Health Expenditure Trends 1975 to 2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> (CIHI) (Report). 2019. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77109-869-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77109-869-4"><bdi>978-1-77109-869-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/national-health-expenditure-trends-1975-to-2019">the original</a> on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Health+Expenditure+Trends+1975+to+2019&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-77109-869-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fnational-health-expenditure-trends-1975-to-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCC_seniors_201204-33"><a href="#cite_ref-HCC_seniors_201204_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitts2012" class="citation web cs1">Kitts, Jack (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zweb-s3.uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/carp/2012/04/HCC_HomeCare_2d.pdf">"Seniors in need, caregivers in distress: What are the home care priorities for seniors in Canada?"</a> (PDF). Retrieved December 6, 2021. <q>Created by the 2003 First Ministers' Accord on Health Care Renewal, the Health Council of Canada is an independent national agency that reports on the progress of health care renewal. The Council provides a system wide perspective on health care reform in Canada, and disseminates information on leading practices and innovation across the country. The Councillors are appointed by the participating provincial and territorial governments and the Government of Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seniors+in+need%2C+caregivers+in+distress%3A+What+are+the+home+care+priorities+for+seniors+in+Canada%3F&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Kitts&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzweb-s3.uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcarp%2F2012%2F04%2FHCC_HomeCare_2d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804095442/http://healthcouncilcanada.ca/content.php?mnu=2&mnu1=36">"HCC reports"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthcouncilcanada.ca/content.php?mnu=2&mnu1=36">the original</a> on August 4, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HCC+reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthcouncilcanada.ca%2Fcontent.php%3Fmnu%3D2%26mnu1%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statcan_20242102-35"><a href="#cite_ref-statcan_20242102_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2024" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501">"Population estimates on July 1, by age and gender"</a>. Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Population+estimates+on+July+1%2C+by+age+and+gender&rft.date=2024-02-21&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D1710000501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statscan_2006-36"><a href="#cite_ref-statscan_2006_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartelMalenfant,_Éric_Caron2009" class="citation web cs1">Martel, Laurent; Malenfant, Éric Caron (September 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/index-eng.cfm">"2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, by Age and Sex"</a>. Statistics Canada. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+Census%3A+Portrait+of+the+Canadian+Population+in+2006%2C+by+Age+and+Sex&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft.aulast=Martel&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Malenfant%2C+%C3%89ric+Caron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fas-sa%2F97-551%2Findex-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statcan_20190208-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statcan_20190208_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statcan_20190208_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statcan_20190208_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111221101/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects-start/seniors_and_aging">"Seniors and aging statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects-start/seniors_and_aging">the original</a> on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seniors+and+aging+statistics&rft.date=2019-02-02&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fsubjects-start%2Fseniors_and_aging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statscan_health&aging_20160728-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statscan_health&aging_20160728_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statscan_health&aging_20160728_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statscan_health&aging_20160728_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statscan_health&aging_20160728_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statscan_health&aging_20160728_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statscan_health&aging_20160728_38-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanmartin2015" class="citation report cs1">Sanmartin, Claudia (October 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-631-x/11-631-x2016001-eng.htm">Research Highlights on Health and Aging</a>. Statistics Canada, Government of Canada (Report). Presentation to the National Statistics Council. Retrieved October 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Research+Highlights+on+Health+and+Aging&rft.series=Presentation+to+the+National+Statistics+Council&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.aulast=Sanmartin&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fpub%2F11-631-x%2F11-631-x2016001-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMA_stateofseniorshealth_2016-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMA_stateofseniorshealth_2016_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMA_stateofseniorshealth_2016_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213191639/https://www.cma.ca/En/Lists/Medias/the-state-of-seniors-health-care-in-canada-september-2016.pdf">"The State of Seniors Healthcare in Canada"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cma.ca/En/Lists/Medias/the-state-of-seniors-health-care-in-canada-september-2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Seniors+Healthcare+in+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cma.ca%2FEn%2FLists%2FMedias%2Fthe-state-of-seniors-health-care-in-canada-september-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_40-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/five-things-canadians-get-wrong-about-the-health-system/article20360452/">"Five things Canadians get wrong about the health system"</a>. The Globe and Mail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Five+things+Canadians+get+wrong+about+the+health+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-debate%2Ffive-things-canadians-get-wrong-about-the-health-system%2Farticle20360452%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130002757/https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/FundRep_EN.pdf">"Exploring the 70/30 Split: How Canada's Health Care System Is Financed"</a> (PDF). The Canadian Institute for Health Information. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/FundRep_EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 30, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+70%2F30+Split%3A+How+Canada%27s+Health+Care+System+Is+Financed&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.cihi.ca%2Ffree_products%2FFundRep_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/learn-about-ohip-plus">"Learn about OHIP+"</a>. Ontario Ministry of Health. Retrieved July 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+about+OHIP%2B&rft.pub=Ontario+Ministry+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontario.ca%2Fpage%2Flearn-about-ohip-plus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/health-drug-coverage/msp/bc-residents/msp-premium-elimination-jan-1-2020">"Ministry of Health - Redirect"</a>. gov.bc.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.bc.ca&rft.atitle=Ministry+of+Health+-+Redirect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gov.bc.ca%2Fgov%2Fcontent%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-drug-coverage%2Fmsp%2Fbc-residents%2Fmsp-premium-elimination-jan-1-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/health-premium">"Health Premium"</a>. Queen's Printer for Ontario. Retrieved February 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+Premium&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontario.ca%2Fpage%2Fhealth-premium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/sickkids-hospital-rallying-crews-around-1-3-billion-fundraising-drive-1.4126468">"SickKids hospital rallying 'crews' around $1.3-billion fundraising drive"</a>. CTV News. October 9, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=SickKids+hospital+rallying+%27crews%27+around+%241.3-billion+fundraising+drive&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fsickkids-hospital-rallying-crews-around-1-3-billion-fundraising-drive-1.4126468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.ca/en/support-and-services/support-services/travel-and-accommodations-on/?region=on">"Travel and accommodation - Canadian Cancer Society"</a>. www.cancer.ca. Retrieved February 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cancer.ca&rft.atitle=Travel+and+accommodation+-+Canadian+Cancer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.ca%2Fen%2Fsupport-and-services%2Fsupport-services%2Ftravel-and-accommodations-on%2F%3Fregion%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2017" class="citation news cs1">Lindsay, Bethany (June 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/private-healthcare-clinics-user-fees-1.4157288">"Private B.C. clinics accused of charging patients improper fees"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Private+B.C.+clinics+accused+of+charging+patients+improper+fees&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fprivate-healthcare-clinics-user-fees-1.4157288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2023" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, Martin MacMahon, Greg (April 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2023/04/26/telus-health-ditches-paid-doctor-program/">"Telus ditches fee-based doctor program in BC"</a>. CityNews Vancouver. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CityNews+Vancouver&rft.atitle=Telus+ditches+fee-based+doctor+program+in+BC&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Martin+MacMahon%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouver.citynews.ca%2F2023%2F04%2F26%2Ftelus-health-ditches-paid-doctor-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRosa2023" class="citation news cs1">DeRosa, Katie (February 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230208155610/https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/medical-services-watchdog-sues-vancouver-clinic-alleging-illegal-extra-billing">"B.C.'s medical services watchdog sues Vancouver clinic, alleging illegal extra billing"</a>. The Vancouver Sun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/medical-services-watchdog-sues-vancouver-clinic-alleging-illegal-extra-billing">the original</a> on February 8, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=B.C.%27s+medical+services+watchdog+sues+Vancouver+clinic%2C+alleging+illegal+extra+billing&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft.aulast=DeRosa&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fmedical-services-watchdog-sues-vancouver-clinic-alleging-illegal-extra-billing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/home-care-coverage-gap-remains-for-patients-who-move-provinces/article32489673/">"Home-care coverage gap remains for patients who move provinces"</a>. The Globe and Mail. October 24, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Home-care+coverage+gap+remains+for+patients+who+move+provinces&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fhome-care-coverage-gap-remains-for-patients-who-move-provinces%2Farticle32489673%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/ptrole/index-eng.php">"Provincial/Territorial Role in Health"</a>. Hc-sc.gc.ca. August 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hc-sc.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Provincial%2FTerritorial+Role+in+Health&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hc-sc.gc.ca%2Fhcs-sss%2Fdelivery-prestation%2Fptrole%2Findex-eng.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/philpott-provinces-hit-impasse-over-health-funding/article32434450/">"Philpott, provinces hit impasse over health funding"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved May 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Philpott%2C+provinces+hit+impasse+over+health+funding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fphilpott-provinces-hit-impasse-over-health-funding%2Farticle32434450%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_Leong2013" class="citation news cs1">Melissa Leong (September 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2013/09/28/does-your-province-cover-the-cost-of-infertility-treatments/">"Does your province cover the cost of infertility treatments?"</a>. Financial Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Does+your+province+cover+the+cost+of+infertility+treatments%3F&rft.date=2013-09-28&rft.au=Melissa+Leong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2013%2F09%2F28%2Fdoes-your-province-cover-the-cost-of-infertility-treatments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bulletin-54"><a href="#cite_ref-bulletin_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pshcp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/bulletin17EN.pdf">"PSHCP Bulletin 17"</a> (PDF). The Public Service Health Care Plan Bulletin (17): 2. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Service+Health+Care+Plan+Bulletin&rft.atitle=PSHCP+Bulletin+17&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pshcp.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F09%2Fbulletin17EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/3059988/paying-to-treat-infertility-coverage-varies-widely-across-canada/">"Paying to treat infertility: Coverage varies widely across Canada - National | Globalnews.ca"</a>. globalnews.ca. November 15, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalnews.ca&rft.atitle=Paying+to+treat+infertility%3A+Coverage+varies+widely+across+Canada+-+National+%7C+Globalnews.ca&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F3059988%2Fpaying-to-treat-infertility-coverage-varies-widely-across-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding" class="citation web cs1">Harding, Gail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-health-gender-constructive-surgeries-1.4655251">"P.E.I. to cover gender reconstructive surgeries"</a>. CBC. Retrieved February 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=P.E.I.+to+cover+gender+reconstructive+surgeries&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fprince-edward-island%2Fpei-health-gender-constructive-surgeries-1.4655251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kp.ru/online/news/2736284/">"Russia may introduce free prescription drugs"</a>. May 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+may+introduce+free+prescription+drugs&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kp.ru%2Fonline%2Fnews%2F2736284%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220025027/http://umanitoba.ca/outreach/evidencenetwork/archives/11837">"Canadian medicare needs an Rx"</a>. umanitoba.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umanitoba.ca/outreach/evidencenetwork/archives/11837">the original</a> on December 20, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=umanitoba.ca&rft.atitle=Canadian+medicare+needs+an+Rx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumanitoba.ca%2Foutreach%2Fevidencenetwork%2Farchives%2F11837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorialopinion/2012/10/09/why_in_a_sea_of_pink_are_so_many_cancer_patients_in_the_red.html">"Why, in a sea of pink, are so many cancer patients in the red?"</a>. thestar.com. October 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=Why%2C+in+a+sea+of+pink%2C+are+so+many+cancer+patients+in+the+red%3F&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorialopinion%2F2012%2F10%2F09%2Fwhy_in_a_sea_of_pink_are_so_many_cancer_patients_in_the_red.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/news/release/?id=20080303004">"New Nova Scotia Family Pharmacare Program Begins"</a>. novascotia.ca (Press release). Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved June 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Nova+Scotia+Family+Pharmacare+Program+Begins&rft.pub=Government+of+Nova+Scotia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Fnews%2Frelease%2F%3Fid%3D20080303004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/dhw/pharmacare/family-pharmacare.asp">"Family Pharmacare Program"</a>. novascotia.ca. Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved June 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=novascotia.ca&rft.atitle=Family+Pharmacare+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Fdhw%2Fpharmacare%2Ffamily-pharmacare.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> CIHI p.91 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/drugs/ohipplus/#covered">"OHIP+: Children and Youth Pharmacare"</a>. Queen's Printer for Ontario. Retrieved February 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OHIP%2B%3A+Children+and+Youth+Pharmacare&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.on.ca%2Fen%2Fpro%2Fprograms%2Fdrugs%2Fohipplus%2F%23covered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCara" class="citation web cs1">Cara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220024057/http://www.conseildelafederation.ca/en/initiatives/358-pan-canadian-pricing-alliance">"Canada's Premiers - The pan-Canadian Pharmaceutical Alliance"</a>. conseildelafederation.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseildelafederation.ca/en/initiatives/358-pan-canadian-pricing-alliance">the original</a> on December 20, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=conseildelafederation.ca&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Premiers+-+The+pan-Canadian+Pharmaceutical+Alliance&rft.au=Cara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseildelafederation.ca%2Fen%2Finitiatives%2F358-pan-canadian-pricing-alliance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-connect-registry">"Health Connect Registry | HealthLink BC"</a>. www.healthlinkbc.ca. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.healthlinkbc.ca&rft.atitle=Health+Connect+Registry+%7C+HealthLink+BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthlinkbc.ca%2Fhealth-connect-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130212214/http://opajoomla.knowledge4you.ca/index.php/getting-help-faq/psychologistpsychiatrist">"Frequently Asked Questions: What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?"</a>. The Ontario Psychological Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opajoomla.knowledge4you.ca/index.php/getting-help-faq/psychologistpsychiatrist">the original</a> on January 30, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015. <q>The practice of most psychiatrists in Ontario is focused on prescribing medications and consulting with family physicians, psychologists and other health professionals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+What+is+the+difference+between+a+psychologist+and+a+psychiatrist%3F&rft.pub=The+Ontario+Psychological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopajoomla.knowledge4you.ca%2Findex.php%2Fgetting-help-faq%2Fpsychologistpsychiatrist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww1.cpa-apc.org/Publications/Archives/Bulletin/2004/february/newsCHAen.asp">"Canada Health Act Exclusion of Certain Psychiatric Services Draws Attention"</a>. Canadian Psychiatric Association. Retrieved January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+Health+Act+Exclusion+of+Certain+Psychiatric+Services+Draws+Attention&rft.pub=Canadian+Psychiatric+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww1.cpa-apc.org%2FPublications%2FArchives%2FBulletin%2F2004%2Ffebruary%2FnewsCHAen.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130192656/http://opajoomla.knowledge4you.ca/index.php/getting-help-faq/who-pays">"Frequently Asked Questions: Who pays for psychological treatment?"</a>. The Ontario Psychological Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opajoomla.knowledge4you.ca/index.php/getting-help-faq/who-pays">the original</a> on January 30, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+Who+pays+for+psychological+treatment%3F&rft.pub=The+Ontario+Psychological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopajoomla.knowledge4you.ca%2Findex.php%2Fgetting-help-faq%2Fwho-pays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201022406/http://www.psychotherapyontario.org/prOSPect/OSPprOSPectSpring2010.pdf">"HST Update"</a> (PDF). Ontario Society of Psychotherapists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychotherapyontario.org/prOSPect/OSPprOSPectSpring2010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 1, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HST+Update&rft.pub=Ontario+Society+of+Psychotherapists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychotherapyontario.org%2FprOSPect%2FOSPprOSPectSpring2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130192755/http://www.health.alberta.ca/AHCIP/what-is-covered.html">"What is covered under the AHCIP"</a>. Alberta Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.alberta.ca/AHCIP/what-is-covered.html">the original</a> on January 30, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+covered+under+the+AHCIP&rft.pub=Alberta+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.alberta.ca%2FAHCIP%2Fwhat-is-covered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugrehab.ca/directory.html">"Directory [of drug rehab centers by province]"</a>. Drug Rehab Services (a nonprofit organization). Retrieved January 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directory+%5Bof+drug+rehab+centers+by+province%5D&rft.pub=Drug+Rehab+Services+%28a+nonprofit+organization%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugrehab.ca%2Fdirectory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/troubled-cops-need-more-government-help-mental-health-experts-say-1.2788319">"Troubled cops need more government help, mental health experts say"</a>. CBC. October 5, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Troubled+cops+need+more+government+help%2C+mental+health+experts+say&rft.pub=CBC&rft.date=2014-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Ftroubled-cops-need-more-government-help-mental-health-experts-say-1.2788319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuiñonez,_CarlosGrootendorst,_Paul2011" class="citation journal cs1">Quiñonez, Carlos; Grootendorst, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3097153">"Equity in dental care among Canadian households"</a>. International Journal for Equity in Health. 10: 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-9276-10-14">10.1186/1475-9276-10-14</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3097153">3097153</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21496297">21496297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Equity+in+Health&rft.atitle=Equity+in+dental+care+among+Canadian+households&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3097153%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21496297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-9276-10-14&rft.au=Qui%C3%B1onez%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Grootendorst%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3097153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003-x/1999001/article/4646-eng.pdf">"Dental Insurance and use of Dental Services"</a> (PDF). Statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Dental+Insurance+and+use+of+Dental+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fpub%2F82-003-x%2F1999001%2Farticle%2F4646-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/reports-publications/health-care-system/canada.html">"Canada's Health Care System"</a>. Government of Canada. May 26, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Health+Care+System&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fhealth-canada%2Fservices%2Fhealth-care-system%2Freports-publications%2Fhealth-care-system%2Fcanada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvwelldental.com/are-dental-implants-covered-by-insurance-in-canada/">"Are Dental Implants Covered by Insurance in Canada?"</a>. Smile Well Dental. April 22, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smile+Well+Dental&rft.atitle=Are+Dental+Implants+Covered+by+Insurance+in+Canada%3F&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvwelldental.com%2Fare-dental-implants-covered-by-insurance-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caphd.ca/programs-and-resources/government-dental-programs">"Government Dental Programs"</a>. Canadian Association of Public Health Dentistry. Retrieved December 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Association+of+Public+Health+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Government+Dental+Programs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caphd.ca%2Fprograms-and-resources%2Fgovernment-dental-programs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency2022" class="citation web cs1">Agency, Canada Revenue (September 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/child-family-benefits/dental-benefit.html">"Canada Dental Benefit"</a>. www.canada.ca. Retrieved December 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Canada+Dental+Benefit&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft.aulast=Agency&rft.aufirst=Canada+Revenue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Frevenue-agency%2Fservices%2Fchild-family-benefits%2Fdental-benefit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rachini-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Rachini_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachini2023" class="citation web cs1">Rachini, Mouhamad (December 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-dental-care-plan-benefit-1.7055975">"Canada's new dental care plan could impact nearly 9 million Canadians — are you one of them?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. Retrieved January 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+new+dental+care+plan+could+impact+nearly+9+million+Canadians+%E2%80%94+are+you+one+of+them%3F&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=Rachini&rft.aufirst=Mouhamad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcanada-dental-care-plan-benefit-1.7055975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pthealth.ca/service/occupational-therapy/">"Occupational Therapy (OT)"</a>. pt Health. Retrieved January 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occupational+Therapy+%28OT%29&rft.pub=pt+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pthealth.ca%2Fservice%2Foccupational-therapy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/get-physiotherapy">"Get physiotherapy: Get government-funded physiotherapy"</a>. ontario.ca. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Retrieved January 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ontario.ca&rft.atitle=Get+physiotherapy%3A+Get+government-funded+physiotherapy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontario.ca%2Fpage%2Fget-physiotherapy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/what-ohip-covers">"What OHIP covers"</a>. www.ontario.ca. Retrieved February 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ontario.ca&rft.atitle=What+OHIP+covers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontario.ca%2Fpage%2Fwhat-ohip-covers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2014" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Rebecca (July 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xtramagazine.com/power/sex-reassignment-surgeries-funded-in-all-but-two-provinces-62534">"Sex-reassignment surgeries funded in all but two provinces - But gaps remain in which surgeries covered where for trans Canadians"</a>. Daily Xtra. Pink Triangle Press. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Xtra&rft.atitle=Sex-reassignment+surgeries+funded+in+all+but+two+provinces+-+But+gaps+remain+in+which+surgeries+covered+where+for+trans+Canadians&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxtramagazine.com%2Fpower%2Fsex-reassignment-surgeries-funded-in-all-but-two-provinces-62534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/srs/">"Sex Reassignment Surgery"</a>. health.gov.on.ca. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Retrieved January 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=health.gov.on.ca&rft.atitle=Sex+Reassignment+Surgery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.on.ca%2Fen%2Fpro%2Fprograms%2Fsrs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xtramagazine.com/health/wait-times-trans-bottom-surgery-canada-255804">"Wait times for bottom surgery in Canada can be as long as eight years. The impact on individuals can be deadly | Xtra Magazine"</a>. August 16, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wait+times+for+bottom+surgery+in+Canada+can+be+as+long+as+eight+years.+The+impact+on+individuals+can+be+deadly+%7C+Xtra+Magazine&rft.date=2023-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxtramagazine.com%2Fhealth%2Fwait-times-trans-bottom-surgery-canada-255804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/assistive-devices-program">"Assistive Devices Program"</a>. ontario.ca. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Retrieved January 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ontario.ca&rft.atitle=Assistive+Devices+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontario.ca%2Fpage%2Fassistive-devices-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/mobility-aids">"Mobility aids"</a>. ontario.ca. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Retrieved January 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ontario.ca&rft.atitle=Mobility+aids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontario.ca%2Fpage%2Fmobility-aids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHA_Homecare_2009-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHA_Homecare_2009_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHA_Homecare_2009_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHA_Homecare_2009_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHA_Homecare_2009_88-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Healthcare_Association2009" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Healthcare_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Healthcare Association (page does not exist)">Canadian Healthcare Association</a> (2009). Home care in Canada: from the margins to the mainstream (Report). Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Healthcare Association. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896151-33-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896151-33-5"><bdi>978-1-896151-33-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Home+care+in+Canada%3A+from+the+margins+to+the+mainstream&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Canadian+Healthcare+Association&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-896151-33-5&rft.au=Canadian+Healthcare+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCS_Lowndes_2016-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCS_Lowndes_2016_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCS_Lowndes_2016_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowndesStruthers2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lowndes, Ruth; Struthers, James (Spring 2016). "Changes and Continuities in the Workplace of Long-Term Residential Care in Canada, 1970–2015". Journal of Canadian Studies. 50 (2): 368–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fjcs.50.2.368">10.3138/jcs.50.2.368</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148599974">148599974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=Changes+and+Continuities+in+the+Workplace+of+Long-Term+Residential+Care+in+Canada%2C+1970%E2%80%932015&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=368-395&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fjcs.50.2.368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148599974%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lowndes&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Struthers%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongSaariPattersonPuts2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Matthew; Saari, Margaret; Patterson, Erin; Puts, Martine; Tourangeau, Ann E. (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhsc.12430">"Occupational hazards for home care nurses across the rural-to-urban gradient in Ontario, Canada"</a>. Health & Social Care in the Community. 25 (3): 1276–1286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhsc.12430">10.1111/hsc.12430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28215055">28215055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3914602">3914602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+%26+Social+Care+in+the+Community&rft.atitle=Occupational+hazards+for+home+care+nurses+across+the+rural-to-urban+gradient+in+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1276-1286&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3914602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28215055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhsc.12430&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Saari%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Erin&rft.au=Puts%2C+Martine&rft.au=Tourangeau%2C+Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fhsc.12430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertaLaporteDeberBaumann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Berta, Whitney; Laporte, Audrey; Deber, Raisa; Baumann, Andrea; Gamble, Brenda (June 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3723545">"The evolving role of health care aides in the long-term care and home and community care sectors in Canada"</a>. Human Resources for Health. 11 (1): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1478-4491-11-25">10.1186/1478-4491-11-25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-4491">1478-4491</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3723545">3723545</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23768158">23768158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resources+for+Health&rft.atitle=The+evolving+role+of+health+care+aides+in+the+long-term+care+and+home+and+community+care+sectors+in+Canada&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3723545%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1478-4491&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23768158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1478-4491-11-25&rft.aulast=Berta&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft.au=Laporte%2C+Audrey&rft.au=Deber%2C+Raisa&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Gamble%2C+Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3723545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMAJ_Silversides_2007-93"><a href="#cite_ref-CMAJ_Silversides_2007_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilversides2007" class="citation journal cs1">Silversides, Ann (October 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2025628">"The North "like Darfur""</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 177 (9): 1013–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.071359">10.1503/cmaj.071359</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2025628">2025628</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17954876">17954876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=The+North+%22like+Darfur%22&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1013-4&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2025628%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17954876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.071359&rft.aulast=Silversides&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2025628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMAJ_Song_2008-94"><a href="#cite_ref-CMAJ_Song_2008_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Song (November 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572655">"Access to health care among status Aboriginal people with chronic kidney disease"</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 179 (10): 1007–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.080063">10.1503/cmaj.080063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572655">2572655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18981441">18981441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Access+to+health+care+among+status+Aboriginal+people+with+chronic+kidney+disease&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1007-12&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2572655%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18981441&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.080063&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Song&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2572655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMAJ_Peiris_2008-95"><a href="#cite_ref-CMAJ_Peiris_2008_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirisAlex_BrownBMed_MPHAlan_Cass2008" class="citation journal cs1">Peiris, David; Alex Brown; BMed MPH; Alan Cass; MBBS PhD (November 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572646">"Addressing inequities in access to quality health care for indigenous people"</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 179 (10): 985–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.081445">10.1503/cmaj.081445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572646">2572646</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18981431">18981431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Addressing+inequities+in+access+to+quality+health+care+for+indigenous+people&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=985-6&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2572646%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18981431&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.081445&rft.aulast=Peiris&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Alex+Brown&rft.au=BMed+MPH&rft.au=Alan+Cass&rft.au=MBBS+PhD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2572646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoP_Norris_20180718-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoP_Norris_20180718_96-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2018" class="citation conference cs1">Norris, Sonya (July 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/201845E">Federal Funding for Health Care</a>. Ottawa, Ontario: Library of Parliament. p. 8. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Federal+Funding+for+Health+Care&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Library+of+Parliament&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Sonya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2Fsites%2FPublicWebsite%2Fdefault%2Fen_CA%2FResearchPublications%2F201845E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_Trends_2018-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2018_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2018_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2018_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Trends_2018_97-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/national-health-expenditure-trends-1975-to-2018">National Health Expenditure Trends 1975 to 2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> (CIHI) (Report). 2019. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77109-757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77109-757-4"><bdi>978-1-77109-757-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Health+Expenditure+Trends+1975+to+2019&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-77109-757-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fnational-health-expenditure-trends-1975-to-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_2006-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2006_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2006_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2006_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2006_98-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/healthcare/public_vs_private.html">"CBC News In Depth: Health care"</a>. December 1, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CBC+News+In+Depth%3A+Health+care&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews2%2Fbackground%2Fhealthcare%2Fpublic_vs_private.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chaoulli-v-quebec">"Chaoulli v. Quebec"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Chaoulli+v.+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fchaoulli-v-quebec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maple-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Maple_100-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theaudit.ca/p/the-canada-health-act-may-already">[1]</a> The Audit, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton2017" class="citation news cs1">Lupton, Andrew (July 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/maple-health-online-doctor-visits-1.4194285">"Controversial for-fee service connects Ontario doctors and patients via video chat"</a>. CBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Controversial+for-fee+service+connects+Ontario+doctors+and+patients+via+video+chat&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft.aulast=Lupton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Flondon%2Fmaple-health-online-doctor-visits-1.4194285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getmaple.ca/pricing-quebec/">"Pricing in Quebec"</a>. Maple. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maple&rft.atitle=Pricing+in+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getmaple.ca%2Fpricing-quebec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD_health_project_2004-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_health_project_2004_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_health_project_2004_103-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUM39nDp2s4C&q=employer+provided+private+health+insurance+in+canada">Private Health Insurance in OECD Countries</a> OECD Health Project, 2004. Retrieved January 21, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iedm.org/real-solutions-for-what-ails-canadas-health-care-systems-lessons-from-sweden-and-the-united-kingdom/">"Real Solutions for What Ails Canada's Health Care Systems – Lessons from Sweden and the United Kingdom | Montreal Economic Institute"</a>. www.iedm.org. February 17, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iedm.org&rft.atitle=Real+Solutions+for+What+Ails+Canada%27s+Health+Care+Systems+%E2%80%93+Lessons+from+Sweden+and+the+United+Kingdom+%7C+Montreal+Economic+Institute&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iedm.org%2Freal-solutions-for-what-ails-canadas-health-care-systems-lessons-from-sweden-and-the-united-kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC2009-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2009_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2009_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2009_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/canadian-health-care-spending-to-top-180b-1.862565">"Canadian health-care spending to top $180B"</a>. CBC News. November 19, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Canadian+health-care+spending+to+top+%24180B&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fcanadian-health-care-spending-to-top-180b-1.862565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_106-2">c</a> CIHI p.112-113 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_107-3">d</a> CIHI p.20 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726045132/http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/public/contact/hosp/hospfaq_dt.html">"Public Information - Public - Hospitals - Questions and Answers - Details"</a>. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. July 26, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/public/contact/hosp/hospfaq_dt.html">the original</a> on July 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Information+-+Public+-+Hospitals+-+Questions+and+Answers+-+Details&rft.pub=Ontario+Ministry+of+Health+and+Long-Term+Care&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.on.ca%2Fenglish%2Fpublic%2Fcontact%2Fhosp%2Fhospfaq_dt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlariLafortuneSrivastava2014" class="citation journal cs1">Alari, A.; Lafortune, G. & Srivastava, D. (2014). "Canada: Geographic variations in health care". Geographic Variations in Health Care: What do We Know and What Can be Done to Improve Health System Performance?. OECD Health Policy Studies. Paris: OECD Publishing: 137–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264216594-7-en">10.1787/9789264216594-7-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-21658-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-21658-7"><bdi>978-92-64-21658-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographic+Variations+in+Health+Care%3A+What+do+We+Know+and+What+Can+be+Done+to+Improve+Health+System+Performance%3F&rft.atitle=Canada%3A+Geographic+variations+in+health+care&rft.pages=137-169&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789264216594-7-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-21658-7&rft.aulast=Alari&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Lafortune%2C+G.&rft.au=Srivastava%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_prescribeddrugs_20201217-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_prescribeddrugs_20201217_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_prescribeddrugs_20201217_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_prescribeddrugs_20201217_111-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112060350/https://www.cihi.ca/en/prescribed-drug-spending-in-canada-2020">Prescribed drug spending in Canada, 2020</a>. CIHI (Report). December 17, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/prescribed-drug-spending-in-canada-2020">the original</a> on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Prescribed+drug+spending+in+Canada%2C+2020&rft.date=2020-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fprescribed-drug-spending-in-canada-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-number_of_docs-112"><a href="#cite_ref-number_of_docs_112-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/healthres/doctors.htm">Health resources - Doctors</a>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> Data. </li> <li id="cite_note-numberofnurses-113"><a href="#cite_ref-numberofnurses_113-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/healthres/nurses.htm#indicator-chart">Health resources - Nurses</a>. OECD Data. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerfel2024" class="citation news cs1">Derfel, Aaron (July 29, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/780-doctors-opted-out-of-medicare-in-quebec-only-14-have-in-the-rest-of-canada">"780 doctors opted out of medicare in Quebec. Only 14 have in the rest of Canada"</a>. The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=780+doctors+opted+out+of+medicare+in+Quebec.+Only+14+have+in+the+rest+of+Canada&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft.aulast=Derfel&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F780-doctors-opted-out-of-medicare-in-quebec-only-14-have-in-the-rest-of-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/canadian-doctor-total-at-record-high-1.1869346">"Canadian doctor total at record high"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC.ca" title="CBC.ca">CBC.ca</a>. Retrieved September 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canadian+doctor+total+at+record+high&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Fcanadian-doctor-total-at-record-high-1.1869346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkey2024" class="citation news cs1">Kirkey, Shannon (February 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/health/canada-family-doctor-shortage">"Canada's family doctor shortage: 10 million will soon lack access to primary care"</a>. The National Post. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Post&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+family+doctor+shortage%3A+10+million+will+soon+lack+access+to+primary+care&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft.aulast=Kirkey&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fhealth%2Fcanada-family-doctor-shortage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2024" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, Paul (May 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01036-5/abstract">"Canada's family physician shortage"</a>. The Lancet. 403 (10441): 2278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2824%2901036-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01036-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38768629">38768629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+family+physician+shortage&rft.volume=403&rft.issue=10441&rft.pages=2278&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2824%2901036-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38768629&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2824%2901036-5%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker2024" class="citation news cs1">Tasker, John Paul (February 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/meet-the-canadians-without-a-family-doctor-1.7116475">"Meet some of the 6 million Canadians who don't have a family doctor"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Meet+some+of+the+6+million+Canadians+who+don%27t+have+a+family+doctor&rft.date=2024-02-18&rft.aulast=Tasker&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fmeet-the-canadians-without-a-family-doctor-1.7116475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universityaffairs.ca/features/feature-article/can-new-approaches-to-medical-curriculum-solve-the-family-doctor-shortage/">"Can new approaches to medical curriculum solve the family doctor shortage?"</a>. University Affairs. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Affairs&rft.atitle=Can+new+approaches+to+medical+curriculum+solve+the+family+doctor+shortage%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiversityaffairs.ca%2Ffeatures%2Ffeature-article%2Fcan-new-approaches-to-medical-curriculum-solve-the-family-doctor-shortage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220021732/http://umanitoba.ca/outreach/evidencenetwork/archives/15205">"More health specialists not the answer to health system woes"</a>. Umanitoba.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umanitoba.ca/outreach/evidencenetwork/archives/15205">the original</a> on December 20, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Umanitoba.ca&rft.atitle=More+health+specialists+not+the+answer+to+health+system+woes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumanitoba.ca%2Foutreach%2Fevidencenetwork%2Farchives%2F15205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/maria-mathews-calling-all-country-doctors">"Maria Mathews: Calling all country doctors"</a>. Nationalpost.ca. February 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalpost.ca&rft.atitle=Maria+Mathews%3A+Calling+all+country+doctors&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Ffull-comment%2Fmaria-mathews-calling-all-country-doctors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-turning-away-home-grown-doctors-1.6743486">"Canada is short of doctors — and it's turning away hundreds of its own physicians each year"</a>. cbc.ca. February 10, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=Canada+is+short+of+doctors+%E2%80%94+and+it%27s+turning+away+hundreds+of+its+own+physicians+each+year&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-turning-away-home-grown-doctors-1.6743486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNassar2022" class="citation web cs1">Nassar, Hana Mae (August 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2022/08/25/canadian-doctor-despair-staffing-pressures/">"Canadian doctors struggle amid pressures"</a>. CityNews Vancouver. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CityNews+Vancouver&rft.atitle=Canadian+doctors+struggle+amid+pressures&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft.aulast=Nassar&rft.aufirst=Hana+Mae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouver.citynews.ca%2F2022%2F08%2F25%2Fcanadian-doctor-despair-staffing-pressures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/fee-for-service-model-family-doctors-1.6247049">"Fee-for-service model is deterring aspiring family doctors from setting up practice: report"</a>. CBC News. November 12, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Fee-for-service+model+is+deterring+aspiring+family+doctors+from+setting+up+practice%3A+report&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Ffee-for-service-model-family-doctors-1.6247049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTV.ca-125"><a href="#cite_ref-CTV.ca_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090610013445/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061221/quebec_doctors_061221?s_name=&no_ads=">"Que. doctors lagging in fee-for-service payments"</a>. Ctv.ca. December 21, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061221/quebec_doctors_061221?s_name=&no_ads=">the original</a> on June 10, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Que.+doctors+lagging+in+fee-for-service+payments&rft.pub=Ctv.ca&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctv.ca%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Fstory%2FCTVNews%2F20061221%2Fquebec_doctors_061221%3Fs_name%3D%26no_ads%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2018" class="citation news cs1">Wang, Amy (March 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/03/07/hundreds-of-canadian-doctors-demand-lower-salaries/">"Hundreds of Canadian doctors demand lower salaries. (Yes, lower.)"</a>. washingtonpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Canadian+doctors+demand+lower+salaries.+%28Yes%2C+lower.%29&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2018%2F03%2F07%2Fhundreds-of-canadian-doctors-demand-lower-salaries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708163655/http://www.cma.ca/index.cfm/ci_id/121/la_id/1.htm">"Canadian Medical Association"</a>. Cma.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cma.ca/index.cfm/ci_id/121/la_id/1.htm">the original</a> on July 8, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Medical+Association&rft.pub=Cma.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cma.ca%2Findex.cfm%2Fci_id%2F121%2Fla_id%2F1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502120835/http://www.cma.ca/index.cfm/ci_id/44413/la_id/1.htm">"About CMA"</a>. Cma.ca. March 24, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cma.ca/index.cfm/ci_id/44413/la_id/1.htm">the original</a> on May 2, 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+CMA&rft.pub=Cma.ca&rft.date=2010-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cma.ca%2Findex.cfm%2Fci_id%2F44413%2Fla_id%2F1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110310065556/http://www.physiotherapy.ca/heal/english/index.htm">"HEAL home page"</a>. Physiotherapy.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physiotherapy.ca/HEAL/english/index.htm">the original</a> on March 10, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HEAL+home+page&rft.pub=Physiotherapy.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physiotherapy.ca%2FHEAL%2Fenglish%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/obstetrician-shortage-endangers-moms-babies-report-1.349079">"Obstetrician shortage endangers moms, babies: report says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV.ca" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV.ca">CTV.ca</a>. December 5, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206233508/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081205/ob_shortage_081205/20081205?hub=Health">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obstetrician+shortage+endangers+moms%2C+babies%3A+report+says&rft.date=2008-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fobstetrician-shortage-endangers-moms-babies-report-1.349079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/private-health-care-advocate-wins-cma-presidency-1.588876">"CBC Private health-care advocate wins CMA presidency"</a>. CBC.ca. August 22, 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CBC+Private+health-care+advocate+wins+CMA+presidency&rft.date=2006-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fprince-edward-island%2Fprivate-health-care-advocate-wins-cma-presidency-1.588876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor1986" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, C David (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privatepracticep0000nayl_w9u4">Private Practice, Public Payment: Canadian Medicine and the Politics of Health Insurance 1911-1966</a>. Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6111-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6111-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-6111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Practice%2C+Public+Payment%3A+Canadian+Medicine+and+the+Politics+of+Health+Insurance+1911-1966&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-6111-3&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprivatepracticep0000nayl_w9u4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerence_Corcoran2004" class="citation web cs1">Terence Corcoran (November 9, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060531053501/http://www.cofp.com/documents/2004Nov9NPCorcoranArticleDoctorsSoldOutAgain.pdf">"Ontario doctors sold out again"</a> (PDF). National Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofp.com/documents/2004Nov9NPCorcoranArticleDoctorsSoldOutAgain.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 31, 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Ontario+doctors+sold+out+again&rft.date=2004-11-09&rft.au=Terence+Corcoran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofp.com%2Fdocuments%2F2004Nov9NPCorcoranArticleDoctorsSoldOutAgain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/ont-doctors-get-12-25-per-cent-wage-hike-1.324919">"Ont. doctors get 12.25 per cent wage hike"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930172302/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080915/doctors_wage_080915/20080915?hub=Health">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ont.+doctors+get+12.25+per+cent+wage+hike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Font-doctors-get-12-25-per-cent-wage-hike-1.324919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_p.xiv-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_p.xiv_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_p.xiv_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_p.xiv_135-2">c</a> CIHI p.xiv </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> CIHI pg. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041959/https://www.cihi.ca/en/nhex_infosheet_2013_en.pdf">"Health Spending in 2013"</a> (PDF). Cihi.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/nhex_infosheet_2013_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cihi.ca&rft.atitle=Health+Spending+in+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fnhex_infosheet_2013_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cihi.ca/cihi-ext-portal/internet/en/document/spending+and+health+workforce/spending/release_30oct12">Canada's health care spending growth slows</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615125013/http://www.cihi.ca/CIHI-ext-portal/internet/en/Document/spending+and+health+workforce/spending/RELEASE_30OCT12">Archived</a> June 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). Retrieved: May 28, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> CIHI p.55 </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_p.xiii-140"><a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_p.xiii_140-0">^</a> CIHI p.xiii </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> CIHI p. xiii" </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Ontario" class="citation web cs1">Government of Ontario, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/public/publications/ohip/amb.aspx">"Ambulance Services Billing - Ontario Health Insurance (OHIP) - Publications - Public Information - MOHLTC"</a>. www.health.gov.on.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.health.gov.on.ca&rft.atitle=Ambulance+Services+Billing+-+Ontario+Health+Insurance+%28OHIP%29+-+Publications+-+Public+Information+-+MOHLTC&rft.aulast=Government+of+Ontario&rft.aufirst=Ministry+of+Health+and+Long-Term+Care&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.on.ca%2Fen%2Fpublic%2Fpublications%2Fohip%2Famb.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> CIHI p.119 </li> <li id="cite_note-MacInnes_2001-144"><a href="#cite_ref-MacInnes_2001_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennethMcAlister2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kenneth, MacInnes; McAlister, Vivian (February 1, 2001). "Myopia of Health-Care Reform Using Business Models". Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. 34 (1): 20–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Royal+College+of+Physicians+and+Surgeons+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Myopia+of+Health-Care+Reform+Using+Business+Models&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-22&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft.aulast=Kenneth&rft.aufirst=MacInnes&rft.au=McAlister%2C+Vivian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421231735/https://www.cihi.ca/en/total-health-spending-in-canada-reaches-242-billion">"Total health spending in Canada reaches $242 billion"</a>. Canadian Institute for Health Information. November 7, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/total-health-spending-in-canada-reaches-242-billion">the original</a> on April 21, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2017. <q>Spending on drugs is expected to outpace spending on hospitals and doctors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft.atitle=Total+health+spending+in+Canada+reaches+%24242+billion&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Ftotal-health-spending-in-canada-reaches-242-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Ernie Lightman, 2003 Social policy in Canada Toronto: Oxford University Press pg 130-131 </li> <li id="cite_note-tricitynews_2020101-147"><a href="#cite_ref-tricitynews_2020101_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanseco2020" class="citation web cs1">Canseco, Mario (August 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biv.com/article/2020/08/covid-19-crisis-has-failed-erode-faith-canadian-health-care">"COVID-19 crisis has failed to erode faith in Canadian health care"</a>. Tri-City News via Glacier News. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tri-City+News+via+Glacier+News&rft.atitle=COVID-19+crisis+has+failed+to+erode+faith+in+Canadian+health+care&rft.date=2020-08-17&rft.aulast=Canseco&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiv.com%2Farticle%2F2020%2F08%2Fcovid-19-crisis-has-failed-erode-faith-canadian-health-care&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS_Santhanam_20200831-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_Santhanam_20200831_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_Santhanam_20200831_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_Santhanam_20200831_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanthanam2020" class="citation news cs1">Santhanam, Laura (August 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/how-canada-got-universal-health-care-and-what-the-u-s-could-learn">"How Canada got universal health care and what the U.S. could learn"</a>. PBS NewsHour. Retrieved January 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=How+Canada+got+universal+health+care+and+what+the+U.S.+could+learn&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft.aulast=Santhanam&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fhealth%2Fhow-canada-got-universal-health-care-and-what-the-u-s-could-learn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thestar_Laidlaw_20090812-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thestar_Laidlaw_20090812_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thestar_Laidlaw_20090812_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thestar_Laidlaw_20090812_149-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidlaw2009" class="citation news cs1">Laidlaw, Stuart (August 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2009/08/12/public_health_care_scores_big_in_poll_as_mds_study_privatization.html">"Public health care scores big in poll as MDs study privatization"</a>. Toronto Star. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Public+health+care+scores+big+in+poll+as+MDs+study+privatization&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft.aulast=Laidlaw&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Flife%2Fhealth_wellness%2F2009%2F08%2F12%2Fpublic_health_care_scores_big_in_poll_as_mds_study_privatization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213150208/http://www.nupge.ca/node/2486">"Canada overwhelmingly supports public health care"</a>. Nupge.ca. August 13, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nupge.ca/node/2486">the original</a> on December 13, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+overwhelmingly+supports+public+health+care&rft.pub=Nupge.ca&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nupge.ca%2Fnode%2F2486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http-151"><a href="#cite_ref-http_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/canadians-prefer-obama-over-own-leaders-poll-1.305485">"Canadians prefer Obama over own leaders: poll - CTV News"</a>. CTV.ca. June 29, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923155719/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080629/poll_us_canada_080629/20080629?hub=Politics">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadians+prefer+Obama+over+own+leaders%3A+poll+-+CTV+News&rft.pub=CTV.ca&rft.date=2008-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanadians-prefer-obama-over-own-leaders-poll-1.305485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blogs.chicagotribune.com-152"><a href="#cite_ref-blogs.chicagotribune.com_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2009/08/never-mind-the-anecdotes-do-canadians-like-their-health-care-system.html">"Never mind the anecdotes: Do Canadians like their health-care system?"</a>. Chicago Tribune. August 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Never+mind+the+anecdotes%3A+Do+Canadians+like+their+health-care+system%3F&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews_columnists_ezorn%2F2009%2F08%2Fnever-mind-the-anecdotes-do-canadians-like-their-health-care-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2009/08/never-mind-the-anecdotes-do-canadians-like-their-health-care-system.html">"Never mind the anecdotes: Do Canadians like their health-care system?"</a>. Chicago Tribune. August 6, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Never+mind+the+anecdotes%3A+Do+Canadians+like+their+health-care+system%3F&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews_columnists_ezorn%2F2009%2F08%2Fnever-mind-the-anecdotes-do-canadians-like-their-health-care-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallup.com-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Gallup.com_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/8056/healthcare-system-ratings-us-great-britain-canada.aspx">"Healthcare System Ratings: U.S., Great Britain, Canada"</a>. Gallup.com. March 25, 2003. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Healthcare+System+Ratings%3A+U.S.%2C+Great+Britain%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Gallup.com&rft.date=2003-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F8056%2Fhealthcare-system-ratings-us-great-britain-canada.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/text-alternative-version-2016-cmwf-en-web.pdf">"How Canada Compares Results From The Commonwealth Fund's 2016 International Health Policy Survey of Adults in 11 Countries"</a> (PDF). 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Canada+Compares+Results+From+The+Commonwealth+Fund%27s+2016+International+Health+Policy+Survey+of+Adults+in+11+Countries&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocument%2Ftext-alternative-version-2016-cmwf-en-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQMI2021" class="citation web cs1">QMI, Agence (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2021/12/01/les-quebecois-en-faveur-dune-implication-du-prive-dans-le-secteur-de-la-sante">"Les québécois en faveur d'une implication du privé dans le secteur de la Santé"</a>. Le Journal de Montréal. Retrieved December 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Journal+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.atitle=Les+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+en+faveur+d%27une+implication+du+priv%C3%A9+dans+le+secteur+de+la+Sant%C3%A9&rft.date=2021-12&rft.aulast=QMI&rft.aufirst=Agence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journaldemontreal.com%2F2021%2F12%2F01%2Fles-quebecois-en-faveur-dune-implication-du-prive-dans-le-secteur-de-la-sante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker2024" class="citation news cs1">Tasker, John Paul (February 27, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/primary-care-canada-10-000-canadians-report-1.7125990">"Massive new survey finds widespread frustration with access to primary health care"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Massive+new+survey+finds+widespread+frustration+with+access+to+primary+health+care&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft.aulast=Tasker&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fprimary-care-canada-10-000-canadians-report-1.7125990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC_FirstMinisters_2004-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HC_FirstMinisters_2004_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HC_FirstMinisters_2004_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819164453/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/fptcollab/2004-fmm-rpm/index-eng.php">A 10-year plan to strengthen health care - 2004 First Ministers' Meeting on the Future of Health Care</a>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/fptcollab/2004-fmm-rpm/index-eng.php">the original</a> on August 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+10-year+plan+to+strengthen+health+care+-+2004+First+Ministers%27+Meeting+on+the+Future+of+Health+Care&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hc-sc.gc.ca%2Fhcs-sss%2Fdelivery-prestation%2Ffptcollab%2F2004-fmm-rpm%2Findex-eng.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg_Bykowicz_20120903-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_Bykowicz_20120903_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_Bykowicz_20120903_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBykowicz2012" class="citation news cs1">Bykowicz, Julie (September 3, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-09-03/koch-group-brings-canadian-to-charlotte-to-attack-health-law">"Koch Group Brings Canadian to Charlotte to Attack Health Law"</a>. Bloomberg. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Koch+Group+Brings+Canadian+to+Charlotte+to+Attack+Health+Law&rft.date=2012-09-03&rft.aulast=Bykowicz&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2012-09-03%2Fkoch-group-brings-canadian-to-charlotte-to-attack-health-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian_2018-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_2018_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_2018_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/26/koch-brothers-americans-for-prosperity-rightwing-political-group">"How the Koch brothers built the most powerful rightwing group you've never heard of"</a>. The Guardian. September 26, 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+Koch+brothers+built+the+most+powerful+rightwing+group+you%27ve+never+heard+of&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2018%2Fsep%2F26%2Fkoch-brothers-americans-for-prosperity-rightwing-political-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian20090918-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20090918_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian20090918_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilkington2009" class="citation news cs1">Pilkington, Ed (September 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/18/republicans-internet-barack-obama">"Republicans steal Barack Obama's internet campaigning tricks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved April 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Republicans+steal+Barack+Obama%27s+internet+campaigning+tricks&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fsep%2F18%2Frepublicans-internet-barack-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent_Lemieux_20040423-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_Lemieux_20040423_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_Lemieux_20040423_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemieux2004" class="citation web cs1">Lemieux, Pierre (April 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1292">"Hidden costs of Canada's Health Care System"</a>. Independent and The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hidden+costs+of+Canada%27s+Health+Care+System&rft.pub=Independent+and+The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.date=2004-04-23&rft.aulast=Lemieux&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.org%2Fnewsroom%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D1292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter_20101109-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Potter_20101109_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendell_Potter2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Potter" title="Wendell Potter">Wendell Potter</a> (November 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/deadly-spin-wendell-potter/1100567995">Deadly Spin: An Insurance Company Insider Speaks Out on How Corporate PR Is Killing Health Care and Deceiving Americans</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Spin%3A+An+Insurance+Company+Insider+Speaks+Out+on+How+Corporate+PR+Is+Killing+Health+Care+and+Deceiving+Americans&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft.au=Wendell+Potter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fw%2Fdeadly-spin-wendell-potter%2F1100567995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-commonwealthfund_2008-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commonwealthfund_2008_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-commonwealthfund_2008_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2008/oct/2008-presidential-candidates-health-reform-proposals-choices">"The 2008 Presidential Candidates' Health Reform Proposals: Choices for America"</a>. Commonwealth Fund. October 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+Fund&rft.atitle=The+2008+Presidential+Candidates%27+Health+Reform+Proposals%3A+Choices+for+America&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealthfund.org%2Fpublications%2Ffund-reports%2F2008%2Foct%2F2008-presidential-candidates-health-reform-proposals-choices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-huffpost_Milne_20120906-165"><a href="#cite_ref-huffpost_Milne_20120906_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2012" class="citation news cs1">Milne, Graham (September 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/american-politics-canadian-health_b_1858011">"The American Politics of Canadian Health Care"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+American+Politics+of+Canadian+Health+Care&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Famerican-politics-canadian-health_b_1858011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuffingtonPost_Welsh_2009-166"><a href="#cite_ref-HuffingtonPost_Welsh_2009_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Welsh" title="Ian Welsh">Welsh, Ian</a> (July 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725101756/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-welsh/americans-lives-vs-insura_b_241703.html">"Americans Lives vs. Insurance Company Profits: The Real Battle in Health Care Reform"</a>. Huffington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-welsh/americans-lives-vs-insura_b_241703.html">the original</a> on July 25, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Americans+Lives+vs.+Insurance+Company+Profits%3A+The+Real+Battle+in+Health+Care+Reform&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fian-welsh%2Famericans-lives-vs-insura_b_241703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP_2014-167"><a href="#cite_ref-AFP_2014_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/2014/02/americans-for-prosperity-3/">"Americans for Prosperity"</a>. FactCheck.org. June 16, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Americans+for+Prosperity&rft.pub=FactCheck.org&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2014%2F02%2Famericans-for-prosperity-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek_Mayo_Miller_20190405-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_Mayo_Miller_20190405_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_Mayo_Miller_20190405_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2019" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Noah (March 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/2019/04/05/10-best-hospitals-world-1368512.html">"The 10 best hospitals in the world"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+10+best+hospitals+in+the+world&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2019%2F04%2F05%2F10-best-hospitals-world-1368512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TorStar2007-09-06-169"><a href="#cite_ref-TorStar2007-09-06_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanya_Talaga2007" class="citation news cs1">Tanya Talaga (September 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301084738/http://www.thestar.com/News/article/253664">"Patients suing province over wait times: Man, woman who couldn't get quick treatment travelled to U.S. to get brain tumours removed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2007/09/06/patients_suing_province_over_wait_times.html">the original</a> on March 1, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009. <q>Lindsay McCreith, 66, of Newmarket and Shona Holmes, 43, of Waterdown filed a joint statement of claim yesterday against the province of Ontario. Both say their health suffered because they are denied the right to access care outside of Ontario's "government-run monopolistic" health-care system. They want to be able to buy private health insurance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Patients+suing+province+over+wait+times%3A+Man%2C+woman+who+couldn%27t+get+quick+treatment+travelled+to+U.S.+to+get+brain+tumours+removed&rft.date=2007-09-06&rft.au=Tanya+Talaga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fontario%2F2007%2F09%2F06%2Fpatients_suing_province_over_wait_times.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nrfm2007-09-30-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Nrfm2007-09-30_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Solomon2007" class="citation news cs1">Sam Solomon (September 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802200545/http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2007/09_30/4_policy_politics02_16.html">"New lawsuit threatens Ontario private care ban: "Ontario Chaoulli" case seeks to catalyze healthcare reform"</a>. National Review of Medicine. Vol. 4, no. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2007/09_30/4_policy_politics02_16.html">the original</a> on August 2, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=New+lawsuit+threatens+Ontario+private+care+ban%3A+%22Ontario+Chaoulli%22+case+seeks+to+catalyze+healthcare+reform&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.au=Sam+Solomon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreviewofmedicine.com%2Fissue%2F2007%2F09_30%2F4_policy_politics02_16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CbcShonaExaggeration-171"><a href="#cite_ref-CbcShonaExaggeration_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/anti-medicare-ad-an-exaggeration-experts-1.825270">"Anti-medicare ad an exaggeration: experts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. July 31, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803162334/http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2009/07/31/medicare-ad-exaggeration523.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anti-medicare+ad+an+exaggeration%3A+experts&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fanti-medicare-ad-an-exaggeration-experts-1.825270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emedicine-172"><a href="#cite_ref-emedicine_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar_Islam_MD_FRCP(C)2008" class="citation web cs1">Omar Islam MD FRCP(C) (March 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/343629-overview">"Rathke Cleft Cyst"</a>. Medscape. Retrieved November 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape&rft.atitle=Rathke+Cleft+Cyst&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.au=Omar+Islam+MD+FRCP%28C%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F343629-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/waiting-your-turn-2021.pdf">"Waiting Your Turn"</a> (PDF). Fraser Institute. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fraser+Institute&rft.atitle=Waiting+Your+Turn&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraserinstitute.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwaiting-your-turn-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FraserInst2015-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FraserInst2015_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruaRen" class="citation journal cs1">Barua, Bacchus; Ren, Feixue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/leaving-canada-for-medical-care-2015.pdf">"Leaving Canada for Medical Care, 2015"</a> (PDF). Fraser Institute Bulletin. Retrieved May 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fraser+Institute+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Leaving+Canada+for+Medical+Care%2C+2015&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Bacchus&rft.au=Ren%2C+Feixue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraserinstitute.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fleaving-canada-for-medical-care-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruaHasanTimmermans2017" class="citation cs2">Barua, Bacchus; Hasan, Sazid; Timmermans, Ingrid (September 21, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/comparing-performance-of-universal-health-care-countries-2017">Comparing Performance of Universal Health Care Countries, 2017</a>, Fraser Institute, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88975-464-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88975-464-5"><bdi>978-0-88975-464-5</bdi></a>, retrieved November 26, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Performance+of+Universal+Health+Care+Countries%2C+2017&rft.pub=Fraser+Institute&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-0-88975-464-5&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Bacchus&rft.au=Hasan%2C+Sazid&rft.au=Timmermans%2C+Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraserinstitute.org%2Fstudies%2Fcomparing-performance-of-universal-health-care-countries-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> A PRESCRIPTION FOR CANADA: ACHIEVING PHARMACARE FOR ALL (Government of Canada report, retrieved 2023) </li> <li id="cite_note-Reason_magazine,_September_7th,_2022-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reason_magazine,_September_7th,_2022_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reason_magazine,_September_7th,_2022_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reason_magazine,_September_7th,_2022_177-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackford2022" class="citation web cs1">Shackford, Scott (September 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2022/09/07/some-canadian-health-care-patients-say-theyre-being-encouraged-to-just-die-already/">"Some Canadian Health Care Patients Say They're Being Encouraged To Just Die Already"</a>. reason.com. Reason. Retrieved September 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reason.com&rft.atitle=Some+Canadian+Health+Care+Patients+Say+They%27re+Being+Encouraged+To+Just+Die+Already&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft.aulast=Shackford&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2022%2F09%2F07%2Fsome-canadian-health-care-patients-say-theyre-being-encouraged-to-just-die-already%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2004" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Health (May 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/pharmaceuticals/costs-prices.html">"Prescription drug pricing and costs"</a>. www.canada.ca. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Prescription+drug+pricing+and+costs&rft.date=2004-05-28&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fhealth-canada%2Fservices%2Fhealth-care-system%2Fpharmaceuticals%2Fcosts-prices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawChengKolhatkarGoldsmith2018" class="citation journal cs1">Law, Michael R.; Cheng, Lucy; Kolhatkar, Ashra; Goldsmith, Laurie J.; Morgan, Steven G.; Holbrook, Anne M.; Dhalla, Irfan A. (January 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmajopen.ca/content/6/1/E63">"The consequences of patient charges for prescription drugs in Canada: a cross-sectional survey"</a>. CMAJ Open. 6 (1): E63–E70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9778%2Fcmajo.20180008">10.9778/cmajo.20180008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-0026">2291-0026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5878943">5878943</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29440236">29440236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ+Open&rft.atitle=The+consequences+of+patient+charges+for+prescription+drugs+in+Canada%3A+a+cross-sectional+survey&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=E63-E70&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5878943%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2291-0026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29440236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9778%2Fcmajo.20180008&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Lucy&rft.au=Kolhatkar%2C+Ashra&rft.au=Goldsmith%2C+Laurie+J.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Steven+G.&rft.au=Holbrook%2C+Anne+M.&rft.au=Dhalla%2C+Irfan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmajopen.ca%2Fcontent%2F6%2F1%2FE63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canadians-give-up-food-heat-to-afford-prescriptions-study-says-1.4533476">"Almost 1 million Canadians give up food, heat to afford prescriptions: study"</a>. CBC News. February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Almost+1+million+Canadians+give+up+food%2C+heat+to+afford+prescriptions%3A+study&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fcanadians-give-up-food-heat-to-afford-prescriptions-study-says-1.4533476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221102/dq221102a-eng.htm">"The Daily — Study: Inequities in pharmaceutical access and use"</a>. www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=The+Daily+%E2%80%94+Study%3A+Inequities+in+pharmaceutical+access+and+use&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fdaily-quotidien%2F221102%2Fdq221102a-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilicic" class="citation web cs1">Milicic, Sandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mulpress.mcmaster.ca/hro-ors/article/view/1179">"Evaluating EHRs and EMRs in Canada's e-Health System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaluating+EHRs+and+EMRs+in+Canada%27s+e-Health+System&rft.aulast=Milicic&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmulpress.mcmaster.ca%2Fhro-ors%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeplinskiPearce2023" class="citation journal cs1">Peplinski, Jack E.; Pearce, Joshua M. (April 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10119013">"Economic Efficiency of an Open-Source National Medical Lab Software in Canada"</a>. Journal of Medical Systems. 47 (1): 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10916-023-01949-w">10.1007/s10916-023-01949-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-689X">1573-689X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10119013">10119013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37081312">37081312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Systems&rft.atitle=Economic+Efficiency+of+an+Open-Source+National+Medical+Lab+Software+in+Canada&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10119013%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1573-689X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37081312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10916-023-01949-w&rft.aulast=Peplinski&rft.aufirst=Jack+E.&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Joshua+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10119013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-ca/health/other/how-better-and-cheaper-software-could-save-millions-of-dollars-while-improving-canada-s-health-care-system/ar-BB1hKSNA">"MSN"</a>. www.msn.com. Retrieved September 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msn.com&rft.atitle=MSN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-ca%2Fhealth%2Fother%2Fhow-better-and-cheaper-software-could-save-millions-of-dollars-while-improving-canada-s-health-care-system%2Far-BB1hKSNA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) - Canada | Data (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS?locations=CA">worldbank.org</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/ae3016b9-en/1/3/5/7/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/ae3016b9-en&_csp_=ca413da5d44587bc56446341952c275e&itemIGO=oecd&itemContentType=book">"Home"</a>. www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oecd-ilibrary.org&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fsites%2Fae3016b9-en%2F1%2F3%2F5%2F7%2Findex.html%3FitemId%3D%2Fcontent%2Fpublication%2Fae3016b9-en%26_csp_%3Dca413da5d44587bc56446341952c275e%26itemIGO%3Doecd%26itemContentType%3Dbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/3406842/canadian-health-care-struggles-to-find-a-cure-for-hallway-medicine/">"Canadian health care struggles to find a cure for hallway medicine | Globalnews.ca"</a>. Global News. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Canadian+health+care+struggles+to+find+a+cure+for+hallway+medicine+%7C+Globalnews.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F3406842%2Fcanadian-health-care-struggles-to-find-a-cure-for-hallway-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9110477/misericordia-hospital-emergency-department-waiting-room-floor/">"Patients lay for hours on Misericordia Hospital ER floor: 'It was disgusting' | Globalnews.ca"</a>. Global News. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Patients+lay+for+hours+on+Misericordia+Hospital+ER+floor%3A+%27It+was+disgusting%27+%7C+Globalnews.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9110477%2Fmisericordia-hospital-emergency-department-waiting-room-floor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga" class="citation news cs1">Huizinga, Raechel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/fredericton-emergency-room-long-wait-times-1.7072942">"Fredericton ER filthy and overflowing during holidays, visitors say"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Fredericton+ER+filthy+and+overflowing+during+holidays%2C+visitors+say&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Raechel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnew-brunswick%2Ffredericton-emergency-room-long-wait-times-1.7072942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawley" class="citation news cs1">Crawley, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-hospital-hallway-medicine-healthcare-beyond-capacity-1.5420434">"Some of Ontario's biggest hospitals are filled beyond capacity nearly every day, new data reveals"</a>. CBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Some+of+Ontario%27s+biggest+hospitals+are+filled+beyond+capacity+nearly+every+day%2C+new+data+reveals&rft.aulast=Crawley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Fontario-hospital-hallway-medicine-healthcare-beyond-capacity-1.5420434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/10201565/montreal-quebec-ers-capacity-january-2024/">"3 Montreal ERs hit above 200% capacity, despite pleas to avoid if you can | Globalnews.ca"</a>. Global News. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=3+Montreal+ERs+hit+above+200%25+capacity%2C+despite+pleas+to+avoid+if+you+can+%7C+Globalnews.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F10201565%2Fmontreal-quebec-ers-capacity-january-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne" class="citation news cs1">Payne, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/hospital-capacity-crisis-in-quebec-continues-but-hospitals-across-the-country-are-feeling-the-strain">"Hospital capacity crisis in Quebec continues, but hospitals across the country are feeling the strain"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hospital+capacity+crisis+in+Quebec+continues%2C+but+hospitals+across+the+country+are+feeling+the+strain&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fhospital-capacity-crisis-in-quebec-continues-but-hospitals-across-the-country-are-feeling-the-strain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/more-than-1-3-m-canadians-abandoned-waits-in-emergency-rooms-in-2023-1.6611380">"More than 1.3 M Canadians abandoned waits in emergency rooms in 2023"</a>. CTVNews. October 21, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTVNews&rft.atitle=More+than+1.3+M+Canadians+abandoned+waits+in+emergency+rooms+in+2023&rft.date=2023-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fhealth%2Fmore-than-1-3-m-canadians-abandoned-waits-in-emergency-rooms-in-2023-1.6611380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarner2023" class="citation journal cs1">Varner, Catherine (September 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmaj.ca/content/195/34/e1157">"Without more acute care beds, hospitals are on their own to grapple with emergency department crises"</a>. CMAJ. 195 (34): E1157–E1158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.231156">10.1503/cmaj.231156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0820-3946">0820-3946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10480004">10480004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37669787">37669787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ&rft.atitle=Without+more+acute+care+beds%2C+hospitals+are+on+their+own+to+grapple+with+emergency+department+crises&rft.volume=195&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=E1157-E1158&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10480004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0820-3946&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37669787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.231156&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmaj.ca%2Fcontent%2F195%2F34%2Fe1157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrangou2022" class="citation news cs1">Frangou, Christina (April 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macleans.ca/society/canadian-paramedics-are-in-crisis/">"Canadian paramedics are in crisis"</a>. Maclean's Magazine. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Canadian+paramedics+are+in+crisis&rft.date=2022-04-20&rft.aulast=Frangou&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacleans.ca%2Fsociety%2Fcanadian-paramedics-are-in-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9348880/paramedics-warn-overwhelmed-ontario-hospitals-causing-spillover-effects-fewer-ambulances/">"Paramedics warn overwhelmed Ontario hospitals causing spillover effects, fewer ambulances | Globalnews.ca"</a>. Global News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Paramedics+warn+overwhelmed+Ontario+hospitals+causing+spillover+effects%2C+fewer+ambulances+%7C+Globalnews.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9348880%2Fparamedics-warn-overwhelmed-ontario-hospitals-causing-spillover-effects-fewer-ambulances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sasktoday.ca/highlights/paramedics-take-their-concerns-to-legislature-7898827">"Paramedics take their concerns to Legislature"</a>. SaskToday.ca. November 29, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SaskToday.ca&rft.atitle=Paramedics+take+their+concerns+to+Legislature&rft.date=2023-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasktoday.ca%2Fhighlights%2Fparamedics-take-their-concerns-to-legislature-7898827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regina.ctvnews.ca/isn-t-a-blip-sask-ndp-says-no-ambulance-was-available-1-132-times-since-february-1.6635054">"'Isn't a blip': Sask. NDP says no ambulance was available 1,132 times since February"</a>. Regina. November 7, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regina&rft.atitle=%27Isn%27t+a+blip%27%3A+Sask.+NDP+says+no+ambulance+was+available+1%2C132+times+since+February&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregina.ctvnews.ca%2Fisn-t-a-blip-sask-ndp-says-no-ambulance-was-available-1-132-times-since-february-1.6635054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarick2023" class="citation news cs1">Warick, Jason (November 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/ambulance-paramedic-shortage-sask-1.7023407">"Crowded hospitals, paramedic shortage to blame for lack of Sask. ambulance service, says health-care official"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Crowded+hospitals%2C+paramedic+shortage+to+blame+for+lack+of+Sask.+ambulance+service%2C+says+health-care+official&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft.aulast=Warick&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fsaskatoon%2Fambulance-paramedic-shortage-sask-1.7023407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieger2021" class="citation news cs1">Rieger, Sarah (August 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-ems-red-alerts-edmonton-1.6152107">"Calgary EMS had no ambulances available more than 3,500 times this past year"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Calgary+EMS+had+no+ambulances+available+more+than+3%2C500+times+this+past+year&rft.date=2021-08-24&rft.aulast=Rieger&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Fcalgary-ems-red-alerts-edmonton-1.6152107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/paramedics-level-zero-no-ambulance-526-times-1.6484791">"Ottawa has already hit 'level zero' with no available ambulances 526 times this year"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Ottawa+has+already+hit+%27level+zero%27+with+no+available+ambulances+526+times+this+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fparamedics-level-zero-no-ambulance-526-times-1.6484791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter" class="citation news cs1">Porter, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/paramedic-level-zero-incidents-2022-availability-numbers-1.6746551">"'Level zero' ambulance problem worsens dramatically in Ottawa in 2022"</a>. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Level+zero%27+ambulance+problem+worsens+dramatically+in+Ottawa+in+2022&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fparamedic-level-zero-incidents-2022-availability-numbers-1.6746551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTo2022" class="citation news cs1">To, Michael (October 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-paramedics-code-zero-triple-1.6625470">"Hamilton paramedics' code zeroes — 1 or no ambulances for emergencies — tripled over all of 2021"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Hamilton+paramedics%27+code+zeroes+%E2%80%94+1+or+no+ambulances+for+emergencies+%E2%80%94+tripled+over+all+of+2021&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=To&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fhamilton%2Fhamilton-paramedics-code-zero-triple-1.6625470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2023" class="citation news cs1">Porter, Kate (February 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/paramedic-level-zero-incidents-2022-availability-numbers-1.6746551">"'Level zero' ambulance problem worsens dramatically in Ottawa in 2022"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Level+zero%27+ambulance+problem+worsens+dramatically+in+Ottawa+in+2022&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fparamedic-level-zero-incidents-2022-availability-numbers-1.6746551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupfer2022" class="citation news cs1">Kupfer, Matthew (July 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-ambulance-strain-level-zero-1.6529414">"Woman in south Ottawa had to wait 6 hours for ambulance after hip fracture"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Woman+in+south+Ottawa+had+to+wait+6+hours+for+ambulance+after+hip+fracture&rft.date=2022-07-23&rft.aulast=Kupfer&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fottawa-ambulance-strain-level-zero-1.6529414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2022" class="citation news cs1">Porter, Kate (March 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/omicron-level-zero-ambulance-ottawa-data-1.6378362">"No Ottawa ambulances available for more than 15 straight hours at end of December"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=No+Ottawa+ambulances+available+for+more+than+15+straight+hours+at+end+of+December&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fomicron-level-zero-ambulance-ottawa-data-1.6378362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZafar2023" class="citation news cs1">Zafar, Amina (July 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/whitecoat/er-crowding-summer-1.6905916">"ERs face worse wait-times this summer, as 'waiting-room' medicine gets creative"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=ERs+face+worse+wait-times+this+summer%2C+as+%27waiting-room%27+medicine+gets+creative&rft.date=2023-07-15&rft.aulast=Zafar&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fwhitecoat%2Fer-crowding-summer-1.6905916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8964191/hours-of-emergency-departments-canada/">"Health authorities across Canada cut hours of emergency departments | Globalnews.ca"</a>. Global News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Health+authorities+across+Canada+cut+hours+of+emergency+departments+%7C+Globalnews.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F8964191%2Fhours-of-emergency-departments-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsman2019" class="citation news cs1">Osman, Laura (October 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/level-zero-paramedic-1.5316802">"'People are dying': Life and death at level zero"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=%27People+are+dying%27%3A+Life+and+death+at+level+zero&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft.aulast=Osman&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Flevel-zero-paramedic-1.5316802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2023" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Allison (July 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/ontario-ambulance-pressures-province-wont-release-data-1.6912060">"Ontario regions face ambulance pressures and province won't release offload delay data"</a>. CBC News via The Canadian Press. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News+via+The+Canadian+Press&rft.atitle=Ontario+regions+face+ambulance+pressures+and+province+won%27t+release+offload+delay+data&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fwindsor%2Fontario-ambulance-pressures-province-wont-release-data-1.6912060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/province-nixes-ottawa-paramedic-plan-to-use-taxis-for-some-calls-1.6902813">"Province nixes Ottawa paramedic plan to use taxis for some calls"</a>. Ottawa. May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa&rft.atitle=Province+nixes+Ottawa+paramedic+plan+to+use+taxis+for+some+calls&rft.date=2024-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ctvnews.ca%2Fprovince-nixes-ottawa-paramedic-plan-to-use-taxis-for-some-calls-1.6902813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford" class="citation news cs1">Crawford, Blair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/ottawa-hasnt-given-up-on-proposal-to-use-taxis-as-ambulances">"Ottawa hasn't given up on proposal to use taxis as ambulances"</a>. Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Ottawa+hasn%27t+given+up+on+proposal+to+use+taxis+as+ambulances&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fottawa-hasnt-given-up-on-proposal-to-use-taxis-as-ambulances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/province-nixes-ottawa-paramedic-plan-to-use-taxis-for-some-calls-1.6902813">"Province nixes Ottawa paramedic plan to use taxis for some calls"</a>. Ottawa. May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa&rft.atitle=Province+nixes+Ottawa+paramedic+plan+to+use+taxis+for+some+calls&rft.date=2024-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ctvnews.ca%2Fprovince-nixes-ottawa-paramedic-plan-to-use-taxis-for-some-calls-1.6902813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2023" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, Haley (December 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/emergency-department-closures-wait-times-up-1.7066960">"N.S. emergency department closures, wait times up from last year"</a>. CBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=N.S.+emergency+department+closures%2C+wait+times+up+from+last+year&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnova-scotia%2Femergency-department-closures-wait-times-up-1.7066960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernwheel.ca/local-news/er-closures-adding-stress-throughout-albertas-health-care-system-8214625">"ER closures adding stress throughout Alberta's health care system"</a>. Western Wheel. February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Wheel&rft.atitle=ER+closures+adding+stress+throughout+Alberta%27s+health+care+system&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernwheel.ca%2Flocal-news%2Fer-closures-adding-stress-throughout-albertas-health-care-system-8214625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeidler2023" class="citation news cs1">Zeidler, Maryse (September 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-emergency-room-closures-1.6959807">"Hundreds rally in Surrey, B.C., as health minister under fire for continued ER closures across province"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Hundreds+rally+in+Surrey%2C+B.C.%2C+as+health+minister+under+fire+for+continued+ER+closures+across+province&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft.aulast=Zeidler&rft.aufirst=Maryse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fb-c-emergency-room-closures-1.6959807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/three-stabbed-teens-were-driven-from-a-party-to-a-nearby-hospital-only-to-find-that-the-er-was-closed-their-story-is-one-of-many-1.6545043">"Three stabbed teens were driven from a party to a nearby hospital, only to find that the ER was closed. Their story is one of many"</a>. CTVNews. September 5, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTVNews&rft.atitle=Three+stabbed+teens+were+driven+from+a+party+to+a+nearby+hospital%2C+only+to+find+that+the+ER+was+closed.+Their+story+is+one+of+many&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fhealth%2Fthree-stabbed-teens-were-driven-from-a-party-to-a-nearby-hospital-only-to-find-that-the-er-was-closed-their-story-is-one-of-many-1.6545043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox" class="citation news cs1">Cox, Aidan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/hospital-labour-obstetrics-new-brunswick-1.6146501">"Staff shortages at 2 N.B. hospitals lead to closures of labour and obstetrics units"</a>. CBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Staff+shortages+at+2+N.B.+hospitals+lead+to+closures+of+labour+and+obstetrics+units&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnew-brunswick%2Fhospital-labour-obstetrics-new-brunswick-1.6146501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8977072/new-brunswick-hospitals-close-reduce-hours-weekend/">"Five N.B. hospitals close or reduce hours ahead of weekend citing staffing shortage - New Brunswick | Globalnews.ca"</a>. Global News. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Five+N.B.+hospitals+close+or+reduce+hours+ahead+of+weekend+citing+staffing+shortage+-+New+Brunswick+%7C+Globalnews.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F8977072%2Fnew-brunswick-hospitals-close-reduce-hours-weekend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni" class="citation news cs1">Kulkarni, Akshay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-er-closures-2022-1.6689970">"Emergency rooms in rural B.C. were closed for equivalent of around 4 months in 2022, data shows"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Emergency+rooms+in+rural+B.C.+were+closed+for+equivalent+of+around+4+months+in+2022%2C+data+shows&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Akshay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fbc-er-closures-2022-1.6689970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://london.ctvnews.ca/1-199-emergency-room-closures-in-ontario-this-year-report-1.6674204">"1,199 emergency room closures in Ontario this year: Report"</a>. London. December 5, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London&rft.atitle=1%2C199+emergency+room+closures+in+Ontario+this+year%3A+Report&rft.date=2023-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flondon.ctvnews.ca%2F1-199-emergency-room-closures-in-ontario-this-year-report-1.6674204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker2022" class="citation news cs1">Tasker, John Paul (September 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadian-health-care-system-collapse-1.6590461">"'This is a crisis': Head of medical association warns that the health-care system faces 'collapse'"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=%27This+is+a+crisis%27%3A+Head+of+medical+association+warns+that+the+health-care+system+faces+%27collapse%27&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Tasker&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanadian-health-care-system-collapse-1.6590461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.oecd.org/healtheqt/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-units.htm">"Health equipment - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) units - OECD Data"</a>. theOECD. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theOECD&rft.atitle=Health+equipment+-+Magnetic+resonance+imaging+%28MRI%29+units+-+OECD+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Fhealtheqt%2Fmagnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-units.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.oecd.org/healtheqt/radiotherapy-equipment.htm">"Health equipment - Radiotherapy equipment - OECD Data"</a>. theOECD. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theOECD&rft.atitle=Health+equipment+-+Radiotherapy+equipment+-+OECD+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Fhealtheqt%2Fradiotherapy-equipment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.oecd.org/healtheqt/computed-tomography-ct-scanners.htm">"Health equipment - Computed tomography (CT) scanners - OECD Data"</a>. theOECD. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theOECD&rft.atitle=Health+equipment+-+Computed+tomography+%28CT%29+scanners+-+OECD+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Fhealtheqt%2Fcomputed-tomography-ct-scanners.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.oecd.org/healtheqt/mammography-machines.htm">"Health equipment - Mammography machines - OECD Data"</a>. theOECD. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theOECD&rft.atitle=Health+equipment+-+Mammography+machines+-+OECD+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Fhealtheqt%2Fmammography-machines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD_20200528-228"><a href="#cite_ref-OECD_20200528_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/health/waiting-times-for-health-services-242e3c8c-en.htm">"Waiting Times for Health Services: Next in Line"</a>. OECD. May 28, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD&rft.atitle=Waiting+Times+for+Health+Services%3A+Next+in+Line&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fhealth%2Fwaiting-times-for-health-services-242e3c8c-en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-229"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hqontario.ca/System-Performance/Wait-Times-for-Surgeries-and-Procedures/Wait-Times-for-Orthopedic-Surgeries-including-Hip-Replacement-and-Knee-Replacement/Time-to-Patients-First-Orthopedic-Surgical-Appointment">"Time to Patient's First Orthopedic Surgical Appointment – Health Quality Ontario"</a>. www.hqontario.ca. Retrieved June 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hqontario.ca&rft.atitle=Time+to+Patient%27s+First+Orthopedic+Surgical+Appointment+%E2%80%93+Health+Quality+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hqontario.ca%2FSystem-Performance%2FWait-Times-for-Surgeries-and-Procedures%2FWait-Times-for-Orthopedic-Surgeries-including-Hip-Replacement-and-Knee-Replacement%2FTime-to-Patients-First-Orthopedic-Surgical-Appointment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoCoyteBombardierHawker1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ho, E.; Coyte, P. C.; Bombardier, C.; Hawker, G.; Wright, J. G. (November 1994). "Ontario patients' acceptance of waiting times for knee replacements". The Journal of Rheumatology. 21 (11): 2101–2105. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0315-162X">0315-162X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7869317">7869317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Rheumatology&rft.atitle=Ontario+patients%27+acceptance+of+waiting+times+for+knee+replacements&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2101-2105&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7869317&rft.issn=0315-162X&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Coyte%2C+P.+C.&rft.au=Bombardier%2C+C.&rft.au=Hawker%2C+G.&rft.au=Wright%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011114222326/http://www.web.net/ohc/index.html">"Ontario Health Coalition - Home"</a>. Web.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.web.net/ohc/index.html">the original</a> on November 14, 2001. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ontario+Health+Coalition+-+Home&rft.pub=Web.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.web.net%2Fohc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_waiting_20061129-232"><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_waiting_20061129_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/healthcare/waiting.html">"Waiting for access"</a>. CBC News. In-Depth: Health Care. November 29, 2006. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Waiting+for+access&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews2%2Fbackground%2Fhealthcare%2Fwaiting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Media release <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?category=1&id=1611">Canada's New Government announces Patient Wait Times Guarantees</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211095257/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?category=1&id=1611">Archived</a> December 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Office of the Prime Minister, April 4, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cmaj.ca/content/early/2015/06/08/cmaj.109-5078">[2]</a>, CMAJ: More Hospitals Choosing Wisely, June 8, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/robert-y-mcmurtry/healthcare-wait-times_b_7292500.html">[3]</a> Huffington Post: How to Reduce Wait Times in Canadian Health Care, May 16, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScotia2014" class="citation web cs1">Scotia, Communications Nova (October 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waittimes.novascotia.ca/procedure/knee-replacement#waittimes-50">"Government of Nova Scotia"</a>. waittimes.novascotia.ca. Retrieved June 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=waittimes.novascotia.ca&rft.atitle=Government+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft.aulast=Scotia&rft.aufirst=Communications+Nova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaittimes.novascotia.ca%2Fprocedure%2Fknee-replacement%23waittimes-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI_Commonwealth_2016-237"><a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_Commonwealth_2016_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/commonwealth-fund-survey-2016">"Commonwealth Fund Survey 2016"</a>. Canadian Institute for Health Information. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved August 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Fund+Survey+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fen%2Fcommonwealth-fund-survey-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2008" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Health (January 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/science-research/reports-publications/health-policy-research/measuring-health-inequalities-among-canadian-women-developing-basket-indicators.html">"ARCHIVED - Measuring Health Inequalities Among Canadian Women: Developing a Basket of Indicators"</a>. www.canada.ca. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=ARCHIVED+-+Measuring+Health+Inequalities+Among+Canadian+Women%3A+Developing+a+Basket+of+Indicators&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fhealth-canada%2Fservices%2Fscience-research%2Freports-publications%2Fhealth-policy-research%2Fmeasuring-health-inequalities-among-canadian-women-developing-basket-indicators.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDentonPrusWalters2004" class="citation journal cs1">Denton, Margaret; Prus, Steven; Walters, Vivienne (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953603004726">"Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health"</a>. Social Science & Medicine. 58 (12): 2585–2600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2003.09.008">10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.09.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15081207">15081207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Gender+differences+in+health%3A+a+Canadian+study+of+the+psychosocial%2C+structural+and+behavioural+determinants+of+health&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2585-2600&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2003.09.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15081207&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Prus%2C+Steven&rft.au=Walters%2C+Vivienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0277953603004726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraryssl.lib.mcmaster.ca/libaccess/login.php?url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.sciencedirect.com%2fscience%2farticle%2fpii%2fS0168851008002388">"Off-Campus Access: Login to e-Resources - McMaster Libraries"</a>. libraryssl.lib.mcmaster.ca. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libraryssl.lib.mcmaster.ca&rft.atitle=Off-Campus+Access%3A+Login+to+e-Resources+-+McMaster+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraryssl.lib.mcmaster.ca%2Flibaccess%2Flogin.php%3Furl%3Dhttps%253a%252f%252fwww.sciencedirect.com%252fscience%252farticle%252fpii%252fS0168851008002388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_241-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womenandhealthcarereform.ca/publications/womenPrivateHealthInsur_en.pdf">"Women and Private Health Insurance"</a> (PDF). Womenandhealthcarereform.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Womenandhealthcarereform.ca&rft.atitle=Women+and+Private+Health+Insurance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenandhealthcarereform.ca%2Fpublications%2FwomenPrivateHealthInsur_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazanjianMorettinCho2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kazanjian, Arminée; Morettin, Denise; Cho, Robert (August 25, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096683">"Health Care Utilization by Canadian Women"</a>. BMC Women's Health. 4 (Suppl 1): S33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-6874-4-S1-S33">10.1186/1472-6874-4-S1-S33</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096683">2096683</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345096">15345096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Women%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Health+Care+Utilization+by+Canadian+Women&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S33&rft.date=2004-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2096683%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15345096&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1472-6874-4-S1-S33&rft.aulast=Kazanjian&rft.aufirst=Armin%C3%A9e&rft.au=Morettin%2C+Denise&rft.au=Cho%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2096683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2005" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Health (April 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/corporate/about-health-canada/reports-publications/women-health-strategy.html#gender">"Women's Health Strategy"</a>. aem. Retrieved May 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Health+Strategy&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fhealth-canada%2Fcorporate%2Fabout-health-canada%2Freports-publications%2Fwomen-health-strategy.html%23gender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwhn.ca/en/node/39564">"Health Care Privatization: Women Are Paying the Price | Canadian Women's Health Network"</a>. Cwhn.ca. Retrieved May 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cwhn.ca&rft.atitle=Health+Care+Privatization%3A+Women+Are+Paying+the+Price+%7C+Canadian+Women%27s+Health+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwhn.ca%2Fen%2Fnode%2F39564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2018" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Public Health Agency of (May 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/science-research-data/key-health-inequalities-canada-national-portrait-executive-summary.html">"Key Health Inequalities in Canada: A National Portrait – Executive Summary"</a>. www.canada.ca. Retrieved December 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Key+Health+Inequalities+in+Canada%3A+A+National+Portrait+%E2%80%93+Executive+Summary&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Public+Health+Agency+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fpublic-health%2Fservices%2Fpublications%2Fscience-research-data%2Fkey-health-inequalities-canada-national-portrait-executive-summary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntoshFinèsWilkinsWolfson2009" class="citation journal cs1">McIntosh, Cameron N.; Finès, Philippe; Wilkins, Russell; Wolfson, Michael C. (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20108606/">"Income disparities in health-adjusted life expectancy for Canadian adults, 1991 to 2001"</a>. Health Reports. 20 (4): 55–64. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0840-6529">0840-6529</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20108606">20108606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Reports&rft.atitle=Income+disparities+in+health-adjusted+life+expectancy+for+Canadian+adults%2C+1991+to+2001&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=55-64&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20108606&rft.issn=0840-6529&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Cameron+N.&rft.au=Fin%C3%A8s%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Russell&rft.au=Wolfson%2C+Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20108606%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_247-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2020" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (January 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2020001/article/00001-eng.htm">"Socioeconomic disparities in life and health expectancy among the household population in Canada"</a>. www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved December 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Socioeconomic+disparities+in+life+and+health+expectancy+among+the+household+population+in+Canada&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fpub%2F82-003-x%2F2020001%2Farticle%2F00001-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_248-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBravemanGottlieb2014" class="citation journal cs1">Braveman, Paula; Gottlieb, Laura (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863696">"The Social Determinants of Health: It's Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes"</a>. Public Health Reports. 129 (Suppl 2): 19–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00333549141291S206">10.1177/00333549141291S206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3549">0033-3549</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863696">3863696</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24385661">24385661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Reports&rft.atitle=The+Social+Determinants+of+Health%3A+It%27s+Time+to+Consider+the+Causes+of+the+Causes&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=19-31&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3863696%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0033-3549&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24385661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00333549141291S206&rft.aulast=Braveman&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3863696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidskySchneider2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lidsky, Theodore I.; Schneider, Jay S. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawg014">"Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates"</a>. Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 126 (Pt 1): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawg014">10.1093/brain/awg014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950">0006-8950</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477693">12477693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain%3A+A+Journal+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=Lead+neurotoxicity+in+children%3A+basic+mechanisms+and+clinical+correlates&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=2003-01&rft.issn=0006-8950&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12477693&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawg014&rft.aulast=Lidsky&rft.aufirst=Theodore+I.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Jay+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252Fawg014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanphearKahnBergerAuinger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lanphear, B. P.; Kahn, R. S.; Berger, O.; Auinger, P.; Bortnick, S. M.; Nahhas, R. W. (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11389296/">"Contribution of residential exposures to asthma in us children and adolescents"</a>. Pediatrics. 107 (6): E98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.107.6.e98">10.1542/peds.107.6.e98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-4275">1098-4275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11389296">11389296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+residential+exposures+to+asthma+in+us+children+and+adolescents&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=E98&rft.date=2001-06&rft.issn=1098-4275&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11389296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.107.6.e98&rft.aulast=Lanphear&rft.aufirst=B.+P.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Berger%2C+O.&rft.au=Auinger%2C+P.&rft.au=Bortnick%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Nahhas%2C+R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11389296%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrenchTangneyCraneWang2019" class="citation journal cs1">French, Simone A.; Tangney, Christy C.; Crane, Melissa M.; Wang, Yamin; Appelhans, Bradley M. (February 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390355">"Nutrition quality of food purchases varies by household income: the SHoPPER study"</a>. BMC Public Health. 19 (1): 231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12889-019-6546-2">10.1186/s12889-019-6546-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2458">1471-2458</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390355">6390355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30808311">30808311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Nutrition+quality+of+food+purchases+varies+by+household+income%3A+the+SHoPPER+study&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=231&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6390355%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-2458&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30808311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12889-019-6546-2&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Simone+A.&rft.au=Tangney%2C+Christy+C.&rft.au=Crane%2C+Melissa+M.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yamin&rft.au=Appelhans%2C+Bradley+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6390355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2008" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Public Health Agency of (May 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/corporate/publications/chief-public-health-officer-reports-state-public-health-canada/report-on-state-public-health-canada-2008/chapter-4f.html">"Chapter 4: The Chief Public Health Officer's report on the state of public health in Canada 2008 – Education and literacy"</a>. www.canada.ca. Retrieved December 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+The+Chief+Public+Health+Officer%27s+report+on+the+state+of+public+health+in+Canada+2008+%E2%80%93+Education+and+literacy&rft.date=2008-05-26&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Public+Health+Agency+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fpublic-health%2Fcorporate%2Fpublications%2Fchief-public-health-officer-reports-state-public-health-canada%2Freport-on-state-public-health-canada-2008%2Fchapter-4f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansSchamberg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Gary W.; Schamberg, Michelle A. (April 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2662958">"Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (16): 6545–6549. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.6545E">2009PNAS..106.6545E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0811910106">10.1073/pnas.0811910106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2662958">2662958</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19332779">19332779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Childhood+poverty%2C+chronic+stress%2C+and+adult+working+memory&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=6545-6549&rft.date=2009-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2662958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..106.6545E&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19332779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0811910106&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft.au=Schamberg%2C+Michelle+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2662958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwen2009" class="citation journal cs1">McEwen, Bruce S. (July 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199801153380307">"Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators"</a>. New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (3): 171–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejm199801153380307">10.1056/nejm199801153380307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9428819">9428819</a>. Retrieved December 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Protective+and+Damaging+Effects+of+Stress+Mediators&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171-179&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejm199801153380307&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9428819&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=Bruce+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199801153380307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanKeil1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, G A; Keil, J E (October 1, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.88.4.1973">"Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature"</a>. Circulation. 88 (4): 1973–1998. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.88.4.1973">10.1161/01.CIR.88.4.1973</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F55356">2027.42/55356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8403348">8403348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Socioeconomic+factors+and+cardiovascular+disease%3A+a+review+of+the+literature.&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1973-1998&rft.date=1993-10-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F55356&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8403348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.CIR.88.4.1973&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=G+A&rft.au=Keil%2C+J+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252F01.CIR.88.4.1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-256"><a href="#cite_ref-:06_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusbandsLawsonEtowaMbuagbaw2022" class="citation journal cs1">Husbands, Winston; Lawson, Daeria O.; Etowa, Egbe B.; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Baidoobonso, Shamara; Tharao, Wangari; Yaya, Sanni; Nelson, LaRon E.; Aden, Muna; Etowa, Josephine (October 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w">"Black Canadians' Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities"</a>. Journal of Urban Health. 99 (5): 829–841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11524-022-00676-w">10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2869">1468-2869</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9447939">9447939</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36066788">36066788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Health&rft.atitle=Black+Canadians%27+Exposure+to+Everyday+Racism%3A+Implications+for+Health+System+Access+and+Health+Promotion+among+Urban+Black+Communities&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=829-841&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9447939%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1468-2869&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36066788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11524-022-00676-w&rft.aulast=Husbands&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Daeria+O.&rft.au=Etowa%2C+Egbe+B.&rft.au=Mbuagbaw%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Baidoobonso%2C+Shamara&rft.au=Tharao%2C+Wangari&rft.au=Yaya%2C+Sanni&rft.au=Nelson%2C+LaRon+E.&rft.au=Aden%2C+Muna&rft.au=Etowa%2C+Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11524-022-00676-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2020" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Public Health Agency of (September 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health/social-determinants-inequities-black-canadians-snapshot.html">"Social determinants and inequities in health for Black Canadians: A Snapshot"</a>. www.canada.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Social+determinants+and+inequities+in+health+for+Black+Canadians%3A+A+Snapshot&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Public+Health+Agency+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fpublic-health%2Fservices%2Fhealth-promotion%2Fpopulation-health%2Fwhat-determines-health%2Fsocial-determinants-inequities-black-canadians-snapshot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoakyePrendergastBandariAnane_Brown2023" class="citation journal cs1">Boakye, Priscilla N; Prendergast, Nadia; Bandari, Bahareh; Anane Brown, Eugenia; Odutayo, Awura-ama; Salami, Sharon (August 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10542226">"Obstetric racism and perceived quality of maternity care in Canada: Voices of Black women"</a>. Women's Health. 19: 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F17455057231199651">10.1177/17455057231199651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-5057">1745-5057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10542226">10542226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37772754">37772754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Obstetric+racism+and+perceived+quality+of+maternity+care+in+Canada%3A+Voices+of+Black+women&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2023-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10542226%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1745-5057&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37772754&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F17455057231199651&rft.aulast=Boakye&rft.aufirst=Priscilla+N&rft.au=Prendergast%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Bandari%2C+Bahareh&rft.au=Anane+Brown%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Odutayo%2C+Awura-ama&rft.au=Salami%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10542226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkuffo-AddoUdounwaChanCauchi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Akuffo-Addo, Edgar; Udounwa, Theodora; Chan, Jocelyn; Cauchi, Laura (April 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01282-x">"Exploring Biologic Treatment Hesitancy Among Black and Indigenous Populations in Canada: a Review"</a>. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 10 (2): 942–951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40615-022-01282-x">10.1007/s40615-022-01282-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-8837">2196-8837</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9045033">9045033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35476223">35476223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Racial+and+Ethnic+Health+Disparities&rft.atitle=Exploring+Biologic+Treatment+Hesitancy+Among+Black+and+Indigenous+Populations+in+Canada%3A+a+Review&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=942-951&rft.date=2023-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9045033%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2196-8837&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35476223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40615-022-01282-x&rft.aulast=Akuffo-Addo&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.au=Udounwa%2C+Theodora&rft.au=Chan%2C+Jocelyn&rft.au=Cauchi%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs40615-022-01282-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_260-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_260-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_260-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkuffo-AddoUdounwaChanCauchi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Akuffo-Addo, Edgar; Udounwa, Theodora; Chan, Jocelyn; Cauchi, Laura (April 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01282-x">"Exploring Biologic Treatment Hesitancy Among Black and Indigenous Populations in Canada: a Review"</a>. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 10 (2): 945. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40615-022-01282-x">10.1007/s40615-022-01282-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-8837">2196-8837</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9045033">9045033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35476223">35476223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Racial+and+Ethnic+Health+Disparities&rft.atitle=Exploring+Biologic+Treatment+Hesitancy+Among+Black+and+Indigenous+Populations+in+Canada%3A+a+Review&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=945&rft.date=2023-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9045033%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2196-8837&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35476223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40615-022-01282-x&rft.aulast=Akuffo-Addo&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.au=Udounwa%2C+Theodora&rft.au=Chan%2C+Jocelyn&rft.au=Cauchi%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs40615-022-01282-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:07-261"><a href="#cite_ref-:07_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusbandsLawsonEtowaMbuagbaw2022" class="citation journal cs1">Husbands, Winston; Lawson, Daeria O.; Etowa, Egbe B.; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Baidoobonso, Shamara; Tharao, Wangari; Yaya, Sanni; Nelson, LaRon E.; Aden, Muna; Etowa, Josephine (October 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w">"Black Canadians' Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities"</a>. Journal of Urban Health. 99 (5): 829–841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11524-022-00676-w">10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2869">1468-2869</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9447939">9447939</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36066788">36066788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Health&rft.atitle=Black+Canadians%27+Exposure+to+Everyday+Racism%3A+Implications+for+Health+System+Access+and+Health+Promotion+among+Urban+Black+Communities&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=829-841&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9447939%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1468-2869&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36066788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11524-022-00676-w&rft.aulast=Husbands&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Daeria+O.&rft.au=Etowa%2C+Egbe+B.&rft.au=Mbuagbaw%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Baidoobonso%2C+Shamara&rft.au=Tharao%2C+Wangari&rft.au=Yaya%2C+Sanni&rft.au=Nelson%2C+LaRon+E.&rft.au=Aden%2C+Muna&rft.au=Etowa%2C+Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11524-022-00676-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusbandsLawsonEtowaMbuagbaw2022" class="citation journal cs1">Husbands, Winston; Lawson, Daeria O.; Etowa, Egbe B.; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Baidoobonso, Shamara; Tharao, Wangari; Yaya, Sanni; Nelson, LaRon E.; Aden, Muna; Etowa, Josephine (October 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w">"Black Canadians' Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities"</a>. Journal of Urban Health. 99 (5): 830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11524-022-00676-w">10.1007/s11524-022-00676-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2869">1468-2869</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9447939">9447939</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36066788">36066788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Health&rft.atitle=Black+Canadians%27+Exposure+to+Everyday+Racism%3A+Implications+for+Health+System+Access+and+Health+Promotion+among+Urban+Black+Communities&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=830&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9447939%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1468-2869&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36066788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11524-022-00676-w&rft.aulast=Husbands&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Daeria+O.&rft.au=Etowa%2C+Egbe+B.&rft.au=Mbuagbaw%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Baidoobonso%2C+Shamara&rft.au=Tharao%2C+Wangari&rft.au=Yaya%2C+Sanni&rft.au=Nelson%2C+LaRon+E.&rft.au=Aden%2C+Muna&rft.au=Etowa%2C+Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11524-022-00676-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toronto.ca/community-people/health-wellness-care/health-programs-advice/respiratory-viruses/covid-19/covid-19-pandemic-data/covid-19-archived-dashboards/covid-19-ethno-racial-identity-income/">"COVID 19: Ethno-Racial Identity & Income"</a>. City of Toronto. June 1, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Toronto&rft.atitle=COVID+19%3A+Ethno-Racial+Identity+%26+Income&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toronto.ca%2Fcommunity-people%2Fhealth-wellness-care%2Fhealth-programs-advice%2Frespiratory-viruses%2Fcovid-19%2Fcovid-19-pandemic-data%2Fcovid-19-archived-dashboards%2Fcovid-19-ethno-racial-identity-income%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddalena2010" class="citation journal cs1">Maddalena, Victor (January 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/17511871011013779">"An exploration of policy options to assist district health authorities in attending to the health needs of African Canadians: a case study"</a>. Leadership in Health Services. 23 (1): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17511871011013779">10.1108/17511871011013779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-1879">1751-1879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leadership+in+Health+Services&rft.atitle=An+exploration+of+policy+options+to+assist+district+health+authorities+in+attending+to+the+health+needs+of+African+Canadians%3A+a+case+study&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F17511871011013779&rft.issn=1751-1879&rft.aulast=Maddalena&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%2F17511871011013779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddalena2010" class="citation journal cs1">Maddalena, Victor (January 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/17511871011013779">"An exploration of policy options to assist district health authorities in attending to the health needs of African Canadians: a case study"</a>. Leadership in Health Services. 23 (1): 60–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17511871011013779">10.1108/17511871011013779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-1879">1751-1879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leadership+in+Health+Services&rft.atitle=An+exploration+of+policy+options+to+assist+district+health+authorities+in+attending+to+the+health+needs+of+African+Canadians%3A+a+case+study&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-61&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F17511871011013779&rft.issn=1751-1879&rft.aulast=Maddalena&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%2F17511871011013779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourassa2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bourassa, Carrie (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30052180/">"Addressing the Duality of Access to Healthcare for Indigenous Communities: Racism and Geographical Barriers to Safe Care"</a>. HealthcarePapers. 17 (3): 6–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12927%2Fhcpap.2018.25507">10.12927/hcpap.2018.25507</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1929-6339">1929-6339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30052180">30052180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HealthcarePapers&rft.atitle=Addressing+the+Duality+of+Access+to+Healthcare+for+Indigenous+Communities%3A+Racism+and+Geographical+Barriers+to+Safe+Care&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=6-10&rft.date=2018-01&rft.issn=1929-6339&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30052180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12927%2Fhcpap.2018.25507&rft.aulast=Bourassa&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30052180%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2017" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025a-eng.htm">"The Daily — Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census"</a>. www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=The+Daily+%E2%80%94+Aboriginal+peoples+in+Canada%3A+Key+results+from+the+2016+Census&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fdaily-quotidien%2F171025%2Fdq171025a-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuotHoKoLam2019" class="citation journal cs1">Huot, S.; Ho, H.; Ko, A.; Lam, S.; Tactay, P.; MacLachlan, J.; Raanaas, R. K. (January 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2019.1571385">"Identifying barriers to healthcare delivery and access in the Circumpolar North: important insights for health professionals"</a>. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 78 (1): 1571385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F22423982.2019.1571385">10.1080/22423982.2019.1571385</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6352934">6352934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30696379">30696379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Circumpolar+Health&rft.atitle=Identifying+barriers+to+healthcare+delivery+and+access+in+the+Circumpolar+North%3A+important+insights+for+health+professionals&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1571385&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6352934%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30696379&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F22423982.2019.1571385&rft.aulast=Huot&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ho%2C+H.&rft.au=Ko%2C+A.&rft.au=Lam%2C+S.&rft.au=Tactay%2C+P.&rft.au=MacLachlan%2C+J.&rft.au=Raanaas%2C+R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F22423982.2019.1571385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2014" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-653-x/89-653-x2014003-eng.htm">"Inuit health: Selected findings from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey"</a>. www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Inuit+health%3A+Selected+findings+from+the+2012+Aboriginal+Peoples+Survey&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fpub%2F89-653-x%2F89-653-x2014003-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingVriezenEdgeFord2018" class="citation journal cs1">King, Nia; Vriezen, Rachael; Edge, Victoria L.; Ford, James; Wood, Michele; Team, IHACC Research; Government, Rigolet Inuit Community; Harper, Sherilee (May 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5955559">"The hidden costs: Identification of indirect costs associated with acute gastrointestinal illness in an Inuit community"</a>. PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0196990. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1396990K">2018PLoSO..1396990K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0196990">10.1371/journal.pone.0196990</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5955559">5955559</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29768456">29768456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+hidden+costs%3A+Identification+of+indirect+costs+associated+with+acute+gastrointestinal+illness+in+an+Inuit+community&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0196990&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5955559%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1396990K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29768456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0196990&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Nia&rft.au=Vriezen%2C+Rachael&rft.au=Edge%2C+Victoria+L.&rft.au=Ford%2C+James&rft.au=Wood%2C+Michele&rft.au=Team%2C+IHACC+Research&rft.au=Government%2C+Rigolet+Inuit+Community&rft.au=Harper%2C+Sherilee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5955559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_271-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2002" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (July 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.698021/publication.html">"Empathy, dignity, and respect : creating cultural safety for Aboriginal people in urban health care : H174-39/2012E-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca"</a>. publications.gc.ca. Retrieved November 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publications.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Empathy%2C+dignity%2C+and+respect+%3A+creating+cultural+safety+for+Aboriginal+people+in+urban+health+care+%3A+H174-39%2F2012E-PDF+-+Government+of+Canada+Publications+-+Canada.ca&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Public+Services+and+Procurement+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.698021%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_272-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourassaBlindDietrichOleson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bourassa, Carrie; Blind, Melissa; Dietrich, Devin; Oleson, Eric (December 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ijih/article/view/15113">"Understanding the intergenerational effects of colonization: Aboriginal women with neurological conditions—their reality and resilience"</a>. International Journal of Indigenous Health. 10 (2): 3–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18357%2Fijih.102201515113">10.18357/ijih.102201515113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-9376">2291-9376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Indigenous+Health&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+intergenerational+effects+of+colonization%3A+Aboriginal+women+with+neurological+conditions%E2%80%94their+reality+and+resilience&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-20&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18357%2Fijih.102201515113&rft.issn=2291-9376&rft.aulast=Bourassa&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft.au=Blind%2C+Melissa&rft.au=Dietrich%2C+Devin&rft.au=Oleson%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uvic.ca%2Findex.php%2Fijih%2Farticle%2Fview%2F15113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossGibsonDaleySteele2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Lori E.; Gibson, Margaret F.; Daley, Andrea; Steele, Leah S.; Williams, Charmaine C. (August 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6093609">"In spite of the system: A qualitatively-driven mixed-methods analysis of the mental health services experiences of LGBTQ people living in poverty in Ontario, Canada"</a>. PLOS ONE. 13 (8): e0201437. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1301437R">2018PLoSO..1301437R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0201437">10.1371/journal.pone.0201437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6093609">6093609</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30110350">30110350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=In+spite+of+the+system%3A+A+qualitatively-driven+mixed-methods+analysis+of+the+mental+health+services+experiences+of+LGBTQ+people+living+in+poverty+in+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e0201437&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6093609%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30110350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0201437&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1301437R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Lori+E.&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Margaret+F.&rft.au=Daley%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Steele%2C+Leah+S.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Charmaine+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6093609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColpittsGahagan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Colpitts, Emily; Gahagan, Jacqueline (September 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034675">""I feel like I am surviving the health care system": understanding LGBTQ health in Nova Scotia, Canada"</a>. BMC Public Health. 16 (1): 1005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12889-016-3675-8">10.1186/s12889-016-3675-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034675">5034675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27658489">27658489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=%22I+feel+like+I+am+surviving+the+health+care+system%22%3A+understanding+LGBTQ+health+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+Canada&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1005&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5034675%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27658489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12889-016-3675-8&rft.aulast=Colpitts&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Gahagan%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5034675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonnell2022" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonnell, Judith A. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26522%2Fjitp.v20i.3735">"LGBT Health Care Access: Considering the Contributions of an Invitational Approach"</a>. Journal of Invitational Theory & Practice. 20: 38–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26522%2Fjitp.v20i.3735">10.26522/jitp.v20i.3735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141888133">141888133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Invitational+Theory+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=LGBT+Health+Care+Access%3A+Considering+the+Contributions+of+an+Invitational+Approach&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=38-60&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26522%2Fjitp.v20i.3735&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141888133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=MacDonnell&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.26522%252Fjitp.v20i.3735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_276-1">b</a> Rapid Response Service. The Rapid Response: Facilitators and barriers to health care for lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people. Toronto, ON: Ontario HIV Treatment Network; March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_277-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTjepkema2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tjepkema, Michael (March 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/82-003-x/2008001/article/10532-eng.pdf?st=8b9Dyr8O">"Health care use among gay, lesbian and bisexual Canadians"</a> (PDF). Health Information and Research Division at Statistics Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Information+and+Research+Division+at+Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Health+care+use+among+gay%2C+lesbian+and+bisexual+Canadians&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft.aulast=Tjepkema&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fen%2Fpub%2F82-003-x%2F2008001%2Farticle%2F10532-eng.pdf%3Fst%3D8b9Dyr8O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessTranLeevan_Ryn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Burgess, Diana; Tran, Alisia; Lee, Richard; van Ryn, Michelle (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19042907/">"Effects of perceived discrimination on mental health and mental health services utilization among gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons"</a>. Journal of LGBT Health Research. 3 (4): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15574090802226626">10.1080/15574090802226626</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-4091">1557-4091</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19042907">19042907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+LGBT+Health+Research&rft.atitle=Effects+of+perceived+discrimination+on+mental+health+and+mental+health+services+utilization+among+gay%2C+lesbian%2C+bisexual+and+transgender+persons&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1557-4091&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19042907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15574090802226626&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Tran%2C+Alisia&rft.au=Lee%2C+Richard&rft.au=van+Ryn%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19042907%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_279-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_279-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGahaganSubirana-Malaret2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gahagan, Jacqueline; Subirana-Malaret, Montse (June 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998559">"Improving pathways to primary health care among LGBTQ populations and health care providers: key findings from Nova Scotia, Canada"</a>. International Journal for Equity in Health. 17 (1): 76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12939-018-0786-0">10.1186/s12939-018-0786-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-9276">1475-9276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998559">5998559</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29895297">29895297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Equity+in+Health&rft.atitle=Improving+pathways+to+primary+health+care+among+LGBTQ+populations+and+health+care+providers%3A+key+findings+from+Nova+Scotia%2C+Canada&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5998559%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1475-9276&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29895297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12939-018-0786-0&rft.aulast=Gahagan&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Subirana-Malaret%2C+Montse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5998559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakadon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Makadon, Harvey J. (April 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccjm.org/content/78/4/220">"Ending LGBT invisibility in health care: The first step in ensuring equitable care"</a>. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 78 (4): 220–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3949%2Fccjm.78gr.10006">10.3949/ccjm.78gr.10006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-1150">0891-1150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21460126">21460126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9653755">9653755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Clinic+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ending+LGBT+invisibility+in+health+care%3A+The+first+step+in+ensuring+equitable+care&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=220-224&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft.issn=0891-1150&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9653755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21460126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3949%2Fccjm.78gr.10006&rft.aulast=Makadon&rft.aufirst=Harvey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccjm.org%2Fcontent%2F78%2F4%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/article/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-data-collection-in-the-behavioral-risk-factor-surveillance-system/">"Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Collection in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System"</a>. Center for American Progress. March 29, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.atitle=Sexual+Orientation+and+Gender+Identity+Data+Collection+in+the+Behavioral+Risk+Factor+Surveillance+System&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Farticle%2Fsexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-data-collection-in-the-behavioral-risk-factor-surveillance-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_282-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_282-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonviciniPerlin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bonvicini, Kathleen A; Perlin, Michael J (October 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738399102001891">"The same but different: clinician–patient communication with gay and lesbian patients"</a>. Patient Education and Counseling. 51 (2): 115–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0738-3991%2802%2900189-1">10.1016/S0738-3991(02)00189-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-3991">0738-3991</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14572940">14572940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patient+Education+and+Counseling&rft.atitle=The+same+but+different%3A+clinician%E2%80%93patient+communication+with+gay+and+lesbian+patients&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-122&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft.issn=0738-3991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14572940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0738-3991%2802%2900189-1&rft.aulast=Bonvicini&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+A&rft.au=Perlin%2C+Michael+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0738399102001891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumSwartzKwan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lum, Irene D.; Swartz, Rebecca H.; Kwan, Matthew Y.W. (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953616301241">"Accessibility and use of primary healthcare for immigrants living in the Niagara Region"</a>. Social Science & Medicine. 156: 73–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2016.03.024">10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27017093">27017093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Accessibility+and+use+of+primary+healthcare+for+immigrants+living+in+the+Niagara+Region&rft.volume=156&rft.pages=73-79&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2016.03.024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27017093&rft.aulast=Lum&rft.aufirst=Irene+D.&rft.au=Swartz%2C+Rebecca+H.&rft.au=Kwan%2C+Matthew+Y.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0277953616301241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_284-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_MaioKemp2010" class="citation journal cs1">De Maio, Fernando G.; Kemp, Eagan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19513909/">"The deterioration of health status among immigrants to Canada"</a>. Global Public Health. 5 (5): 462–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17441690902942480">10.1080/17441690902942480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-1706">1744-1706</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19513909">19513909</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32380810">32380810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+deterioration+of+health+status+among+immigrants+to+Canada&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=462-478&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1744-1706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32380810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19513909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17441690902942480&rft.aulast=De+Maio&rft.aufirst=Fernando+G.&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Eagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19513909%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_285-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_285-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_285-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_285-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Lu (December 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19475683.2011.625975">"Analysing spatial accessibility to health care: a case study of access by different immigrant groups to primary care physicians in Toronto"</a>. Annals of GIS. 17 (4): 237–251. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AnGIS..17..237W">2011AnGIS..17..237W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19475683.2011.625975">10.1080/19475683.2011.625975</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1947-5683">1947-5683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43781710">43781710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+GIS&rft.atitle=Analysing+spatial+accessibility+to+health+care%3A+a+case+study+of+access+by+different+immigrant+groups+to+primary+care+physicians+in+Toronto&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237-251&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19475683.2011.625975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43781710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1947-5683&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AnGIS..17..237W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F19475683.2011.625975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHynieCrooksBarragan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hynie, Michaela; Crooks, Valorie A.; Barragan, Jackeline (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22435307/">"Immigrant and refugee social networks: determinants and consequences of social support among women newcomers to Canada"</a>. The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 43 (4): 26–46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0844-5621">0844-5621</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22435307">22435307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Nursing+Research&rft.atitle=Immigrant+and+refugee+social+networks%3A+determinants+and+consequences+of+social+support+among+women+newcomers+to+Canada&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=26-46&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22435307&rft.issn=0844-5621&rft.aulast=Hynie&rft.aufirst=Michaela&rft.au=Crooks%2C+Valorie+A.&rft.au=Barragan%2C+Jackeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22435307%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_287-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadavoyMeierOng2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sadavoy, Joel; Meier, Rosemary; Ong, Amoy Yuk Mui (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370404900307">"Barriers to access to mental health services for ethnic seniors: the Toronto study"</a>. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (3): 192–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370404900307">10.1177/070674370404900307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0706-7437">0706-7437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15101502">15101502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6900974">6900974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Barriers+to+access+to+mental+health+services+for+ethnic+seniors%3A+the+Toronto+study&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=192-199&rft.date=2004-03&rft.issn=0706-7437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6900974%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15101502&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F070674370404900307&rft.aulast=Sadavoy&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Meier%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Ong%2C+Amoy+Yuk+Mui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F070674370404900307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitmanovaGustafson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reitmanova, Sylvia; Gustafson, Diana L. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19742371/">"Primary mental health care information and services for St. John's visible minority immigrants: gaps and opportunities"</a>. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 30 (10): 615–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01612840903033733">10.1080/01612840903033733</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-4673">1096-4673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19742371">19742371</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23435565">23435565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Mental+Health+Nursing&rft.atitle=Primary+mental+health+care+information+and+services+for+St.+John%27s+visible+minority+immigrants%3A+gaps+and+opportunities&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=615-623&rft.date=2009-10&rft.issn=1096-4673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23435565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19742371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01612840903033733&rft.aulast=Reitmanova&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft.au=Gustafson%2C+Diana+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19742371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonChazeGeorgeGuruge2015" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, Mary Susan; Chaze, Ferzana; George, Usha; Guruge, Sepali (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25742880/">"Improving Immigrant Populations' Access to Mental Health Services in Canada: A Review of Barriers and Recommendations"</a>. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 17 (6): 1895–1905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10903-015-0175-3">10.1007/s10903-015-0175-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-1920">1557-1920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25742880">25742880</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21832329">21832329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Immigrant+and+Minority+Health&rft.atitle=Improving+Immigrant+Populations%27+Access+to+Mental+Health+Services+in+Canada%3A+A+Review+of+Barriers+and+Recommendations&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1895-1905&rft.date=2015-12&rft.issn=1557-1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21832329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25742880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10903-015-0175-3&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Mary+Susan&rft.au=Chaze%2C+Ferzana&rft.au=George%2C+Usha&rft.au=Guruge%2C+Sepali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25742880%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtowaKeddyEgbeyemiEghan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Etowa, Josephine; Keddy, Barbara; Egbeyemi, Julius; Eghan, Felicia (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17535166/">"Depression: the 'invisible grey fog' influencing the midlife health of African Canadian women"</a>. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 16 (3): 203–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1447-0349.2007.00469.x">10.1111/j.1447-0349.2007.00469.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1445-8330">1445-8330</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17535166">17535166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Mental+Health+Nursing&rft.atitle=Depression%3A+the+%27invisible+grey+fog%27+influencing+the+midlife+health+of+African+Canadian+women&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-213&rft.date=2007-06&rft.issn=1445-8330&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17535166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1447-0349.2007.00469.x&rft.aulast=Etowa&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft.au=Keddy%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Egbeyemi%2C+Julius&rft.au=Eghan%2C+Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F17535166%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/21335">"The Resettlement of Central American Men in Canada: From Emotional Distress to Successful Integration | Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees"</a>. June 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Resettlement+of+Central+American+Men+in+Canada%3A+From+Emotional+Distress+to+Successful+Integration+%7C+Refuge%3A+Canada%27s+Journal+on+Refugees&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefuge.journals.yorku.ca%2Findex.php%2Frefuge%2Farticle%2Fview%2F21335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafariBaharlouMathias2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jafari, Siavash; Baharlou, Souzan; Mathias, Richard (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18351470/">"Knowledge of determinants of mental health among Iranian immigrants of BC, Canada: "a qualitative study""</a>. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 12 (1): 100–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10903-008-9130-x">10.1007/s10903-008-9130-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-1920">1557-1920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18351470">18351470</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23307264">23307264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Immigrant+and+Minority+Health&rft.atitle=Knowledge+of+determinants+of+mental+health+among+Iranian+immigrants+of+BC%2C+Canada%3A+%22a+qualitative+study%22&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-106&rft.date=2010-02&rft.issn=1557-1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23307264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18351470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10903-008-9130-x&rft.aulast=Jafari&rft.aufirst=Siavash&rft.au=Baharlou%2C+Souzan&rft.au=Mathias%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18351470%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaiSurood2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lai, Daniel W. L.; Surood, Shireen (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20416125/">"Types and factor structure of barriers to utilization of health services among aging South Asians in Calgary, Canada"</a>. Canadian Journal on Aging. 29 (2): 249–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0714980810000188">10.1017/S0714980810000188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0714-9808">0714-9808</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20416125">20416125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5393348">5393348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+on+Aging&rft.atitle=Types+and+factor+structure+of+barriers+to+utilization+of+health+services+among+aging+South+Asians+in+Calgary%2C+Canada&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-258&rft.date=2010-06&rft.issn=0714-9808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5393348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20416125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0714980810000188&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.+L.&rft.au=Surood%2C+Shireen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20416125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnellyHwangEsteEwashen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Donnelly, Tam Truong; Hwang, Jihye Jasmine; Este, Dave; Ewashen, Carol; Adair, Carol; Clinton, Michael (May 10, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2010.550383">"If I Was Going to Kill Myself, I Wouldn't Be Calling You. I am Asking for Help: Challenges Influencing Immigrant and Refugee Women's Mental Health"</a>. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 32 (5): 279–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F01612840.2010.550383">10.3109/01612840.2010.550383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2840">0161-2840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21574842">21574842</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39746140">39746140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Mental+Health+Nursing&rft.atitle=If+I+Was+Going+to+Kill+Myself%2C+I+Wouldn%27t+Be+Calling+You.+I+am+Asking+for+Help%3A+Challenges+Influencing+Immigrant+and+Refugee+Women%27s+Mental+Health&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=279-290&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft.issn=0161-2840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39746140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21574842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F01612840.2010.550383&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Tam+Truong&rft.au=Hwang%2C+Jihye+Jasmine&rft.au=Este%2C+Dave&rft.au=Ewashen%2C+Carol&rft.au=Adair%2C+Carol&rft.au=Clinton%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3109%2F01612840.2010.550383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitleyKirmayerGroleau2006" class="citation journal cs1">Whitley, Rob; Kirmayer, Laurence J; Groleau, Danielle (March 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100401">"Understanding Immigrants' Reluctance to Use Mental Health Services: A Qualitative Study from Montreal"</a>. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 51 (4): 205–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370605100401">10.1177/070674370605100401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0706-7437">0706-7437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16629344">16629344</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7737587">7737587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Understanding+Immigrants%27+Reluctance+to+Use+Mental+Health+Services%3A+A+Qualitative+Study+from+Montreal&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=205-209&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft.issn=0706-7437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7737587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16629344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F070674370605100401&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Kirmayer%2C+Laurence+J&rft.au=Groleau%2C+Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F070674370605100401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeary2010" class="citation journal cs1">McKeary, Marie (2010). "Barriers to Care: The Challenges for Canadian Refugees and their Health Care Providers". Journal of Refugee Studies. 23 (4): 523–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2Ffeq038">10.1093/jrs/feq038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Refugee+Studies&rft.atitle=Barriers+to+Care%3A+The+Challenges+for+Canadian+Refugees+and+their+Health+Care+Providers&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=523-545&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrs%2Ffeq038&rft.aulast=McKeary&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneFaragWhiteNisbet2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lane, Ginny; Farag, Marwa; White, Judy; Nisbet, Christine; Vatanparast, Hassan (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fapnm-2017-0407">"Chronic health disparities among refugee and immigrant children in Canada"</a>. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 43 (10): 1043–1058. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fapnm-2017-0407">10.1139/apnm-2017-0407</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1715-5320">1715-5320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29726691">29726691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physiology%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Chronic+health+disparities+among+refugee+and+immigrant+children+in+Canada&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1043-1058&rft.date=2018-10&rft.issn=1715-5320&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29726691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fapnm-2017-0407&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Ginny&rft.au=Farag%2C+Marwa&rft.au=White%2C+Judy&rft.au=Nisbet%2C+Christine&rft.au=Vatanparast%2C+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1139%252Fapnm-2017-0407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/migrants/about/framework_refugees-migrants.pdf">"Promoting the health of refugees and migrants"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Promoting+the+health+of+refugees+and+migrants&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmigrants%2Fabout%2Fframework_refugees-migrants.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torontosun.com/2014/07/04/federal-court-rules-against-governments-cuts-to-refugee-health-program/wcm/eeed07eb-1fb3-4c6c-bb80-1759c198e9b4">"Federal Court rules against government's cuts to refugee health program"</a>. Toronto Sun. July 4, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&rft.atitle=Federal+Court+rules+against+government%27s+cuts+to+refugee+health+program&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorontosun.com%2F2014%2F07%2F04%2Ffederal-court-rules-against-governments-cuts-to-refugee-health-program%2Fwcm%2Feeed07eb-1fb3-4c6c-bb80-1759c198e9b4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_300-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_300-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitz2015" class="citation web cs1">Levitz, Stephanie (January 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/current-refugee-health-care-system-still-violates-court-decision-advocates-1.2207223">"Current refugee health care system still violates court decision: advocates"</a>. CTV News. Retrieved March 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Current+refugee+health+care+system+still+violates+court+decision%3A+advocates&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=Levitz&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fcurrent-refugee-health-care-system-still-violates-court-decision-advocates-1.2207223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2015" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Helen (2015). "Harming Refugee and Canadian Health: the Negative Consequences of Recent Reforms to Canada's Interim Federal Health Program". Journal of International Migration and Integration. 16 (4): 1041–1055. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12134-014-0385-x">10.1007/s12134-014-0385-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154626821">154626821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Migration+and+Integration&rft.atitle=Harming+Refugee+and+Canadian+Health%3A+the+Negative+Consequences+of+Recent+Reforms+to+Canada%27s+Interim+Federal+Health+Program&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1041-1055&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12134-014-0385-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154626821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansCaudarellaRatnapalanChan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, A.; Caudarella, A.; Ratnapalan, S.; Chan, K. (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.library.mun.ca/6441/3/The.Cost.and.Impact.pdf">"The Cost and Impact of the Interim Federal Health Program Cuts on Child Refugees in Canada"</a> (PDF). PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e96902. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...996902E">2014PLoSO...996902E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0096902">10.1371/journal.pone.0096902</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014561">4014561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24809676">24809676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Cost+and+Impact+of+the+Interim+Federal+Health+Program+Cuts+on+Child+Refugees+in+Canada&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e96902&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4014561%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24809676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0096902&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...996902E&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Caudarella%2C+A.&rft.au=Ratnapalan%2C+S.&rft.au=Chan%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.library.mun.ca%2F6441%2F3%2FThe.Cost.and.Impact.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Canada: Events of 2015". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/canada">World Report 2016: Rights Trends in Canada</a>. Human Rights Watch. January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canada%3A+Events+of+2015&rft.btitle=World+Report+2016%3A+Rights+Trends+in+Canada&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2016%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fcanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanalli2014" class="citation web cs1">Ranalli, Audra (August 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecourt.ca/cuts-to-refugee-health-care-found-unconstitutional-canadian-doctors-for-refugee-care-v-canada/">"Cuts to Refugee Health Care Found Unconstitutional: Canadian Doctors for Refugee Care v Canada"</a>. TheCourt.ca. Retrieved March 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheCourt.ca&rft.atitle=Cuts+to+Refugee+Health+Care+Found+Unconstitutional%3A+Canadian+Doctors+for+Refugee+Care+v+Canada&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft.aulast=Ranalli&rft.aufirst=Audra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecourt.ca%2Fcuts-to-refugee-health-care-found-unconstitutional-canadian-doctors-for-refugee-care-v-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2014" class="citation news cs1">Fine, Sean (July 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawas-refugee-health-cuts-cruel-and-unusual-court-rules/article19459837/">"Ottawa's refugee health-care cuts 'cruel and unusual,' court rules"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Ottawa%27s+refugee+health-care+cuts+%27cruel+and+unusual%2C%27+court+rules&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fottawas-refugee-health-cuts-cruel-and-unusual-court-rules%2Farticle19459837%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-306">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_306-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_306-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPottieGrunerMagwood2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pottie, Kevin; Gruner, Doug; Magwood, Olivia (March 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17061%2Fphrp2811803">"Canada's response to refugees at the primary health care level"</a>. Public Health Research & Practice. 28 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17061%2Fphrp2811803">10.17061/phrp2811803</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29582036">29582036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Research+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+response+to+refugees+at+the+primary+health+care+level&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17061%2Fphrp2811803&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29582036&rft.aulast=Pottie&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Gruner%2C+Doug&rft.au=Magwood%2C+Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17061%252Fphrp2811803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterLoweHoustonJones2006" class="citation journal cs1">Baxter, Helen; Lowe, Kathy; Houston, Helen; Jones, Glyn; Felce, David; Kerr, Michael (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828252">"Previously unidentified morbidity in patients with intellectual disability"</a>. The British Journal of General Practice. 56 (523): 93–98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-1643">0960-1643</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828252">1828252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16464321">16464321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+General+Practice&rft.atitle=Previously+unidentified+morbidity+in+patients+with+intellectual+disability&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=523&rft.pages=93-98&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1828252%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0960-1643&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16464321&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Kathy&rft.au=Houston%2C+Helen&rft.au=Jones%2C+Glyn&rft.au=Felce%2C+David&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1828252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_308-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_308-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_308-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_308-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltaisMorinTassé2020" class="citation journal cs1">Maltais, Julie; Morin, Diane; Tassé, Marc J. (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32064737/">"Healthcare services utilization among people with intellectual disability and comparison with the general population"</a>. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 33 (3): 552–564. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjar.12698">10.1111/jar.12698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-3148">1468-3148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32064737">32064737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211136475">211136475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Research+in+Intellectual+Disabilities&rft.atitle=Healthcare+services+utilization+among+people+with+intellectual+disability+and+comparison+with+the+general+population&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=552-564&rft.date=2020-05&rft.issn=1468-3148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211136475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32064737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjar.12698&rft.aulast=Maltais&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Morin%2C+Diane&rft.au=Tass%C3%A9%2C+Marc+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F32064737%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanDiepstraHengAlly2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, William F.; Diepstra, Heidi; Heng, John; Ally, Shara; Bradley, Elspeth; Casson, Ian; Hennen, Brian; Kelly, Maureen; Korossy, Marika; McNeil, Karen; Abells, Dara (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897068">"Primary care of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: 2018 Canadian consensus guidelines"</a>. Canadian Family Physician. 64 (4): 254–279. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1715-5258">1715-5258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897068">5897068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29650602">29650602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Primary+care+of+adults+with+intellectual+and+developmental+disabilities%3A+2018+Canadian+consensus+guidelines&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=254-279&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5897068%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1715-5258&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29650602&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft.au=Diepstra%2C+Heidi&rft.au=Heng%2C+John&rft.au=Ally%2C+Shara&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Elspeth&rft.au=Casson%2C+Ian&rft.au=Hennen%2C+Brian&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Maureen&rft.au=Korossy%2C+Marika&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Karen&rft.au=Abells%2C+Dara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5897068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgarwal_GuptaKabra2014" class="citation journal cs1">Agarwal Gupta, Neerja; Kabra, Madhulika (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24127006/">"Diagnosis and management of Down syndrome"</a>. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 81 (6): 560–567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12098-013-1249-7">10.1007/s12098-013-1249-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0973-7693">0973-7693</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24127006">24127006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28986865">28986865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+and+management+of+Down+syndrome&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=560-567&rft.date=2014-06&rft.issn=0973-7693&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28986865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24127006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12098-013-1249-7&rft.aulast=Agarwal+Gupta&rft.aufirst=Neerja&rft.au=Kabra%2C+Madhulika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24127006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2022" class="citation web cs1">Cheng, Maria (August 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/covid-science-health-toronto-7c631558a457188d2bd2b5cfd360a867">"'Disturbing': Experts troubled by Canada's euthanasia laws"</a>. apnews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apnews.com&rft.atitle=%27Disturbing%27%3A+Experts+troubled+by+Canada%27s+euthanasia+laws&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcovid-science-health-toronto-7c631558a457188d2bd2b5cfd360a867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazette20100203-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazette20100203_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazette20100203_312-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100204202553/http://www.montrealgazette.com/health/ultimate+tier+health+care/2515150/story.html">"The ultimate in two-tier health care"</a>. Montreal Gazette (editorial). February 3, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/health/ultimate+tier+health+care/2515150/story.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+ultimate+in+two-tier+health+care&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fhealth%2Fultimate%2Btier%2Bhealth%2Bcare%2F2515150%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-levant20020115-313">^ <a href="#cite_ref-levant20020115_313-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levant20020115_313-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzra_Levant2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Levant" title="Ezra Levant">Ezra Levant</a> (January 15, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624132234/http://www.ezralevant.com/danny_williams_flies_to_us_hea/">"PM proves health care not equal for all Canadians"</a>. Calgary Herald (column). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezralevant.com/danny_williams_flies_to_us_hea/">the original</a> on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=PM+proves+health+care+not+equal+for+all+Canadians&rft.date=2002-01-15&rft.au=Ezra+Levant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezralevant.com%2Fdanny_williams_flies_to_us_hea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTV_20070914-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTV_20070914_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTV_20070914_314-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/stronach-went-to-u-s-for-cancer-treatment-report-1.256411">"Stronach went to U.S. for cancer treatment: report"</a>. CTV.ca. September 14, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011537/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070914/belinda_Stronach_070914/20070914?hub=TopStories">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stronach+went+to+U.S.+for+cancer+treatment%3A+report&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fstronach-went-to-u-s-for-cancer-treatment-report-1.256411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theindependent_1994-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theindependent_1994_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theindependent_1994_315-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=1201">"Rationing Health Care: Price Controls Are Hazardous to Our Health"</a>. The Independent Institute. February 1, 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Institute&rft.atitle=Rationing+Health+Care%3A+Price+Controls+Are+Hazardous+to+Our+Health&rft.date=1994-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.org%2Fpublications%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D1201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_20100202-316">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_20100202_316-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_20100202_316-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/heart-surgery-to-sideline-n-l-premier-for-weeks-1.869535">"Heart surgery to sideline N.L. premier for weeks"</a>. CBC News. February 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Heart+surgery+to+sideline+N.L.+premier+for+weeks&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fheart-surgery-to-sideline-n-l-premier-for-weeks-1.869535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz2002-317">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2002_317-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2002_317-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2002_317-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2002_317-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2002_317-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzCardiffPascaliBarer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Katz, S. J.; Cardiff, K.; Pascali, M.; Barer, M. L.; Evans, R. G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.21.3.19">"Phantoms in the Snow: Canadians' Use of Health Care Services in the United States"</a>. Health Affairs. 21 (3): 19–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.21.3.19">10.1377/hlthaff.21.3.19</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12025983">12025983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=Phantoms+in+the+Snow%3A+Canadians%27+Use+of+Health+Care+Services+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=19-31&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.21.3.19&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12025983&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Cardiff%2C+K.&rft.au=Pascali%2C+M.&rft.au=Barer%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Evans%2C+R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1377%252Fhlthaff.21.3.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitz_1991-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmitz_1991_318-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1991" class="citation news cs1">Schmitz, Anthony (January–February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthadvocates.info/HealthAssurance.pdf">"Health Assurance"</a> (PDF). In Health. Vol. 5, no. 1. pp. 39–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+Health&rft.atitle=Health+Assurance&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-47&rft.date=1991-01%2F1991-02&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthadvocates.info%2FHealthAssurance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040414064239/http://www.cbc.ca/sunday/coverstory_stronach.html">"Belinda Stronach Interview"</a>. CBC News. April 7, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/sunday/coverstory_stronach.html">the original</a> on April 14, 2004. Retrieved January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Belinda+Stronach+Interview&rft.date=2005-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fsunday%2Fcoverstory_stronach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705172408/http://www.komotv.com/news/10216201.html">"Some Canadian mothers forced to give birth in U.S. | KOMO-TV - Seattle, Washington | News"</a>. Komo-Tv. April 1, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.komotv.com/news/10216201.html">the original</a> on July 5, 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Canadian+mothers+forced+to+give+birth+in+U.S.+%26%23124%3B+KOMO-TV+-+Seattle%2C+Washington+%26%23124%3B+News&rft.pub=Komo-Tv&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.komotv.com%2Fnews%2F10216201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalgary2007" class="citation web cs1">Calgary, The (August 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711121905/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/story.html?id=41ccae74-8325-449a-b89f-e68957ca25ae&k=79546">"Calgary's quads: Born in the U.S.A"</a>. Canada.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/story.html?id=41ccae74-8325-449a-b89f-e68957ca25ae&k=79546">the original</a> on July 11, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calgary%27s+quads%3A+Born+in+the+U.S.A&rft.pub=Canada.com&rft.date=2007-08-17&rft.aulast=Calgary&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fcalgaryherald%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D41ccae74-8325-449a-b89f-e68957ca25ae%26k%3D79546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2008" class="citation news cs1">Canada (January 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/critically-ill-patients-rushed-to-us-for-care/article18442356/">"Health"</a>. Globe and Mail. Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Health&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft.au=Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Flife%2Fcritically-ill-patients-rushed-to-us-for-care%2Farticle18442356%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan,_StevenHurley,_Jeremiah2004" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Steven; Hurley, Jeremiah (March 16, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC359422">"Internet pharmacy: prices on the up-and-up"</a>. CMAJ. 170 (6): 945–946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.104001">10.1503/cmaj.104001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC359422">359422</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15023915">15023915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ&rft.atitle=Internet+pharmacy%3A+prices+on+the+up-and-up&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=945-946&rft.date=2004-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC359422%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15023915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.104001&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Steven&rft.au=Hurley%2C+Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC359422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoh" class="citation web cs1">Koh, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2019/06/11/gov-desantis-signs-bill-that-would-allow-florida-to-pursue-importing-prescription-drugs/">"Gov. DeSantis signs bill that would allow Florida to pursue importing prescription drugs"</a>. Tampa Bay Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Gov.+DeSantis+signs+bill+that+would+allow+Florida+to+pursue+importing+prescription+drugs&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fflorida-politics%2Fbuzz%2F2019%2F06%2F11%2Fgov-desantis-signs-bill-that-would-allow-florida-to-pursue-importing-prescription-drugs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWriter2019" class="citation web cs1">Writer, Kevin MillerStaff (June 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressherald.com/2019/06/24/mills-signs-bill-to-import-prescription-drugs-from-canada/">"Gov. Mills signs 4 bills to reduce medication prices, including buying from Canada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gov.+Mills+signs+4%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3Ebills+to+reduce+medication+prices%2C+including+buying+from+Canada&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.aulast=Writer&rft.aufirst=Kevin+MillerStaff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressherald.com%2F2019%2F06%2F24%2Fmills-signs-bill-to-import-prescription-drugs-from-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coloradosun.com/2019/03/19/canada-prescription-drug-import-colorado/">"Colorado wants to import prescription drugs from Canada. How it could work, and why it may not"</a>. The Colorado Sun. March 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Colorado+Sun&rft.atitle=Colorado+wants+to+import+prescription+drugs+from+Canada.+How+it+could+work%2C+and+why+it+may+not.&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoloradosun.com%2F2019%2F03%2F19%2Fcanada-prescription-drug-import-colorado%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/bush/story/0,7369,758761,00.html">US cannabis refugees cross border</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> July 20, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-Government_of_Canada-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Government_of_Canada_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Government_of_Canada_328-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/medi-assur/faq-eng.php#a2">"Canada Health Act - Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Government of Canada. May 16, 2005. Retrieved February 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+Health+Act+-+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hc-sc.gc.ca%2Fhcs-sss%2Fmedi-assur%2Ffaq-eng.php%23a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Queen-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Queen_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Queen_329-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Queen_329-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/public/publications/ohip/travel_another_province_territory.aspx">"Studying, Working or Travelling to Another Province or Territory Within Canada"</a>. Queen's Printer for Ontario. Retrieved February 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studying%2C+Working+or+Travelling+to+Another+Province+or+Territory+Within+Canada&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.on.ca%2Fen%2Fpublic%2Fpublications%2Fohip%2Ftravel_another_province_territory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/medi-assur/faq-eng.php#a11">"How do I resume my health care coverage when returning to Canada following a lengthy absence?"</a>. Government of Canada. May 16, 2005. Retrieved February 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+do+I+resume+my+health+care+coverage+when+returning+to+Canada+following+a+lengthy+absence%3F&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hc-sc.gc.ca%2Fhcs-sss%2Fmedi-assur%2Ffaq-eng.php%23a11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/medi-assur/faq-eng.php#a8">"Do I need private health care coverage when travelling within Canada?"</a>. Government of Canada. May 16, 2005. Retrieved February 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+I+need+private+health+care+coverage+when+travelling+within+Canada%3F&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hc-sc.gc.ca%2Fhcs-sss%2Fmedi-assur%2Ffaq-eng.php%23a8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NaPo_Perkel_20200131-332">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NaPo_Perkel_20200131_332-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaPo_Perkel_20200131_332-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaPo_Perkel_20200131_332-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaPo_Perkel_20200131_332-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaPo_Perkel_20200131_332-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaPo_Perkel_20200131_332-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaPo_Perkel_20200131_332-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaPo_Perkel_20200131_332-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkel2020" class="citation news cs1">Perkel, Colin (January 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/canada-lags-behind-peers-in-doctors-per-capita-but-average-in-physician-visits">"Canada lags behind peers in doctors per capita, but average in physician visits"</a>. The National Post. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Post&rft.atitle=Canada+lags+behind+peers+in+doctors+per+capita%2C+but+average+in+physician+visits&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.aulast=Perkel&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fpmn%2Fnews-pmn%2Fcanada-news-pmn%2Fcanada-lags-behind-peers-in-doctors-per-capita-but-average-in-physician-visits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD_2008-333"><a href="#cite_ref-OECD_2008_333-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/33/38979719.pdf">OECD Health Data 2007: How Does Canada Compare</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628131552/http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/BriefingNoteCANADA2012.pdf">Archived</a> June 28, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, July 2007. Retrieved February 2, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost2019" class="citation news cs1">Post, Special to Financial (December 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialpost.com/opinion/waiting-for-health-care-reform-patients-are-paying-the-price-for-our-public-health-care-monopoly">"Waiting for health-care reform: Patients are paying the price for our public health-care monopoly"</a>. Financial Post. Retrieved October 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Waiting+for+health-care+reform%3A+Patients+are+paying+the+price+for+our+public+health-care+monopoly&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Special+to+Financial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fwaiting-for-health-care-reform-patients-are-paying-the-price-for-our-public-health-care-monopoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-life-335"><a href="#cite_ref-life_335-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/the-link-between-life-expectancy-and-health-spending-us-focus">Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier</a>. May 26, 2017. By <a href="/wiki/Max_Roser" title="Max Roser">Max Roser</a> at <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a>. Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/us-life-expectancy-low">here</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm">"Health status - Life expectancy at birth - OECD Data"</a>. OECD. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD&rft.atitle=Health+status+-+Life+expectancy+at+birth+-+OECD+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Fhealthstat%2Flife-expectancy-at-birth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statcan_20111001-337"><a href="#cite_ref-statcan_20111001_337-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-624-x/2011001/article/11427-eng.htm#a3">"Disparities in life expectancy"</a>. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disparities+in+life+expectancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fpub%2F82-624-x%2F2011001%2Farticle%2F11427-eng.htm%23a3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-knoema_Canada_2020-338"><a href="#cite_ref-knoema_Canada_2020_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knoema.com//atlas/Canada/topics/Demographics/Mortality/Under-5-mortality-rate">"Canada Under-5 mortality rate, 1950-2020"</a>. Knoema. 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knoema&rft.atitle=Canada+Under-5+mortality+rate%2C+1950-2020&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknoema.com%2F%2Fatlas%2FCanada%2Ftopics%2FDemographics%2FMortality%2FUnder-5-mortality-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-knoema_US_2020-339"><a href="#cite_ref-knoema_US_2020_339-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knoema.com//atlas/United-States-of-America/topics/Demographics/Mortality/Under-5-mortality-rate">"United States of America Under-5 mortality rate, 1950-2020"</a>. Knoema. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knoema&rft.atitle=United+States+of+America+Under-5+mortality+rate%2C+1950-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknoema.com%2F%2Fatlas%2FUnited-States-of-America%2Ftopics%2FDemographics%2FMortality%2FUnder-5-mortality-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statcan_MMR_20191126-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statcan_MMR_20191126_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statcan_MMR_20191126_340-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/191126/dq191126c-eng.htm">"Deaths, 2018"</a>. Statistics Canada. The Daily. November 26, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Deaths%2C+2018&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fdaily-quotidien%2F191126%2Fdq191126c-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fayerman16-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fayerman16_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fayerman16_341-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFayerman2016" class="citation news cs1">Fayerman, Pamela (September 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/health/local-health/b-c-trial-over-private-health-care-could-reshape-canadian-medicare">"B.C. trial over private health care could reshape Canadian medicare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vancouver Sun">The Vancouver Sun</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=B.C.+trial+over+private+health+care+could+reshape+Canadian+medicare&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.aulast=Fayerman&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fhealth%2Flocal-health%2Fb-c-trial-over-private-health-care-could-reshape-canadian-medicare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_20060822-342"><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_20060822_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/healthcare/">"CBC News Indepth: Health Care"</a>. CBC News. August 22, 2006. Retrieved January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=CBC+News+Indepth%3A+Health+Care&rft.date=2006-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews2%2Fbackground%2Fhealthcare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalnews_20200910-343"><a href="#cite_ref-globalnews_20200910_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/7326893/bc-supreme-court-ruling-private-public-healthcare/">"B.C. Supreme Court rules against legalizing private healthcare in landmark case"</a>. Global News. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=B.C.+Supreme+Court+rules+against+legalizing+private+healthcare+in+landmark+case&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F7326893%2Fbc-supreme-court-ruling-private-public-healthcare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bc-injury-law.com/tag/cambie-surgeries-corporation-v-british-columbia/">"Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia – BC Injury Law"</a>. October 17, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambie+Surgeries+Corporation+v.+British+Columbia+%E2%80%93+BC+Injury+Law&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbc-injury-law.com%2Ftag%2Fcambie-surgeries-corporation-v-british-columbia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-345">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_345-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_345-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bc.ctvnews.ca/private-health-care-battle-draws-to-a-close-after-a-decade-in-b-c-1.4831855">"Private health care battle draws to a close after a decade in B.C."</a> British Columbia. February 28, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Columbia&rft.atitle=Private+health+care+battle+draws+to+a+close+after+a+decade+in+B.C.&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbc.ctvnews.ca%2Fprivate-health-care-battle-draws-to-a-close-after-a-decade-in-b-c-1.4831855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chaoulli_ontario_20070925-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chaoulli_ontario_20070925_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chaoulli_ontario_20070925_346-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chaoulli_ontario_20070925_346-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chaoulli_ontario_20070925_346-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecourt.ca/chaoulli-comes-to-ontario/">"Chaoulli comes to Ontario"</a>. The Court. September 25, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Court&rft.atitle=Chaoulli+comes+to+Ontario&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecourt.ca%2Fchaoulli-comes-to-ontario%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisgarber2020" class="citation web cs1">Weisgarber, Maria (September 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bc.ctvnews.ca/b-c-supreme-court-rules-against-legalizing-private-health-care-following-decade-long-battle-1.5099737">"B.C. Supreme Court rules against legalizing private health care following decade-long battle"</a>. British Columbia. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Columbia&rft.atitle=B.C.+Supreme+Court+rules+against+legalizing+private+health+care+following+decade-long+battle&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.aulast=Weisgarber&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbc.ctvnews.ca%2Fb-c-supreme-court-rules-against-legalizing-private-health-care-following-decade-long-battle-1.5099737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bc.ctvnews.ca/b-c-supreme-court-rules-against-legalizing-private-health-care-following-decade-long-battle-1.5099737">"B.C. Supreme Court rules against legalizing private health care following decade-long battle | CTV News"</a>. September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B.C.+Supreme+Court+rules+against+legalizing+private+health+care+following+decade-long+battle+%7C+CTV+News&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbc.ctvnews.ca%2Fb-c-supreme-court-rules-against-legalizing-private-health-care-following-decade-long-battle-1.5099737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthcoalition.ca/tools-and-resources/legal-challenges-to-health-care/cambie-case/">"Cambie Case (ongoing)"</a>. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambie+Case+%28ongoing%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthcoalition.ca%2Ftools-and-resources%2Flegal-challenges-to-health-care%2Fcambie-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCernetig2006" class="citation news cs1">Cernetig, Miro (December 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807172530/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=16141a15-58d5-4e05-a1d2-78eaaeae207a&k=29315">"B.C. gov't gets tough with private clinic"</a>. Vancouver Sun. CanWest News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=16141a15-58d5-4e05-a1d2-78eaaeae207a&k=29315">the original</a> on August 7, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=B.C.+gov%27t+gets+tough+with+private+clinic&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft.aulast=Cernetig&rft.aufirst=Miro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Ftopics%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D16141a15-58d5-4e05-a1d2-78eaaeae207a%26k%3D29315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807172530/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=16141a15-58d5-4e05-a1d2-78eaaeae207a&k=29315">"B.C. gov't gets tough with private clinic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=16141a15-58d5-4e05-a1d2-78eaaeae207a&k=29315">the original</a> on August 7, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B.C.+gov%27t+gets+tough+with+private+clinic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Ftopics%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D16141a15-58d5-4e05-a1d2-78eaaeae207a%26k%3D29315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-health-care-fees-1.3565739">"Quebec groups worried about overbilling take legal action"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Quebec+groups+worried+about+overbilling+take+legal+action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fquebec-health-care-fees-1.3565739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/doctor-behind-private-clinic-medicare-challenge-says-hes-like-mohammed-ali">"Inside the nearly eight-year long fight of Brian Day, the doctor who would free Canadians from medicare"</a>. National Post. September 1, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Inside+the+nearly+eight-year+long+fight+of+Brian+Day%2C+the+doctor+who+would+free+Canadians+from+medicare&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fdoctor-behind-private-clinic-medicare-challenge-says-hes-like-mohammed-ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Ontario" class="citation web cs1">Government of Ontario, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/pcpm/">"Primary Care Payment Models in Ontario - Health Care Professionals - MOHLTC"</a>. www.health.gov.on.ca. Retrieved February 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.health.gov.on.ca&rft.atitle=Primary+Care+Payment+Models+in+Ontario+-+Health+Care+Professionals+-+MOHLTC&rft.aulast=Government+of+Ontario&rft.aufirst=Ministry+of+Health+and+Long-Term+Care&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.on.ca%2Fen%2Fpro%2Fprograms%2Fpcpm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEJM_Steinbrook_20060420-354"><a href="#cite_ref-NEJM_Steinbrook_20060420_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbrook2006" class="citation journal cs1">Steinbrook, Robert (April 20, 2006). "Private Health Care in Canada". N Engl J Med. 354 (16): 1661–1664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejmp068064">10.1056/nejmp068064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16625005">16625005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med&rft.atitle=Private+Health+Care+in+Canada&rft.volume=354&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=1661-1664&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejmp068064&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16625005&rft.aulast=Steinbrook&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Krauss_2006-355">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Krauss_2006_355-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Krauss_2006_355-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss2006" class="citation news cs1">Krauss, Clifford (February 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/28/world/americas/canadas-private-clinics-surge-as-public-system-falters.html">"Canada's Private Clinics Surge as Public System Falters"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved September 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Private+Clinics+Surge+as+Public+System+Falters&rft.date=2006-02-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F02%2F28%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcanadas-private-clinics-surge-as-public-system-falters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ_Ed_Board-356"><a href="#cite_ref-BMJ_Ed_Board_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcmj.org/editorial-board">"Editorial Board"</a>. BC Medical Journal. Retrieved September 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BC+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Editorial+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcmj.org%2Feditorial-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_20200910-357"><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_20200910_357-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/cambie-surgeries-case-trial-decision-bc-supreme-court-2020-1.5718589">"Private Vancouver clinic loses constitutional challenge of public health-care rules"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Private+Vancouver+clinic+loses+constitutional+challenge+of+public+health-care+rules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fcambie-surgeries-case-trial-decision-bc-supreme-court-2020-1.5718589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bc-injury-law-358"><a href="#cite_ref-bc-injury-law_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bc-injury-law.com/tag/cambie-surgeries-corporation-v-british-columbia/">"Cambie Surgeries Corporation v. British Columbia – BC Injury Law"</a>. October 17, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambie+Surgeries+Corporation+v.+British+Columbia+%E2%80%93+BC+Injury+Law&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbc-injury-law.com%2Ftag%2Fcambie-surgeries-corporation-v-british-columbia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthcoalition.ca/DayFactCheck.pdf">"Fact Check"</a> (PDF). Retrieved February 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Check&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthcoalition.ca%2FDayFactCheck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-macleans_Shimo_20060501-360"><a href="#cite_ref-macleans_Shimo_20060501_360-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimo2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Shimo, Alexandra (May 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.macleans.ca/search?QueryTerm=healthcare%20canada">"Private Medical Care in Canada"</a>. Maclean's. The Complete Archive. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Private+Medical+Care+in+Canada&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.aulast=Shimo&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.macleans.ca%2Fsearch%3FQueryTerm%3Dhealthcare%2520canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-361">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_361-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_361-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_361-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_361-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckelmanShermanMacNeill2018" class="citation journal cs1">Eckelman, Matthew J.; Sherman, Jodi D.; MacNeill, Andrea J. (July 31, 2018). Patz, Jonathan Alan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6067712">"Life cycle environmental emissions and health damages from the Canadian healthcare system: An economic-environmental-epidemiological analysis"</a>. PLOS Medicine. 15 (7): e1002623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1002623">10.1371/journal.pmed.1002623</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1549-1676">1549-1676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6067712">6067712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30063712">30063712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=Life+cycle+environmental+emissions+and+health+damages+from+the+Canadian+healthcare+system%3A+An+economic-environmental-epidemiological+analysis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1002623&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6067712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1549-1676&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30063712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1002623&rft.aulast=Eckelman&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Jodi+D.&rft.au=MacNeill%2C+Andrea+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6067712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:08-362">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:08_362-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_362-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_362-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_362-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_362-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_362-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mercer, Caroline (April 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-5722">"How health care contributes to climate change"</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 191 (14): E403–E404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.109-5722">10.1503/cmaj.109-5722</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0820-3946">0820-3946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6453681">6453681</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30962202">30962202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=How+health+care+contributes+to+climate+change&rft.volume=191&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=E403-E404&rft.date=2019-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6453681%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0820-3946&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30962202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.109-5722&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.109-5722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTochkinRichmondHertelendy2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tochkin, Jeff; Richmond, John; Hertelendy, Attila (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmjleader.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/leader-2021-000583">"Healthcare system leadership and climate change: five lessons for improving health systems resiliency"</a>. BMJ Leader. 7 (1): 52–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fleader-2021-000583">10.1136/leader-2021-000583</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-631X">2398-631X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37013877">37013877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Leader&rft.atitle=Healthcare+system+leadership+and+climate+change%3A+five+lessons+for+improving+health+systems+resiliency&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-55&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=2398-631X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37013877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fleader-2021-000583&rft.aulast=Tochkin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Richmond%2C+John&rft.au=Hertelendy%2C+Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmjleader.bmj.com%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1136%2Fleader-2021-000583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Healthcare_in_Canada" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare in Canada</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repolitics.com/features/canadian-federalism-and-public-health-care/">Canadian Federalism and Public Health Care: The Evolution of Federal-Provincial Relations | re:politics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/health/health-care-system/the-birth-of-medicare/topic-the-birth-of-medicare.html">CBC Digital Archives — The Birth of Medicare CBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chsrf.ca/">Canadian Health Services Research Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022135006/http://www.chsrf.ca/">Archived</a> October 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927122816/http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=spend_nhex_e">National Health Expenditure Database</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Institute_for_Health_Information2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> (September 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060319000252/http://www.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=AR_1282_E">CIHI exploring the 70-30 split</a>. Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Institute for Health Information. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55392-655-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55392-655-9"><bdi>978-1-55392-655-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=AR_1282_E">the original</a> on March 19, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CIHI+exploring+the+70-30+split&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-55392-655-9&rft.au=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fcihiweb%2FdispPage.jsp%3Fcw_page%3DAR_1282_E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316151837/http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=AR_1282_E&cw_topic=1282">Exploring the 70/30 Split: How Canada's Health Care System Is Financed 2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927123111/http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=hhrdata_npdb_e">National Physician Database 2006</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Healthcare_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Healthcare_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Healthcare in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belize" title="Healthcare in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Costa_Rica" title="Healthcare in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cuba" title="Healthcare in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Nicaragua" title="Healthcare in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Healthcare in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Healthcare in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&oldid=1256154369">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&oldid=1256154369</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Category:Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare in Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2023">Articles with dead external links from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016">Articles with dead external links from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2020">Use mdy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use Canadian English from January 2019">Use Canadian English from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 14:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Canada&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dj6bk","wgBackendResponseTime":229,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.131","walltime":"3.265","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22814,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":762360,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11137,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1306312,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2859.234 1 -total"," 74.14% 2119.804 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.27% 722.388 161 Template:Cite_web"," 16.86% 482.176 76 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.29% 408.483 75 Template:Cite_news"," 4.35% 124.406 12 Template:Cite_book"," 3.54% 101.353 12 Template:Fix"," 3.22% 92.105 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.96% 84.664 1 Template:Healthcare_in_Canada_sidebar"," 2.94% 83.970 7 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.971","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8646962,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","12.7"],["?","240","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","6.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.9"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","80","3.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.9"],["(for generator)","80","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.9"],["[others]","520","25.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qmvs7","timestamp":"20241122141750","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Healthcare in Canada","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healthcare_in_Canada","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3535133","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3535133","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-12T19:02:59Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T14:22:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png","headline":"overview of healthcare"}</script> </body> </html>