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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Atuatuca_(54_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Siege of Atuatuca (54 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Atuatuca_(54_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_(53–51_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_(53–51_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Genocide (53–51 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_(53–51_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Personal names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إيبورونوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيبورونوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Эбуроны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эбуроны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ебурони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ебурони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburoni" title="Eburoni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eburoni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eburones" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburons" title="Eburons – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eburons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburoni" title="Eburoni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eburoni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eburones" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburoner" title="Eburoner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eburoner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburonen" title="Eburonen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eburonen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Εβούρωνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εβούρωνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eburones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89burons" title="Éburons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éburons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eburones" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburoni" title="Eburoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eburoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אבורונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבורונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburone" title="Eburone – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eburone" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebur%C3%B3k" title="Eburók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eburók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburonen" title="Eburonen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eburonen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburonen" title="Eburonen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eburonen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E6%97%8F" title="エブロネス族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エブロネス族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburonowie" title="Eburonowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eburonowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebur%C3%B5es" title="Eburões – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eburões" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Эбуроны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эбуроны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburoni" title="Eburoni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eburoni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburonit" title="Eburonit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eburonit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburonlar" title="Eburonlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eburonlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ебурони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ебурони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q323500#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ambiorix.jpg/330px-Ambiorix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ambiorix.jpg/440px-Ambiorix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century statue of <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a>, prince of the Eburones (1st century BC), in <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Eburones</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἐβούρωνες, Ἐβουρωνοί</span></span>) were a <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribe dwelling in the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, who lived north of the Ardennes in the region near what is now the southern Netherlands, eastern Belgium and the German <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, in the period immediately preceding the Roman conquest of the region. Though living in Gaul, they were also described as being both <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germani</a> (for a discussion of these terms, <a href="#Language">see below</a>). </p><p>The Eburones played a major role in <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">account of his "Gallic Wars"</a>, as the most important tribe within the <i><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a></i> group of tribes — <i>Germani</i> living west of the Rhine amongst the Belgae. Caesar claimed that the name of the Eburones was wiped out after their failed revolt against his forces during the Gallic Wars, and that the tribe was largely annihilated. Whether any significant part of the population lived on in the area as <a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a>, the tribal name found here later, is uncertain but considered likely. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attestations">Attestations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are mentioned as <i>Eburones</i> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> (mid-1st c. BC) and <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> (early 5th c. AD);<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <i>Eboúrōnes</i> (Ἐβούρωνες) by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (early 1st c. AD);<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <i>Ebourōnoí</i> (Ἐβουρωνοί) by <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (3rd c. AD).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most scholars derive the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> <i>Eburones</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> word for '<a href="/wiki/Yew" title="Yew">yew-tree</a>', <i>eburos</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> itself stemming from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> <i>*eburos</i> ('yew'; cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">OIr.</a> <i>ibar</i> 'yew', <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">MBret.</a> <i>euor</i> '<a href="/wiki/Frangula_alnus" title="Frangula alnus">alder buck-thorn</a>', <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">MW.</a> <i>efwr</i> European 'cow parsnip', also known as 'hog-weed', <i><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_sphondylium" title="Heracleum sphondylium">Heracleum sphondylium</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009112_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009112-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation is supported by the story, as told by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, of how the Eburonean king <a href="/wiki/Cativolcus" title="Cativolcus">Catuvolcus</a> killed himself with poisonous yew in a ritualistic suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1999111_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1999111-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative Germanic etymology from *<i>eburaz</i> ('boar'; cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">ON</a> <i>jofurr</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Ger.</a> <i>Eber</i>) has also been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199434_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199434-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Xavier Delamarre</a> points out that coins of the <i>Aulerci <a href="/wiki/Eburovices" title="Eburovices">Eburovices</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, show the head of a wild boar, and argues that there might have been, further northeast, a "semantic contamination, in the mixed Germano-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhenish</a> areas, of the Gaulish <i>eburos</i> by the Germanic quasi-homonym <i>*eburaz</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003160_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vendryes" title="Joseph Vendryes">Joseph Vendryes</a> saw a Celtic 'boar-god' <i>*epro</i> behind the name of the yew,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003160_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has been noted that the boar and the yew are both associated with concepts of lordship and longevity in the Germanic and—to a lesser extent—Celtic traditions, which may provided a reason for such a "contamination".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013116_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second part of the ethnonym, <i>-ones</i>, is commonly found in both Celtic (<a href="/wiki/Lingones" title="Lingones">Lingones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a>, etc.) and Germanic (<a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingvaeones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a>, etc.) tribal names in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1986348_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1986348-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurits_Gysseling" title="Maurits Gysseling">Maurits Gysseling</a> has suggested that place names such as <a href="/wiki/Averbode_Abbey" title="Averbode Abbey">Averbode</a> and Avernas (<a href="/wiki/Hannut" title="Hannut">Hannut</a>) might be derived from the Eburones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGysseling196085–86_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGysseling196085–86-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory">Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Eburones lived in an area broadly situated between the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes_and_Eifel" title="Ardennes and Eifel">Ardennes and Eifel</a> region in the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine-Meuse delta</a> in the north. Their territory lay east of the <a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a> (themselves east of the <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a>), south of the <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a>, and north of the <a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a> (themselves north of the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Sugambri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugambri">Sugambri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a> were their neighbours on the opposite bank of the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> in 55 BC, they first fell on the Menapii and advanced into the territories of the Eburones and Condrusi, who were both "under the protection of" the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-II.6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-II.6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgae_rivers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Belgae_rivers.png/305px-Belgae_rivers.png" decoding="async" width="305" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Belgae_rivers.png/458px-Belgae_rivers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Belgae_rivers.png/610px-Belgae_rivers.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Maas (dark green) between the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> (light blue) and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (cyan) with Tongeren and other cities on the Maas.</figcaption></figure><p>According to a description given by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> (mid-1st century BC), the greatest part of the Eburones lived between the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Caesar also notes that their land bordered on that of the coastal <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a> in the north, and that those among the Eburones "who were nearest the ocean" managed to hide in islands after their defeat against the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This apparent geographical situation, near both the <a href="/wiki/Condroz" title="Condroz">Condroz</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse delta</a>, has suggested to many scholars that a significant part of their territory stretched west of the Meuse rather than between the Meuse and the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Petrikovits199992_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Petrikovits199992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004144–145_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004144–145-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008203,_205–207_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008203,_205–207-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Johannes Heinrichs (2008) contends that a territory stretching from the Rhine to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> would be "unrealistically large", especially since they were portrayed as clients of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a> until 57 BC. Since archaeological findings suggest that the Eburonean territory did not extend substantially east of the Meuse in the direction of the Rhine, Heinrichs argues that their territory was rather principally centred in an area located west of the Meuse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008203,_205–207_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008203,_205–207-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They have been identified by Belgian archaeologists with a material culture in northern <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Campine" title="Campine">Campine</a> region. According to Edith Wightman (1985), "this would certainly account for the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/propinquity" class="extiw" title="wikt:propinquity">propinquity</a> of Eburones and <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a> mentioned by Caesar; the distribution of war-time <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">staters</a> attributed to the Eburones (a mixture of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transrhenine" class="extiw" title="wikt:transrhenine">transrhenine</a> and Treveran elements) also corresponds with this group."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198531_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198531-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the concentrations of coins, Nico Roymans (2004) has proposed to also regard the eastern half of the Rhine–Meuse delta as part of the Eburonean polity. The area was later inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavians</a>, who likely assimilated the local Eburones in this scenario.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200423,_27_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200423,_27-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another part of the Eburones also fled to a remote area of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a> himself is said to have gone with some cavalry. Caesar also portrays the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> river (<i>Scaldis</i>) as flowing into the Meuse, apparently confusing this river with the <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led scholars to argue that Caesar or later copyists sometimes confused river names or used them differently than later writers did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198542_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198542-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have argued for a location in the northern <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel region</a>, but this is difficult to reconcile with the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a>, who gave their name to the Condroz region, are described by Caesar as dwelling between the Treveri and Eburones. Wightman further notes that "no cultural groupings can be isolated to suit the Eburones in the north Eifel".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198531_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198531-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atuatuca" title="Atuatuca">Atuatuca</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eburones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eburones.jpg/220px-Eburones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eburones.jpg/330px-Eburones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eburones.jpg/440px-Eburones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Eburonian settlement at Hambach-Niederzier, abandoned c. 50 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Caesar describes <a href="/wiki/Atuatuca" title="Atuatuca">Atuatuca</a> as a <i><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">castellum</a></i> ('fort, stronghold, shelter') located in the middle of the Eburonean territory, which has sometimes been taken to imply that it was between the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> rivers where, in another passage, Caesar locates the greatest part of the Eburonean population.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact location of their stronghold remains uncertain; it is almost certainly not the same as the later <a href="/wiki/Civitas_Tungrorum" title="Civitas Tungrorum">Atuatuca Tungrorum</a>, which appears to have been erected <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex nihilo">ex-nihilo</a></i> as a Roman military base ca. 10 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004148,_151_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004148,_151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of Wightman, "changes which took place after Caesar, involving new folk from across the Rhine and reorganization of existing peoples, make localization difficult."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198530_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198530-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atuatuca played an important role in the revolt of Ambiorix against Rome in the winter of 54–53 BC, and in Caesar's subsequent attempts to annihilate the tribe in 53 and 51 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004144_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004144-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willy Vanvinckenroye (2001) has suggested that the Eburones did not have their own strongholds and used instead the fortress of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a> to house troops, since they were tributary to them. This would provide any origin for the place name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanvinckenroye200153_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanvinckenroye200153-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are linguistically related to each other,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013109_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013109-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the settlement cannot be historically linked to the tribe with certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198530_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198530-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallic_Wars">Gallic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Sabis_(57_BC)"><span id="Battle_of_the_Sabis_.2857_BC.29"></span>Battle of the Sabis (57 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of the Sabis (57 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Battle of the Sabis</a>, Caesar's forces clashed with an alliance of Belgic tribes in 57 BC. Before that event, information from the <a href="/wiki/Remi" title="Remi">Remi</a>, a tribe allied with Rome, reported that the Germani (the Condrusi, Eburones, Caeraesi, and Paemani) had collectively promised to send around 40,000 men. These were to join 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a>, 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a>, 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a>, 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a>, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a>, 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a>, 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a>, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Caleti" class="mw-redirect" title="Caleti">Caleti</a>, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Velocasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Velocasses">Velocasses</a>, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Viromandui" title="Viromandui">Viromandui</a>, and 19,000 Aduatuci. The whole force was led by <a href="/wiki/Galba_(Suessiones)" title="Galba (Suessiones)">Galba</a>, king of the Suessiones.<sup id="cite_ref-II.4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-II.4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the alliance did not work. The Suessiones and Bellovaci surrendered after the Romans defended the Remi and then moved towards their lands. And after this the Ambiani offered no further resistance and the Nervii, along with the Atrebates and Viromandui, formed the most important force on the day of the battle. The Eburones are not mentioned specifically in the description of the battle itself, but after the defeat the Eburones became important as one of the tribes continuing to resist Roman overlordship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Atuatuca_(54_BC)"><span id="Siege_of_Atuatuca_.2854_BC.29"></span>Siege of Atuatuca (54 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Siege of Atuatuca (54 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 54 BC, Caesar's forces were still in Belgic territory, having just returned from their <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's invasions of Britain">second expedition to Britain</a>, and needed to be wintered. Crops had not been good, due to a drought, and this imposition upon the communities led to new conflict. This insurrection started only 15 days after a legion and five cohorts (one and a half legions) under the command of Caesar's legates, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Titurius_Sabinus" title="Quintus Titurius Sabinus">Quintus Titurius Sabinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aurunculeius_Cotta" title="Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta">Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta</a> arrived in their winter quarters in the country of the Eburones. The Eburones, encouraged by messages from the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveran</a> king <a href="/wiki/Indutiomarus" title="Indutiomarus">Indutiomarus</a>, and headed by their two kings, <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cativolcus" title="Cativolcus">Cativolcus</a>, attacked the Roman camp; and after inducing the Romans to leave their stronghold on the promise of a safe passage, massacred nearly all of them (approximately 6000 men).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encouraged by this victory, Ambiorix rode personally first to the Aduatuci and then to the Nervi, arguing for a new attack on the Romans wintering in Nervian territory under the command by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Quintus Tullius Cicero">Quintus Tullius Cicero</a>, brother of the <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">famous orator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-V.38_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V.38-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nervii agreed and summoned forces quickly from several tribes under their government, <a href="/wiki/Centrones" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrones">Centrones</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grudii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grudii (page does not exist)">Grudii</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levaci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levaci (page does not exist)">Levaci</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleumoxii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleumoxii (page does not exist)">Pleumoxii</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geiduni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geiduni (page does not exist)">Geiduni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesar reported that this was thwarted by his timely intervention, and the Belgic allies dispersed, Caesar "fearing to pursue them very far, because woods and morasses intervened, and also [because] he saw that they suffered no small loss in abandoning their position".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime <a href="/wiki/Labienus" class="mw-redirect" title="Labienus">Labienus</a>, one of Caesar's most trusted generals, was wintering in the territory of the Treveri, and also came under threat when news of the Eburones rebellion spread. Eventually, he killed the king of the Treveri, Indutiomarus. "This affair having been known, all the forces of the Eburones and the Nervii which had assembled, depart; and for a short time after this action, Caesar was less harassed in the government of Gaul."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year Caesar entered the country of the Eburones, and Ambiorix fled before him. Cativolcus poisoned himself with a concoction from a <a href="/wiki/Yew_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Yew tree">yew tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-v.31_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v.31-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country of the Eburones was difficult for the Romans, being woody and swampy in parts. Caesar invited the neighboring people to come and plunder the Eburones, "in order that the life of the Gauls might be hazarded in the woods rather than the legionary soldiers; at the same time, in order that a large force being drawn around them, the race and name of that state may be annihilated for such a crime".<sup id="cite_ref-vi.34_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vi.34-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a>, from east of the Rhine, were one of the main raiders. While Caesar was ravaging the country of the Eburones, he left Quintus Tullius Cicero with a legion to protect the baggage and stores, at a place called <a href="/wiki/Aduatuca" class="mw-redirect" title="Aduatuca">Aduatuca</a>, which he tells us, though he had not mentioned the name of the place before, was the place where Sabinus and Cotta had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan to take advantage of the Sicambri backfired when the Eburones explained to the Sicambri that the Roman supplies and booty, not the refugees, were the most attractive target for plundering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genocide_(53–51_BC)"><span id="Genocide_.2853.E2.80.9351_BC.29"></span>Genocide (53–51 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genocide (53–51 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caesar reports that he burnt every village and building that he could find in the territory of the Eburones, drove off all the cattle, and his men and beasts consumed all the grain that the weather of the autumnal season did not destroy. He left those who had hid themselves, if there were any, with the hope that they would all die of hunger in the winter. Caesar writes that he wanted to annihilate the Eburones and their name, and indeed the tribe vanished from history after the Gallic wars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chirot" title="Daniel Chirot">Daniel Chirot</a> and Jennifer Edwards describe the conquest as a genocide, but provide no analysis of the particulars.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of settlement evidence suggest a significant demographic decrease in the Eburonean territory after that period, which can be plausibly linked with the Caesarian campaigns. According to Roymans, "several interrelated explanations can be given for the high degree of Roman violence in this region: the absence of urbanised settlements or heavily defended <i>oppida</i> that could be used by Caesar as military targets; the employment by Germanic groups of a strategy of decentralised, guerrilla-type warfare; and, of course, Caesar’s intent to revenge the ambush of a Roman army by the leader of the Eburones, Ambiorix."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heinrichs argues that the genocide of the Eburones in 53 BC could not realistically have happened as it is claimed by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>. If the systematic destruction of infrastructures by the Roman forces was intended to prevent the local people from regaining power, physical extermination likely proved to be impractical. The available areas of refuge hardly accessible to the Roman legions were numerous: the low mountain range of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, the swamps and wastelands towards the <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a>, the coastal islands, etc. Moreover, Caesar's second attempt to annihilate the tribe two years later demonstrates that the community survived in some way, and even probably regenerated in such a way that further violent actions were apparently needed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008208_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008208-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Roymans, their disappearance from the political map could have resulted from "a policy of <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i> on the part of the Roman authorities, in combination with the confiscation of Eburonean territory".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200423_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200423-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great part of their gold fell into Roman hands during repeated Roman raids on the Eburones in 53–51 BC, and was then melted down and carried off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200445_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200445-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, the new tribal entities that settled in the Lower Rhine region with Roman support lived on territories previously occupied by the Eburones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200425_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200425-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on a comment by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, who identifies the Tungri as descendants of the first group of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germani</a> which crossed the Rhine and drove away the Gauls, some scholars have proposed that remnants of the former Eburonean confederation may have contributed to the ethnic composition of the <a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENouwen199743_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENouwen199743-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, who settled in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse delta</a> in the late 1st century BC, may also have merged with remnants of indigenous Eburonean groups that had survived in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200455_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200455-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Romans, one of the tribes associated with the Tungri, and apparently living in the north of their area (in modern <a href="/wiki/Campine" title="Campine">Campine</a>), were the <a href="/wiki/Texuandri" class="mw-redirect" title="Texuandri">Texuandri</a>. Like the Tungri, they had not been mentioned by Caesar. Similarly to the Condrusi (whom Caesar had mentioned, and who continued to exist under Roman rule), the Texuandri were recognized as a distinct grouping for the administrative purpose of mustering troops.<sup id="cite_ref-wightman53-54_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wightman53-54-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is clear that the Belgic tribes of Gaul were culturally influenced by both Gaulish and Germanic neighbours, but the details, for example which languages they spoke, remain uncertain. It is also probable that the Eburones contained both <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_sources">Classical sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keltische_stammen_Eburonen_gouden_stater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Keltische_stammen_Eburonen_gouden_stater.jpg/220px-Keltische_stammen_Eburonen_gouden_stater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Keltische_stammen_Eburonen_gouden_stater.jpg/330px-Keltische_stammen_Eburonen_gouden_stater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Keltische_stammen_Eburonen_gouden_stater.jpg/440px-Keltische_stammen_Eburonen_gouden_stater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Gold stater of the Eburones. <br />Triskele on the obverse, Celticized horse on the reverse.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the term Germanic has a linguistic definition today, Roman authors such as Caesar and Tacitus did not clearly divide the Celts from what they called the Germans based on languages. On the contrary, both authors tended to emphasize, partly for political reasons, the differences in terms of the levels of civilization which had been attained, with Germanic peoples being considered wilder and less civilized peoples, requiring military and political considerations. </p><p>Despite being regarded as <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> says that the <a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a>, Eburones, <a href="/wiki/Caeraesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caeraesi">Caeraesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a> were called by the collective name of <i><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germani</a></i> and had settled there some time ago, having come from the opposite bank of the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-II.4_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-II.4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eburones are therefore amongst the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a></i> 'Germans on this side of the Rhine', i.e. <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> who lived south and west of the Rhine and may have been distinct from the Belgae. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> later wrote that it was in this very region that the term <i>Germani</i> started to be used, even though he mentions a tribe Caesar did not mention, the <a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a>.</p><blockquote><p>The name Germany, on the other hand, they say, is modern and newly introduced, from the fact that the tribes which first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungrians, were then called Germans [<i>Germani</i>]. Thus what was the name of a tribe, and not of a race, gradually prevailed, until all called themselves by this self-invented name of Germans, which the conquerors had first employed to inspire terror.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This is often interpreted as implying that the Tungri, a name later used to refer to all the tribes of this area, were descendants of several tribes including the ones Caesar said were called <i>Germani</i> collectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004143_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004143-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name may even be an artificial name meaning "the sworn ones" or confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-wightman53-54_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wightman53-54-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are clues which are sometimes taken to indicate that the local peoples in former Eburonic territories spoke or adopted <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a>, or some form of it. One of the basic influences on the pronunciation of Dutch is a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romance">Gallo-Romance</a> accent. This means that in the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman period</a>, when the Eburones had officially ceased to exist, the Latin which was then spoken was strongly influenced by a Gaulish substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, studies of place names such as those of <a href="/wiki/Maurits_Gysseling" title="Maurits Gysseling">Maurits Gysseling</a>, have been argued to show evidence of the very early presence of Germanic languages throughout the area north of the Ardennes. The sound changes described by "<a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimm's Law">Grimm's Law</a>" appear to have affected names with older forms, seemingly already in the 2nd century BC. It has been argued by some scholars that the older language of the area, though apparently <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, was not Celtic (see <a href="/wiki/Nordwestblock" title="Nordwestblock">Nordwestblock</a>) and therefore that Celtic, though influential amongst the elite, might never have been the language of the area where the Eburones lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamarcqRogge199644_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamarcqRogge199644-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_names">Personal names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally accepted that the personal names of <a href="/wiki/Cativolcus" title="Cativolcus">Catuvolcus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a>, the Eburonean kings who opposed <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> (58–50 BC), are of Celtic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former is most likely the <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> compound <i>catu-uolcus</i> ('war-falcon'), formed with the stem <i>catu-</i> ('combat') attached to <i>uolcos</i> ('falcon, hawk'). The Eburonean name has an exact parallel in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>cadwalch</i> ('hero, champion, warrior').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003327_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003327-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noted that the use of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> stem <i>*katu-</i> ('fight') as a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> in personal names is common to both Gallic and Germanic traditions (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Caturix" title="Caturix">Catu-rīx</a></i> and <i>Haðu-rīh</i>, which are <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997201_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997201-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003111_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003111-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name 'Ambiorix' is generally analyzed as the Gaulish prefix <i>ambio-</i> attached to <i>rix</i> ('king');<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it could be interpreted as meaning 'king of the surroundings' or 'king protector'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200341–42_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200341–42-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindeman200753_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindeman200753-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114–115_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114–115-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> of the region has been found by archaeologists to be highly Celtised, clearly in contact with the Celts of central Gaul, though far less rich in terms of Mediterranean luxury goods. They were not so strongly linked to the east of the Rhine. This would at the very least seem to suggest that at least the upper echelons were Celtic or had adopted a Celtic language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamarcqRogge199647_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamarcqRogge199647-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further complication is that the population of the Eburones may have been made up of different components. As mentioned above, archaeological evidence implies continuity going back to Urnfield times, but with signs that militarized elites had moved in more than once, bringing forms of the Celtic-associated cultures known as <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> and later <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a>. No clear archaeological evidence has been found to confirm Caesar's account that the Eburones came specifically from over the Rhine. However, these Celtic cultures were also present there, and in the period when Caesar supposes that they arrived, the peoples immediately over the Rhine were most likely not speakers of a Germanic language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198513–14_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198513–14-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_organization">Political organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eburones were probably a loose federation of several small clans, which may explain the dual kingship institution. Their political system, similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sugambri</a>, included several kings ruling on different territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198531_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198531-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200419,_50_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200419,_50-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of Eburonean <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">triskeles</a> <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">staters</a> also points to a polycentric political structures with several cores of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200450_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200450-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Roymans, "the fact that the Eburones and, somewhat later, the Sugambri were in a position to triumph over Roman armies attests to the ability of groups and individuals in these societies to summon considerable strength, at least in periods of crisis."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200419_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200419-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of <a href="/wiki/Comitatus_(warband)" title="Comitatus (warband)">comitati</a> was probably common during the Late Iron Age, as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">retinue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a> that escorted <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a> as he fled the Roman troops, and by similar practices attested in neighbouring tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200419_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200419-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the Roman conquest, the Eburones were clients of the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> mentions that the Eburonean king <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a> began his revolt against the Romans at the insistence of the Treveri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200421,_44_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200421,_44-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also paying tribute to the Atuatuci, who were holding Eburonean hostages in chains and slavery, including the son and nephew of the Eburone king <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaesar19175:27_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaesar19175:27-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was with these two tribes that the Eburones quickly formed a military alliance against Caesar's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesar also reports that, during the conflict, the Eburones had some sort of alliance, organized via their allies the Treveri, with the Germanic tribes over the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germani_(Oretania)" title="Germani (Oretania)">Germani (Oretania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">List of Celtic tribes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>. <i>Commentarii de Bello Gallico</i> <i>(BG)</i>. 2:4; <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>. <i>Historiae Adversus Paganos</i>, 6:7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <i>Geōgraphiká</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/strabo-geography/1917/pb_LCL050.233.xml">4:3:5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>. <i>Rhōmaïkḕ Historía</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/dio_cassius-roman_history/1914/pb_LCL053.413.xml">60.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalileyev2010">Falileyev 2010</a>, s.v. <i>Eburones</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGysseling1960">Gysseling 1960</a>, p. 297; <a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, p. 159; <a href="#CITEREFBusse2006">Busse 2006</a>, p. 199; <a href="#CITEREFToorians2013">Toorians 2013</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009112-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009112_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatasović2009">Matasović 2009</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1999111-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1999111_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeumann1999">Neumann 1999</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013112_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToorians2013">Toorians 2013</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199434-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199434_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1994">Lambert 1994</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003160-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003160_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003160_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013116-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013116_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToorians2013">Toorians 2013</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1986348-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1986348_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeumann1986">Neumann 1986</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGysseling196085–86-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGysseling196085–86_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGysseling1960">Gysseling 1960</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWightman1985">Wightman 1985</a>, pp. 30–31; <a href="#CITEREFvon_Petrikovits1999">von Petrikovits 1999</a>, p. 92; <a href="#CITEREFSchön2006">Schön 2006</a>; See Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=2:chapter=29">II.29</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=2:chapter=30">II.30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=5:chapter=38">V.38</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=32">VI.32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=33">VI.33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWightman1985">Wightman 1985</a>, p. 42. See Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=35">VI.35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-II.6-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-II.6_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=4:chapter=5">IV.5–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=5:chapter=24">V.24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=31">VI.31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=33">VI.33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Petrikovits199992-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Petrikovits199992_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Petrikovits1999">von Petrikovits 1999</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004144–145-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004144–145_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004">Vanderhoeven & Vanderhoeven 2004</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008203,_205–207-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008203,_205–207_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008203,_205–207_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs2008">Heinrichs 2008</a>, pp. 203, 205–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198531-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198531_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198531_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198531_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWightman1985">Wightman 1985</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200423,_27-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200423,_27_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymans2004">Roymans 2004</a>, pp. 23, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=33">VI.33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198542-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198542_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWightman1985">Wightman 1985</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerres1970" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berres, Thomas (1970). "Die Geographischen Interpolationen in Caesars Bellum Gallicum" [The Geographical Interpolations in Caesar's Bellum Gallicum]. <i>Hermes</i> (in German). <b>98</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">154–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-0777">0018-0777</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4475637">4475637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermes&rft.atitle=Die+Geographischen+Interpolationen+in+Caesars+Bellum+Gallicum&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4475637%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-0777&rft.aulast=Berres&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004">Vanderhoeven & Vanderhoeven 2004</a>, p. 145, <a href="#CITEREFvon_Petrikovits1999">von Petrikovits 1999</a>, p. 92. Cf. <a href="#CITEREFCaesar1917">Caesar 1917</a>, p. 6:32 "...impedimenta omnium legionum Aduatucam contulit. Id castelli nomen est. Hoc fere est in mediis Eburonum finibus...", and <a href="#CITEREFCaesar1917">Caesar 1917</a>, p. 5:24, "pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004148,_151-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004148,_151_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004">Vanderhoeven & Vanderhoeven 2004</a>, pp. 148, 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198530-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198530_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198530_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWightman1985">Wightman 1985</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004144-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004144_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004">Vanderhoeven & Vanderhoeven 2004</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanvinckenroye200153-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanvinckenroye200153_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanvinckenroye2001">Vanvinckenroye 2001</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013109-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013109_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToorians2013">Toorians 2013</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-II.4-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-II.4_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-II.4_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=2:chapter=4&highlight=eburones">II.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D24">V.24</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Caes.+Gal.+5.37&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001">V.37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-V.38-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-V.38_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D38">V.38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D39">V.39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Caes.+Gal.+5.40&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001">V.40</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D52">V.52</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=5:chapter=58&highlight=eburones">V.58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v.31-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v.31_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=31&highlight=ocean">VI.31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vi.34-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vi.34_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=34&highlight=eburones">VI.34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=32&highlight=aurunculeius">VI.32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D35">VI.35</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=37&highlight=cotta">VI.37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChirotEdwards2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chirot, Daniel; Edwards, Jennifer (2003). "Making Sense of the Senseless: Understanding Genocide". <i>Contexts</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">12–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fctx.2003.2.2.12">10.1525/ctx.2003.2.2.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-5042">1536-5042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62687633">62687633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contexts&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+the+Senseless%3A+Understanding+Genocide&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62687633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1536-5042&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fctx.2003.2.2.12&rft.aulast=Chirot&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoymans2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roymans, Nico (2019). "Conquest, mass violence and ethnic stereotyping: investigating Caesar's actions in the Germanic frontier zone". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Archaeology" title="Journal of Roman Archaeology">Journal of Roman Archaeology</a></i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">439–</span>458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759419000229">10.1017/S1047759419000229</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7594">1047-7594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211651099">211651099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Conquest%2C+mass+violence+and+ethnic+stereotyping%3A+investigating+Caesar%27s+actions+in+the+Germanic+frontier+zone&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E458&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211651099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1047-7594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759419000229&rft.aulast=Roymans&rft.aufirst=Nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008208-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs2008208_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs2008">Heinrichs 2008</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200423-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200423_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymans2004">Roymans 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200445-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200445_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymans2004">Roymans 2004</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200425-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200425_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymans2004">Roymans 2004</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENouwen199743-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENouwen199743_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNouwen1997">Nouwen 1997</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200455-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200455_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymans2004">Roymans 2004</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wightman53-54-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wightman53-54_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wightman53-54_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWightman1985">Wightman 1985</a>, pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC"><i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438129181" title="Special:BookSources/1438129181"><bdi>1438129181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1438129181&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>BG</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=32&highlight=condrusi">VI.32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D2">II.2</a>. ceterum Germaniae vocabulum recens et nuper additum, quoniamqui primi Rhenum transgressi Gallos expulerint ac nunc Tungri, tunc Germani vocati sint: ita nationis nomen, nongentis, evaluisse paulatim, ut omnes primum a victore obmetum, mox et a se ipsis invento nomine Germani vocarentur.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004143-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004143_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004">Vanderhoeven & Vanderhoeven 2004</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchrijver2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schrijver, Peter (2004). "Der Tod des Festlandkeltischen und die Geburt des Französischen, Niederländischen und Hochdeutschen" [The death of continental Celtic and the birth of French, Dutch and High German]. In Schrijver, Peter; Mumm, Peter-Arnold (eds.). <i>Sprachtod und Sprachgeburt</i> [<i>Language death and language birth</i>] (in German). Bremen: Münchner Forschungen zur historischen Sprachwissenschaft 2. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Tod+des+Festlandkeltischen+und+die+Geburt+des+Franz%C3%B6sischen%2C+Niederl%C3%A4ndischen+und+Hochdeutschen&rft.btitle=Sprachtod+und+Sprachgeburt&rft.place=Bremen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=M%C3%BCnchner+Forschungen+zur+historischen+Sprachwissenschaft+2&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Schrijver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamarcqRogge199644-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamarcqRogge199644_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamarcqRogge1996">Lamarcq & Rogge 1996</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToorians2013">Toorians 2013</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003327-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003327_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997201-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997201_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003111-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003111_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1994">Lambert 1994</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, pp. 41–42; <a href="#CITEREFLindeman2007">Lindeman 2007</a>, p. 53; <a href="#CITEREFToorians2013">Toorians 2013</a>, pp. 114–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200341–42-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200341–42_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindeman200753-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindeman200753_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindeman2007">Lindeman 2007</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114–115-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToorians2013114–115_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToorians2013">Toorians 2013</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamarcqRogge199647-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamarcqRogge199647_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamarcqRogge1996">Lamarcq & Rogge 1996</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198513–14-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198513–14_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWightman1985">Wightman 1985</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200419,_50-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200419,_50_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymans2004">Roymans 2004</a>, pp. 19, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200450-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200450_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymans2004">Roymans 2004</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200419-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200419_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200419_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymans2004">Roymans 2004</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymans200421,_44-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymans200421,_44_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymans2004">Roymans 2004</a>, pp. 21, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaesar19175:27-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaesar19175:27_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaesar1917">Caesar 1917</a>, p. 5:27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>BG</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D38">V.38</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0001%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D39">V.39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>BG</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0001:book=6:chapter=5&highlight=eburones%2Ctreviri">VI.5</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBusse2006" class="citation book cs1">Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In Koch, John T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC"><i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belgae&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Busse&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelamarre2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Delamarre, Xavier</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3BKPgAACAAJ"><i>Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental</i></a> [<i>Dictionary of the Gallic language: A linguistic approach to continental Old Celtic</i>] (in French). Errance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782877723695" title="Special:BookSources/9782877723695"><bdi>9782877723695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+gauloise%3A+Une+approche+linguistique+du+vieux-celtique+continental&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9782877723695&rft.aulast=Delamarre&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3BKPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFalileyev2010" class="citation book cs1">Falileyev, Alexander (2010). <i>Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World</i>. CMCS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955718236" title="Special:BookSources/978-0955718236"><bdi>978-0955718236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Continental+Celtic+Place-names%3A+A+Celtic+Companion+to+the+Barrington+Atlas+of+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.pub=CMCS&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0955718236&rft.aulast=Falileyev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGysseling1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maurits_Gysseling" title="Maurits Gysseling">Gysseling, Maurits</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bouwstoffen.kantl.be/tw/facsimile/"><i>Toponymisch woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland vóór 1226</i></a> [<i>Toponymic dictionary of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Northern France and Western Germany before 1226</i>] (in Dutch). Belgisch Interuniversitair Centrum voor Neerlandistiek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponymisch+woordenboek+van+Belgi%C3%AB%2C+Nederland%2C+Luxemburg%2C+Noord-Frankrijk+en+West-Duitsland+v%C3%B3%C3%B3r+1226&rft.pub=Belgisch+Interuniversitair+Centrum+voor+Neerlandistiek&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Gysseling&rft.aufirst=Maurits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbouwstoffen.kantl.be%2Ftw%2Ffacsimile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinrichs2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heinrichs, Johannes (2008). "Die Eburonen, Oder: Die Kunst Des Überlebens" [The Eburones, or: The Art of Survival]. <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i> (in German). <b>164</b>: <span class="nowrap">203–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-5388">0084-5388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20476452">20476452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=Die+Eburonen%2C+Oder%3A+Die+Kunst+Des+%C3%9Cberlebens&rft.volume=164&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20476452%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0084-5388&rft.aulast=Heinrichs&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornung2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hornung, Sabine (2016). "Spuren eines Genozids? Das Schicksal der Eburonen aus archäologischer Sicht" [Traces of a genocide? The fate of the Eburones from an archaeological perspective]. <i>Siedlung und Bevölkerung in Ostgallien zwischen Gallischem Krieg und der Festigung der Römischen Herrschaft. Eine Studie auf Basis landschaftsarchäologischer Forschungen im Umfeld des Oppidums "Hunnenring" von Otzenhausen (Lkr. St. Wendel)</i> [<i>Settlement and population in Eastern Gaul between the Gallic War and the consolidation of Roman rule. A study based on landscape archaeological research in the area around the oppidum “Hunnenring” of Otzenhausen (district of St. Wendel)</i>] (in German). Philipp von Zabern. pp. <span class="nowrap">275–</span>318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spuren+eines+Genozids%3F+Das+Schicksal+der+Eburonen+aus+arch%C3%A4ologischer+Sicht&rft.btitle=Siedlung+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+Ostgallien+zwischen+Gallischem+Krieg+und+der+Festigung+der+R%C3%B6mischen+Herrschaft.+Eine+Studie+auf+Basis+landschaftsarch%C3%A4ologischer+Forschungen+im+Umfeld+des+Oppidums+%22Hunnenring%22+von+Otzenhausen+%28Lkr.+St.+Wendel%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.pub=Philipp+von+Zabern&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hornung&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamarcqRogge1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lamarcq, Danny; Rogge, Marc (1996). <i>De Taalgrens: Van de oude tot de nieuwe Belgen</i> [<i>The Language Border: From the Old to the New Belgians</i>] (in Dutch). Davidsfonds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Taalgrens%3A+Van+de+oude+tot+de+nieuwe+Belgen&rft.pub=Davidsfonds&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lamarcq&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Rogge%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Lambert" title="Pierre-Yves Lambert">Lambert, Pierre-Yves</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjMcAQAAIAAJ"><i>La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies</i></a> [<i>The Gallic language: linguistic description, commentary on selected inscriptions</i>] (in French). Errance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-089-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-089-2"><bdi>978-2-87772-089-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+gauloise%3A+description+linguistique%2C+commentaire+d%27inscriptions+choisies&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2-87772-089-2&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjMcAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindeman2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Otto_Lindeman" title="Fredrik Otto Lindeman">Lindeman, Fredrik O.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/zcph/55/1/article-p50.xml">"Gaulish ambiorix"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie</i> (in German). <b>55</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">50–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FZCPH.2007.50">10.1515/ZCPH.2007.50</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201097695">201097695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+celtische+Philologie&rft.atitle=Gaulish+ambiorix&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FZCPH.2007.50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201097695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lindeman&rft.aufirst=Fredrik+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fzcph%2F55%2F1%2Farticle-p50.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Matasović, Ranko</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YN_YPQAACAAJ"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004173361" title="Special:BookSources/9789004173361"><bdi>9789004173361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Celtic&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004173361&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYN_YPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neumann, Günter (1986). "Eburonen". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3X03vQEACAAJ"><i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA)</i></a> [<i>Real lexicon of Germanic archaeology</i>] (in German). Vol. 6 (2 ed.). Berlin/New York: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">348–</span>350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-010468-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-010468-7"><bdi>3-11-010468-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eburonen&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde+%28RGA%29&rft.place=Berlin%2FNew+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E348-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3-11-010468-7&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3X03vQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neumann, Günter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te3fDzkb3uAC&pg=PA107">"Germani cisrhenani — die Aussage der Namen"</a> [Germani cisrhenani — the meaning of the names]. In Beck, H.; Geuenich, D.; Steuer, H. (eds.). <i>Germanenprobleme in heutiger Sicht</i> [<i>Germanic problems from today's perspective</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110164381" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110164381"><bdi>978-3110164381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germani+cisrhenani+%E2%80%94+die+Aussage+der+Namen&rft.btitle=Germanenprobleme+in+heutiger+Sicht&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3110164381&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dte3fDzkb3uAC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNouwen1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nouwen, Robert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shclimburg.nl/sites/shclimburg.nl/files/maaslandse-monografieen/MM%2059%20def.pdf"><i>Tongeren en het land van de Tungri (31 v. Chr. - 284 n. Chr.)</i></a> [<i>Tongeren and the land of the Tungri (31 BC - 284 AD)</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch). Leeuwarden: Eisma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-74252-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-74252-71-0"><bdi>90-74252-71-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/782280709">782280709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tongeren+en+het+land+van+de+Tungri+%2831+v.+Chr.+-+284+n.+Chr.%29&rft.place=Leeuwarden&rft.pub=Eisma&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F782280709&rft.isbn=90-74252-71-0&rft.aulast=Nouwen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shclimburg.nl%2Fsites%2Fshclimburg.nl%2Ffiles%2Fmaaslandse-monografieen%2FMM%252059%2520def.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoymans2004" class="citation book cs1">Roymans, Nico (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWdZAQAAQBAJ"><i>Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-705-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-705-0"><bdi>978-90-5356-705-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+and+Imperial+Power%3A+The+Batavians+in+the+Early+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-705-0&rft.aulast=Roymans&rft.aufirst=Nico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWdZAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchön2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schön, Franz (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/eburones-e325700">"Eburones"</a>. <i>Brill's New Pauly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly&rft.atitle=Eburones&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6n&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fbrill-s-new-pauly%2Feburones-e325700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToorians2006" class="citation book cs1">Toorians, Lauran (2006). "Celts in the Low Countries". In Koch, John T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC"><i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1192–</span>1198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Celts+in+the+Low+Countries&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1192-%3C%2Fspan%3E1198&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Toorians&rft.aufirst=Lauran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToorians2013" class="citation book cs1">Toorians, Lauran (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33460316">"Aduatuca, 'place of the prophet'. The names of the Eburones as representatives of a Celtic language, with an excursus on Tungri"</a>. In Creemers, Guido (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4IclwEACAAJ"><i>Archaeological Contributions to Materials and Immateriality</i></a>. Gallo-Roman Museum of Tongeren. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-74605-61-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-74605-61-8"><bdi>978-90-74605-61-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aduatuca%2C+%27place+of+the+prophet%27.+The+names+of+the+Eburones+as+representatives+of+a+Celtic+language%2C+with+an+excursus+on+Tungri&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Contributions+to+Materials+and+Immateriality&rft.pub=Gallo-Roman+Museum+of+Tongeren&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-74605-61-8&rft.aulast=Toorians&rft.aufirst=Lauran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33460316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanderhoevenVanderhoeven2004" class="citation book cs1">Vanderhoeven, Alain; Vanderhoeven, Michel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zY4g1kfWvCMC&pg=PA143">"Confrontation in Archaeology: Aspects of Roman Military in Tongeren"</a>. In Vermeulen, Frank; Sas, Kathy; Dhaeze, Wouter (eds.). <i>Archaeology in Confrontation: Aspects of Roman Military Presence in the Northwest: Studies in Honour of Prof. Em. Hugo Thoen</i>. Academia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9038205786" title="Special:BookSources/978-9038205786"><bdi>978-9038205786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confrontation+in+Archaeology%3A+Aspects+of+Roman+Military+in+Tongeren&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+Confrontation%3A+Aspects+of+Roman+Military+Presence+in+the+Northwest%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Prof.+Em.+Hugo+Thoen&rft.pub=Academia+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9038205786&rft.aulast=Vanderhoeven&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Vanderhoeven%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzY4g1kfWvCMC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanvinckenroye2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vanvinckenroye, Willy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xul5nQp3rv8C&pg=PA63">"Über Atuatuca, Cäsar und Ambiorix"</a> [About Atuatuca, Caesar and Ambiorix]. In Lodewijckx, Marc (ed.). <i>Belgian Archaeology in a European Setting</i> (in German). Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058671677" title="Special:BookSources/9789058671677"><bdi>9789058671677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+Atuatuca%2C+C%C3%A4sar+und+Ambiorix&rft.btitle=Belgian+Archaeology+in+a+European+Setting&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789058671677&rft.aulast=Vanvinckenroye&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXul5nQp3rv8C%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Petrikovits1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Petrikovits, Harald (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te3fDzkb3uAC&pg=PA88">"Germani Cisrhenani"</a>. In Beck, H.; Geuenich, D.; Steuer, H. (eds.). <i>Germanenprobleme in heutiger Sicht</i> [<i>Germanic problems from today's perspective</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110164381" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110164381"><bdi>978-3110164381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germani+Cisrhenani&rft.btitle=Germanenprobleme+in+heutiger+Sicht&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3110164381&rft.aulast=von+Petrikovits&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dte3fDzkb3uAC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWightman1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Mary_Wightman" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Mary Wightman">Wightman, Edith M.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C"><i>Gallia Belgica</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05297-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05297-0"><bdi>978-0-520-05297-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallia+Belgica&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05297-0&rft.aulast=Wightman&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEyS54uSj88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaesar1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar, Julius</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL072/1917/volume.xml"><i>The Gallic War</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Edwards, H. J. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99080-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99080-7"><bdi>978-0-674-99080-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gallic+War&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99080-7&rft.aulast=Caesar&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2FLCL072%2F1917%2Fvolume.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCassius_Dio1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL037/1914/volume.xml"><i>Roman History</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Cary, Earnest; Foster, Herbert B. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99041-8"><bdi>978-0-674-99041-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99041-8&rft.au=Cassius+Dio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2FLCL037%2F1914%2Fvolume.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEburones" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Roymans, Nico, and Wim Dijkman. "The Gold and Silver Hoard of Maastricht-Amby." In Late Iron Age Gold Hoards from the Low Countries and the Caesarian Conquest of Northern Gaul, edited by Roymans Nico, Creemers Guido, and Scheers Simone, 171-214. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2012. doi:10.2307/j.ctt46n0nm.10.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eburones&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718200914/http://www.atuatuca.de/v2/infos/eburonen.php">A website on the Eburones</a> (largely in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413084303/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27701894">"Ancient Celtic coin cache found in Netherlands"</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> 13 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413084303/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27701894">Archived</a> 13 April 2021.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a> (ca. 387 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a> (189 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Transalpine_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Transalpine War">First Transalpine War</a> (125–121 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> (58–50 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> (50 BC–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sequani gold coin"><img alt="Sequani gold coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/70px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/105px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/140px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1977" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambactus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambactus (page does not exist)">Ambactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eubages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eubages (page does not exist)">Eubages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">Nemeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vātes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergobret" title="Vergobret">Vergobret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aresaces" title="Aresaces">Aresaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeracates" title="Caeracates">Caeracates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeroesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caeroesi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caletes" title="Caletes">Caletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catuslugi" title="Catuslugi">Catuslugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalauni" title="Catalauni">Catalauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meldi (page does not exist)">Meldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remi" title="Remi">Remi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanectes" title="Silvanectes">Silvanectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadicassii" title="Vadicassii">Vadicassii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliocasses" title="Veliocasses">Veliocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viromandui" title="Viromandui">Viromandui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Celtica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrincatui" title="Abrincatui">Abrincatui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambiliati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambiliati (page does not exist)">Ambiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedui" title="Aedui">Aedui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambarri" title="Ambarri">Ambarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andecavi" title="Andecavi">Andecavi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arouii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arouii (page does not exist)">Arouii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulerci" title="Aulerci">Aulerci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brannovices" title="Brannovices">Brannovices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulerci_Cenomani" title="Aulerci Cenomani">Cenomani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diablintes" title="Diablintes">Diablintes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eburovices" title="Eburovices">Eburovices</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodiocasses" title="Bodiocasses">Bodiocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi" title="Bituriges Cubi">Bituriges Cubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Vivisci" title="Bituriges Vivisci">Bituriges Vivisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadurci" title="Cadurci">Cadurci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnutes" title="Carnutes">Carnutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriosolites" title="Coriosolites">Coriosolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durocasses" title="Durocasses">Durocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esuvii" title="Esuvii">Esuvii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabali" title="Gabali">Gabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latobrigi" title="Latobrigi">Latobrigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovices" title="Lemovices">Lemovices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexovii" title="Lexovii">Lexovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingones" title="Lingones">Lingones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandubii" title="Mandubii">Mandubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namnetes" title="Namnetes">Namnetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitiobroges" title="Nitiobroges">Nitiobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osismii" title="Osismii">Osismii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocorii" title="Petrocorii">Petrocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictones" title="Pictones">Pictones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauraci" title="Rauraci">Rauraci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redones" title="Redones">Redones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni">Ruteni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagii (page does not exist)">Sagii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoni_(tribe)" title="Santoni (tribe)">Santoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segusiavi" title="Segusiavi">Segusiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigurini" title="Tigurini">Tigurini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricasses" title="Tricasses">Tricasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoni" title="Turoni">Turoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellavii" title="Vellavii">Vellavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venelli" title="Venelli">Venelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viducasses" title="Viducasses">Viducasses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agesinates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agesinates (page does not exist)">Agesinates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albici (page does not exist)">Albici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allobroges" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatilii" title="Anatilii">Anatilii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atacini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atacini (page does not exist)">Atacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatici" title="Avatici">Avatici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bormani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bormani (page does not exist)">Bormani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budenicenses" title="Budenicenses">Budenicenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camactulici" title="Camactulici">Camactulici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavari" title="Cavari">Cavari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenomani_(Narbonensis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cenomani (Narbonensis) (page does not exist)">Cenomani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comani_(tribe)" title="Comani (tribe)">Comani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexivates" title="Dexivates">Dexivates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvii" title="Helvii">Helvii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libicii_(Narbonensis)" title="Libicii (Narbonensis)">Libicii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligauni" title="Ligauni">Ligauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longostaletes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longostaletes (page does not exist)">Longostaletes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memini_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memini (tribe) (page does not exist)">Memini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchi" title="Nearchi">Nearchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybii" title="Oxybii">Oxybii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reii" title="Reii">Reii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyes" title="Salyes">Salyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segobrigii" title="Segobrigii">Segobrigii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovellauni" title="Segovellauni">Segovellauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelteri" title="Suelteri">Suelteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolosates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolosates">Tolosates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricastini" title="Tricastini">Tricastini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricores" title="Tricores">Tricores</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricorii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricorii (page does not exist)">Tricorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritolli" title="Tritolli">Tritolli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertamocorii_(Narbonensis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertamocorii (Narbonensis) (page does not exist)">Vertamocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verucini" title="Verucini">Verucini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocontii" title="Vocontii">Vocontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arecomici" title="Arecomici">Arecomici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgientes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulgientes (page does not exist)">Vulgientes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Alpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Alpina">Alpina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acitavones" title="Acitavones">Acitavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adanates" title="Adanates">Adanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adunicates" title="Adunicates">Adunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauni" title="Alauni">Alauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambidravi" title="Ambidravi">Ambidravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambilici" title="Ambilici">Ambilici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambisontes" title="Ambisontes">Ambisontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuniates" title="Aneuniates">Aneuniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausuciates" title="Ausuciates">Ausuciates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avantici" title="Avantici">Avantici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaci" title="Belaci">Belaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belouni" title="Belouni">Belouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benacenses" title="Benacenses">Benacenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergalei" title="Bergalei">Bergalei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodiontici" title="Bodiontici">Bodiontici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantii" title="Brigantii">Brigantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigianii" title="Brigianii">Brigianii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixentes" title="Brixentes">Brixentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calucones" title="Calucones">Calucones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenates" title="Catenates">Catenates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catubrini" title="Catubrini">Catubrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caturiges" title="Caturiges">Caturiges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceutrones" title="Ceutrones">Ceutrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosuanetes" title="Cosuanetes">Cosuanetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdinii" title="Ecdinii">Ecdinii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eguiturii" title="Eguiturii">Eguiturii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallitae" title="Gallitae">Gallitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genauni" title="Genauni">Genauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graioceli" title="Graioceli">Graioceli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iemerii" title="Iemerii">Iemerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingauni" title="Ingauni">Ingauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licates" title="Licates">Licates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulli" title="Medulli">Medulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantuates" title="Nantuates">Nantuates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemaloni" title="Nemaloni">Nemaloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeturii" title="Nemeturii">Nemeturii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quariates" title="Quariates">Quariates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucinates" title="Rucinates">Rucinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salassi" title="Salassi">Salassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savincates" title="Savincates">Savincates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaginni" title="Sebaginni">Sebaginni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduni" title="Seduni">Seduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovii" title="Segovii">Segovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segusini" title="Segusini">Segusini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentii" title="Sentii">Sentii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogionti" title="Sogionti">Sogionti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suanetes" title="Suanetes">Suanetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetrii" title="Suetrii">Suetrii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebavii" title="Tebavii">Tebavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triulatti" title="Triulatti">Triulatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucennii" title="Ucennii">Ucennii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vediantii" title="Vediantii">Vediantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velaunii" title="Velaunii">Velaunii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venisami" title="Venisami">Venisami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venostes" title="Venostes">Venostes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennones" title="Vennones">Vennones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veragri" title="Veragri">Veragri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergunni" title="Vergunni">Vergunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesubiani" title="Vesubiani">Vesubiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindelici" title="Vindelici">Vindelici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Cisalpina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anamares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anamares (page does not exist)">Anamares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anauni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anauni (page does not exist)">Anauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anesiates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anesiates (page does not exist)">Anesiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arusnates" title="Arusnates">Arusnates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagienni" title="Bagienni">Bagienni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boii_(Cisalpine_Gaul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boii (Cisalpine Gaul) (page does not exist)">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromanenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromanenses (page does not exist)">Bromanenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenomani_(Cisalpine_Gaul)" title="Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)">Cenomani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallianates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallianates (page does not exist)">Gallianates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennanates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gennanates (page does not exist)">Gennanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libicii_(Cisalpine_Gaul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libicii (Cisalpine Gaul) (page does not exist)">Libicii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(tribe)" title="Marici (tribe)">Marici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montunates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montunates (page does not exist)">Montunates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobii" title="Orobii">Orobii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subinates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subinates (page does not exist)">Subinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurini" title="Taurini">Taurini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertamocorii" title="Vertamocorii">Vertamocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Votodrones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Votodrones (page does not exist)">Votodrones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boii_(Aquitania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boii (Aquitania) (page does not exist)">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocosates" title="Cocosates">Cocosates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactorates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactorates (page does not exist)">Lactorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotiates" title="Sotiates">Sotiates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarusates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarusates (page does not exist)">Tarusates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasates_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasates (tribe) (page does not exist)">Vasates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anartes" title="Anartes">Anartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiates">Arabiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britolagai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britolagai (page does not exist)">Britolagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornacates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornacates">Cornacates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotini">Gotini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravisci" title="Eravisci">Eravisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercuniates" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercuniates">Hercuniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latobici" title="Latobici">Latobici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dindari" title="Dindari">Dindari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celegeri" title="Celegeri">Celegeri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Taurisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varciani" title="Varciani">Varciani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigosages" title="Aigosages">Aigosages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolistobogii" title="Tolistobogii">Tolistobogii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocmi" title="Trocmi">Trocmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Roman<br />settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alesia_(city)" title="Alesia (city)">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentomagus" title="Argentomagus">Argentomagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-M%C3%BCnsterh%C3%BCgel" title="Basel-Münsterhügel">Basel-Münsterhügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibracte" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibrax" title="Bibrax">Bibrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenabum" title="Cenabum">Cenabum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cularo" title="Cularo">Cularo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum_d%27Ens%C3%A9rune" title="Oppidum d'Ensérune">Ensérune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremont_(oppidum)" title="Entremont (oppidum)">Entremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergovia" title="Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magetobria" title="Magetobria">Magetobria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia">Noreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylis" title="Tylis">Tylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertillum" title="Vertillum">Vertillum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Part of:</i> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippe" title="Sippe">Sippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> 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