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id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Deng+Xiaoping" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Deng Xiaoping (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 邓小平;<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese statesman, revolutionary, and political theorist who served as the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> from 1978 to 1989. In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong's</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">death</a> in 1976, Deng succeeded in consolidating power to lead China through a period of <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a> that transformed its economy into a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a>. He is widely regarded as the "Architect of Modern China" for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011-8">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Deng Xiaoping</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>邓小平</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1078"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Deng during <a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" title="Visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">a visit to the United States</a> in 1979</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Advisory_Commission" title="Central Advisory Commission">Central Advisory Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 13 September 1982 – 2 November 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li>Zhao Ziyang (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Party Commission: 28 June 1981 – 9 November 1989</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li>Zhao Ziyang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Hu Yaobang</li> <li>Zhao Ziyang</li> <li>Jiang Zemin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">State Commission: 6 June 1983 – 19 March 1990</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 March 1978 – 17 June 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (until 1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Deng Xiansheng</div> (1904-08-22)22 August 1904 <a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a>, Sichuan, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 February 1997(1997-02-19) (aged 92) <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party of China</a> (from 1924)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Zhang Xiyuan (张锡瑗)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1928; died 1929)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_Weiying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin Weiying (page does not exist)">Jin Weiying</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%BB%B4%E6%98%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:金维映">zh</a>] (金维映)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931⁠–⁠1939)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Lin" title="Zhuo Lin">Zhuo Lin</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1939)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Pufang" title="Deng Pufang">Deng Pufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Nan" title="Deng Nan">Deng Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Rong" title="Deng Rong">Deng Rong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhuodi" title="Deng Zhuodi">Deng Zhuodi</a> (grandson)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Moscow Sun Yat-sen University">Moscow Sun Yat-sen University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deng Xiaoping's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg/124px-Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg/186px-Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg/248px-Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="331"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/">cpc.people.com.cn</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1929–1952, 1975–1980</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_Commissar" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Commissar">Political Commissar</a> (1929–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chief of the General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a> (1975–1976, 1977–1980)</li> <li>Chairman, Central Military Commission of China</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Chinese Red Army</li> <li>Eighth Route Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Field_Army" title="Second Field Army">Second Field Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army General Staff Department">People's Liberation Army General Staff Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:邓">邓</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:小">小</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:平">平</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:鄧">鄧</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:小">小</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:平">平</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dèng Xiǎopíng</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a> of China <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>← <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> →</li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Born in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, Deng first became interested in <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> while studying abroad in France in the 1920s. In 1924, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and continued his studies in Moscow. Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) and CCP, Deng worked in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a>, where he developed good relations with Mao. He served as a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and later helped to lead the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA) to victory in the civil war, participating in the PLA's capture of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. After the proclamation of the PRC in 1949, Deng held several key regional roles, eventually rising to <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">vice premier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP secretary-general</a> in the 1950s. He presided over economic reconstruction efforts and played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> from 1966, Deng was condemned as the party's "number two capitalist roader" after <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, and was purged twice by Mao. After Mao's death in 1976, Deng outmaneuvered his rivals to become the country's leader in 1978. Upon coming to power, Deng began a massive overhaul of China's infrastructure and political system. Due to the institutional disorder and political turmoil from the Mao era, he and his allies launched the <a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a> program which sought to restore order by rehabilitating those who were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. He also initiated a <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening up">reform and opening up</a> program that introduced elements of market capitalism to the Chinese economy by designating <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">special economic zones</a> within the country. In 1980, Deng embarked on a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms" title="History of the People's Republic of China">series of political reforms</a> including the setting constitutional term limits for state officials and other systematic revisions which were incorporated in <a href="/wiki/1982_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">the country's fourth constitution</a>. He later championed a <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a> to deal with China's perceived <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation crisis</a>, helped establish China's <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education#China" title="Compulsory education">nine-year compulsory education</a>, and oversaw the launch of the <a href="/wiki/863_Program" title="863 Program">863 Program</a> to promote science and technology. The reforms carried out by Deng and his allies gradually led China away from a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist dogma</a>, opened it up to foreign investments and technology, and introduced its vast labor force to the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_China" title="Globalization in China">global market</a>—thereby transforming China into one of the world's fastest-growing economies.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> During the course of his leadership, Deng was named the <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Person of the Year</a> for 1978 and 1985.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Despite his contributions to China's modernization, Deng's legacy is also marked by controversy. He ordered the military crackdown on the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>, which ended his political reforms and remains a subject of global criticism.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a> introduced in Deng's era also drew criticism. Nonetheless, his policies laid the foundation for China's emergence as a major global power.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_family">1 Early life and family</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Education_and_early_career">1.1 Education and early career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Return_to_China">1.2 Return to China</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Political_rise">2 Political rise</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Activism_in_Shanghai_and_Wuhan">2.1 Activism in Shanghai and Wuhan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Military_campaign_in_Guangxi">2.2 Military campaign in Guangxi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#At_the_Jiangxi_Soviet">2.3 At the Jiangxi Soviet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Long_March">2.4 Long March</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Japanese_invasion">2.5 Japanese invasion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Resumed_war_against_the_Nationalists">2.6 Resumed war against the Nationalists</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Political_career_under_Mao">3 Political career under Mao</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Local_leadership">3.1 Local leadership</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Political_rise_in_Beijing">3.2 Political rise in Beijing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Purged_twice">3.3 Purged twice</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Cultural_Revolution">3.3.1 Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#%22Criticize_Deng%22_campaign">3.3.2 "Criticize Deng" campaign</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Leadership_of_China_(1978-1989)">4 Leadership of China (1978-1989)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Paramount_leader">4.1 Paramount leader</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Boluan_Fanzheng">4.2 Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#International_affairs">4.3 International affairs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Reform_and_Opening-up">4.4 Reform and Opening-up</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Four_modernizations">4.4.1 Four modernizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Three_steps_to_economic_development">4.4.2 Three steps to economic development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Further_reforms">4.4.3 Further reforms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Export_focus">4.4.4 Export focus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Return_of_Hong_Kong_and_Macau">4.5 Return of Hong Kong and Macau</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Population_control_and_crime_control">4.6 Population control and crime control</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Crackdown_of_Tiananmen_Square_protests">4.7 Crackdown of Tiananmen Square protests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Resignation_and_1992_southern_tour">5 Resignation and 1992 southern tour</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Death">6 Death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Legacy">7 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Memorials">7.1 Memorials</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Assessment">7.2 Assessment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Works">8 Works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Explanatory_notes">10 Explanatory notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Citations">11.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#General_and_cited_sources">11.2 General and cited sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg/220px-Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="2035"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 320px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg/220px-Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="320" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg/330px-Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg/440px-Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping at age 16, studying in France (1921)</figcaption></figure> Deng's ancestors can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Meixian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Meixian District">Jiaying County</a> (now renamed as Meixian), <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Asiawind.com-14">[13]</a> a prominent ancestral area for the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka people</a>, and had settled in Sichuan for several generations.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Deng's daughter <a href="/wiki/Deng_Rong" title="Deng Rong">Deng Rong</a> wrote in the book My Father Deng Xiaoping (我的父亲邓小平) that his ancestry was probably, but not definitely, Hakka. Sichuan was originally the origin of the Deng lineage until one of them was hired as an official in Guangdong during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, but when the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> planned to increase the population in 1671, they moved back to Sichuan. Deng was born in <a href="/wiki/Guang%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Guang'an District">Guang'an District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a> on 22 August 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-Dai2009-16">[15]</a> Deng's father, Deng Wenming, was a mid-level landowner who had studied at the University of Law and Political Science in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, Sichuan. He was locally prominent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199711%E2%80%9312-17">[16]</a> His mother, surnamed Dan, died early in Deng's life, leaving Deng, his three brothers, and three sisters.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> At the age of five, Deng was sent to a traditional Chinese-style private primary school, followed by a more modern primary school at the age of seven. Deng's first wife, one of his schoolmates from Moscow, died aged 24 a few days after giving birth to their first child, a baby girl who also died. His second wife, Jin Weiying, left him after Deng came under political attack in 1933. His third wife, <a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Lin" title="Zhuo Lin">Zhuo Lin</a>, was the daughter of an industrialist in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. She became a member of the Communist Party in 1938, and married Deng a year later in front of Mao's cave dwelling in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>. They had five children: three daughters (Deng Lin, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Nan" title="Deng Nan">Deng Nan</a> and Deng Rong) and two sons (<a href="/wiki/Deng_Pufang" title="Deng Pufang">Deng Pufang</a> and Deng Zhifang). Deng quit smoking when he was 86.<a href="#cite_note-UPI_1991_e838-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_early_career">Education and early career</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and early career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_xxixian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deng_xxixian.jpg/170px-Deng_xxixian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="435"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 233px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deng_xxixian.jpg/170px-Deng_xxixian.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="233" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deng_xxixian.jpg/255px-Deng_xxixian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Deng_xxixian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng's name is spelled "Teng Xi Xien" on this employment card from the <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_SA" title="Hutchinson SA">Hutchinson</a> shoe factory in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lette-sur-Loing" title="Châlette-sur-Loing">Châlette-sur-Loing</a>, France, where he worked for eight months in 1922, and for another stint in 1923 where he was fired after one month, with the bottom note reading 'refused to work, do not take him back'</figcaption></figure> Deng's given name was Xiansheng (先圣). When Deng first attended school, his tutor objected to his having the given name Xiansheng calling him "Xixian" (希贤), which includes the characters "to aspire to" and "goodness", with overtones of wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In the summer of 1919, Deng graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> School. He and 80 schoolmates travelled by ship to France (travelling <a href="/wiki/Steerage_(deck)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steerage (deck)">steerage</a>) to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Diligent_Work-Frugal_Study_Movement" title="Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement">Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement</a>, a work-study program<a href="#cite_note-:10-22">[21]</a>: 37 in which 4,001 Chinese would participate by 1927. Deng, the youngest of all the Chinese students in the group, had just turned 15.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Wu Yuzhang, the local leader of the Movement in Chongqing, enrolled Deng and his paternal uncle, Deng Shaosheng, in the program. Deng's father strongly supported his son's participation in the work-study abroad program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel201118%E2%80%9320-24">[23]</a> The night before his departure, Deng's father took his son aside and asked him what he hoped to learn in France. He repeated the words he had learned from his teachers: "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China." Deng was aware that China was suffering greatly, and that the Chinese people must have a modern education to save their country.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> On 19 October 1920, a French <a href="/wiki/Packet_trade" title="Packet trade">packet ship</a>, the André Lebon, sailed into <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> with 210 Chinese students aboard including Deng. The sixteen-year-old Deng briefly attended middle schools in <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine">Châtillon</a>, but he spent most of his time in France working, including at a <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> factory and as a fitter at the <a href="/wiki/Le_Creusot" title="Le Creusot">Le Creusot</a> Iron and Steel Plant in <a href="/wiki/La_Garenne-Colombes" title="La Garenne-Colombes">La Garenne-Colombes</a>, a north-western suburb of Paris where he moved in April 1921.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Coincidentally, when Deng's later political fortunes were down and he was sent to work in a tractor factory in 1969 during the Cultural Revolution, he found himself a fitter again and proved to still be a master of the skill.<a href="#cite_note-sacu.org-27">[26]</a> In La Garenne-Colombes Deng met future CCP leaders <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> In June 1923 he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsov2015450-29">[28]</a> In the second half of 1924, he joined the Chinese Communist Party and became one of the leading members of the General Branch of the Youth League in Europe. In 1926 Deng traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> and studied at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Moscow Sun Yat-sen University">Moscow Sun Yat-sen University</a>, where one of his classmates was <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_China">Return to China</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return to China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In late 1927, Deng left Moscow to return to China, where he joined the army of <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a>, a military leader in northwest China, who had requested assistance from the Soviet Union in his struggle with other local leaders in the region. At that time, the Soviet Union, through the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>, an international organization supporting the Communist movements, supported the Communists' alliance with the Nationalists of the Kuomintang (KMT) party founded by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>. He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, the stronghold of Feng Yuxiang, in March 1927. He was part of the <a href="/wiki/Fengtian_clique" title="Fengtian clique">Fengtian clique</a>'s attempt to prevent the break of the alliance between the KMT and the Communists.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This split resulted in part from Chiang Kai-shek's forcing them to flee areas controlled by the KMT. After the breakup of the alliance between Communists and Nationalists, Feng Yuxiang stood on the side of Chiang Kai-shek, and the Communists who participated in their army, such as Deng Xiaoping, were forced to flee.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Political_rise">Political rise</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political rise" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Special:EditPage/Deng Xiaoping">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Although Deng got involved in the Marxist revolutionary movement in China, the historian Mobo Gao has argued that "Deng Xiaoping and many like him [in the Chinese Communist Party] were not really Marxists, but basically <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary nationalist">revolutionary nationalists</a> who wanted to see China standing on equal terms with the great global powers. They were primarily nationalists and they participated in the Communist revolution because that was the only viable route they could find to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism_in_Shanghai_and_Wuhan">Activism in Shanghai and Wuhan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Activism in Shanghai and Wuhan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After leaving the army of Feng Yuxiang in the northwest, Deng ended up in the city of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, where the Communists at that time had their headquarters. At that time, he began using the nickname "Xiaoping" and occupied prominent positions in the party apparatus. He participated in the historic emergency session on 7 August 1927 in which, by Soviet instruction, the Party dismissed its founder <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a> became the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a>. In Wuhan, Deng first established contact with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, who was then little valued by militant pro-Soviet leaders of the party. Between 1927 and 1929, Deng lived in Shanghai, where he helped organize protests that would be harshly persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> authorities. The death of many Communist militants in those years led to a decrease in the number of members of the Communist Party, which enabled Deng to quickly move up the ranks. Deng married Zhang Xiyuan, who died in 1930 during childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 38 The couple's daughter also died during her birth.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 38 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_campaign_in_Guangxi">Military campaign in Guangxi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military campaign in Guangxi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From 1929 to 1931, Deng served as the chief representative of the Central Committee in Guangxi, where he helped lead the <a href="/wiki/Baise_Uprising" title="Baise Uprising">Baise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longzhou_Uprising" title="Longzhou Uprising">Longzhou Uprisings</a>. Both at the time and later, Deng Xiaoping's leadership during the rebellion has come under serious criticism. He followed the "Li Lisan Line" that called for aggressive attacks on cities. In practice, this meant that the rural soviet in Guangxi was abandoned and that the Seventh Red Army under Deng's political leadership fought and lost several bloody battles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198883%E2%80%9384-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199766%E2%80%9367-34">[33]</a> Eventually, Deng and the other Communist leaders in Guangxi decided to retreat to Jiangxi to join Mao Zedong. However, after a costly march across rough terrain, Deng left the army leaderless without prior authorization to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198886%E2%80%9387-35">[34]</a> A Central Committee post-mortem in 1931 singled out Deng's behavior as an example of "rightist opportunism and a rich peasant line".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199766%E2%80%9367-34">[33]</a> In 1945, several former commanders of the Seventh Red Army spoke out against Deng for his actions during the uprising, although Mao Zedong protected Deng from any serious repercussions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman199434-36">[35]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> learned about the events of the Baise Uprising and accused Deng of desertion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198887-37">[36]</a> Deng admitted that leaving the army was one of the "worst mistakes of [his] life" and that "although this action was allowed by the party, it was politically horribly wrong."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeng1968-38">[37]</a> Modern historians and biographers tend to agree. Uli Franz calls leaving the army a "serious error".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198887-37">[36]</a> Benjamin Yang calls it a "tragic failure and dark period in [Deng's] political life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199770-39">[38]</a> On the other hand, Diana Lary places blame for the disaster more broadly on the "ineptitude" of both the local leaders and the CCP Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELary1974107-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_the_Jiangxi_Soviet">At the Jiangxi Soviet</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: At the Jiangxi Soviet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The campaigns against the Communists in the cities represented a setback for the party and in particular to the Comintern Soviet advisers, who saw the mobilization of the urban proletariat as the force for the advancement of communism. Contrary to the urban vision of the revolution, based on the Soviet experience, the Communist leader Mao Zedong saw the rural peasants as the revolutionary force in China. In a mountainous area of Jiangxi province, where Mao went to establish a communist system, there developed the embryo of a future state of China under communism, which adopted the official name of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> (CSR) and which included the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a>. In August 1931, Deng went to <a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a>, which became the capital of the CSR,<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 94 and became secretary of its Party Committee in the summer of 1931. In the winter of 1932, Deng went on to play the same position in the nearby district of <a href="/wiki/Huichang_County" title="Huichang County">Huichang</a>. In 1933 he became director of the propaganda department of the Provincial Party Committee in Jiangxi. As a supporter of Mao, Deng was criticized by elements of the Party which opposed Mao and was removed from his position in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 94 During Deng's 1933 political setbacks, his wife Jin Weiying deserted him for one of his political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 38 The CSR reached its peak in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-:06-41">[40]</a>: 1 The CSR had a central government as well as local and regional governments.<a href="#cite_note-:06-41">[40]</a>: 1 It operated institutions including an education system and court system.<a href="#cite_note-:06-41">[40]</a>: 1 The CSR also issued currency.<a href="#cite_note-:06-41">[40]</a>: 1 It governed a population which exceeded 3.4 million in an area of approximately 70,000 square kilometers (although the isolated soviets were never connected into one contiguous piece of territory).<a href="#cite_note-:06-41">[40]</a>: 1 The CSR was defeated by Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists, leading to the Long March. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_March">Long March</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Long March" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Special:EditPage/Deng Xiaoping">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg/170px-1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="457"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg/170px-1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg/255px-1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping in NRA uniform, 1937</figcaption></figure> Surrounded by the more powerful nationalist army, the Communists fled Jiangxi in October 1934. Thus began the epic movement that would mark a turning point in the development of Chinese communism. The evacuation was difficult because the Army of the nationalists had taken positions in all areas occupied by the Communists. Advancing through remote and mountainous terrain, some 100,000 men managed to escape Jiangxi, starting a long strategic retreat through the interior of China, which ended one year later when between 8,000 and 9,000 survivors reached the northern province of <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a> at the beginning of the Long March, the so-called 28 Bolsheviks, led by <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>, were ousted from power and Mao Zedong, to the dismay of the Soviet Union, became the new leader of the Chinese Communist Party. The pro-Soviet Chinese Communist Party had ended and a new rural-inspired party emerged under the leadership of Mao. Deng had once again become a leading figure in the party. The confrontation between the two parties was temporarily interrupted, however, by the Japanese invasion, forcing the Kuomintang to form an alliance for the second time with the Communists to defend the nation against external aggression. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_invasion">Japanese invasion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japanese invasion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The invasion of Japanese troops in 1937 marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. During the invasion, Deng remained in the area controlled by the Communists in the north, where he assumed the role of deputy political director of the three divisions of the restructured Communist army. From September 1937 until January 1938, he lived in Buddhist monasteries and temples in the <a href="/wiki/Wutai_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Wutai Mountains">Wutai Mountains</a>. In January 1938, he was appointed as Political Commissar of the 129th division of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a>, starting a long-lasting partnership with Liu. Deng stayed for most of the conflict with the Japanese in the war front in the area bordering the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, Henan and <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, then traveled several times to the city of <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, where Mao had established the basis for Communist Party leadership. While in Henan, he delivered the famous report, "The Victorious Situation of Leaping into the Central Plains and Future Policies and Strategies", at a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel Hall">Gospel Hall</a> where he lived for some time.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In one of his trips to Yan'an in 1939, he married, for the third and last time in his life, Zhuo Lin, a young native of <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, who, like other young idealists of the time, had traveled to Yan'an to join the Communists. Deng was considered a "revolutionary veteran" because of his participation in the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> He took a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a> which boosted his standing among his comrades.<a href="#cite_note-jac-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resumed_war_against_the_Nationalists">Resumed war against the Nationalists</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Resumed war against the Nationalists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liudeng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Liudeng.jpg/220px-Liudeng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="275"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Liudeng.jpg/220px-Liudeng.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Liudeng.jpg/330px-Liudeng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Liudeng.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng with <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> After Japan's defeat in World War II, Deng traveled to Chongqing, the city in which Chiang Kai-shek established his government during the Japanese invasion, to participate in peace talks between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. The results of those negotiations were not positive and military confrontation between the two antagonistic parties resumed shortly after the meeting in Chongqing. While Chiang Kai-shek re-established the government in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, the Communists were fighting for control in the field. Following up with guerrilla tactics from their positions in rural areas against cities under the control of the government of Chiang and their supply lines, the Communists were increasing the territory under their control, and incorporating more and more soldiers who had deserted the Nationalist army. Deng played a major part in the <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaihai Campaign">Huaihai Campaign</a> against the nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-jac-45">[44]</a> In the final phase of the war, Deng again exercised a key role as political leader and propaganda master as Political Commissar of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Field_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Field Army">2nd Field Army</a> commanded by Liu Bocheng where he was instrumental in the PLA's march into Tibet. He also participated in disseminating the ideas of Mao Zedong, which turned into the ideological foundation of the Communist Party. His political and ideological work, along with his status as a veteran of the Long March, placed him in a privileged position within the party to occupy positions of power after the Communist Party managed to defeat Chiang Kai-shek and founded the People's Republic of China. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping,_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg/220px-Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg/220px-Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg/330px-Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg/440px-Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping with <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> (middle) and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (right) (1949)</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Political_career_under_Mao">Political career under Mao</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political career under Mao" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_leadership">Local leadership</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local leadership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 1 October 1949, Deng attended the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a> in Beijing. At that time, the Communist Party controlled the entire north, but there were still parts of the south held by the Kuomintang regime. He became responsible for leading the pacification of southwest China, in his capacity as the first secretary of the Department of the Southwest. This organization had the task of managing the final takeover of that part of the country still held by the Kuomintang; <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> remained independent for another year. The Kuomintang government was being forced to leave <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton), and established Chongqing (Chungking) as a new provisional capital. There, Chiang Kai-shek and his son <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>, a former classmate of Deng in Moscow, wanted to stop the advance of the Communist Party forces. Under the political control of Deng, the Communist army took over Chongqing in late November 1949 and entered Chengdu, the last bastion of power of Chiang Kai-shek, a few days later. At that time Deng became mayor of Chongqing, while he simultaneously was the leader of the Communist Party in the southwest, where the Communist army, now proclaiming itself the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, suppressed resistance loyal to the old Kuomintang regime. In 1950, the Communist Party-ruled state also seized control over Tibet. In a 1951 speech to <a href="/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party">cadres</a> preparing to supervise campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Reform Movement (China)">land reform movement</a>, Deng instructed that while cadres should help peasants carry out nonviolent "speak reason struggle", they also had to remember that as a mass movement, land reform was not a time to be "refined and gentle".<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Expressing his view as a rhetorical question, Deng stated that while ideally no landlords would die in the process, "If some tightfisted landlords hang themselves, does that mean our policies are wrong? Are we responsible?"<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Deng Xiaoping would spend three years in Chongqing, the city where he had studied in his teenage years before going to France. In 1952 he moved to Beijing, where he occupied different positions in the central government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_rise_in_Beijing">Political rise in Beijing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political rise in Beijing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg/220px-Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1441"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg/220px-Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg/330px-Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg/440px-Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping (left) met with the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> (right) in 1954</figcaption></figure> In July 1952, Deng came to Beijing to assume the posts of Vice Premier and Deputy Chair of the Committee on Finance. Soon after, he took the posts of Minister of Finance and Director of the Office of Communications. In 1954, he was removed from all these positions, holding only the post of Vice Premier. In 1956, he became Head of the Communist Party's Organization Department and member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a>. After officially supporting Mao Zedong in his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a> of 1957, Deng acted as <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretary-General of the Secretariat</a> and ran the country's daily affairs with President <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> and Premier Zhou Enlai. Deng and Liu's policies emphasized economics over ideological dogma, an implicit departure from the mass fervor of the Great Leap Forward. Both Liu and Deng supported Mao in the mass campaigns of the 1950s, in which they attacked the bourgeois and capitalists, and promoted Mao's ideology.<a href="#cite_note-:3-48">[47]</a> However, the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> was seen as an indictment on Mao's ability to manage the economy. <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a> began openly criticizing Mao, while Liu and Deng maintained a more cautious tone, ultimately taking charge of economic policy as Mao ceased to be involved in the day-to-day affairs of the party and state. Mao agreed to cede the presidency (the de jure <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> position) to Liu, while retaining his leadership positions in the party and army. In 1955, he was considered as a candidate for the PLA rank of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the People's Republic of China">Marshal of the People's Republic of China</a> but he was ultimately not awarded the rank. At the <a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in 1956, Deng supported removing all references to "Mao Zedong Thought" from the party statutes.<a href="#cite_note-jac-45">[44]</a> In 1963, Deng traveled to Moscow to lead a meeting of the Chinese delegation with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s successor, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. Relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union had worsened since the death of Stalin. After this meeting, no agreement was reached and the <a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Soviet_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a> was consummated; there was an almost total suspension of relations between the two major communist powers of the time.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> After the "<a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a>" in 1962, Liu and Deng's economic reforms of the early 1960s were generally popular and restored many of the economic institutions previously dismantled during the Great Leap Forward.<a href="#cite_note-:3-48">[47]</a> Mao, sensing his loss of prestige, took action to regain control of the state. Appealing to his revolutionary spirit, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution, which encouraged the masses to root out the right-wing capitalists who had "infiltrated the party". Deng was ridiculed as the "number two <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">capitalist roader</a>".<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Deng was one of the primary drafters of the <a href="/wiki/Third_five-year_plan_(China)" title="Third five-year plan (China)">Third Five Year Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:05-51">[50]</a>: 29 In draft form, it emphasized a consumer focus and further development in China's more industrialized coastal cities.<a href="#cite_note-:05-51">[50]</a>: 7 When Mao argued for a massive campaign to develop basic and national security industry in China's interior as a <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a> in case of invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Deng was among the key leadership that did not support the idea.<a href="#cite_note-:05-51">[50]</a>: 7 Following increased concerns of attack from the United States after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a>, Deng and other key leadership ultimately supported the Third Front construction, and the focus of the Third Year Plan changed to industrialization of the interior.<a href="#cite_note-:05-51">[50]</a>: 7 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purged_twice">Purged twice</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Purged twice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_Revolution">Cultural Revolution</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural Revolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg/220px-Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="352"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg/220px-Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg/330px-Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping (left) with future president <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a> (center) and Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> in 1963</figcaption></figure> Mao feared that the <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> economic policies of Deng and Liu could lead to restoration of capitalism and end the Chinese Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-52">[51]</a> For this and other reasons, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which Deng fell out of favor and was forced to retire from all his positions. During the Cultural Revolution, he and his family were targeted by <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guards (China)">Red Guards</a>, who imprisoned Deng's eldest son, Deng Pufang. Deng Pufang was tortured and jumped out, or was thrown out, of the window of a four-story building in 1968, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Paraplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraplegic">paraplegic</a>. In October 1969 Deng Xiaoping was sent to the Xinjian County Tractor Factory in rural Jiangxi province to work as a regular worker.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a>: 466 He operated a lathe.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 94 In his four years there,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Deng spent his spare time writing. He was purged nationally, but to a lesser scale than President <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>. In 1971, Mao's second official successor and the sole Vice Chairman of the party, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">was killed in an air crash</a>. According to official reports, Lin was trying to flee from China after a failed coup against Mao. Mao purged all of Lin's allies, who made up nearly all of the senior ranks of the PLA, leaving Deng (who had been political commissar of the 2nd Field Army during the civil war) the most influential of the remaining army leaders.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-52">[51]</a> In the time that followed, Deng wrote to Mao twice to say that he had learned a lesson from the Lin Biao incident, admitted that he had "capitalist trends" and did not "hold high the great banner of Mao Zedong Thought", and expressed the hope that he could work for the Party to make up for his mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-Yan1996-55">[54]</a>: 454 Mao sought Deng to take over for Zhou Enlai, who was seriously ill.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 95 On 14 August 1972, Mao wrote that Deng had made serious mistakes, but noted that Deng had been politically attacked for supporting Mao in 1933 and had been loyal.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 95 In February 1973, Deng returned to Beijing, after Zhou brought him back from exile in order for Deng to focus on reconstructing the Chinese economy.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yan1996-55">[54]</a>: 455 Zhou was also able to convince Mao to bring Deng back into politics in October 1974 as <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">First Vice-Premier</a>, in practice running daily affairs.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> He remained careful, however, to avoid contradicting Maoist ideology on paper. In January 1975, he was additionally elected Vice Chairman of the party by the <a href="/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Central Committee</a> for the first time in his party career; <a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> had to resign in his favour. Deng was one of five Vice Chairmen, with Zhou being the First Vice Chairman. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping,_1975_A7598-20A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg/220px-Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3844"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg/220px-Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg/330px-Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg/440px-Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping (centre) with US president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (left), 1975</figcaption></figure> During his brief ascendency in 1973, Deng established the Political Research Office, headed by intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yu_Guangyuan" title="Yu Guangyuan">Yu Guangyuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Sheng" title="Hu Sheng">Hu Sheng</a>, delegated to explore approaches to political and economic reforms. He led the group himself and managed the project within the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>, in order to avoid rousing the suspicions of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>. In 1975, Deng sought to re-orient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> towards more theoretical research, which had not been a focus during the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:022-58">[57]</a>: 74 Deng described scientific research in China as lagging behind the needs of socialist construction and the state of the advanced countries, and stated that to catch up, China should emphasize <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic science</a> in order to develop a sound theoretical foundation.<a href="#cite_note-:022-58">[57]</a>: 74 Although this approach fell out of political favor when Deng was purged, Deng's approach to balancing <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied</a> and basic research was adopted as CAS's official policy in June 1977.<a href="#cite_note-:022-58">[57]</a>: 75 The Cultural Revolution was not yet over, and a radical leftist political group known as the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>, led by Mao's wife <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>, competed for power within the Party. The Gang saw Deng as their greatest challenge to power.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Mao, too, was suspicious that Deng would destroy the positive reputation of the Cultural Revolution, which Mao considered one of his greatest policy initiatives. Beginning in late 1975, Deng was asked to draw up a series of <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism-Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism-Leninism)">self-criticisms</a>. Although he admitted to having taken an "inappropriate ideological perspective" while dealing with state and party affairs, he was reluctant to admit that his policies were wrong in essence. His antagonism with the Gang of Four became increasingly clear, and Mao seemed to lean in the Gang's favour. Mao refused to accept Deng's self-criticisms and asked the party's Central Committee to "discuss Deng's mistakes thoroughly". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='"Criticize_Deng"_campaign'>"Criticize Deng" campaign</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=16" title='Edit section: "Criticize Deng" campaign' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_Right-Deviationist_Reversal-of-Verdicts_Trend" title="Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend">Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend</a></div> Zhou Enlai died in January 1976, to an outpouring of national grief.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 96 Zhou was a very important figure in Deng's political life, and his death eroded his remaining support within the Party's Central Committee. After Deng delivered Zhou's official eulogy at the state funeral,<a href="#cite_note-jac-45">[44]</a> the Gang of Four, with Mao's permission, began the "Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend" campaign. Hua Guofeng, not Deng, was selected to become Zhou's successor as Premier on 4 February 1976. On 2 February 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> issued a Top-Priority Directive, officially transferring Deng to work on "external affairs" and thus removing him from the party's power apparatus. Deng stayed at home for several months, awaiting his fate. The Political Research Office was promptly dissolved, and Deng's advisers such as Yu Guangyuan suspended. As a result, the political turmoil halted the economic progress Deng had labored for in the past year.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> On 3 March, Mao issued a directive reaffirming the legitimacy of the Cultural Revolution and specifically pointed to Deng as an internal, rather than external, problem. This was followed by a Central Committee directive issued to all local party organs to study Mao's directive and criticize Deng. Deng's reputation as a reformer suffered a severe blow when the <a href="/wiki/Qingming_Festival" title="Qingming Festival">Qingming Festival</a>, after the mass public mourning of Zhou on a traditional Chinese holiday, culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">Tiananmen Incident</a> on 5 April 1976, an event the Gang of Four deemed counter-revolutionary and threatening to their power.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 96 Furthermore, the Gang deemed Deng the mastermind behind the incident, and Mao himself wrote that "the nature of things has changed".<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Deng was removed from all party roles and moved to a house east to Tiananmen Square.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 97 As a result, On 6 April 1976 Premier Hua Guofeng was also appointed to Deng's position as Vice Chairman and at the same time received the vacant position of First Vice Chairman, which Zhou had held, making him Mao's fourth official successor. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Leadership_of_China_(1978-1989)">Leadership of China (1978-1989)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Leadership of China (1978-1989)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paramount_leader">Paramount leader</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paramount leader" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/220px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="2343"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/220px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/330px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/440px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> at the arrival ceremony of <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">Deng's visit to the US</a> (1979)</figcaption></figure> Following Mao's death on 9 September 1976 and the purge of the Gang of Four in October 1976, Premier <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> succeeded as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and gradually emerged as the de facto leader of China. Prior to Mao's death, the only governmental position Deng held was that of First Vice Premier of the State Council,<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> but Hua Guofeng wanted to rid the Party of extremists and successfully marginalised the Gang of Four. On 22 July 1977, Deng was restored to the posts of vice-chairman of the Central Committee, Vice-chairman of the Military Commission and Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> By carefully mobilizing his supporters within the party, Deng outmaneuvered Hua, who had pardoned him, then ousted Hua from his top leadership positions by 1980. In contrast to previous leadership changes, Deng allowed Hua to retain membership in the Central Committee and quietly retire, helping to set the precedent that losing a high-level leadership struggle would not result in physical harm. During his paramount leadership, his official state positions were <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> from 1978 to 1983 and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a> (an ad hoc body comprising the most senior members of the party elite) of the People's Republic of China from 1983 to 1990, while his official party positions were <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> from 1977 to 1982, Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party from 1981 to 1989 and Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Advisory_Commission" title="Central Advisory Commission">Central Advisory Commission</a> from 1982 to 1987. He was offered the rank of General First Class in 1988 when the PLA restored military ranks, but as in 1955, he once again declined. Even after retiring from the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in 1987 and the Central Military Commission in 1989, Deng continued to exert influence over China's policies until his death in 1997. Important decisions were always taken in Deng's home at No. 11 Miliangku Hutong with a caucus of eight senior party cadres, called "<a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a>", especially with <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> and Li Xiannian.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Despite Deng's recognition as paramount leader, in practice these elders governed China as a small collective leadership.<a href="#cite_note-:26-66">[65]</a>: 78 Deng ruled as "paramount leader" although he never held the top title of the party, and was able to successively remove three party leaders, including Hu Yaobang.<a href="#cite_note-scmp20120420xiang-67">[66]</a> Deng stepped down from the Central Committee and its Politburo Standing Committee. However, he remained as the chairman of the State and Party's Central Military Commission and was still seen as the paramount leader of China rather than General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> and Presidents Li Xiannian and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boluan_Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Boluan Fanzheng" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></div> Deng repudiated the Cultural Revolution and, in 1977, launched the "<a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a>", which allowed open criticism of the excesses and suffering that had occurred during the period, and restored the <a href="/wiki/National_College_Entrance_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="National College Entrance Examination">National College Entrance Examination</a> (Gao Kao) which was cancelled for ten years during the Cultural Revolution. Meanwhile, he was the impetus for the abolition of the class background system. Under this system, the CCP removed employment barriers to Chinese deemed to be associated with the former landlord class; its removal allowed a faction favoring the restoration of the private market to enter the Communist Party. Deng gradually outmaneuvered his political opponents. By encouraging public criticism of the Cultural Revolution, he weakened the position of those who owed their political positions to that event, while strengthening the position of those like himself who had been purged during that time. Deng also received a great deal of popular support. As Deng gradually consolidated control over the CCP, Hua was replaced by Zhao Ziyang as premier in 1980, and by <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> as party chairman in 1981, despite the fact that Hua was Mao Zedong's designated successor as the "paramount leader" of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China. During the Boluan Fanzheng period, the Cultural Revolution was invalidated, and victims of more than 3 million "unjust, false, wrongful cases" by 1976 were officially rehabilitated.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Deng's elevation to China's new number-one figure meant that the historical and ideological questions around Mao Zedong had to be addressed properly. Because Deng wished to pursue deep reforms, it was not possible for him to continue Mao's hard-line "class struggle" policies and mass public campaigns. In 1982 the Central Committee of the Communist Party released a document entitled <a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China">Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China</a>. Mao retained his status as a "great Marxist, proletarian revolutionary, militarist, and general", and the undisputed founder and pioneer of the country and the People's Liberation Army. "His accomplishments must be considered before his mistakes", the document declared. Deng personally commented that Mao was "seven parts good, three parts bad". The document also steered the prime responsibility of the Cultural Revolution away from Mao (although it did state that "Mao mistakenly began the Cultural Revolution") to the "counter-revolutionary cliques" of the Gang of Four and Lin Biao. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_affairs">International affairs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International affairs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg/220px-Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="2300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg/220px-Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg/330px-Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg/440px-Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping (left) and his wife Zhuo Lin (right) are briefed by <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> director <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher C. Kraft">Christopher C. Kraft</a> (extreme right)</figcaption></figure>Deng prioritized China's modernization and opening up to the outside world, stating that China's "strategy in foreign affairs is to seek a peaceful environment" for the <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[68]</a> Under Deng's leadership, China opened up to the outside world, to learn from more advanced countries.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[68]</a> Deng developed the principle that in foreign affairs, China should keep a low-profile and bide its time.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[68]</a> He continued to seek an independent position between the United States and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[68]</a> Although Deng retained control over key national security decisions, he also delegated power to bureaucrats in routine matters, ratifying consensus decisions and stepping in if a bureaucratic consensus could not be reached.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[68]</a> In contrast to the Mao-era, Deng involved more parties in foreign policy decision-making, decentralizing the foreign policy bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-:04-70">[69]</a> This decentralized approach led to consideration of a number of interests and views, but also fragmentation of policy institutions and extensive bargaining between different bureaucratic units during the policy-making process.<a href="#cite_note-:04-70">[69]</a> In November 1978, after the country had stabilized following political turmoil, Deng visited <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore and met with Singapore's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>. Deng was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, advice that according to Lee, Deng later followed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In late 1978, the aerospace company <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> announced the sale of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">747 aircraft</a> to various airlines in the PRC, and the beverage company <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola</a> made public their intention to open a production plant in Shanghai.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 1 January 1979, the United States recognized the People's Republic of China, leaving the (Taiwan) Republic of China's nationalist government to one side, and business contacts between China and the West began to grow.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In early 1979, Deng undertook an <a href="/wiki/1979_visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">official visit to the United States</a>, meeting President Jimmy Carter in Washington as well as several Congressmen. The Chinese insisted that former President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> be invited to the formal White House reception, a symbolic indication of their assertiveness on the one hand, and their desire to continue with the Nixon initiatives on the other. As part of the discussions with Carter, Deng sought United States approval for China's contemplated invasion of Vietnam in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-74">[73]</a> According to United States National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, Carter reserved judgment, an action which Chinese diplomats interpreted as tacit approval, and China launched the invasion shortly after Deng's return.<a href="#cite_note-:33-74">[73]</a> During the visit, Deng visited the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, as well as the headquarters of Coca-Cola and Boeing in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, respectively. With these visits so significant, Deng made it clear that the new Chinese regime's priorities were economic and technological development.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Deng took personal charge of the final negotiations with the United States on normalizing foreign relations between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-:8-75">[74]</a> In response to criticism from within the Party regarding his United States policy, Deng wrote, "I am presiding over the work on the United States. If there are problems, I take full responsibility."<a href="#cite_note-:8-75">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China–Japan relations">Sino-Japanese relations</a> improved significantly.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Deng used Japan as an example of a rapidly progressing power that set a good example for China economically.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Deng initially continued to adhere to the Maoist line of the <a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Soviet_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a> era that the Soviet Union was a superpower as "hegemonic" as the United States, but even more threatening to China because of its close proximity.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Relations with the Soviet Union improved after <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> took over the Kremlin in 1985, and formal relations between the two countries were finally restored at the <a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">1989 Sino-Soviet Summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Deng responded to the Western sanctions following the Tiananmen Square protests by adopting the "twenty-four character guidelines" for China's international affairs: observe carefully (冷静观察), secure China's positions (稳住阵脚), calmly cope with the challenges (沉着应付), hide China's capacities and bide its time (韬光养晦), be good at maintaining a low profile (善于守拙), and never claim leadership (绝不当头).<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The end of the Cold War and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> removed the original motives underlying rapprochement between China and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:7-81">[80]</a> Deng was motivated by concerns that the United States might curtail support for China's modernization, and adopted a low-profile foreign policy to live with the fact of United States hegemony and focus primarily on domestic development.<a href="#cite_note-:7-81">[80]</a> In this period of its foreign policy, China focused on building good relations with its neighbors and actively participating in multi-lateral institutions.<a href="#cite_note-:7-81">[80]</a> As academic <a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Suisheng Zhao</a> writes in evaluating Deng's foreign policy legacy, "Deng's developmental diplomacy helped create a favorable external environment for China's rise in the twenty-first century. His hand-picked successors, Jiang Zemin and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, faithfully followed his course."<a href="#cite_note-:7-81">[80]</a> In 1990 when he met Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> he stated "The key principle governing the new international order should be noninterference in other countries’ internal affairs and social systems. It won't work to require all the countries in the world to copy the patterns set by the United States, Britain and France."<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Deng championed the <a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a> stating that they should be used as the "guiding norms of international relations".<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_and_Opening-up">Reform and Opening-up</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reform and Opening-up" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></div>At the outset of China's reform and opening up, Deng set out the <a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a> that had to be maintained in the process: (1) the leadership of the Communist Party, (2) the socialist road, (3) Marxism, and (4) the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Overall, reform proceeded gradually, with Deng delegating specific issues to proteges such as Hu Yaobang or Zhao Ziyang, who in turn addressed them under the guiding principle of "seeking truth from facts" - meaning that the correctness of an approach had to be gauged by its economic results.<a href="#cite_note-:26-66">[65]</a> Deng described reform and opening up as a "large scale experiment" requiring thorough "experimentation in practice" instead of textbook knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-:42-85">[84]</a>: 65 In Deng's view, socialism could not be considered superior to capitalism unless it improved the lives of the people in material ways.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: xiv During Reform and Opening-up, he criticized those he deemed as the ideologues of the Cultural Revolution for seeking "poor socialism" and "poor communism" and believing that communism was a "spiritual thing".<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: xiv In 1979, Deng stated, "Socialism cannot endure if it remains poor. If we want to uphold Marxism and socialism in the international class struggle, we have to demonstrate that the Marxist system of thought is superior to all others, and that the socialist system is superior to capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: xvi <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four_modernizations">Four modernizations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Four modernizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></div> Deng quoted the old proverb "it doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, if it catches mice it is a good cat", which summarizes his pragmatic "<a href="/wiki/Cat_theory_(Deng_Xiaoping)" title="Cat theory (Deng Xiaoping)">cat theory</a>". The point was that capitalistic methods worked.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Deng worked with his team, especially as Zhao Ziyang, who in 1980 replaced Hua Guofeng as premier, and Hu Yaobang, who in 1981 did the same with the post of party chairman. Deng thus took the reins of power and began to emphasize the goals of "four modernizations" (economy, agriculture, scientific and technological development and national defense). He announced an ambitious plan of opening and liberalizing the economy.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The last position of power retained by Hua Guofeng, chairman of the Central Military Commission, was taken by Deng in 1981. However, progress toward military modernization went slowly. A <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">border war</a> with Vietnam in 1977–1979 made major changes unwise. The war puzzled outside observers, but Xiaoming Zhang argues that Deng had multiple goals: stopping Soviet expansion in the region, obtain American support for his four modernizations, and mobilizing China for reform and integration into the world economy. Deng also sought to strengthen his control of the PLA, and demonstrate to the world that China was capable of fighting a real war. Zhang thinks punishment of Vietnam for its invasion of Cambodia was a minor factor.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In the event, the Chinese forces did poorly, in terms of equipment, strategy, leadership, and battlefield performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011526%E2%80%93535-89">[88]</a> Deng subsequently used the PLA's poor performance to overcome resistance by military leaders to his military reforms.<a href="#cite_note-:05-51">[50]</a>: 230 China's primary military threat came from the Soviet Union, which was much more powerful despite having fewer soldiers, owing to its more advanced weapons technology. In March 1981, Deng deemed a <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercise</a> necessary for the PLA, and in September, the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Military_Exercise" title="North China Military Exercise">North China Military Exercise</a> took place, becoming the largest exercise conducted by the PLA since the founding of the People's Republic. Moreover, Deng initiated the <a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">modernization of the PLA</a> and decided that China first had to develop an advanced civilian scientific infrastructure before it could hope to build modern weapons. He therefore concentrated on downsizing the military, cutting 1 million troops in 1985 (百万大裁军),<a href="#cite_note-:02-90">[89]</a> retiring the elderly and corrupt senior officers and their cronies. He emphasized the recruitment of much better educated young men who would be able to handle the advanced technology when it finally arrived. Instead of patronage and corruption in the officer corps, he imposed strict discipline in all ranks. In 1982 he established a new Commission for Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense to plan for using technology developed in the civilian sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011535%E2%80%93552-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_steps_to_economic_development">Three steps to economic development</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Three steps to economic development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1986, Deng explained to <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace" title="Mike Wallace">Mike Wallace</a> on <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> that some people and regions could become prosperous first in order to bring about common prosperity faster.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In October 1987, at the Plenary Session of the National People's Congress, Deng was re-elected as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)">Central Military Commission</a>, but he resigned as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Advisory_Commission" title="Central Advisory Commission">Central Advisory Commission</a> and was succeeded by Chen Yun. Deng continued to chair and develop the reform and opening up as the main policy, and he advanced the three steps suitable for China's economic development strategy within seventy years: the first step, to double the 1980 GNP and ensure that the people have enough food and clothing, was attained by the end of the 1980s; the second step, to quadruple the 1980 GNP by the end of the 20th century, was achieved in 1995 ahead of schedule; the third step, to increase per capita GNP to the level of the medium-developed countries by 2050, at which point, the Chinese people will be fairly well-off and modernization will be basically realized.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_reforms">Further reforms</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reforms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China § Political reforms</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Special:EditPage/Deng Xiaoping">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Improving relations with the outside world was the second of two important philosophical shifts outlined in Deng's program of reform termed Gaige Kaifang (lit. Reforms and Openness). China's domestic social, political, and most notably, economic systems would undergo significant changes during Deng's time. The goals of Deng's reforms were summed up by the <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a>, those of agriculture, industry, science and technology, and the military. The strategy for achieving these aims of becoming a modern, industrial nation was the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a>. Deng argued that China was in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">primary stage of socialism</a> and that the duty of the party was to perfect so-called "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>",<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-jac-45">[44]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts" title="Seek truth from facts">seek truth from facts</a>". (This somewhat resembles the Leninist theoretical justification of the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP) in the 1920s, which argued that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had not gone deeply enough into the capitalist phase and therefore needed limited capitalism in order to fully evolve its means of production.) The "socialism with Chinese characteristics" settles a benign structure for the implementation of ethnic policy and forming a unique method of ethnic theory.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Deng's economic policy prioritized developing China's <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-97">[96]</a> In Deng's view, this development "is the most fundamental revolution from the viewpoint of historical development[,]" and "[p]oor socialism" is not socialism.<a href="#cite_note-:9-97">[96]</a> His theoretical justification for allowing market forces was: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The proportion of planning to market forces is not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not equivalent to socialism, because there is planning under capitalism too; a market economy is not capitalism, because there are markets under socialism too. Planning and market forces are both means of controlling economic activity. The essence of socialism is liberation and development of the productive forces, elimination of exploitation and polarisation, and the ultimate achievement of prosperity for all. This concept must be made clear to the people.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></blockquote> Unlike Hua Guofeng, Deng believed that no policy should be rejected outright simply because it was not associated with Mao. Unlike more conservative leaders such as Chen Yun, Deng did not object to policies on the grounds that they were similar to ones that were found in capitalist nations. This political flexibility towards the foundations of socialism is strongly supported by quotes such as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We mustn't fear to adopt the advanced management methods applied in capitalist countries ... The very essence of socialism is the liberation and development of the productive systems ... Socialism and market economy are not incompatible ... We should be concerned about right-wing deviations, but most of all, we must be concerned about left-wing deviations.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</blockquote> Although Deng provided the theoretical background and the political support to allow economic reform to occur, the general consensus amongst historians is that few of the economic reforms that Deng introduced were originated by Deng himself. Premier Zhou Enlai, for example, pioneered the Four Modernizations years before Deng. In addition, many reforms would be introduced by local leaders, often not sanctioned by central government directives. If successful and promising, these reforms would be adopted by larger and larger areas and ultimately introduced nationally. An often cited example is the <a href="/wiki/Household_responsibility_system" title="Household responsibility system">household responsibility system</a>, which was first secretly implemented by a poor rural village at the risk of being convicted as "counter-revolutionary". This experiment proved very successful.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Deng openly supported it and it was later adopted nationally. Many other reforms were influenced by the experiences of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">East Asian Tigers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This was in sharp contrast to the pattern of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, in which most major reforms originated with Gorbachev himself. The bottom-up approach of Deng's reforms, in contrast to the top-down approach of perestroika, was likely a key factor in the success of the former.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Deng's reforms actually included the introduction of planned, centralized management of the macro-economy by technically proficient bureaucrats, abandoning Mao's mass campaign style of economic construction. However, unlike the Soviet model, management was indirect through market mechanisms. Deng sustained Mao's legacy to the extent that he stressed the primacy of agricultural output and encouraged a significant decentralization of decision making in the rural economy teams and individual peasant households. At the local level, material incentives, rather than political appeals, were to be used to motivate the labor force, including allowing peasants to earn extra income by selling the produce of their private plots at free market value. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Export_focus">Export focus</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Export focus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the move toward market allocation, local municipalities and provinces were allowed to invest in industries that they considered most profitable, which encouraged investment in light manufacturing. Thus, Deng's reforms shifted China's development strategy to an emphasis on light industry and <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-led growth</a>. Light industrial output was vital for a developing country coming from a low capital base. With the short gestation period, low capital requirements, and high foreign-exchange export earnings, revenues generated by light manufacturing were able to be reinvested in technologically more advanced production and further capital expenditures and investments.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, in sharp contrast to the similar, but much less successful reforms in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">People's Republic of Hungary</a>, these investments were not government mandated. The capital invested in heavy industry largely came from the banking system, and most of that capital came from consumer deposits. One of the first items of the Deng reforms was to prevent reallocation of profits except through taxation or through the banking system; hence, the reallocation in state-owned industries was somewhat indirect, thus making them more or less independent from government interference. In short, Deng's reforms sparked an industrial revolution in China.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> These reforms were a reversal of the Maoist policy of economic self-reliance. China decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West. In October 1978, to exchange the instruments of ratification for the "Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China", Deng Xiaoping visited Japan for the first time and was warmly received by Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda and others. Deng Xiaoping was only Vice Premier during the time of his meetings with Japanese officials, but the Japanese government received Deng as the effective paramount leader of China due to his long history with the CCP, nonetheless. Deng was deemed the first Chinese leader to receive an audience in addition to Japanese Emperor Showa. A news article from NHK Japan in 1978 reported that Deng diplomatically stated "we talked about our past, but His Majesty's focus on building a better future is something I noticed." Deng’s statement suggests the new era of China’s political reform through foreign economic diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China is an ongoing pact between the two nations to this day. Article 1 of the treaty describes mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, and mutual non-interference in internal affairs. Article 2 proclaims anti-hegemony. Article 3 discusses the further development of economic and cultural relations between the two countries, and Article 4 addresses the relationship of this treaty with third countries. Although it took six years from the restoration of diplomatic relations for the peace treaty negotiations to be concluded as the "anti-hegemony" clause and the "third country" clause were considered the most contentious, the agreement still informs much of contemporary Sino-Japanese relations.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> By participating in such export-led growth, China was able to step up the Four Modernizations by attaining certain foreign funds, market, advanced technologies and management experiences, thus accelerating its economic development. From 1980, Deng attracted foreign companies to a series of <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China">Special Economic Zones</a>, where foreign investment and market liberalization were encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The reforms sought to improve labor productivity. New material incentives and bonus systems were introduced. Rural markets selling peasants' homegrown products and the surplus products of communes were revived. Not only did rural markets increase agricultural output, they stimulated industrial development as well. With peasants able to sell surplus agricultural yields on the open market, domestic consumption stimulated industrialization as well and also created political support for more difficult economic reforms.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are some parallels between Deng's <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a> especially in the early stages, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s NEP as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>'s economic policies, in that both foresaw a role for private entrepreneurs and markets based on trade and pricing rather than central planning. As academics <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Christopher Marquis</a> and Kunyuan Qiao observe, Deng had been present in the Soviet Union when Lenin implemented the NEP, and it is reasonable to infer that it may have impacted Deng's view that markets could exist within socialism.<a href="#cite_note-:10-22">[21]</a>: 254 In first meeting between Deng and <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a>, Deng pressed the industrialist and former investor in Lenin's Soviet Union for as much information on the <a href="/wiki/New_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="New economic policy">new economic policy</a> as possible. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_of_Hong_Kong_and_Macau">Return of Hong Kong and Macau</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Return of Hong Kong and Macau" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG/220px-Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG/220px-Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG/330px-Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG/440px-Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A model reconstruction of Deng Xiaoping's 1984 meeting with UK Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, Shenzhen</figcaption></figure> From 1980 onwards, Deng led the expansion of the economy, and in political terms took over negotiations with the United Kingdom to <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">return Hong Kong</a>, meeting personally with then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>. Thatcher had participated in the meetings with the hopes of keeping British rule over Hong Kong Island and Kowloon—two of the three constituent territories of the colony—but this was firmly rejected by Deng.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The result of these negotiations was the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>, signed on 19 December 1984, which formally outlined the United Kingdom's return of the whole Hong Kong colony to China by 1997. The Chinese government pledged to respect the economic system and civil liberties of the British colony for fifty years after the handover.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Deng's theory of <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a> applied to Hong Kong and Macau and Deng intended to also present it as an attractive option to the people of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> for eventual incorporation of that island, where sovereignty over the territory is still disputed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In 1982, Deng first explained the concept of one country, two systems in relation to Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a>: 231 Deng's statements during the 1987 drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a> showed his view of the principle in the Hong Kong context.<a href="#cite_note-:042-113">[112]</a>: 176 At that time, Deng stated that the central government would not intervene in the daily business of Hong Kong, but predicted Hong Kong would sometimes have issues affecting national interests that would require the central government's involvement.<a href="#cite_note-:042-113">[112]</a>: 178–179 Deng said, "after 1997, we shall still allow people in Hong Kong to attack the Communist Party of China and China verbally, but what if the words were turned into action, trying to convert Hong Kong into a base of opposition to the Chinese mainland under the pretext of 'democracy'? Then there’s no choice but intervention."<a href="#cite_note-china.org.cn_1987_i438-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF01_2022_z800-115">[114]</a> In June 1988, Deng stated that "Hong Kong's political system today is neither the British system nor the American system, and it should not transplant the Western ways in the future."<a href="#cite_note-:042-113">[112]</a>: 179 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_control_and_crime_control">Population control and crime control</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Population control and crime control" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Family planning policy">Family planning policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title='1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign'>1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign</a></div> China's rapid economic growth presented several problems. The 1982 census revealed the extraordinary growth of the population, which already exceeded a billion people. Deng continued the plans initiated by Hua Guofeng to <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">restrict birth to only one child</a>, limiting women to one child under pain of administrative penalty.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The policy applied to urban areas, and included forced abortions.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In August 1983, Deng launched the <a href="/wiki/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title='1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign'>"Strike hard" Anti-crime Campaign</a> due to the worsening public safety after the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:03-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[119]</a> It was reported that the government set quotas for 5,000 executions by mid-November, and sources in Taiwan claimed that as many as 60,000 people were executed in that time,<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> although more recent estimates have placed the number at 24,000 who were <a href="/wiki/Sentenced_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentenced to death">sentenced to death</a> (mostly in the first "battle" of the campaign).<a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> A number of people arrested (some even received <a href="/wiki/Death-penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-penalty">death penalty</a>) were children or relatives of government officials at various levels, including the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, demonstrating the principle of "<a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">all are equal before the law</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:4-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-123">[122]</a> The campaign had an immediate positive effect on public safety, while controversies also arose such as whether some of the legal punishments were too harsh and whether the campaign had long-term positive effect on public safety.<a href="#cite_note-:6-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-124">[123]</a> Increasing economic freedom was being translated into a greater freedom of opinion, and critics began to arise within the system, including the famous dissident <a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a>, who coined the term "fifth modernization" in reference to democracy as a missing element in the renewal plans of Deng Xiaoping. In the late 1980s, dissatisfaction with the authoritarian regime and growing inequalities caused the biggest crisis to Deng's leadership. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crackdown_of_Tiananmen_Square_protests">Crackdown of Tiananmen Square protests</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Crackdown of Tiananmen Square protests" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></div> The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, culminating in the June Fourth Massacre, were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in the People's Republic of China (PRC) between 15 April and 5 June 1989, a year in which many other <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">communist governments collapsed</a>. The protests were sparked by the death of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>, a reformist official backed by Deng but ousted by the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a> and the conservative wing of the politburo. Many people were dissatisfied with the party's slow response and relatively subdued funeral arrangements. Public mourning began on the streets of Beijing and universities in the surrounding areas. In Beijing, this was centered on the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_People%27s_Heroes" title="Monument to the People's Heroes">Monument to the People's Heroes</a> in Tiananmen Square. The mourning became a public conduit for anger against perceived nepotism in the government, the unfair dismissal and early death of Hu, and the behind-the-scenes role of the "old men". By the eve of Hu's funeral, the demonstration had reached 100,000 people on Tiananmen Square. While the protests lacked a unified cause or leadership, participants raised the issue of corruption within the government and some voiced calls for economic liberalization<a href="#cite_note-nathan-125">[124]</a> and democratic reform<a href="#cite_note-nathan-125">[124]</a> within the structure of the government while others called for a less authoritarian and less centralized form of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> During the demonstrations, Deng's pro-market ally General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> supported the demonstrators and distanced himself from the Politburo. Martial law was declared on 20 May by the socialist hardliner, Chinese premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests#Attempt_to_enforce_martial_law_on_May_20%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests">initial military advance on the city</a> was blocked by residents. The movement lasted seven weeks. On 3–4 June, over two hundred thousand soldiers in tanks and helicopters were <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests">sent into the city to quell the protests by force</a>, resulting in hundreds to thousands of casualties. Many ordinary people in Beijing believed that Deng had ordered the intervention, but political analysts do not know who was actually behind the order.<a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-128">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] However, Deng's daughter defends the actions that occurred as a collective decision by the party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators, the Communist Party initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long program similar to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a>. Old-timers like Deng Fei aimed to deal "strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization", and more than 30,000 communist officers were deployed to the task.<a href="#cite_note-miles-130">[129]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Zhao was placed under house arrest by hardliners and Deng himself was forced to make concessions to them.<a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-128">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] He soon declared that "the entire imperialist Western world plans to make all socialist countries discard the socialist road and then bring them under the monopoly of international capital and onto the capitalist road". A few months later he said that the "United States was too deeply involved" in the student movement, referring to foreign reporters who had given financial aid to the student leaders and later <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">helped them escape to various Western countries</a>, primarily the United States through Hong Kong and Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-128">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Although Deng initially made concessions to the socialist hardliners, he soon resumed his reforms after his 1992 southern tour. After his tour, he was able to stop the attacks of the socialist hardliners on the reforms through their "named capitalist or socialist?" campaign.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Deng privately told former Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> that factions of the Communist Party could have grabbed army units and the country had risked a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-miles-130">[129]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Two years later, Deng endorsed <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a>, a Shanghai Mayor, as a vice-premier candidate. Zhu Rongji had refused to declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in Shanghai during the demonstrations even though socialist hardliners had pressured him.<a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-128">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Resignation_and_1992_southern_tour">Resignation and 1992 southern tour</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Resignation and 1992 southern tour" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg/220px-DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg/220px-DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg/330px-DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg/440px-DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A patrol boat that was used on Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</figcaption></figure> Officially, Deng decided to retire from top positions when he stepped down as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> in November 1989 and his successor Jiang Zemin became the new <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-133">[132]</a> China, however, was still in the era of Deng Xiaoping. He continued to be widely regarded as the de facto leader of the country, believed to have backroom control despite no official position apart from being chairman of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">Contract Bridge</a> Association,<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> as Jiang's successor at the <a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th Party Congress</a> in 1992.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] Deng was recognized officially as "the chief architect of China's economic reforms and China's socialist modernization". To the Communist Party, he was believed to have set a good example for communist cadres who refused to retire at old age. He broke earlier conventions of holding offices for life. He was often referred to as simply Comrade Xiaoping, with no title attached. Because of the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>, Deng's power had been significantly weakened and there was a growing formalist faction opposed to Deng's reforms within the Communist Party. To reassert his economic agenda, in the spring of 1992, Deng made a tour of southern China, visiting <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a> and spending the New Year in Shanghai, using his travels as a method of reasserting his economic policy after his retirement from office.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-SuishengZhao-136">[135]</a> He said,'Some people slander our socialist system as the Qin system, which is vexatious! Our system is not totalitarian, but democratic centralism. During the period of Chairman Mao, it was not the Qin system, but also democratic centralism. I would say that it is more like the system of France.'<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a>The 1992 Southern Tour is widely regarded as a critical point in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">modern history of China</a>, as it saved the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> and preserved the stability of the society.<a href="#cite_note-:32-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Deng's health deteriorated drastically after 1994. In January 1995, Deng's daughter told the press that "A year ago, he could walk for 30 minutes twice a day, but now he cannot walk … He needs two people to support him."<a href="#cite_note-Tampa_Bay_Times_1995_k697-143">[142]</a> It was also reported that Parkinson's experts were sent to Beijing to help him in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-South_China_Morning_Post_1995_b711-144">[143]</a> Deng generally preferred not to directly speak of dying, instead describing himself as "going to see the Premier", meaning Zhou Enlai.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 118 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Deng_Xiaoping" title="Death and state funeral of Deng Xiaoping">Death and state funeral of Deng Xiaoping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Deng_Funeral.jpg/220px-Deng_Funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="239"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Deng_Funeral.jpg/220px-Deng_Funeral.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/Deng_Funeral.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping's ashes lie in state in Beijing whose banner reads "Memorial Service of Comrade Deng Xiaoping", February 1997</figcaption></figure> Deng died on 19 February 1997 at 9:08 p.m. Beijing time, aged 92 from a lung infection and <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The public was largely prepared for his death, as there had been rumors that his health was deteriorating. At 10:00 on the morning of 24 February, people were asked by Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> to pause in silence for three minutes. The nation's flags flew at <a href="/wiki/Half-mast" title="Half-mast">half-mast</a> for over a week. Deng's official obituary instructed Chinese people to study Deng Xiaoping's method of building <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 119 It praised his "scientific attitude and creative spirit in applying a Marxist stand" and his "viewpoints and methods to studying new problems and solving new problems".<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 119 It also praised his 1992 southern tour.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 119 The nationally televised funeral, which was a simple and relatively private affair attended by the country's leaders and Deng's family, was broadcast on all cable channels. After the funeral, his organs were donated to medical research. The remains were cremated at <a href="/wiki/Babaoshan_Revolutionary_Cemetery" title="Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery">Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery</a> and his ashes were subsequently scattered at sea from an airplane by his wife, Zhuo Lin.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 120 For the next two weeks, Chinese state media ran news stories and documentaries related to Deng's life and death, with the regular 19:00 <a href="/wiki/Xinwen_Lianbo" title="Xinwen Lianbo">National News</a> program in the evening lasting almost two hours over the regular broadcast time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Deng's successor, Jiang Zemin, maintained Deng's <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">political and economic philosophies</a>. Deng was eulogized as a "great Marxist, great Proletarian Revolutionary, statesman, military strategist, and diplomat; one of the main leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> of China, and the People's Republic of China; the great architect of China's socialist opening-up and modernized construction; the founder of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>".<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Some elements, notably modern Maoists and radical reformers (the far left and the far right), had negative views, however. Deng's death drew international reaction. UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> said Deng was to be remembered "in the international community at large as a primary architect of China's modernization and dramatic economic development". French President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> said "In the course of this century, few men have, as much as Deng, led a vast human community through such profound and determining changes"; British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> commented about Deng's key role in the return of Hong Kong to Chinese control; Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> called Deng a "pivotal figure" in Chinese history. The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> chair in Taiwan also sent its condolences, saying it longed for peace, cooperation, and prosperity. The <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> voiced regret that Deng died without resolving questions over Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The song <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Spring" title="Story of Spring">Story of Spring</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Wenhua" title="Dong Wenhua">Dong Wenhua</a>, celebrates Deng's achievements.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 112 It was first performed during a television gala in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[31]</a>: 112 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG/220px-Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="2579"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 347px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG/220px-Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="347" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG/330px-Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG/440px-Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of Deng Xiaoping in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></figcaption></figure>Deng's view that "development is the absolute principle" continues to shape the Chinese approach to governance.<a href="#cite_note-:052-149">[148]</a>: 49 At the Fourth Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th Central Committee</a>, Jiang Zemin and the <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">third generation</a> of leaders stated, "Development is the Party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country."<a href="#cite_note-:052-149">[148]</a>: 49 Likewise, Deng's emphasis on development as the absolute principle also shaped Hu Jintao's <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a>, which emphasizes development as China's core task.<a href="#cite_note-:052-149">[148]</a>: 49 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Memorials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Memorials to Deng have been low profile compared to other leaders, in keeping with Deng's image of pragmatism. Rather than being embalmed, as was Mao, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea. There are some public displays, however. A bronze statue was erected on 14 November 2000, at the grand plaza of <a href="/wiki/Lianhuashan_Park" title="Lianhuashan Park">Lianhua Mountain Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>. This statue is dedicated to Deng's role as a planner and contributor to the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. The statue is 6 metres (20 ft) high, with an additional 3.68-meter base, and shows Deng striding forward confidently. Many CCP high level leaders visit the statue. In addition, in coastal areas and on the island province of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, Deng appeared on roadside billboards with messages emphasizing economic reform or his policy of <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>. A bronze statue to commemorate Deng's 100th birthday was dedicated 13 August 2004 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a>, Deng's hometown, in southwest China's <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. Deng is dressed casually, sitting on a chair and smiling. The Chinese characters on the pedestal were written by Jiang Zemin, then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_Former_Residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Deng Xiaoping's Former Residence">Deng Xiaoping's Former Residence</a> in his hometown of Paifang Village in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> has been preserved as an historical museum. In <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, there is a six-lane boulevard, 25 metres (82 ft) wide and 3.5 kilometres (2 mi) long, the Deng Xiaoping Prospekt, which was dedicated on 18 June 1997. A two-meter high red granite monument stands at the east end of this route. The epigraph is written in Chinese, Russian and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kirghiz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> The documentary, Deng Xiaoping, released by <a href="/wiki/CCTV_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV (China)">CCTV</a> in January 1997, presents his life from his days as a student in France to his "Southern Tour" of 1993.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> In 2014, CCTV released a <a href="/wiki/TV_series_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV series (China)">TV series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_at_History%27s_Crossroads" title="Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads">Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads</a>, in anticipation of the 110th anniversary of his birth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment">Assessment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Assessment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Deng has been called the "architect of contemporary China"<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> and is widely considered to have been one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Legacy-JapanTimes-156">[155]</a> He was the <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Person of the Year</a> in 1978 and 1985, the third Chinese leader (after <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a>) and the fourth time for a communist leader (after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, picked twice; and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>) to be selected.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Deng is remembered primarily for the economic reforms he initiated while <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of the People's Republic of China, which pivoted China towards a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, led to high economic growth, increased <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards of living">standards of living</a> of hundreds of millions,<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> expanded personal and cultural freedoms, and substantially integrated the country into the world economy.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> More people were lifted out of poverty during his leadership than during any other time in human history, attributed largely to his reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Legacy-JapanTimes-156">[155]</a> For this reason, some have suggested that Deng should have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Deng is also credited with reducing the cult of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and with bringing an end to the chaotic era of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-Great-Stabiliser-165">[164]</a> Furthermore, his strong-handed tactics have been credited with keeping the People's Republic of China unified, in contrast to the other major <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> power of the time, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which collapsed in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> However, Deng is also remembered for human rights violations and for numerous instances of political violence.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Wizard-167">[166]</a> As paramount leader, he oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square massacre">Tiananmen Square massacre</a>; afterwards, he was influential in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party's</a> domestic cover-up of the event.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon2014-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Furthermore, he is associated with some of the worst purges during <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s rule; for instance, he ordered an <a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">army crackdown on a Muslim village</a> in Yunnan which resulted in the deaths of 1,600 people, including 300 children.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-Great-Stabiliser-165">[164]</a> As paramount leader, Deng also negotiated an end to the British colonial rule of Hong Kong and normalized relations with the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-Wizard-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In August 1980, he started <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China's political reforms</a> by setting <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a> for officials and proposing a systematic revision of <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">China's third Constitution</a> which was made during the Cultural Revolution; the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">new Constitution</a> embodied Chinese-style <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> and was passed by the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> in December 1982, with most of its content still being effective as of today.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> He helped establish China's <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education#China" title="Compulsory education">nine-year compulsory education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> and revived China's political reforms.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeng1995" class="citation book cs1">Deng Xiaoping (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225132629/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/7cd4c5b7-18a8-4058-bec6-f6994a51bf84/">Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping: 1938–1965</a>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-01456-0" title="Special:BookSources/7-119-01456-0"><bdi>7-119-01456-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/7cd4c5b7-18a8-4058-bec6-f6994a51bf84/">the original</a> on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Deng+Xiaoping%3A+1938%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=7-119-01456-0&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F7cd4c5b7-18a8-4058-bec6-f6994a51bf84%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng1995" class="citation book cs1">— (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225132758/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/70d42536-0801-4fb6-9fcc-af15777f9434/">Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping: 1975–1982</a>. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-00167-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-119-00167-1"><bdi>7-119-00167-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/70d42536-0801-4fb6-9fcc-af15777f9434/">the original</a> on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Deng+Xiaoping%3A+1975%E2%80%931982&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=7-119-00167-1&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F70d42536-0801-4fb6-9fcc-af15777f9434%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng1994" class="citation book cs1">— (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225092153/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/835b93ad-37d3-4c9c-8ba3-ca59badb506c/">Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping: 1982–1992</a>. Vol. III (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-01689-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-119-01689-X"><bdi>7-119-01689-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/835b93ad-37d3-4c9c-8ba3-ca59badb506c/">the original</a> on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Deng+Xiaoping%3A+1982%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=7-119-01689-X&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F835b93ad-37d3-4c9c-8ba3-ca59badb506c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2014" class="citation book cs1">— (2014). Deng Xiaoping Wenji (1949-1974) 邓小平文集(一九四九——一九七四年). Beijing: People's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-01-013823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-01-013823-7"><bdi>978-7-01-013823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+Wenji+%281949-1974%29+%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86%28%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%B9%9D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%83%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%29&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-7-01-013823-7&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderately_prosperous_society" title="Moderately prosperous society">Moderately prosperous society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_French-Chinese_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship">Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʌŋ ʃaʊˈpɪŋ/</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>also <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɛŋ -, - ˈsjaʊpɪŋ/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 邓小平; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dèng Xiǎopíng also <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanised</a> as Teng Hsiao-p'ing;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> born Xiansheng (先圣). In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <a href="/wiki/Deng_(Chinese_surname)" title="Deng (Chinese surname)">Deng</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping">"Deng Xiaoping"</a>. Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031142/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Famp%2Fenglish%2Fdeng-xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031146/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping">"Deng Xiaoping"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping">the original</a> on 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fus%2Fdeng_xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping">"Deng Xiaoping"</a>. Oxford UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787532612369" title="Special:BookSources/9787532612369"><bdi>9787532612369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E6%B5%B7&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Shanghai+Dictionary+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9787532612369&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Zhengnong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k">10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6"><bdi>978-0-300-26883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k">j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572">1348572572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190">253067190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3006z6k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348572572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253067190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Spence, Jonathan (1999), "In Search of Modern China", 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel201118–20-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel201118%E2%80%9320_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVogel2011">Vogel (2011)</a>, p. 18–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2001" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Whitney (2001). Deng Xiaoping: Leader in a Changing China. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822549628" title="Special:BookSources/9780822549628"><bdi>9780822549628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+Leader+in+a+Changing+China&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780822549628&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mair, Victor H. (2013). Chinese Lives: The people who made a civilization. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500251928" title="Special:BookSources/9780500251928"><bdi>9780500251928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Lives%3A+The+people+who+made+a+civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780500251928&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacu.org-27"><a href="#cite_ref-sacu.org_27-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sacu.org/dengfrance.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127081058/http://sacu.org/dengfrance.html">Archived</a> 27 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wang Song. "Chinese Revolutionaries in France". </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1988" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Paul (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865">"The Chinese Work-Study Movement in France"</a>. The China Quarterly. 115 (115): 441–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS030574100002751X">10.1017/S030574100002751X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865">654865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154375449">154375449</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413085436/https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Work-Study+Movement+in+France&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=441-461&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154375449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS030574100002751X&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsov2015450-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsov2015450_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPantsov2015">Pantsov (2015)</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=167965&sectioncode=22">"Exiled son who saved the state"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>. 22 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201132001/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=167965&sectioncode=22">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Exiled+son+who+saved+the+state&rft.date=2002-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D167965%26sectioncode%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#Gao08">Gao 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2024" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Jonathan (2024). The Southern Tour: Deng Xiaoping and the Fight for China's Future. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350435711" title="Special:BookSources/9781350435711"><bdi>9781350435711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Tour%3A+Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Fight+for+China%27s+Future&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781350435711&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198883–84-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198883%E2%80%9384_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranz1988">Franz 1988</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199766–67-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199766%E2%80%9367_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199766%E2%80%9367_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYang1997">Yang 1997</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198886–87-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198886%E2%80%9387_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranz1988">Franz 1988</a>, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman199434-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman199434_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodman1994">Goodman 1994</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198887-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198887_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198887_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranz1988">Franz 1988</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeng1968-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeng1968_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeng1968">Deng 1968</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199770-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199770_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYang1997">Yang 1997</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELary1974107-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELary1974107_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLary1974">Lary 1974</a>, pp. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpper2020" class="citation book cs1">Opper, Marc (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/23824">People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam</a>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.11413902">10.3998/mpub.11413902</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F23824">20.500.12657/23824</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90125-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90125-8"><bdi>978-0-472-90125-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.11413902">10.3998/mpub.11413902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211359950">211359950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%27s+Wars+in+China%2C+Malaya%2C+and+Vietnam&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F23824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.11413902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.11413902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211359950%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-472-90125-8&rft.aulast=Opper&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F23824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-04/25/content_954586.htm">"豫西革命纪念馆和鲁山邓小平旧居扩建工程竣工"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711211823/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-04/25/content_954586.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B1%AB%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%A6%86%E5%92%8C%E9%B2%81%E5%B1%B1%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%97%A7%E5%B1%85%E6%89%A9%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%AB%A3%E5%B7%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fjrzg%2F2008-04%2F25%2Fcontent_954586.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pds.gov.cn/contents/5380/181.html">"西关大街，从历史中走来"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711211824/https://www.pds.gov.cn/contents/5380/181.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B3%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8E%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%AD%E8%B5%B0%E6%9D%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pds.gov.cn%2Fcontents%2F5380%2F181.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng_Li2001" class="citation book cs1">Cheng Li (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasleadersnew00lich">China's leaders</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasleadersnew00lich/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847694976" title="Special:BookSources/9780847694976"><bdi>9780847694976</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+leaders&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780847694976&rft.au=Cheng+Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinasleadersnew00lich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jac-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGREGOR_BENTON" class="citation web cs1">GREGOR BENTON. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/01/deng-xiaoping-china-mao-communist-party">"Assessing Deng Xiaoping"</a>. jacobinmag.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064154/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/01/deng-xiaoping-china-mao-communist-party">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jacobinmag.com&rft.atitle=Assessing+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.au=GREGOR+BENTON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fdeng-xiaoping-china-mao-communist-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMare2019" class="citation book cs1">DeMare, Brian James (2019). Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0849-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0849-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-0849-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048940018">1048940018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+wars+%3A+the+story+of+China%27s+agrarian+revolution&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048940018&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0849-8&rft.aulast=DeMare&rft.aufirst=Brian+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMare2019" class="citation book cs1">DeMare, Brian James (2019). Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0849-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0849-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-0849-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048940018">1048940018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+wars+%3A+the+story+of+China%27s+agrarian+revolution&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048940018&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0849-8&rft.aulast=DeMare&rft.aufirst=Brian+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://origins.osu.edu/review/man-who-re-invented-china">"The Man Who Re-Invented China"</a>. origins.osu.edu. 17 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725131635/https://origins.osu.edu/review/man-who-re-invented-china">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=origins.osu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Re-Invented+China&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forigins.osu.edu%2Freview%2Fman-who-re-invented-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Jacques Guillermaz, The Chinese Communist Party in Power, 1949–1976 (1976) pp. 320–331. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_He2016" class="citation book cs1">Henry He (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCm3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT713">Dictionary of the Political Thought of the People's Republic of China</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 713. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315500430" title="Special:BookSources/9781315500430"><bdi>9781315500430</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308070316/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCm3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT713">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Political+Thought+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=713&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315500430&rft.au=Henry+He&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCm3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyskens2020" class="citation book cs1">Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108784788">10.1017/9781108784788</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8"><bdi>978-1-108-78478-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145096137">1145096137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218936313">218936313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Third+Front%3A+The+Militarization+of+Cold+War+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145096137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218936313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108784788&rft.isbn=978-1-108-78478-8&rft.aulast=Meyskens&rft.aufirst=Covell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinqi_Li2008" class="citation news cs1">Minqi Li (December 2008). 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Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+The+Politician&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=135&rft.pages=457-490&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0305-7410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154440131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654098%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741000013874&rft.aulast=Shambaugh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsgd.com/specials/deng100thbirthanniversary/newspictures/200407280046.htm">"Film makers flock to tractor factory to shoot Deng's stories"</a>. News Guandong. 26 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215515/http://www.newsgd.com/specials/deng100thbirthanniversary/newspictures/200407280046.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Film+makers+flock+to+tractor+factory+to+shoot+Deng%27s+stories&rft.date=2004-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsgd.com%2Fspecials%2Fdeng100thbirthanniversary%2Fnewspictures%2F200407280046.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yan1996-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yan1996_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yan1996_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan, Jiaqi</a> (1996). Kwok, Daniel W. Y. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824865313/html">Turbulent decade : a history of the cultural revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824865313">10.1515/9780824865313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824865313" title="Special:BookSources/9780824865313"><bdi>9780824865313</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turbulent+decade+%3A+a+history+of+the+cultural+revolution&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824865313&rft.isbn=9780824865313&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Jiaqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824865313%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2020" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (3 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT341">The Story of China: A portrait of a civilisation and its people</a>. Simon & Schuster UK. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-7600-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-7600-5"><bdi>978-1-4711-7600-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180611/https://books.google.com/books?id=wrueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT341">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021. <q>In 1973, Premier Zhou Enlai had brought Deng back to Beijing from exile to focus on reconstructing the Chinese economy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+China%3A+A+portrait+of+a+civilisation+and+its+people&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+UK&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-7600-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrueDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2014" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">Deng Xiaoping: The Man who Made Modern China</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-467-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-467-0"><bdi>978-0-85772-467-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180612/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021. <q>A major confrontation erupted on 4 October 1974 when Mao agreed, on the advice of Zhou Enlai, that Deng should be appointed first deputy premier of the State Council.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+The+Man+who+Made+Modern+China&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-467-0&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBGMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinami2024" class="citation book cs1">Minami, Kazushi (2024). People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War. 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Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 175–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">1331741429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023. 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Retrieved 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=United+States+announces+that+it+will+recognize+communist+China+%7C+December+15%2C+1978+%7C+HISTORY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Funited-states-announces-that-it-will-recognize-communist-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1346366969">The Dragon Roars Back Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy</a>. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1346366969">1346366969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy.&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1346366969&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1346366969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> (Article 2) "The Contracting Parties declare that neither of them should seek <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> in the Asia-Pacific region or in any other region and that each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/china/treaty78.html">MOFA: Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609105736/http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/china/treaty78.html">Archived</a> 9 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1986" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, D. (1986). "The Prospects for China's Economic Reforms". In Barnett, A. Doak; Clough, Ralph N. (eds.). Modernizing China: Post-Mao Reform and Development. Boulder: Westview. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-0333-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-0333-8"><bdi>0-8133-0333-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2537122M">2537122M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prospects+for+China%27s+Economic+Reforms&rft.btitle=Modernizing+China%3A+Post-Mao+Reform+and+Development&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2537122M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-8133-0333-8&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_E._Marti2002" class="citation book cs1">Michael E. Marti (2002). China and the Legacy of Deng Xiaoping. Washington, D.C.: Brassy's. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-416-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-416-6"><bdi>1-57488-416-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8743093M">8743093M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Legacy+of+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Brassy%27s&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8743093M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=1-57488-416-6&rft.au=Michael+E.+Marti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks1989" class="citation news cs1">Parks, Michael (15 May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-05-15-mn-141-story.html">"Gorbachev in China: The Communist Summit: Deng and Gorbachev: Great Reformers Battling Socialist Crises"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729224552/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-05-15-mn-141-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gorbachev+in+China%3A+The+Communist+Summit%3A+Deng+and+Gorbachev%3A+Great+Reformers+Battling+Socialist+Crises&rft.date=1989-05-15&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-05-15-mn-141-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_81-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2022" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781503634152">The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152">10.1515/9781503634152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413153307/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503634152/html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiang_Boon_Hoo2017" class="citation book cs1">Tiang Boon Hoo, ed. (2017). Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi. London: Routledge. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315628981">10.4324/9781315628981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317242673" title="Special:BookSources/9781317242673"><bdi>9781317242673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Foreign+Policy+Under+Xi&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315628981&rft.isbn=9781317242673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeena_SondhiRamakrushna_PanigrahiMiao_PangRajashri_Chatterjee2021" class="citation book cs1">Neena Sondhi; Ramakrushna Panigrahi; Miao Pang; Rajashri Chatterjee, eds. 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SAGE Publishing. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789353886066" title="Special:BookSources/9789353886066"><bdi>9789353886066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Development+of+India+%26+China%3A+Economic%2C+Technological%2C+Sectoral+%26+Socio-cultural+Insights&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2021-01&rft.isbn=9789353886066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">1331741429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331741429&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1331741429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-85"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmann2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Heilmann" title="Sebastian Heilmann">Heilmann, Sebastian</a> (2018). Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise. <a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press">The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-996-827-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-996-827-4"><bdi>978-962-996-827-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Swan%3A+How+Unorthodox+Policy-Making+Facilitated+China%27s+Rise&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-962-996-827-4&rft.aulast=Heilmann&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_NaisbittDoris_Naisbitt2010" class="citation book cs1">John Naisbitt; Doris Naisbitt (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasmegatrends00nais_0">China's Megatrends: The 8 Pillars of a New Society</a>. HarperBusiness. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasmegatrends00nais_0/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061963445" title="Special:BookSources/9780061963445"><bdi>9780061963445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Megatrends%3A+The+8+Pillars+of+a+New+Society&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=HarperBusiness&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780061963445&rft.au=John+Naisbitt&rft.au=Doris+Naisbitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinasmegatrends00nais_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1984" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, David (1984). 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World Review of Political Economy. 12 (3): 309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fworlrevipoliecon.12.3.0296">10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.3.0296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2042-8928">2042-8928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247967541">247967541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Review+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=From+Belgrade+to+Beijing+%3A+Comparing+Socialist+Economic+Reforms+in+Eastern+Europe+and+China&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=309&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247967541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2042-8928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Fworlrevipoliecon.12.3.0296&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13169%252Fworlrevipoliecon.12.3.0296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Cited by John Gittings in <a href="//archive.org/details/changingfaceofch00gitt" class="extiw" title="iarchive:changingfaceofch00gitt">The Changing Face of China</a>, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280612-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280612-2">0-19-280612-2</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010101faessay4257-p0/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Tiananmen+Papers&rft.date=2001-01%2F2001-02&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F20010101faessay4257-p0%2Fandrew-j-nathan%2Fthe-tiananmen-papers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialanarchism.org/mod/magazine/display/32/index.php">"Voices for Tiananmen Square: Beijing Spring and the Democracy Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_Anarchism_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Anarchism (journal)">Social Anarchism</a>. 8 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215455/http://www.socialanarchism.org/mod/magazine/display/32/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Anarchism&rft.atitle=Voices+for+Tiananmen+Square%3A+Beijing+Spring+and+the+Democracy+Movement&rft.date=2006-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialanarchism.org%2Fmod%2Fmagazine%2Fdisplay%2F32%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Palmer, Bob (8 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.com/Asia/tiananmen_rl.html">Voices for Tiananmen Square: Beijing Spring and the Democracy Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040623222014/http://www.marxist.com/Asia/tiananmen_rl.html">Archived</a> 23 June 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Social Anarchism. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-macfarquhar-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macfarquhar_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macfarquhar_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macfarquhar_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macfarquhar_128-3">d</a> The Politics of China By Roderick MacFarquhar </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/06/25/2003366781">Deng Xiaoping's daughter defends his Tiananmen Square massacre decision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014133929/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/06/25/2003366781">Archived</a> 14 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a>. 25 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-miles-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miles_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-miles_130-1">b</a> The Legacy of Tiananmen By James A. 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Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping+Is+Dead+at+92%3B+Architect+of+Modern+China&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1997-02-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Faison&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F02%2F20%2Fworld%2Fdeng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenmark2018" class="citation news cs1">Denmark, Abraham (19 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/">"Analysis | 40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China—and the world"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+40+years+ago%2C+Deng+Xiaoping+changed+China%E2%80%94and+the+world&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.aulast=Denmark&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2018%2F12%2F19%2F40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_congress/china_ruling_party/how_china_is_ruled/html/party_elders.stm">How China is ruled</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911112006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_congress/china_ruling_party/how_china_is_ruled/html/party_elders.stm">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2014" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Max (2 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/6/2/5772016/this-1989-speech-is-one-of-the-most-important-in-chinas-history-and">"This 1989 speech is one of China's most important"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=This+1989+speech+is+one+of+China%27s+most+important&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2014%2F6%2F2%2F5772016%2Fthis-1989-speech-is-one-of-the-most-important-in-chinas-history-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SuishengZhao-136"><a href="#cite_ref-SuishengZhao_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Zhao, Suisheng</a> (1993). "Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour: Elite Politics in Post-Tiananmen China". 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The Guardian. 18 December 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502094413/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/dec/18/globaleconomy-economics">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+great+pragmatist%3A+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2008%2Fdec%2F18%2Fglobaleconomy-economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao1993" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (1993). "Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour: Elite Politics in Post-Tiananmen China". 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Modern China. 40 (2): 133–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700413511313">10.1177/0097700413511313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-7004">0097-7004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24575589">24575589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144236160">144236160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Chinese-Style+Constitutionalism%3A+On+Backer%27s+Chinese+Party-State+Constitutionalism&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-167&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0097-7004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144236160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24575589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700413511313&rft.aulast=Shigong&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPEPPER" class="citation web cs1">PEPPER, SUZANNE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/CRM_36.pdf">"China's Education Reform in the 1980s: Policies, Issues, and Historical Perspectives"</a> (PDF). UC Berkeley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055657/https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/CRM_36.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Berkeley&rft.atitle=China%27s+Education+Reform+in+the+1980s%3A+Policies%2C+Issues%2C+and+Historical+Perspectives&rft.aulast=PEPPER&rft.aufirst=SUZANNE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fieas%2FCRM_36.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong" class="citation web cs1">Song, Wei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/24/WS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html">"China's education reforms and strive for innovation"</a>. Chinadaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055658/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/24/WS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinadaily&rft.atitle=China%27s+education+reforms+and+strive+for+innovation&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F201808%2F24%2FWS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg-Quinn1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ng-Quinn, Michael (1982). "Deng Xiaoping's Political Reform and Political Order". Asian Survey. 22 (12): 1187–1205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644047">10.2307/2644047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644047">2644047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%27s+Political+Reform+and+Political+Order&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1187-1205&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644047&rft.aulast=Ng-Quinn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: General and cited sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cla08" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Paul (2008). The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History. Cambridge, England; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87515-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87515-8"><bdi>978-0-521-87515-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Cultural+Revolution%3A+A+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87515-8&rft.au=Clark%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLary1974" class="citation book cs1">Lary, Diana (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regionnationkwan0000lary/mode/2up">Region and Nation: the Kwangsi Clique in Chinese Politics, 1925-1937</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521202046" title="Special:BookSources/9780521202046"><bdi>9780521202046</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Region+and+Nation%3A+the+Kwangsi+Clique+in+Chinese+Politics%2C+1925-1937&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780521202046&rft.aulast=Lary&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregionnationkwan0000lary%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng1968" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Deng, Xiaoping (1968). "My Self-Criticism". Letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Self-Criticism&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Evans" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingmak00evan">Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China</a> (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013945-7"><bdi>978-0-14-013945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Making+of+Modern+China&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013945-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdengxiaopingmak00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz1988" class="citation book cs1">Franz, Uli (1988). Artin, Tom (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dengxiaoping00fran/mode/2up">Deng Xiaoping</a>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780151251773" title="Special:BookSources/9780151251773"><bdi>9780151251773</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780151251773&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Uli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdengxiaoping00fran%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gao08" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Mobo (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. London, England: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2780-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2780-8"><bdi>978-0-7453-2780-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+China%27s+Past%3A+Mao+and+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2780-8&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Mobo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1994" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, David (1994). Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography. New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Chinese+Revolution%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Har08" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacFarquhar" title="Roderick MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Roderick</a>; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maoslastrevoluti00macf">Mao's Last Revolution</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02332-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Last+Revolution&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02332-1&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft.au=Schoenhals%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaoslastrevoluti00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantsov2015" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander (2015). Deng Xiaoping: a revolutionary life. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199392032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199392032"><bdi>978-0199392032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+a+revolutionary+life&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199392032&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4"><bdi>0-393-97351-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Modern+China&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-393-97351-4&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_F._Vogel" title="Ezra F. Vogel">Vogel, Ezra F.</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China" title="Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China">Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a> of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05544-5"><bdi>978-0-674-05544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Transformation+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05544-5&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Ezra+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang1997" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Benjamin (1997). Deng: A Political Biography. New York: M. E. Sharpe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988">; focus on rise to power, with brief coverage of actions in power.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2014" class="citation book cs1">Han, Xiaorong (2014). Red God: Wei Baqun and His Peasant Revolution in Southern China. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5383-5"><bdi>978-1-4384-5383-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+God%3A+Wei+Baqun+and+His+Peasant+Revolution+in+Southern+China&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-5383-5&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Xiaorong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Deng Xiaoping <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Deng+Xiaoping">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Deng+Xiaoping&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baum, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buryingmao00rich">Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping</a> (Updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03637-3"><bdi>978-0-691-03637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burying+Mao%3A+Chinese+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03637-3&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburyingmao00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dillon, Michael. Deng Xiaoping: The Man Who Made Modern China (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014).</li> <li>Hayford, Charles W. "Where's the Omelet? Bad King Deng and the Challenges of Biography and History". Journal of Asian Studies (2016) 75#1 pp 19–30; historiography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24738509">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423001221/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24738509">Archived</a> 23 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kau, Michael Y. M. China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping: A Decade of Reform (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaomao1995" class="citation book cs1">Maomao (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingmyfa00maom">Deng Xiaoping: My Father</a>. New York: BasicBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01625-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01625-9"><bdi>978-0-465-01625-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+My+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=BasicBooks&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01625-9&rft.au=Maomao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdengxiaopingmyfa00maom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Meisner, Maurice J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingeraa00meis">The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism, 1978–1994</a>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-7815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-7815-8"><bdi>978-0-8090-7815-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deng+Xiaoping+Era%3A+An+Inquiry+into+the+Fate+of+Chinese+Socialism%2C+1978%E2%80%931994&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-7815-8&rft.aulast=Meisner&rft.aufirst=Maurice+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdengxiaopingeraa00meis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pantsov, Alexander V., and Steven I. Levine. Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life (Oxford UP, 2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199392032" title="Special:BookSources/9780199392032">9780199392032</a>.</li> <li>Vogel, Ezra F. <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China" title="Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China">Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China</a> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Deng-Xiaoping-Transformation-China-Vogel/dp/0674725867/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201226134843/https://www.amazon.com/Deng-Xiaoping-Transformation-China-Vogel/dp/0674725867">Archived</a> 26 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Zhang, Xiaoming. "Deng Xiaoping and China's Decision to go to War with Vietnam". Journal of Cold War Studies 12.3 (Summer 2010): 3–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article-pdf/12/3/3/697598/jcws_a_00001.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012005326/https://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article-abstract/12/3/3/13157/Deng-Xiaoping-and-China-s-Decision-to-Go-to-War?redirectedFrom=PDF">Archived</a> 12 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Zhang, Xiaoming. Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict Between China and Vietnam, 1979–1991] (U North Carolina Press, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Deng-Xiaopings-Long-War-1979-1991/dp/1469642344/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602122048/https://www.amazon.com/Deng-Xiaopings-Long-War-1979-1991/dp/1469642344">Archived</a> 2 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469642345" title="Special:BookSources/9781469642345">9781469642345</a>.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deng_Xiaoping" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Deng_Xiaoping" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0822.html">The New York Times obituary on Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/185/reform-and-opening-in-china-1978">"Reform and opening in China, 1978–"</a>—Online documents in English from the Wilson Center in Washington</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DengBuildSocialism">Build Socialism with Chinese Characteristics</a>, speeches by Deng Xiaoping from 1982 to 1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations Series">Foreign Relations Series</a>. Includes US State Department reports: <ul><li>Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XIII <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v13/pdf/frus1977-80v13.pdf">1977–1980, China</a>, US State Dept, published 2013</li> <li>Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XVIII <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v18/pdf/frus1969-76v18.pdf">1969–1976, China 1973–1976</a>, US State Dept, published 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0219031/">Xiaoping Deng</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/17px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/17px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="17" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/26px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/34px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&oldid=1259807007">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&oldid=1259807007</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 November 2024, at 04:13 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="دينج شياو بينج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دينج شياو بينج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Syaopin" title="Den Syaopin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Den Syaopin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="তেং শিয়াওফিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেং শিয়াওফিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93ng_Si%C3%A1u-p%C3%AAng" title="Tēng Siáu-pêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tēng Siáu-pêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяапін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэн Сяапін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дън Сяопин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дън Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8D" title="དེང་ཞ་ཕིང། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དེང་ཞ་ཕིང།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng_Siao-pching" title="Teng Siao-pching – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teng Siao-pching" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Ντενγκ Σιαοπίνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντενγκ Σιαοπίνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دنگ شیائوپینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دنگ شیائوپینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="鄧小平 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鄧小平" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Then_S%C3%A9u-ph%C3%ACn" title="Then Séu-phìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Then Séu-phìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%A9%EC%83%A4%EC%98%A4%ED%95%91" title="덩샤오핑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="덩샤오핑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Դեն Սյաոպին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեն Սյաոպին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="देंग शियाओ पिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देंग शियाओ पिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="דנג שיאופינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דנג שיאופינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დენ სიაოპინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დენ სიაოპინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dens_Sjaopins" title="Dens Sjaopins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dens Sjaopins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng_Hsziao-ping" title="Teng Hsziao-ping – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teng Hsziao-ping" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="देङ सियाओपिङ्ग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="देङ सियाओपिङ्ग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡെങ് സിയാഒപിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡെങ് സിയാഒപിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="तंग श्यावफिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तंग श्यावफिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დენ სიაოპინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დენ სიაოპინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="دينج شياو بينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دينج شياو بينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دنگ ژیائوپینگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دنگ ژیائوپینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaopeng" title="Deng Xiaopeng – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Deng Xiaopeng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2ing_Si%C4%93u-b%C3%ACng" title="Dâing Siēu-bìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâing Siēu-bìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="တိန့်ရှောင်ဖိန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိန့်ရှောင်ဖိန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="देङ सियाओपिङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="देङ सियाओपिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="鄧小平 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鄧小平" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Syaopin" title="Den Syaopin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Den Syaopin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%99_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%99" title="ਤਙ ਸ਼ਿਆਉਫਿਙ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਙ ਸ਼ਿਆਉਫਿਙ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%84_%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%84" title="តេង សៀវពីង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តេង សៀវពីង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng_Siao-pching" title="Teng Siao-pching – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teng Siao-pching" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_%C5%A0jaoping" title="Deng Šjaoping – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deng Šjaoping" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دێنگ شیاوپینگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دێنگ شیاوپینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Денг Сјаопинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Денг Сјаопинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="டங் சியாவுபிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டங் சியாவுபிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="డెంగ్ జియావో పింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డెంగ్ జియావో పింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="เติ้ง เสี่ยวผิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เติ้ง เสี่ยวผิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_%C5%9Eiaoping" title="Deng Şiaoping – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deng Şiaoping" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ден Сяопін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ден Сяопін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دینگ شیاوپنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دینگ شیاوپنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%BE%D9%89%DA%AD" title="دىڭ شياۋپىڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دىڭ شياۋپىڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwng_Siujbingz" title="Dwng Siujbingz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dwng Siujbingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Ti%E1%BB%83u_B%C3%ACnh" title="Đặng Tiểu Bình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đặng Tiểu Bình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="鄧小平 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鄧小平" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="邓小平" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="鄧小平 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鄧小平" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邓小平" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 04:13 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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