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id="toc-As_a_tradition_of_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_policy_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_policy_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 As a policy regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_policy_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_name_for_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_name_for_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 As a name for political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_name_for_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_Marxist_revisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_Marxist_revisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 As Marxist revisionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Marxist_revisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_democracy_and_democratic_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_democracy_and_democratic_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Social democracy and democratic socialism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_democracy_and_democratic_socialism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social democracy and democratic socialism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_democracy_and_democratic_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Internal debates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 In the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 In South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Policy regime </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policy_regime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policy regime subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policy_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Role of the state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Corporatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Conferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Encyclopedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.4 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.5 News </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speeches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speeches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.6 Speeches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speeches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.7 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Social democracy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialdemokratie" title="Sozialdemokratie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sozialdemokratie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديمقراطية اجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمقراطية اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocracia" title="Socialdemocracia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Socialdemocracia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial-demokratiya" title="Sosial-demokratiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial-demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سوسیال دموکرات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوسیال دموکرات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-h%C5%8De_b%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA" title="Siā-hōe bîn-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-hōe bîn-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сацыял-дэмакратыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыял-дэмакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социалдемокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социалдемокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijaldemokratija" title="Socijaldemokratija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Socijaldemokratija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocr%C3%A0cia" title="Socialdemocràcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Socialdemocràcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_demokracie" title="Sociální demokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální demokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratiaeth_gymdeithasol" title="Democratiaeth gymdeithasol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Democratiaeth gymdeithasol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokratisme" title="Socialdemokratisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialdemokratisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosi%C3%A1lademokratiija" title="Sosiálademokratiija – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sosiálademokratiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialdemokratie" title="Sozialdemokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialdemokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaaldemokraatia" title="Sotsiaaldemokraatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaaldemokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σοσιαλδημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοσιαλδημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocracia" title="Socialdemocracia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Socialdemocracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokratio" title="Socialdemokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialdemokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialdemokrazia" title="Sozialdemokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sozialdemokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوسیال دموکراسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوسیال دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-d%C3%A9mocratie" title="Social-démocratie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Social-démocratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosjaaldemokrasy" title="Sosjaaldemokrasy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sosjaaldemokrasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daonlathas_s%C3%B3isialach" title="Daonlathas sóisialach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daonlathas sóisialach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamocrasaidh_s%C3%B2isealta" title="Deamocrasaidh sòisealta – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Deamocrasaidh sòisealta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocracia" title="Socialdemocracia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Socialdemocracia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="사회민주주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회민주주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սոցիալ-դեմոկրատիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալ-դեմոկրատիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सामाजिक लोकतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक लोकतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijaldemokracija" title="Socijaldemokracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijaldemokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokratio" title="Socialdemokratio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Socialdemokratio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_sosial" title="Demokrasi sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demokrasi sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocratia" title="Socialdemocratia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Socialdemocratia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocrazia" title="Socialdemocrazia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Socialdemocrazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="סוציאל-דמוקרטיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוציאל-דמוקרטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სოციალ-დემოკრატია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოციალ-დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социал-демократия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Социал-демократия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyaldemokras%C3%AE" title="Sosyaldemokrasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sosyaldemokrasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социал-демократия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Социал-демократия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia_socialis" title="Democratia socialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Democratia socialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81ldemokr%C4%81tija" title="Sociāldemokrātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociāldemokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokratija" title="Socialdemokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialdemokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociaoldemocratie" title="Sociaoldemocratie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sociaoldemocratie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia_sosial" title="Democratia sosial – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Democratia sosial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocrazia" title="Socialdemocrazia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Socialdemocrazia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoci%C3%A1ldemokr%C3%A1cia" title="Szociáldemokrácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szociáldemokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјалдемократија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Социјалдемократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اشتراكيه ديموقراطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اشتراكيه ديموقراطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوسیال دموکراسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوسیال دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_sosial" title="Demokrasi sosial – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demokrasi sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Социал демократ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Социал демократ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE" title="ဆိုရှယ်ဒီမိုကရေစီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုရှယ်ဒီမိုကရေစီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociaaldemocratie" title="Sociaaldemocratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociaaldemocratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社会民主主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会民主主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialdemokrati" title="Sosialdemokrati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialdemokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialdemokrati" title="Sosialdemokrati – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosialdemokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੋਸ਼ਲ ਡੈਮੋਕਰੇਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਸ਼ਲ ਡੈਮੋਕਰੇਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوشل ڈیموکریسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوشل ڈیموکریسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="ټولنیزه ولسواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنیزه ولسواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjaldemokracja" title="Socjaldemokracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjaldemokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-democracia" title="Social-democracia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Social-democracia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-democra%C8%9Bie" title="Social-democrație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Social-democrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социал-демократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социал-демократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokracia" title="Socialdemokracia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Socialdemokracia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucialdimucrazz%C3%ACa" title="Sucialdimucrazzìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sucialdimucrazzìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1lna_demokracia" title="Sociálna demokracia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociálna demokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialna_demokracija" title="Socialna demokracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Socialna demokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دیموکراسیی کۆمەڵایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیموکراسیی کۆمەڵایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјалдемократија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјалдемократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijaldemokratija" title="Socijaldemokratija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijaldemokratija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiaalidemokratia" title="Sosiaalidemokratia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiaalidemokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokrati" title="Socialdemokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialdemokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சமூக மக்களாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூக மக்களாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ประชาธิปไตยสังคมนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชาธิปไตยสังคมนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_demokrasi" title="Sosyal demokrasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyal demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціал-демократія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціал-демократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocrasia" title="Socialdemocrasia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Socialdemocrasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democrat&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">Social democrat</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political ideology within the socialist movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ideology within the socialist movement. For socialism emphasizing democracy sometimes described as social democracy, see <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a>. For the policy regime in Northern Europe sometimes described as social democracy, see <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>. 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/50px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/75px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/100px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt" title="Kamal Jumblatt">Jumblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal (Alva)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal (Gunnar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_Social_Democracy_in_Asia" title="Network of Social Democracy in Asia">Network of Social Democracy in Asia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Social democracy is a <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_ideology" title="Economic ideology">economic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> within <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980–103Newman20055Heywood2007101,_134–136,_139Ypi2018Watson2019-1">[1]</a> that supports <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradualist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> approach toward achieving limited socialism. In modern practice, social democracy has taken the form of predominantly <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> economies, with the state regulating the economy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">welfare capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_intervention" title="Market intervention">economic interventionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">partial public ownership</a>, a robust <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, policies promoting <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>, and a more <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">equitable distribution of income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1998aLane202396–114-3">[3]</a> Social democracy maintains a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a>. Common aims include curbing <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequality</a>, eliminating the <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">underprivileged</a> groups, eradicating <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, and upholding universally accessible public services such as <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">elderly care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">health care</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201297Hoefer201329-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer2007137-5">[5]</a> Economically, it supports <a href="/wiki/Income_redistribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Income redistribution">income redistribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_the_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of the economy">regulating the economy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">public interest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1998827BadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino20112423Heywood2012128-6">[6]</a> Social democracy has a strong, long-standing connection with <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> and the broader <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>. It is supportive of measures to foster greater <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">democratic decision-making in the economic sphere</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">co-determination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> rights for workers, and expanding ownership to <a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership" title="Employee stock ownership">employees</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakeholder capitalism">stakeholders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer200791MathersTaylorUpchurch200951-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">history of social democracy</a> stretches back to the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>. Originally a catch-all term for socialists of varying tendencies, after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, it came to refer to reformist socialists that are opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">centralized</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> model of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1993102–103-8">[8]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> era, social democrats embraced <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economies</a> with a predominance of <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private property</a> and promoted the regulation of capitalism over its replacement with a qualitatively different socialist <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf199210Miller1998827Jones20011410Heywood2012125–128-9">[9]</a> Since then, social democracy has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesian economics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombert20098Sejersted2011-10">[10]</a> Social democracy has been described as the most common form of Western or modern socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289Foley199423EatwellWright199980Busky20008Sargent2008117Heywood201297Hain20153-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199981,_100Pruitt2019Berman2020-12">[12]</a> Amongst social democrats, attitudes towards socialism vary: some retain socialism as a long-term goal, with social democracy being a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> supporting a <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradualist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> approach towards achieving socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer199425–27Berman199857Bailey200977Lamb2015415–416-13">[13]</a> Others view it as an <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical ideal</a> to guide reforms within capitalism. One way social democracy can be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> is that social democracy aims to strike a balance by advocating for a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed market economy</a> where capitalism is regulated to address inequalities through social welfare programs and supports private ownership with a strong emphasis on a well-regulated market. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> places greater emphasis on abolishing <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private property ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstor2018-14">[14]</a> Nevertheless, the distinction remains blurred<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf199210-15">[15]</a> and the two terms are commonly used synonymously. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> is an off-shoot of social democracy which aims to fuse <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> with social democratic economic policies and <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">center-left</a> social policies. It is a reconceptualization of social democracy developed in the 1990s and embraced by some social democratic parties; some analysts have characterized the Third Way as part of the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano200611-16">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_tradition_of_socialism">As a tradition of socialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As a tradition of socialism">edit</a>]</div> Social democracy is defined as one of many <a href="/wiki/Socialist_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist traditions">socialist traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980–103Newman20055-17">[17]</a> As an international <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, it aims to achieve socialism through <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997Safra1998920Stevens20001504DuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014-18">[18]</a> This definition goes back to the influence of both the <a href="/wiki/Reformist_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist socialism">reformist socialism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">internationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a> advanced by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspalter200152-19">[19]</a> Social democracy has undergone various major forms throughout its history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1998827DurlaufLawrence2008-20">[20]</a> In the 19th century, it encompassed various non-revolutionary and revolutionary currents of socialism, excluding <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204–205EatwellWright199980Lamb2015415–416-21">[21]</a> In one of the first scholarly works on European socialism written for an American audience, <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a>'s 1883 book French and German Socialism in Modern Times, social democrats were characterized as "the extreme wing of the socialists" who were "inclined to lay so much stress on equality of enjoyment, regardless of the value of one's labor, that they might, perhaps, more properly be called communists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204-22">[22]</a> In the early 20th century, social democracy came to refer to support for a process of developing society through existing political structures and opposition to revolutionary means, which are often associated with Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2003538-23">[23]</a> Thus whereas in the 19th century, social democracy could be described as "organized Marxism", it became "organized reformism" by the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980-24">[24]</a> In political science, democratic socialism and social democracy are sometimes seen as synonyms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008Sargent2008118Heywood201297Hain20153-25">[25]</a> while they are distinguished in journalistic use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2015Barro2015Tupy2016-26">[26]</a> Under this democratic socialist definition,<a href="#cite_note-30">[nb 1]</a> social democracy is an ideology seeking to gradually build an alternative <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a> through the institutions of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2003538-23">[23]</a> Starting in the post-war period, social democracy was defined as a policy regime advocating the reformation of capitalism to align it with the ethical ideals of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornaiYingi200911–24-31">[30]</a> What <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>, social democrats, <a href="/wiki/Syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicalists">syndicalists</a>, and some social democratic proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> share in common is history, specifically that they can all be traced back to the individuals, groups, and literature of the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>, and have retained some of the terminology and symbolism such as the colour <a href="/wiki/Red_(political_adjective)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (political adjective)">red</a>. How far society should intervene and whether the government, mainly the existing government, is the right vehicle for change are issues of disagreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb20061–2-32">[31]</a> As the Historical Dictionary of Socialism summarizes, "there were general criticisms about the social effects of the private ownership and control of capital", "a general view that the solution to these problems lay in some form of collective control (with the degree of control varying among the proponents of socialism) over the means of production, distribution, and exchange", and "there was agreement that the outcomes of this collective control should be a society that provided social equality and justice, economic protection, and generally a more satisfying life for most people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb20061–2-32">[31]</a> Socialism became a catch-all term for the <a href="/wiki/Critics_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Critics of capitalism">critics of capitalism</a> and industrial society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb20062-33">[32]</a> Social democrats are <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalists">anticapitalists</a> insofar as criticism about "poverty, low wages, unemployment, economic and social inequality, and a lack of economic security" is linked to the <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb20061–2-32">[31]</a> Social democracy or social democratic remains controversial among socialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[nb 2]</a> Some define it as representing a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> faction and non-communist socialists or the right-wing of socialism during the split with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMcLeanMcMillan2018-29">[29]</a> Others have noted its pejorative use among communists and other socialists. According to <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Tower_Sargent" title="Lyman Tower Sargent">Lyman Tower Sargent</a>, "socialism refers to social theories rather than to theories oriented to the individual. Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists, it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent2008117-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_policy_regime">As a policy regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As a policy regime">edit</a>]</div> As a policy regime,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008Kotz2009FosterTsakiroglou2014-37">[35]</a> social democracy entails support for a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> and ameliorative measures to benefit the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">democratic capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer2007112BadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino20112423Heywood2012128-38">[36]</a> Social democracy currently depicts a chiefly capitalist economy with state economic regulation in the general interest, state provision of welfare services and state redistribution of income and wealth. Social democratic concepts influence the policies of most Western states since World War 2.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Social democracy is frequently considered a practical middle course between capitalism and socialism. Social democracy aims to use democratic collective action for promoting freedom and equality in the economy and opposes what is seen as inequality and oppression that laissez-faire capitalism causes.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> In the 21st century, it has become commonplace to define social democracy in reference to Northern and Western European countries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumeDurlauf2016610–611-41">[39]</a> and their model of a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008-42">[40]</a> Social democracy has also been used synonymously with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2020-43">[41]</a> Henning Meyer and Jonathan Rutherford associate social democracy with the socioeconomic order in Europe from the post-war period until the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerRutherford2011-44">[42]</a> Social democratic roots are also observed in Latin America during the early 20th century; this was the case in Uruguay during the two presidential terms of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">José Batlle y Ordóñez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltman2011-45">[43]</a> While the welfare state has been accepted across the political spectrum,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2012-27">[27]</a> particularly by <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">conservatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democrats">Christian democrats</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberals">social liberals</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013-46">[44]</a> one notable difference is that socialists see the welfare state "not merely to provide benefits but to build the foundation for emancipation and self-determination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks2019-47">[45]</a> In the 21st century, a social democratic policy regime<a href="#cite_note-48">[nb 3]</a> may further be distinguished by a support for an increase in <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> policies or an increase in <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2020-43">[41]</a> Some distinguish between ideological social democracy as part of the broad socialist movement and social democracy as a policy regime. They call the first classical social democracy or classical socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1999103–106,_128–131"British_socialism_and_the_Labour_movement",_"Social_democracy_to_New_Labour"Romano20064-49">[46]</a> and the latter as competitive socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöring20073-50">[47]</a> liberal socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1999103–106,_128–131"British_socialism_and_the_Labour_movement",_"Social_democracy_to_New_Labour"-51">[48]</a> neo-social democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters200166KatseliMiliosPelagidis2018-52">[49]</a> or new social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGambleWright19996Fitzpatrick2003Bailey200914–17MeyerRutherford2011111–119Taylor2013133-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_name_for_political_parties">As a name for political parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As a name for political parties">edit</a>]</div> Many socialist parties in several countries have been, or are called Social Democratic. In the 19th century, social democrat was a broad catch-all for international socialists owing their primary ideological allegiance to Lassalle or Marx, in contrast to those advocating various forms of <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a>. Many parties in this era described themselves as Social Democrats, including the <a href="/wiki/General_German_Workers%27_Association" title="General German Workers' Association">General German Workers' Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany</a>, which merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a> in Britain, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a>. Social Democrat continued to be used in this context until the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> of October 1917, when Communist came into vogue for individuals and organizations espousing a revolutionary road to socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[nb 4]</a> In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with the positions of the German and Swedish parties. The first advocated <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionist Marxism">revisionist Marxism</a>, while the second advocated a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. By the 21st century, parties advocating social democracy include Labour, Left,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafontaine20093–4-57">[53]</a> and some Green parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2008-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[nb 5]</a> Most social democratic parties consider themselves democratic socialists and are categorized as socialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightfoot200517DochertyLamb2006Lamb2015-60">[55]</a> They continue to reference socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1998144–145-61">[56]</a> either as a <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-capitalist">post-capitalist</a> order<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen2010Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen,_November_2016Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen,_December_2016-62">[57]</a> or, in more ethical terms, as a just society, described as representing democratic socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Democratic_Party_of_Canada2013New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada2018-63">[58]</a> without any explicit reference to the economic system or its structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlamSmith20173-64">[59]</a> Parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[nb 6]</a> describe their goal as developing democratic socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008180-67">[61]</a> with social democracy as the principle of action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocial_Democratic_Party_of_Germany2007-68">[62]</a> In the 21st century, European social democratic parties represent the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a> and most are part of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a>, while democratic socialist parties are to their left within the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a>. Many of those social democratic parties are members of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>, including several democratic socialist parties, whose <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a> declares the goal of developing democratic socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008-34">[33]</a> Others are also part of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a>, founded in 2013 by most contemporary or former member parties of the Socialist International.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambin2014269Imlay2018465-69">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_Marxist_revisionism">As Marxist revisionism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As Marxist revisionism">edit</a>]</div> Social democracy has been seen as a revision of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014-70">[64]</a> although this has been described as misleading for modern social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199986-71">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionist">Marxist revisionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a>'s views influenced and laid the groundwork for developing post-war social democracy as a policy regime, <a href="/wiki/Labour_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour revisionism">Labour revisionism</a>, and the neo-revisionism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199999-72">[66]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens20032-73">[67]</a> This definition of social democracy is focused on ethical terms, with the <a href="/wiki/Type_of_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Type of socialism">type of socialism</a> advocated being <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199986BastowMartin200372–79Heywood2012128-74">[68]</a> Bernstein described socialism and social democracy in particular as organized liberalism;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997139Laidler2013253-75">[69]</a> in this sense, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> is the predecessor and precursor of socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedenSargentStears2013350-76">[70]</a> whose restricted view of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(liberalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (liberalism)">freedom</a> is to be <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(socialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (socialism)">socialized</a>, while democracy must entail social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199983,_86-77">[71]</a> For those social democrats, who still describe and see themselves as socialists, socialism is used in ethical or moral terms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998a71JacksonTansey200897-78">[72]</a> representing democracy, egalitarianism, and social justice rather than a specifically socialist economic system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornaiYingi200911–24-31">[30]</a> Under this type of definition, social democracy's goal is that of advancing those values within a capitalist <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, as its support for a mixed economy no longer denotes the coexistence between <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> or that between <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_mechanism" title="Market mechanism">market mechanisms</a> but rather, it represents <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Government_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Government intervention">government intervention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">regulations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright1999100-79">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> As a form of reformist <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289Foley199423EatwellWright199980Busky20008Sargent2008117Heywood201297Hain20153-11">[11]</a> social democracy rejects the either/or interpretation of capitalism versus socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington201193-80">[74]</a> It claims that fostering a progressive evolution of capitalism will gradually result in the evolution of a capitalist economy into a socialist economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose200541-81">[75]</a> All citizens should be legally entitled to certain social rights: universal access to public services such as education, health care, workers' compensation, and other services, including child care and care for the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer2007137-5">[5]</a> Social democrats advocate freedom from discrimination based on differences in ability/disability, age, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, language, race, religion, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenkeHatch2009192-82">[76]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbeiterbew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arbeiterbew.jpg/200px-Arbeiterbew.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arbeiterbew.jpg/300px-Arbeiterbew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arbeiterbew.jpg/400px-Arbeiterbew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>A portrait highlighting the five leaders of early social democracy in Germany<a href="#cite_note-83">[nb 7]</a></figcaption></figure> Later in their lives, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> argued that in some countries, workers might be able to achieve their aims through peaceful means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayJohnsonWalker2014119–120-84">[77]</a> In this sense, Engels argued that socialists were evolutionists, although both Marx and Engels remained committed to <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1999186-85">[78]</a> In developing social democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997133,_146-86">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> rejected <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a>'s revolutionary and materialist foundations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger199780,_137-87">[80]</a> Rather than <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedenSargentStears2013350-76">[70]</a> Bernstein's <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionism">Marxist revisionism</a> reflected that socialism could be achieved through cooperation between people regardless of class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997146-88">[81]</a> Nonetheless, Bernstein paid deference to Marx, describing him as the father of social democracy but declaring that it was necessary to revise Marx's thought in light of changing conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerner199365-89">[82]</a> Influenced by the gradualist platform favoured by the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabian movement">Fabian movement</a> in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosse2018269-90">[83]</a> Bernstein advocated a similar evolutionary approach to socialist politics that he termed evolutionary socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger19974,_14,_135-91">[84]</a> Evolutionary means include <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> and cooperation between people regardless of class. Bernstein accepted the Marxist analysis that the creation of socialism is interconnected with the evolution of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997146-88">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a>, Bernstein, Engels, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a>, Marx, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_T%C3%B6lcke" title="Carl Wilhelm Tölcke">Carl Wilhelm Tölcke</a> are all considered founders of social democracy in Germany. However, Bernstein and Lassalle, along with labourists and reformists such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a> in France,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199982-92">[85]</a> led to the widespread association of social democracy with socialist reformism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegill197037Lipset19951149BrandalBratbergThorsen201324-93">[86]</a> While Lassalle was a reformist <a href="/wiki/State_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="State socialist">state socialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921-94">[87]</a> Bernstein predicted a long-term coexistence of democracy with a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> during the reforming of capitalism into socialism and argued that socialists needed to accept this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997146-88">[81]</a> This mixed economy would involve <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">public</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private enterprises</a>, and it would be necessary for an extended period before private enterprises evolve of their own accord into cooperative enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson200125-95">[88]</a> Bernstein supported state ownership only for certain parts of the economy that the state could best manage and rejected a mass scale of state ownership as being too burdensome to be manageable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997146-88">[81]</a> Bernstein was an advocate of Kantian socialism and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger199796,_115–116EatwellWright199986FreedenSargentStears2013349-96">[89]</a> Although unpopular early on, his views became mainstream after World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosse2018-97">[90]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Socialism" title="The Future of Socialism">The Future of Socialism</a> (1956), <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> argued that "traditional capitalism has been reformed and modified almost out of existence, and it is with a quite different form of society that socialists must now concern themselves. Pre-war anti-capitalism will give us very little help", for a new kind of capitalism required a new kind of socialism. Crosland believed that these features of reformed managerial capitalism were irreversible, but it has been argued within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and by others that <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> brought about its reversal in the 1970s and 1980s. Although the post-war consensus represented a period where social democracy was "most buoyant", it has been argued that "post-war social democracy had been altogether too confident in its analysis" because "gains which were thought to be permanent turned out to be conditional and as the reservoir of capitalist growth showed signs of drying up".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199993-98">[91]</a> In Socialism Now (1974), Crosland argued that "[m]uch more should have been achieved by a Labour Government in office and Labour pressure in opposition. Against the dogged resistance to change, we should have pitted a stronger will to change. I conclude that a move to the Left is needed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosland197444-99">[92]</a> In Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared, Vít Hloušek and Lubomír Kopecek explain how socialist parties have evolved from the 19th to the early 21st centuries. As the number of people in traditional working-class occupations such as factory workers and miners declined, socialists have successfully widened their appeal to the middle class by diluting their ideology;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHloušekKopecek201315–40-100">[93]</a> however, there is still continuity between parties such as the SPD, the Labour Party in Britain, and other socialist parties which remain part of the same famille spirituelle, or ideological party family, as outlined by most political scientists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHloušekKopecek201341–66-101">[94]</a> For many social democrats, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> is loosely held to be valuable for its emphasis on changing the world for a more just, better future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman2006153-102">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O'Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hartsock" title="Nancy Hartsock">Hartsock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geras" title="Norman Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)" title="Doreen Massey (geographer)">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch">Panitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Clarke_(sociologist)" title="Simon Clarke (sociologist)">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Burawoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Rose" title="Gillian Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r_Mikl%C3%B3s_Tam%C3%A1s" title="Gáspár Miklós Tamás">Tamás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hennessy" title="Rosemary Hennessy">Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Douzinas" title="Costas Douzinas">Douzinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera" title="Álvaro García Linera">Linera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Coulthard" title="Glen Coulthard">Coulthard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Malm" title="Andreas Malm">Malm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi_Bhattacharya" title="Tithi Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Srnicek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Horvat" title="Srećko Horvat">Horvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agon_Hamza" title="Agon Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipode_(journal)" title="Antipode (journal)">Antipode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_%26_Class" title="Capital & Class">Capital & Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_Nature_Socialism" title="Capitalism Nature Socialism">Capitalism Nature Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellations_(journal)" 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style="line-height:1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Marxism" title="Outline of Marxism">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism_sidebar" title="Template:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, social democracy was a broad labour movement within socialism that aimed to replace <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> with <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production,_distribution_and_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Means of production, distribution and exchange">means of production, distribution and exchange</a>, taking influence from both <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204–205Lamb2015415–416-103">[96]</a> By 1868–1869, the socialism associated with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> had become the official theoretical basis of the first social democratic party established in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchorske19932-104">[97]</a> In the early 20th century, the German social democratic politician <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> rejected <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxist</a> ideas about the <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">inevitable progression of history</a> and the need for <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">revolution</a>, advancing instead the position that socialism should be grounded in <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical and moral arguments</a> and achieved through <a href="/wiki/Gradualism#Politics_and_society" title="Gradualism">gradual</a> legislative <a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger199780,_137-87">[80]</a> Bernstein's ideas were initially not well received; his party maintained the position that reforms should be pursued only as a means to an eventual revolution, not as a substitute for it. Yet, Bernstein's ideas would have growing influence, particularly after the First World War. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> was a pivotal moment that furthered the division between reformists and revolutionary socialists. Those supporting the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> renamed themselves as Communists while those opposing the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> retained the Social Democrat label.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaarden2002441-105">[98]</a> While both groups technically shared the goal of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a> that fully realized the principle of "<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">from each according to his ability, to each according to his need</a>", the Communists sought to distance themselves from to Social Democracy's association with reformism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289Busky20008-106">[99]</a> The Communists also sought to distinguish themselves from the socialists that had supported the imperialist <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a> and thus betrayed <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>. This reformist–revolutionary division culminated in the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1919">German Revolution of 1919</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChickering1998155-107">[100]</a> in which the Communists wanted to overthrow the German government and establish a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">soviet republic</a> like Russia, while the Social Democrats wanted to preserve it as what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman1998145–146Childs20002-108">[101]</a> Thus social democracy went from a "Marxist revolutionary" doctrine into a form of "moderate parliamentary socialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2001108-109">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> split from the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> and created their own separate <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern) in 1919 that sought to rally revolutionary social democrats together for socialist revolution. With this split, the reformists founded the <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Socialist_International" title="Labour and Socialist International">Labour and Socialist International</a> (LSI) in 1923. The LSI had a history of rivalry with the Comintern, with which it competed over the leadership of the international socialist and labour movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200372-110">[103]</a> During the 1920s and 1930s, social democracy became dominant in the socialist movement, mainly associated with reformist socialism while <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> represented revolutionary socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20055-111">[104]</a> Under the influence of politicians like <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a> in Italy, social democrats began disassociating themselves from orthodox Marxism altogether as represented by <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner1999103-112">[105]</a> embracing <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal socialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner1999103–104-113">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner1999103-112">[105]</a> and appealing to morality rather than any consistent systematic, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199986Heywood2012128-114">[107]</a> Social democracy appealed to <a href="/wiki/Communitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Communitarian">communitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> sentiments while rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">technological determinism</a> generally characteristic of orthodox Marxism and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman200812–13-115">[108]</a> By the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period and its <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">economic consensus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">expansion</a>, most social democrats in Europe had abandoned their ideological connection to orthodox Marxism. They shifted their emphasis toward social policy reform as a compromise between <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1993146-116">[109]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a>, the primary reason for this was the perspective that viewed the Stalinist-era <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as having succeeded in usurping the legacy of Marxism and distorting it in propaganda to justify <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2011162-117">[110]</a> In its foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> denounced the Bolshevik-inspired communist movement, "for [it] falsely claims a share in the Socialist tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_International1951-118">[111]</a> Furthermore, core tenets of Marxism have been regarded by social democrats as having become obsolete, including the prediction that the working class was the decisive class with the development of capitalism. In their view, this did not materialize in the aftermath of mass industrialization during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2011162-117">[110]</a> In Britain, the social democratic <a href="/wiki/Gaitskellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaitskellites">Gaitskellites</a> emphasized the goals of <a href="/wiki/Personal_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal liberty">personal liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrivatiHeffernan2000301-119">[112]</a> The Gaitskellites were part of a political consensus between the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> parties, famously dubbed <a href="/wiki/Butskellism" class="mw-redirect" title="Butskellism">Butskellism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaseler1969-120">[113]</a> Some social democratic Third Way figures such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, who has described himself as a Christian socialist and a socialist in ethical terms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacksonTansey200897-121">[114]</a> insist that they are socialists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998b71-122">[115]</a> for they claim to believe in the same values that their anti-Third Way critics do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair19952"Labour_Past,_Present_and_Future"''The_Guardian''2006Diamond2015Eaton2017-123">[116]</a> According to those self-proclaimed social democratic modernizers, <a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause IV</a>'s open advocacy of state socialism was alienating potential middle-class Labour supporters, and nationalization policies had been so thoroughly attacked by neoliberal economists and politicians, including rhetorical comparisons by the right of state-owned industry in the West to that in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and nationalizations and state socialism became unpopular. <a href="/wiki/Thatcherite" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatcherite">Thatcherite</a> Conservatives were adept at condemning <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a> as economically inefficient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200995-124">[117]</a> For the Gaitskellites, nationalization was not essential to achieve all major socialist objectives; <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> were not explicitly rejected but were seen as merely one of numerous useful devices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrivatiHeffernan2000301-119">[112]</a> According to social democratic modernizers like Blair, nationalization policies had become politically unviable by the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2004Romano20073LudlamSmith20171–15-125">[118]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> development of social democracy, social democrats adjusted to the neoliberal political climate that had existed since the 1980s. Those social democrats recognized that outspoken <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to capitalism">opposition to capitalism</a> was politically non-viable and that accepting the <a href="/wiki/The_powers_that_be_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="The powers that be (phrase)">powers that be</a>, seeking to challenge <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> variations of capitalism, was a more immediate concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2006113-126">[119]</a> The Third Way stands for a modernized social democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2004Romano20063LudlamSmith20173-127">[120]</a> but the social democracy that remained committed to the gradual abolition of capitalism and social democrats opposed to the Third Way merged into democratic socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafontaine2009-128">[121]</a> Although social democracy originated as a revolutionary socialist or communist movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204–205-55">[52]</a> one distinction between democratic socialism and social democracy is that the former can include revolutionary means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014Abjorensen2019115-129">[122]</a> The latter proposes <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> as the only acceptable constitutional form of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer200791-130">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a>, who argued that traditional capitalism had been reformed and modified almost out of existence by the social democratic welfare policy regime after World War II</figcaption></figure>During the Great Recession, Social Democratic parties in Europe increasingly adopted <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> as a policy response to the economic crisis, shifting away from the traditional Keynesian response of <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficit spending</a>. According to Björn Bremer, this shift in thinking was due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a> on Social Democratic leaders and by electoral motivations whereby Social Democrats wanted to appear economically competent to voters by adopting orthodox fiscal policies.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_democracy_and_democratic_socialism">Social democracy and democratic socialism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social democracy and democratic socialism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #d33; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> 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<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" 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style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:1px solid #d33;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">WikiProject</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Social democracy has some significant overlap in practical policy positions with democratic socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenitch1981Picard1985Foley199423Busky20008Heywood201297Sunkara2020-132">[125]</a> although they are usually distinguished from each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980Busky20008AndersonHerr2007AltChambersGarrettKurian2010Sunkara2020-133">[126]</a> In Britain, the revised version of <a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause IV</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Constitution" title="Labour Party Constitution">Labour Party Constitution</a>, which was implemented in the 1990s by the <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> faction led by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlamSmith20171–15-134">[127]</a> affirms a formal commitment to democratic socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1998144–145-61">[56]</a> describing it as a modernized form of social democracy;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2004Romano20073LudlamSmith20173-135">[128]</a> however, it no longer commits the party to public ownership of industry and in its place advocates "the enterprise of the market and the rigour of competition" along with "high quality public services either owned by the public or accountable to them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1998144–145-61">[56]</a> Many social democrats "refer to themselves as socialists or democratic socialists", and some such as Blair<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair19952"Labour_Past,_Present_and_Future"''The_Guardian''2006Diamond2015Eaton2017-123">[116]</a> "use or have used these terms interchangeably".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly200791Raza201286Gage2018-136">[129]</a> Others argue that "there are clear differences between the three terms, and preferred to describe their own political beliefs by using the term 'social democracy' only".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandalBratbergThorsen20137-137">[130]</a> Democratic socialism<a href="#cite_note-147">[nb 8]</a> represents social democracy before the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumpeter1942Thomas1953Williams1985Hattersley1987Tomlinson1997Medearis1997-148">[140]</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_displacement_of_Keynesianism" title="Post-war displacement of Keynesianism">post-war displacement of Keynesianism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a> and neoliberalism caused many social democratic parties to adopt the Third Way ideology, accepting <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> for the time being and redefining <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> in a way that maintains the capitalist structure intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell2004Romano2006Hinnfors2006Lafontaine2009Corfe2010-149">[141]</a> Like modern social democracy, democratic socialism tends to follow a gradual or evolutionary path to socialism rather than a revolutionary one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1989-150">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky200010Pierson2005Heywood201297-151">[143]</a> Policies commonly supported are <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> and include some degree of <a href="/wiki/Regulation_over_the_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation over the economy">regulation over the economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> schemes, public <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> programs, and a gradual expansion of <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> over major and strategic industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent2008117-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_debates">Internal debates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internal debates">edit</a>]</div> During the late 20th century, those labels were embraced, contested and rejected due to the emergence of developments within the European left,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintrop1983306-152">[144]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKindersley2016-153">[145]</a> the rise of neoliberalism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2005BirchMacLeavySpringer2016Humphrys2018-154">[146]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb200682-155">[147]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell20049–26Cammack2004151–166Romano2006Hinnfors2006Lafontaine2009Corfe2010-156">[148]</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement" title="Anti-austerity movement">anti-austerity</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalossi2016-157">[149]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwokRieger201340-158">[150]</a> movements due to the global <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[nb 9]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDionneGaltson2019Cassidy2019Kvitrud2019Sears2019243-161">[152]</a> the causes of which have been attributed by some to the neoliberal shift and deregulation economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalley2013Amadeo2019Sitaraman2019-162">[153]</a> This latest development contributed to the rise of politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> in Britain and <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarnoff2017-163">[154]</a> who rejected <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a> politicians that supported <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">triangulation</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuges2016Associated_Press2018-164">[155]</a> According to both right-wing critics and supporters alike, policies such as universal <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal education">education</a> are "pure Socialism" because they are opposed to "the hedonism of capitalist society".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevan1952106-165">[156]</a> Because of this overlap, democratic socialism refers to European socialism as represented by social democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008Sargent2008118Heywood201297Hain20153Levitz,_April_2019-166">[157]</a> especially in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson2015Gram2015Murphy2017-167">[158]</a> where it is tied to the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkop2015Sanders2015Frizell2019Sanders2019Golshan2019-168">[159]</a> Some democratic socialists who follow social democracy support practical, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> reforms of capitalism and are more concerned with administrating and humanising it, with socialism relegated to the indefinite future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman199857Bailey200977-169">[160]</a> Other democratic socialists want to go beyond mere meliorist reforms and advocate the systematic transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> from <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980AndersonHerr2007AltChambersGarrettKurian2010-170">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In the United States">edit</a>]</div> Despite the long history of overlap between the two, with social democracy considered a form of democratic or parliamentary socialism and social democrats calling themselves democratic socialists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008Sargent2008118Heywood201297Hain20153-25">[25]</a> democratic socialism is considered a misnomer in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2015Barro2015Tupy2016-26">[26]</a> One issue is that social democracy is equated with wealthy countries in the Western world, especially in Northern and Western Europe, while democratic socialism is conflated either with the <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">pink tide</a> in Latin America, especially with Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2019Faiola2019Haltiwanger2020Krugman2020-171">[162]</a> or with communism in the form of <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> socialism as practised in the Soviet Union and other <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">self-declared socialist states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2015Barro2015Tupy2016-26">[26]</a> Democratic socialism has been described as representing the left-wing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitz,_April_2019-172">[163]</a> or socialist tradition of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2019-173">[164]</a> The lack of a strong and influential <a href="/wiki/Socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist movement in the United States">socialist movement in the United States</a> has been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1984Oshinsky1988Zimmerman2010-174">[165]</a> and any ideology associated with socialism brings social stigma due to its association with <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist states">socialist states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovich2007-175">[166]</a> Socialism has been used as a pejorative term by members of the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">political right</a> to stop the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> policies and proposals and to criticize the public figures trying to implement them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman1952Jackson2012Astor2019-176">[167]</a> Although Americans may reject the idea that the United States has characteristics of a European-style social democracy, it has been argued by some observers that it has a comfortable <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a>, albeit severely underfunded in comparison to other Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2010-177">[168]</a> It has also been argued that many policies that may be considered socialist are popular but that socialism is not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitz,_April_2019-172">[163]</a> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a>, described <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberalism in the United States</a> as representing European social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Economist''2010-178">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_South_Africa">In South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> has been governed by the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC), a social democratic party, since 1994. In 2022, The World Economic Forum said that South Africa risks state collapse and identified five major risks facing the country.<a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> Former minister Jay Naidoo has said that South Africa is in serious trouble and is showing signs of a failed state, with record unemployment levels and the fact that many young people will not find a job in their lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_regime">Policy regime</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Policy regime">edit</a>]</div> Social democracy rests on three fundamental features, namely: "(1) parliamentary democracy, (2) an economy partly regulated by the state, and (3) provision of social support to those in need".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino20112423-181">[172]</a> In practice, social democratic parties have been instrumental in the social-liberal paradigm, lasting from the 1940s and 1970s, and called such because it was developed by social liberals but implemented by social democrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2001ÁrnasonWittrock201230,_192-182">[173]</a> Since those policies were mostly implemented by social democrats, social liberalism is sometimes called social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenworthy2014-183">[174]</a> In Britain, the social-liberal <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> drafted by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal (UK)">Liberal</a> economist <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> influenced the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>'s social policies, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> and Labour's welfare state development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferys1994-184">[175]</a> This social-liberal paradigm represented the post-war consensus and was accepted across the political spectrum by conservatives, liberals and socialists until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200137-185">[176]</a> Similarly, the neoliberal paradigm, which replaced the previous paradigm, was accepted across the mainstream political parties, including social democratic supporters of the Third Way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2001212–213-186">[177]</a> This has caused much controversy within the social democratic movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell200418Cammack2004155Romano200611Hinnfors2006117,_137–139Lafontaine20097Corfe201033,_178-187">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_state">Role of the state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Role of the state">edit</a>]</div> From the late 19th century until the mid to late 20th century, there was greater public confidence in the idea of a state-managed economy that was a major pillar of communism, and to a substantial degree by <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-liberal">left-liberals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothestein199818–27Esping-Andersen2013-188">[179]</a> Aside from <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialists">libertarian socialists</a>, there was confidence amongst socialists in the concept of <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> as being the most effective form of socialism. Some early British social democrats in the 19th century and 20th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fabians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabians">Fabians</a>, said that British society was already mostly socialist and that the economy was significantly socialist through government-run enterprises created by conservative and liberal governments which could be run for the interests of the people through their representatives' influence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199987–88-189">[180]</a> an argument echoed by some socialists in post-war Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosland1952Kynaston200982-190">[181]</a> Advents in economics and observation of the failure of state socialism in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyKostaQuaisser1987-191">[182]</a> and the Western world with the crisis and stagflation of the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008Ehns20164–5-192">[183]</a> combined with the neoliberal rebuke of <a href="/wiki/State_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="State interventionism">state interventionism</a>, resulted in socialists re-evaluating and redesigning socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199993–95-193">[184]</a> Some social democrats have sought to keep what they deem are socialism's core values while changing their position on state involvement in the economy and retaining significant social regulations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199996–103-194">[185]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aneurin_Bevan_(1943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg/157px-Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg/236px-Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg/314px-Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Health (United Kingdom)">minister of health</a> (1945–1951)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059,_Paris,_Besuch_Erich_Honecker,_Mitterrand_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg/157px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg/236px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="377" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a> (1981–1995)</div></div></div></div></div> When <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of large industries was relatively widespread in the 20th century until the 1970s, it was not uncommon for commentators to describe some European social democracies as democratic socialist states seeking to move their countries toward a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbroner199196–110Kendall2011125–127Li201560–69-195">[186]</a> In 1956, leading <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> politician and British author <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> said that capitalism had been abolished in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosland1952EatwellWright199993-196">[187]</a> although others such as Welshman <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, Minister of Health in the first <a href="/wiki/Post-war_Labour_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Labour government">post-war Labour government</a> and the architect of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, disputed the claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain1958Crosland20069,_89-197">[188]</a> For Crosland and others who supported his views, Britain was a socialist state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosland1952Kynaston200982-190">[181]</a> According to Bevan, Britain had a socialist <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, which opposed the <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> of Britain's capitalist society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevan1952106-165">[156]</a> Although, as in the rest of Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">laws of capitalism</a> still operated fully and <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private enterprise</a> dominated the economy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatson2017-198">[189]</a> some political commentators stated that during the post-war period, when social democratic parties were in power, countries such as Britain and France were democratic socialist states. The same claim has been applied to Nordic countries with the Nordic model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbroner199196–110Kendall2011125–127Li201560–69-195">[186]</a> In the 1980s, the government of President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> aimed to expand <a href="/wiki/Dirigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigism">dirigism</a> and attempted to nationalize all French banks, but this attempt faced opposition from the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> because it demanded a free-market economy among its members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobham1984Cohen2010-199">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">Public ownership</a> never accounted for more than 15–20% of <a href="/wiki/Capital_formation" title="Capital formation">capital formation</a>, further dropping to 8% in the 1980s and below 5% in the 1990s after the rise of neoliberalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatson2017-198">[189]</a> The collapse of the legitimacy of state socialism and <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> interventionism (with the discovery of the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>) has been an issue for social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008Ehns20164–5-192">[183]</a> This has provoked re-thinking of how socialism should be achieved by social democrats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008253-200">[191]</a> including changing views by social democrats on private property—anti-Third Way social democrats such as Robert Corfe have advocated a socialist form of private property as part of new socialism (although Corfe technically objects to <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> as a term to collectively describe property that is not publicly owned as being vague) and rejecting state socialism as a failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfe200174CorfeMiller200251Corfe200520-201">[192]</a> Third Way social democracy was formed in response to what its proponents saw as a crisis in the legitimacy of socialism—especially state socialism—and the rising legitimacy of neoliberalism, especially laissez-faire capitalism. The Third Way's view of the crisis is criticized for being too simplistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkeMarks19925-202">[193]</a> Others have criticized it because with the fall of state socialism, it was possible for "a new kind of 'third way' socialism (combining social ownership with markets and democracy), thereby heralding a revitalization of the social democratic tradition";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199995-203">[194]</a> however, it has been argued that the prospect of a new socialism was "a chimera, a hopeful invention of Western socialists who had not understood how '<a href="/wiki/Actually_existing_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Actually existing socialism">actually existing socialism</a>' had totally discredited any version of socialism among those who had lived under it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199995-203">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporatism">Corporatism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Corporatism">edit</a>]</div> Social democracy influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">social corporatism</a>, a form of economic <a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">tripartite</a> corporatism based upon a social partnership between the interests of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a>, involving collective bargaining between representatives of employers and labour mediated by the government at the national level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1988-204">[195]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a>, this form of social democracy has been a major component of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a> and, to a lesser degree, the West European <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Social market economies">social market economies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosserRosser2003226-205">[196]</a> The development of social corporatism began in Norway and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in the 1930s and was consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschonas200265-206">[197]</a> The system was based upon the dual compromise of capital and labour as one component and the market and the state as the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschonas200265-206">[197]</a> From the 1940s through the 1970s, defining features of social democracy as a policy regime included Keynesian economic policies and industrial agreements to balance the power of capital and labour and the welfare state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2003538-23">[23]</a> This is especially associated with the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Social Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelsson1968CarlssonLindgren1998-207">[198]</a> In the 1970s, social corporatism evolved into <a href="/wiki/Neo-corporatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-corporatism">neo-corporatism</a>, which replaced it. Neo-corporatism has represented an important concept of <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Way social democracy">Third Way social democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005208-208">[199]</a> Social democratic theorist Robin Archer wrote about the importance of social corporatism to social democracy in his work Economic Democracy: The Politics of a Feasible Socialism (1995).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher1995-209">[200]</a> As a welfare state, social democracy is a specific type of welfare state and policy regime described as being universalist, supportive of collective bargaining, and more supportive of public provision of welfare. It is especially associated with the Nordic model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013BrandalBratbergThorsen2013-210">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#8888ff;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:N.S._cechy_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/225px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1090" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_economics" title="Brotherhood economics">Brotherhood economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_(feudal_Europe)" title="Corporation (feudal Europe)">Corporation (feudal Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group_(sociology)" title="Corporate group (sociology)">Corporate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft">Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">Livery company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">New State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarism" title="Solidarism">Solidarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Economy" title="Fascism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Nationalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Progressive_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Solidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">Statist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Agar" title="Herbert Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%BCher" title="Hans Blüher">Blüher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Doboszy%C5%84ski" title="Adam Doboszyński">Doboszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_J%C3%BAlio_de_Castro_Fernandes" title="António Júlio de Castro Fernandes">Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.W.F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W.F. Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldūn">Khaldūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minguij%C3%B3n_Adri%C3%A1n" title="Salvador Minguijón Adrián">Minguijón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esdras_Minville" title="Esdras Minville">Minville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Richard_Orage" title="Alfred Richard Orage">Orage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penty" title="Arthur Penty">Penty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera Larumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Reckitt" title="Maurice Reckitt">Reckitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Jacques Le Roy Ladurie">Le Roy Ladurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Preussentum und Sozialismus</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Corporation_and_Private_Property" title="The Modern Corporation and Private Property">The Modern Corporation and Private Property</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">New State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Organization_of_the_Society" title="Common Organization of the Society">Common Organization of the Society</a> (1935–1936)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acci%C3%B3n_Legionaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acción Legionaria (page does not exist)">Acción Legionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Great_Poland" title="Camp of Great Poland">Camp of Great Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_League_(Norway)" title="Fatherland League (Norway)">Fatherland League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Spain)" title="National Assembly (Spain)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Radical_Movement_%22Falanga%22" title="National-Radical Movement "Falanga"">National-Radical Movement "Falanga"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(Hungary)" title="Unity Party (Hungary)">United Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics of fascism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #8888FF; border-bottom:1px solid #8888FF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporatism_sidebar" title="Template:Corporatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corporatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Corporatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corporatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism" title="Category:Progressivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Purple" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/75px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/113px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/150px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_for_the_Common_Good" title="Economy for the Common Good">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indivisible_movement" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservatism">Progressive Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Progressive Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(American_political_movement)" title="The Resistance (American political movement)">The Resistance</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloward%E2%80%93Piven_strategy" title="Cloward–Piven strategy">Cloward–Piven strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of progress">Philosophy of progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America#Educational_progressivism" title="Inclusive education in Latin America">In Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stack" title="Progressive stack">Progressive stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Progressive nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">Scientific progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_essentialism" title="Strategic essentialism">Strategic essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">In the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity Unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Voluntary childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott (Edith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Abbott" title="Grace Abbott">Abbott (Grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Ahmed_(strategist)" title="Imran Ahmed (strategist)">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_X" title="Ajamu X">Ajamu X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brinton" title="Sam Brinton">Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campbell,_Baroness_Campbell_of_Surbiton" title="Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton">Cambell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Cloward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dees" title="Morris Dees">Dees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haben_Girma" title="Haben Girma">Girma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana_Hassan" title="Tirana Hassan">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Heumann" title="Judith Heumann">Heumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Huang" title="Margaret Huang">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">Jackson (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cooper_Jackson" title="Esther Cooper Jackson">Jackson (Esther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jenkins" title="Andrea Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anetta_Kahane" title="Anetta Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_King" title="Shaun King">King (Shaun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Jr.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ludmer" title="Maurice Ludmer">Ludmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_Mahogany" title="Honey Mahogany">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson" title="DeRay Mckesson">Mckesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Page#Activism" title="Elliot Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rothblatt" title="Gabriel Rothblatt">Rothblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Seligmann" title="Herbert J. Seligmann">Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Smeeth" title="Ruth Smeeth">Smeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Soros (Alexander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">Soros (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha_Walia" title="Harsha Walia">Walia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Windsor#Activism" title="Edith Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Wong_(activist)" title="Alice Wong (activist)">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imani_Barbarin" title="Imani Barbarin">Barbarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Conover" title="Adam Conover">Conover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado_Perez" title="Caroline Criado Perez">Criado Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Kate_Dale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauren Kate Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_Darnovsky" title="Marcy Darnovsky">Darnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Dearden" title="Lizzie Dearden">Dearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau_(speechwriter)" title="Jon Favreau (speechwriter)">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Fiorentini" title="Francesca Fiorentini">Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Glaude" title="Eddie Glaude">Glaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Hartmann" title="Thom Hartmann">Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medhi_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhi Hasan">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre#MoveOn_and_political_commentary" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Jean-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Jennings" title="Jazz Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Kasparian" title="Ana Kasparian">Kasparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Klippenstein" title="Ken Klippenstein">Klippenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski" title="Kyle Kulinski">Kulinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lovett" title="Jon Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Marsh" title="Jeffrey Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Miller" title="Stephanie Miller">Miller (Stephanie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Monroe" title="Jack Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Quinn" title="Zoë Quinn">Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Rather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Reid" title="Joy Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Sarkeesian" title="Anita Sarkeesian">Sarkeesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Seder" title="Sam Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Mark Simpson (journalist)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Smith_(journalist)" title="Ben Smith (journalist)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffals" title="Keffals">Sorrenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Talbot" title="David Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Vietor" title="Tommy Vietor">Vietor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_L._Allen" title="Anita L. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Anderson" title="Carol Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha_Benjamin" title="Ruha Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liat_Ben-Moshe" title="Liat Ben-Moshe">Ben-Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Brand" title="Adolf Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_DiAngelo" title="Robin DiAngelo">DiAngelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Brown_Douglas" title="Kelly Brown Douglas">Douglas (Kelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelynn_M._Hammonds" title="Evelynn M. Hammonds">Hammonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Helms" title="Janet E. Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibram_X._Kendi" title="Ibram X. Kendi">Kendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Meyers" title="Robin Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Mills" title="Charles W. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oastler#Political_philosophy" title="Richard Oastler">Oastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Irvin_Painter" title="Nell Irvin Painter">Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Patterson" title="Orlando Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich (Wilhelm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Roberts" title="Dorothy Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothstein" title="Richard Rothstein">Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Stein" title="Abby Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_TallBear" title="Kim TallBear">TallBear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Wilderson_III" title="Frank B. Wilderson III">Wilderson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Zuboff" title="Shoshana Zuboff">Zuboff</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Casar" title="Greg Casar">Casar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Finke" title="Leigh Finke">Finke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Hessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Lee" title="Summer Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Frost" title="Maxwell Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-hyung" title="Lyuh Woon-hyung">Lyuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Murphy" title="Emily Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pocan" title="Mark Pocan">Pocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Pressley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Raskin" title="Jamie Raskin">Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Ware" title="Butch Ware">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Watson_Coleman" title="Bonnie Watson Coleman">Watson Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson (Harold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Yavlinsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Superman" title="Man and Superman">Man and Superman</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Conspiracy" title="The Open Conspiracy">The Open Conspiracy</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_Radicals" title="Rules for Radicals">Rules for Radicals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II">Humanist Manifesto II</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Athena" title="Black Athena">Black Athena</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Racial_Contract" title="The Racial Contract">The Racial Contract</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Against_the_Weak" title="War Against the Weak">War Against the Weak</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_the_Jewish_People" title="The Invention of the Jewish People">The Invention of the Jewish People</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rage" title="White Rage">White Rage</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law">The Color of Law</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_(book)" title="Inferior (book)">Inferior</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg#Not_All_Dead_White_Men" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Not All Dead White Men</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Fragility" title="White Fragility">White Fragility</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Women:_Exposing_Data_Bias_in_a_World_Designed_for_Men" title="Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men">Invisible Women</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_an_Antiracist" title="How to Be an Antiracist">How to Be an Antiracist</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_After_Technology" title="Race After Technology">Race After Technology</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior:_The_Return_of_Race_Science" title="Superior: The Return of Race Science">Superior</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Racism" title="Nice Racism">Nice Racism</a> (2021)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sexual_Health_Association" title="American Sexual Health Association">ASHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation" title="Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation">BLMGNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Genetics_and_Society" title="Center for Genetics and Society">CGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Ella Baker Center for Human Rights">Ella Baker Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">ENAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Coefficients_(dining_club)" title="Coefficients (dining club)">Coefficients</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Immigration_Reform_Movement" title="Fair Immigration Reform Movement">FIRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_not_Hate" title="Hope not Hate">Hope not Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">ILGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_Against_Racism" title="International Committee Against Racism">InCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">IPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives" title="Movement for Black Lives">Movement for Black Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_one_is_illegal" title="No one is illegal">No one is illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Welfare_Rights_Organization" title="National Welfare Rights Organization">NWRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">PFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">PI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League" title="Progressive League">Progressive League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Majority" title="Progressive Majority">Progressive Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProgressNow" title="ProgressNow">ProgressNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flare" title="Red Flare">Red Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">RWJF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People" title="Science for the People">SftP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooked_Media" title="Crooked Media">Crooked Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTXT" title="CTXT">CTXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_the_Lightbearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer the Lightbearer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_political_parties_(Japan)" title="Progressive political parties (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">Red–green alliance</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">In United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Studies">Progress Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive era">Progressive era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #800080; border-bottom:1px solid #800080; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Social democratic policies were first adopted in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> between the 1880s and 1890s, when the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">conservative</a> Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> put in place many <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> proposals initially suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> to hinder their electoral success after he instituted the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a>, laying the ground of the first modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks2019-47">[45]</a> Those policies were dubbed <a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">liberal</a> opposition, but Bismarck later accepted and re-appropriated the term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwanger2002221-211">[202]</a> It was a set of social programs implemented in Germany that Bismarck initiated in 1883 as remedial measures to appease the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> and reduce support for <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and the Social Democrats following earlier attempts to achieve the same objective through Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBismarck1884GregoryStuart2003207Sacks2019-212">[203]</a> This did not prevent the Social Democrats from becoming the biggest party in parliament by 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoissoneault2017-213">[204]</a> Similar policies were later adopted in most of Western Europe, including France and the United Kingdom (the latter in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">Liberal welfare reforms</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906–11)-214">[205]</a> with both socialist and liberal parties adopting those policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013-46">[44]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive movement</a>, a similar social democratic movement predominantly influenced more by <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">social liberalism</a> than <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">socialism</a>, supported progressive liberals such as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> presidents <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/The_New_Freedom" title="The New Freedom">New Freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programmes adopted many social democratic policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger1962Zimmerman2010-215">[206]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalizations">nationalizations</a> became more common worldwide and the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a> until the 1970s saw <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> social democratic and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> policies put in place, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II boom">post-World War II boom</a> in which the United States, the Soviet Union, the Western European, and East Asian countries experienced unusually high and sustained <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a>. Contrary to early predictions, this period of high economic growth and national development also included many countries that were devastated by the war, such as Japan (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_post-war_economic_miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese post-war economic miracle">Japanese post-war economic miracle</a>), West Germany and Austria (<a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a>), South Korea (<a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Han_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Han River">Miracle of the Han River</a>), France (<a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a>), Italy (<a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a>), and Greece (<a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarglinSchor1991MarglinSchor2017-216">[207]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, the abandonment of both the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> along with Keynesian social democratic, mixed-economy policies and the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Market-oriented_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-oriented economy">market-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies (<a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a>, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflationary</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a>, among others), the social democratic welfare state was put in doubt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004-217">[208]</a> This caused several social democratic parties to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>, a centrist ideology combining social democracy with neoliberalism;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005-218">[209]</a> however, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> in the late 2000s and early 2010s cast doubts on the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement" title="Anti-austerity movement">protests</a> against <a href="/wiki/Austerity_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Austerity measures">austerity measures</a> ensued. There was a resurgence of social democratic parties and policies, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom, with the rise of politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a>, who rejected the Third Way,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuges2016Tarnoff2017Associated_Press2018-219">[210]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">economic recession</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a> of many social democratic parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowen2013LudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016Younge2017Eaton2018''The_Economist''2018-220">[211]</a> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> shows that the happiest nations are concentrated in social democratic nations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley2019-221">[212]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] especially in Northern Europe, where the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a> is applied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECappelenFagerbergMjøsetSkarstein199060–94Veggel201460–94DølvikFløttenHippeJordfald201523Simon_Reid2015132-222">[213]</a> This is at times attributed to the success of the social democratic Nordic model in the region, where similar <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Labourist">labourist</a>, and social democratic parties dominated the region's political scene and laid the ground for their <a href="/wiki/Universal_welfare_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal welfare state">universal welfare states</a> in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen1985Hicks1988Moschonas2002RosserRosser2003FerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011BrandalBratbergThorsen2013-223">[214]</a> The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, as well as Greenland and the Faroe Islands, also ranks highest on the metrics of real <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic equality">economic equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>, perceived <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">freedom to make life choices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">generosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(economics)" title="Human development (economics)">human development</a>, while countries practising a neoliberal form of government have registered relatively poorer results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoire2013Conley2019-224">[215]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Similarly, several reports have listed Scandinavian and other social democratic countries as ranking high on indicators such as <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramowitz2018AghekyanBhatiaDunhamO'Toole2018Abramowitz2019Repucci2020-225">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Economist''2020-226">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)Reporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)-227">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour rights">labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic</a> freedoms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimMiller2016The_Heritage_Foundation2017-228">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVision_of_Humanity2019-229">[220]</a> and freedom from <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETransparency_International_2020_(table)Transparency_International_2020_(analysis)-230">[221]</a> Numerous studies and surveys indicate that people live happier lives in countries ruled by social democratic parties than those ruled by neoliberal, centrist, and right-wing governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaniPanic2011Radcliff2013Brown2014FlavinPacekRadcliff2014SullivanHickel2023-231">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_welfare" title="Criticism of welfare">Criticism of welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_welfare_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of welfare states">Criticism of welfare states</a></div> Other socialists criticize social democracy because it serves to devise new means to strengthen the capitalist system, which conflicts with the socialist goal of replacing capitalism with a socialist system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke19812-232">[223]</a> According to this view, social democracy fails to address the systemic issues inherent in capitalism. The American democratic socialist philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a> contrasts social democracy with <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> by defining the former as an attempt to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and the latter as an alternative economic system to capitalism. According to Schweickart, the democratic socialist critique of social democracy is that capitalism can never be sufficiently humanized and that any attempt to suppress its economic contradictions will only cause them to emerge elsewhere. He gives the example that attempts to <a href="/wiki/NAIRU" title="NAIRU">reduce unemployment too much</a> would result in inflation, and too much job security would erode labour discipline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007447-233">[224]</a> In contrast to social democracy's <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, democratic socialists advocate a <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-capitalist">post-capitalist</a> economic system based on either a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Market_socialism" title="Market economy">market economy</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> or on some form of <a href="/wiki/Participatory_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory economy">participatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning">decentralized planning</a> of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007448-143">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> socialists argue that social democratic welfare policies cannot resolve the fundamental structural issues of capitalism, such as <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle#Marxian_economics" title="Business cycle">cyclical fluctuations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>. Accordingly, social democratic programs intended to ameliorate living conditions in capitalism, such as unemployment benefits and taxation on profits, creates further contradictions by further limiting the efficiency of the capitalist system by reducing incentives for capitalists to invest in further production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETicktin199860–61-234">[225]</a> The welfare state only serves to legitimize and prolong the exploitative and contradiction-laden system of capitalism to society's detriment. Critics of contemporary social democracy, such as Jonas Hinnfors, argue that when social democracy abandoned <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, it also abandoned socialism and became a liberal capitalist movement, effectively making social democrats similar to non-socialist parties like the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnfors2006117,_137–139-235">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> is also critical of social democratic welfare states. While one common goal of both concepts is to achieve greater social and economic equality, market socialism does so through changes in enterprise ownership and management. Social democracy attempts to do so by subsidies and taxes on privately owned enterprises to finance welfare programs. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt III">Franklin Delano Roosevelt III</a> (grandson of United States President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>) and David Belkin criticize social democracy for maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Property_income" title="Property income">property-owning capitalist class</a> with an active interest in reversing social democratic welfare policies and a disproportionate amount of power as a class to influence government policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf1994314–315-236">[227]</a> The economists <a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">John Roemer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Bardhan" title="Pranab Bardhan">Pranab Bardhan</a> point out that social democracy requires a strong <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> to sustain its heavy redistribution through taxes and that it is idealistic to think such redistribution can be accomplished in other countries with weaker labour movements, noting that social democracy in Scandinavian countries has been in decline as the labour movement weakened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardhanRoemer1992104-237">[228]</a> Some critics say social democracy abandoned socialism in the 1930s by endorsing Keynesian <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">welfare capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199991Fitzpatrick20032–3-238">[229]</a> The democratic socialist political theorist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a> argued that social democracy historically supported <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a> as part of a "social democratic compromise" between capitalism and socialism. Although this compromise did not allow for the immediate creation of socialism, it created welfare states and "recognized noncapitalist, and even anticapitalist, principles of human need over and above the imperatives of profit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington201193-80">[74]</a> Social democrats in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> have been accused of endorsing capitalism, including anti-Third Way social democrats who have accused Third Way proponents such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> of being anti-social democratic and anti-socialist in practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECammack2004155-239">[230]</a> Some critics and analysts argue that many prominent social democratic parties,<a href="#cite_note-241">[nb 10]</a> such as the Labour Party in Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, even while maintaining references to socialism and declaring themselves democratic socialist parties, have abandoned socialism in practice, whether unwillingly or not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell200418Cammack2004155Romano200611Hinnfors2006117,_137–139Lafontaine20097Corfe201033,_178-187">[178]</a> Social democracy's reformism has been criticized by both the left and right,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain2002Patnaik20103–21Nagin2018-242">[232]</a> on the grounds that if reformist socialists were left to govern a capitalist economy, they would have to do so according to capitalist, not socialist, logic. For example, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> writes in <a href="/wiki/Capitalism,_Socialism_and_Democracy" title="Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy">Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</a> (1942): "Socialists had to govern in an essentially capitalist world... a social and economic system that would not function except on capitalist lines.... If they were to run it, they would have to run it according to its own logic. They would have to 'administer' capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2006114-243">[233]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a> argued: "Democratic socialism turns out to be an inherently unstable compound, a contradiction in terms. Every social democratic party, once in power, soon finds itself choosing, at one point after another, between the socialist society it aspires to and the liberal society that lathered it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978-244">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was a vocal critic of reformist social democrats, later coining the term <a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">social fascism</a> to describe social democracy in the 1930s because, in this period, it embraced a similar <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> economic model to the model supported by <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. This view was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, which argued that capitalist society had entered the <a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a> in which a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> was imminent but could be prevented by social democrats and other fascist forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaro2011-245">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Group_of_Democratic_Socialists" title="International Group of Democratic Socialists">International Group of Democratic Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-capitalist_and_communist_parties_with_national_parliamentary_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation">List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_and_democratic_socialist_parties_that_have_governed" title="List of social democratic and democratic socialist parties that have governed">List of social democratic and democratic socialist parties that have governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democratic_socialist_parties_and_organizations" title="List of democratic socialist parties and organizations">List of democratic socialist parties and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democratic_socialists" title="List of democratic socialists">List of democratic socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">List of Labour parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_left-wing_political_parties" title="List of left-wing political parties">List of left-wing political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">List of social democratic parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">List of social democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party" title="Social Democratic Party">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party" title="Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Union_of_Central-Eastern_Europe" title="Socialist Union of Central-Eastern Europe">Socialist Union of Central-Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980–103Newman20055Heywood2007101,_134–136,_139Ypi2018Watson2019-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980–103Newman20055Heywood2007101,_134–136,_139Ypi2018Watson2019_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEatwellWright1999">Eatwell & Wright 1999</a>, pp. 80–103; <a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFHeywood2007">Heywood 2007</a>, pp. 101, 134–136, 139; <a href="#CITEREFYpi2018">Ypi 2018</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWatson2019">Watson 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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<a href="#CITEREFCohen2010">Cohen 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008253-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008253_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008">Egle et al.</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfe200174CorfeMiller200251Corfe200520-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfe200174CorfeMiller200251Corfe200520_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorfe2001">Corfe 2001</a>, p. 74; <a href="#CITEREFCorfeMiller2002">Corfe & Miller 2002</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFCorfe2005">Corfe 2005</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkeMarks19925-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkeMarks19925_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLemkeMarks1992">Lemke & Marks 1992</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199995-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199995_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199995_203-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEatwellWright1999">Eatwell & Wright 1999</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1988-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1988_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks1988">Hicks 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosserRosser2003226-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosserRosser2003226_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosserRosser2003">Rosser & Rosser 2003</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschonas200265-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoschonas200265_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoschonas200265_206-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoschonas2002">Moschonas 2002</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelsson1968CarlssonLindgren1998-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelsson1968CarlssonLindgren1998_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuelsson1968">Samuelsson 1968</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCarlssonLindgren1998">Carlsson & Lindgren 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005208-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005208_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhyman2005">Whyman 2005</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher1995-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher1995_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArcher1995">Archer 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013BrandalBratbergThorsen2013-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013BrandalBratbergThorsen2013_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsping-Andersen2013">Esping-Andersen 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrandalBratbergThorsen2013">Brandal, Bratberg & Thorsen 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwanger2002221-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwanger2002221_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuchtwanger2002">Feuchtwanger 2002</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBismarck1884GregoryStuart2003207Sacks2019-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBismarck1884GregoryStuart2003207Sacks2019_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBismarck1884">Bismarck 1884</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGregoryStuart2003">Gregory & Stuart 2003</a>, p. 207; <a href="#CITEREFSacks2019">Sacks 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoissoneault2017-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoissoneault2017_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoissoneault2017">Boissoneault 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906–11)-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906–11)_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906–11)">The National Archive (Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger1962Zimmerman2010-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger1962Zimmerman2010_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlesinger1962">Schlesinger 1962</a>; <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2010">Zimmerman 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarglinSchor1991MarglinSchor2017-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarglinSchor1991MarglinSchor2017_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarglinSchor1991">Marglin & Schor 1991</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMarglinSchor2017">Marglin & Schor 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewisSurender2004">Lewis & Surender 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhyman2005">Whyman 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuges2016Tarnoff2017Associated_Press2018-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuges2016Tarnoff2017Associated_Press2018_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuges2016">Huges 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTarnoff2017">Tarnoff 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAssociated_Press2018">Associated Press 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowen2013LudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016Younge2017Eaton2018''The_Economist''2018-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowen2013LudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016Younge2017Eaton2018''The_Economist''2018_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLowen2013">Lowen 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016">Ludwigshafen, Piraeus & Valletta 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFYounge2017">Younge 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEaton2018">Eaton 2018</a>; <a href="#CITEREFThe_Economist2018">The Economist 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley2019-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConley2019_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConley2019">Conley 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECappelenFagerbergMjøsetSkarstein199060–94Veggel201460–94DølvikFløttenHippeJordfald201523Simon_Reid2015132-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECappelenFagerbergMjøsetSkarstein199060–94Veggel201460–94DølvikFløttenHippeJordfald201523Simon_Reid2015132_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCappelenFagerbergMjøsetSkarstein1990">Cappelen et al. 1990</a>, pp. 60–94; <a href="#CITEREFVeggel2014">Veggel 2014</a>, pp. 60–94; <a href="#CITEREFDølvikFløttenHippeJordfald2015">Dølvik et al. 2015</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFSimon_Reid2015">Simon Reid 2015</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen1985Hicks1988Moschonas2002RosserRosser2003FerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011BrandalBratbergThorsen2013-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen1985Hicks1988Moschonas2002RosserRosser2003FerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011BrandalBratbergThorsen2013_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsping-Andersen1985">Esping-Andersen 1985</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHicks1988">Hicks 1988</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMoschonas2002">Moschonas 2002</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRosserRosser2003">Rosser & Rosser 2003</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011">Ferragina & Seeleib-Kaiser 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrandalBratbergThorsen2013">Brandal, Bratberg & Thorsen 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoire2013Conley2019-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoire2013Conley2019_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregoire2013">Gregoire 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFConley2019">Conley 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramowitz2018AghekyanBhatiaDunhamO'Toole2018Abramowitz2019Repucci2020-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbramowitz2018AghekyanBhatiaDunhamO'Toole2018Abramowitz2019Repucci2020_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbramowitz2018">Abramowitz 2018</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAghekyanBhatiaDunhamO'Toole2018">Aghekyan et al. 2018</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAbramowitz2019">Abramowitz 2019</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRepucci2020">Repucci 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Economist''2020-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Economist''2020_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Economist2020">The Economist 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)Reporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)Reporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)">Reporters Without Borders 2019 (table)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)">Reporters Without Borders 2019 (analysis)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimMiller2016The_Heritage_Foundation2017-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimMiller2016The_Heritage_Foundation2017_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimMiller2016">Kim & Miller 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFThe_Heritage_Foundation2017">The Heritage Foundation 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVision_of_Humanity2019-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVision_of_Humanity2019_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVision_of_Humanity2019">Vision of Humanity 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETransparency_International_2020_(table)Transparency_International_2020_(analysis)-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETransparency_International_2020_(table)Transparency_International_2020_(analysis)_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTransparency_International_2020_(table)">Transparency International 2020 (table)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTransparency_International_2020_(analysis)">Transparency International 2020 (analysis)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaniPanic2011Radcliff2013Brown2014FlavinPacekRadcliff2014SullivanHickel2023-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaniPanic2011Radcliff2013Brown2014FlavinPacekRadcliff2014SullivanHickel2023_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaniPanic2011">Pani & Panic 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRadcliff2013">Radcliff 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2014">Brown 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFlavinPacekRadcliff2014">Flavin, Pacek & Radcliff 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSullivanHickel2023">Sullivan & Hickel 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke19812-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke19812_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1981">Clarke 1981</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007447-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007447_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchweickart2007">Schweickart 2007</a>, p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETicktin199860–61-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETicktin199860–61_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTicktin1998">Ticktin 1998</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnfors2006117,_137–139-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinnfors2006117,_137–139_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinnfors2006">Hinnfors 2006</a>, pp. 117, 137–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf1994314–315-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf1994314–315_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeisskopf1994">Weisskopf 1994</a>, pp. 314–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardhanRoemer1992104-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardhanRoemer1992104_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBardhanRoemer1992">Bardhan & Roemer 1992</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199991Fitzpatrick20032–3-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199991Fitzpatrick20032–3_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEatwellWright1999">Eatwell & Wright 1999</a>, p. 91; 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It includes parliamentary process of reform, the provision of state benefits to the population, agreements between labor and the state, and the revisionist movement away from revolutionary socialism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2003538-23">[23]</a> "By the early twentieth century, ... many such [social democratic] parties had come to adopt parliamentary tactics and were committed to a gradual and peaceful transition to socialism. As a result, social democracy was increasingly taken to refer to democratic socialism, in contrast to revolutionary socialism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2012-27">[27]</a> "Social democracy refers to a political theory, a social movement or a society that aims to achieve the egalitarian objectives of socialism while remaining committed to the values and institutions of liberal democracy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumeDurlauf2016606-28">[28]</a> "In general, a label for any person or group who advocates the pursuit of socialism by democratic means. Used especially by parliamentary social democrats who put parliamentarism ahead of socialism, and therefore oppose revolutionary action against democratically elected governments. Less ambiguous than social democracy, which has had, historically, the opposite meanings of (1) factions of Marxism, and (2) groupings on the right of socialist parties."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMcLeanMcMillan2018-29">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Donald F. Busky wrote: "Social democracy is a somewhat controversial term among democratic socialists. Many democratic socialists use social democracy as a synonym for democratic socialism, while others, particularly revolutionary democratic socialists, do not, the latter seeing social democracy as something less than socialism—a milder, evolutionary ideology that seeks merely to reform capitalism. Communists also use the term social democratic to mean something less than true socialism that sought only to preserve capitalism by reform rather than by overthrowing and establishing socialism. Even revolutionary democratic socialists and Communists have at times, particularly the past, called their parties 'social democratic.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008-34">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other. Although this stance has been most clearly associated with reformist socialism, it has also been embraced, to a greater or lesser extent, by others, notably modern liberals and paternalist conservatives."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2012-27">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a>, "[social democrats] have two distinguishing characteristics. The vast majority of them are laborers, and, as a rule, they expect the violent overthrow of existing institutions by revolution to precede the introduction of the socialistic state. I would not, by any means, say that they are all revolutionists, but the most of them undoubtedly are. The most general demands of the social democrats are the following: The state should exist exclusively for the laborers; land and capital must become collective property, and production be carried on unitedly. Private competition, in the ordinary sense of the term, is to cease."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204–205-55">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> "The far left is becoming the principal challenge to mainstream social democratic parties, in large part because its main parties are no longer extreme, but present themselves as defending the values and policies that social democrats have allegedly abandoned."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2008-58">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> The party's first chapter in its statutes says "the intention of the Swedish Social Democratic Labour Party is the struggle towards the Democratic Socialism", which is defined as a society with a democratic economy based on the socialist principle "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelsson1968-65">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> They include from top to row <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> as an ideal pulse in the middle; and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_T%C3%B6lcke" title="Carl Wilhelm Tölcke">Carl Wilhelm Tölcke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a> from the <a href="/wiki/General_German_Workers%27_Association" title="General German Workers' Association">General German Workers' Association</a> in the bottom row. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Democratic socialism is generally defined as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist">anti-Stalinist</a> left-wing <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big tent</a> that opposes <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian socialism</a>, rejecting <a href="/wiki/Self-described_socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-described socialist states">self-described socialist states</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and its derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20007–8Schweickart2007448-138">[131]</a> Besides social democrats, democratic socialists also include some <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongyoun2016171–174-139">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Marxist">classical Marxists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent2008118-140">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic communists">democratic communists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegill197045Fleet1973Sargent2008117-141">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialists">libertarian socialists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1966Poulantzas1978Hain1995Hain2000-142">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Market socialist">market socialists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007448-143">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Marxists">orthodox Marxists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon2019Post2019Blanc2019-144">[137]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1966"The_'Revisionist'_Facade"Sunkara2020-145">[138]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a>, who supported social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1907Steger1997-146">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> It peaked after the mid-September 2008 outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECNBC2009-159">[151]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> "With the rise of neoliberalism, social democracy turned towards the right and increasingly adopted neoliberal policies. When Tony Blair became British Prime Minister in 1997, his neoliberal vision of social democracy influenced social democracy around the world. The consequence was that social democracy became in many respects indistinguishable from conservative parties, especially in respect to class politics."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchs2019-240">[231]</a> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbjorensen2019" class="citation book cs1">Abjorensen, Norman (2019). Historical Dictionary of Democracy. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2074-3"><bdi>978-1-5381-2074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2074-3&rft.aulast=Abjorensen&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1993" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (1993). Political Ideology Today. Politics Today (1st hardcover ed.). <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3346-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3346-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-3346-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.series=Politics+Today&rft.edition=1st+hardcover&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3346-9&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1998" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (1998). Ideology and Politics in Britain Today. Politics Today (illustrated, reprint ed.). Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-5056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Politics+in+Britain+Today&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.series=Politics+Today&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1999" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (1999). Ideology and Politics in Britain Today. Politics Today (illustrated, reprint ed.). Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-5056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Politics+in+Britain+Today&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.series=Politics+Today&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam">Political Ideology Today</a>. Politics Today (2nd reprint, revised ed.). Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6019-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-6019-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.series=Politics+Today&rft.edition=2nd+reprint%2C+revised&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6019-9&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalideolog0000adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonHerr2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (2007). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1812-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-1812-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Activism+and+Social+Justice&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-1812-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&rft.au=Herr%2C+Kathryn+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1995" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Robin (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicdemocrac0000arch">Economic Democracy: The Politics of Feasible Socialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827891-7"><bdi>978-0-19-827891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Democracy%3A+The+Politics+of+Feasible+Socialism&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827891-7&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicdemocrac0000arch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrnasonWittrock2012" class="citation book cs1">Árnason, Jóhann Páll; Wittrock, Björn, eds. (2012). Nordic Paths to Modernity. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-269-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-269-6"><bdi>978-0-85745-269-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic+Paths+to+Modernity&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-269-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspalter2001" class="citation book cs1">Aspalter, Christian (2001). Importance of Christian and Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden. Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-975-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-975-4"><bdi>978-1-56072-975-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Importance+of+Christian+and+Social+Democratic+Movements+in+Welfare+Politics%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Germany%2C+Austria+and+Sweden&rft.place=Huntington%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56072-975-4&rft.aulast=Aspalter&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2009" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, David J. (2009). The Political Economy of European Social Democracy: A Critical Realist Approach. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60425-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60425-3"><bdi>978-0-415-60425-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+European+Social+Democracy%3A+A+Critical+Realist+Approach&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-60425-3&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrientosPowell2004" class="citation book cs1">Barrientos, Armando; Powell, Martin (2004). "The Route Map of the Third Way". In Hale, Sarah; Leggett, Will; Martell, Luke (eds.). The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. pp. 9–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6598-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6598-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-6598-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Route+Map+of+the+Third+Way&rft.btitle=The+Third+Way+and+Beyond%3A+Criticisms%2C+Futures+and+Alternatives&rft.pages=9-26&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6598-9&rft.aulast=Barrientos&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft.au=Powell%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastowMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Bastow, Steve; Martin, James (2003). Third Way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh, Scotland: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1560-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1560-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-1560-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Way+Discourse%3A+European+Ideologies+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1560-5&rft.aulast=Bastow&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Martin%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlau1949" class="citation book cs1">Berlau, Abraham Joseph (1949). The German Social Democratic Party, 1914–1921. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007T3SD0A">B007T3SD0A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Social+Democratic+Party%2C+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB007T3SD0A%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Berlau&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1998" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Sheri (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdemocratic00berm_0">The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44261-0"><bdi>978-0-674-44261-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Democratic+Moment%3A+Ideas+and+Politics+in+the+Making+of+Interwar+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-44261-0&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialdemocratic00berm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Sheri (2006). 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Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906791-46-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906791-46-9"><bdi>978-1-906791-46-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Politics%3A+With+the+Demise+of+the+Left%2FRight+Confrontational+System&rft.place=Bury+St+Edmunds%2C+England&rft.pub=Arena+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906791-46-9&rft.aulast=Corfe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfe2001" class="citation book cs1">Corfe, Robert (2001). Foundations of New Socialism: A Vision for the New Millennium. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9538460-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9538460-2-3"><bdi>978-0-9538460-2-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+New+Socialism%3A+A+Vision+for+the+New+Millennium&rft.place=Bury+St+Edmunds%2C+England&rft.pub=Arena+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9538460-2-3&rft.aulast=Corfe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfeMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Corfe, Robert; Miller, Eddie (2002). New Socialist Business Values: For Industrial Resurgence. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9538460-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9538460-4-7"><bdi>978-0-9538460-4-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Socialist+Business+Values%3A+For+Industrial+Resurgence&rft.place=Bury+St+Edmunds%2C+England&rft.pub=Arena+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9538460-4-7&rft.aulast=Corfe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Miller%2C+Eddie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfe2005" class="citation book cs1">Corfe, Robert (2005). The Spirit of New Socialism and the End of Class-based Politics. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9543161-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9543161-2-9"><bdi>978-0-9543161-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+New+Socialism+and+the+End+of+Class-based+Politics&rft.place=Bury+St+Edmunds%2C+England&rft.pub=Arena+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9543161-2-9&rft.aulast=Corfe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosland1952" class="citation book cs1">Crosland, Anthony (1952). "The Transition from Capitalism". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman, Richard</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismcommong0000unse">New Fabian Essays</a>. London: Turnstile Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4655-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4655-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-4655-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Transition+from+Capitalism&rft.btitle=New+Fabian+Essays&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Turnstile+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4655-8&rft.aulast=Crosland&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialismcommong0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosland1974" class="citation book cs1">Crosland, Anthony (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismnowothe0000cros">Socialism Now</a>. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-00996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-00996-6"><bdi>978-0-224-00996-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+Now&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-224-00996-6&rft.aulast=Crosland&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialismnowothe0000cros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosland2006" class="citation book cs1">Crosland, Anthony (2006) [1956]. The Future of Socialism. Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-485-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-485-4"><bdi>978-1-84529-485-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Socialism&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84529-485-4&rft.aulast=Crosland&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenitch1981" class="citation book cs1">Denitch, Bogdan (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticsocial0000unse_g3k8">Democratic Socialism: The Mass Left in Advanced Industrial Societies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-015-0"><bdi>978-0-86598-015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism%3A+The+Mass+Left+in+Advanced+Industrial+Societies&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86598-015-0&rft.aulast=Denitch&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocraticsocial0000unse_g3k8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2015" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Patrick (2015). New Labour's Old Roots: Revisionist Thinkers in Labour's History (2nd ed.). Andrews UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-797-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-797-1"><bdi>978-1-84540-797-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Labour%27s+Old+Roots%3A+Revisionist+Thinkers+in+Labour%27s+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84540-797-1&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDølvikFløttenHippeJordfald2015" class="citation book cs1">Dølvik, Jon Erik; Fløtten, Tone; Hippe, Jon M.; Jordfald, Bård (2015). The Nordic Model Towards 2030: A New Chapter?. Nordmod 2030. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-324-0185-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-324-0185-7"><bdi>978-82-324-0185-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model+Towards+2030%3A+A+New+Chapter%3F&rft.pub=Nordmod+2030&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-82-324-0185-7&rft.aulast=D%C3%B8lvik&rft.aufirst=Jon+Erik&rft.au=Fl%C3%B8tten%2C+Tone&rft.au=Hippe%2C+Jon+M.&rft.au=Jordfald%2C+B%C3%A5rd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongyoun2016" class="citation book cs1">Dongyoun, Hwang (2016). 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Is 'Third Way' Social Democracy Still a Form of Social Democracy?. Norderstedt, Germany: GRIN Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-86832-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-86832-7"><bdi>978-3-638-86832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+%27Third+Way%27+Social+Democracy+Still+a+Form+of+Social+Democracy%3F&rft.place=Norderstedt%2C+Germany&rft.pub=GRIN+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-638-86832-7&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6ring&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwellWright1999" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1999). Contemporary Political Ideologies (2nd ed.). 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Social Democracy in Power: The Capacity to Reform. Routledge Research in Comparative Politics. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43820-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43820-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Democracy+in+Power%3A+The+Capacity+to+Reform&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Research+in+Comparative+Politics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43820-9&rft.aulast=Egle&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Henkes%2C+Christian&rft.au=Merkel%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Petring%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhns2016" class="citation book cs1">Ehns, Dirk H. (2016). Modern Monetary Theory and European Macroeconomics. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65477-8"><bdi>978-1-138-65477-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Monetary+Theory+and+European+Macroeconomics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-65477-8&rft.aulast=Ehns&rft.aufirst=Dirk+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEly1883" class="citation book cs1">Ely, Richard (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.213907">French and German Socialism in Modern Times</a>. 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"Neoprogressivism: A New Agenda for Social Democracy". In Giddens, Anthony (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/progressivemanif0000unse">The Progressive Manifesto: New Ideas for the Centre-Left</a>. 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Bläsius, Julia; Krell, Christian; Timpe, Martin (eds.). Foundations of Social Democracy. Social Democratic Reader. Vol. 1. Translated by Patterson, James. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86872-215-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86872-215-4"><bdi>978-3-86872-215-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Social+Democracy&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Social+Democratic+Reader&rft.pub=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-86872-215-4&rft.aulast=Gombert&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayJohnsonWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Daniel; Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David (2014). Historical Dictionary of Marxism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements (2nd ed.). 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New York: Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-335-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-335-5"><bdi>978-1-61145-335-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+Past+and+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61145-335-5&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialismpastfut2011harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaseler1969" class="citation book cs1">Haseler, Stephen (1969). The Gaitskellites: Revisionism in the British Labour Party, 1951–1964. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00258-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00258-0"><bdi>978-1-349-00258-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gaitskellites%3A+Revisionism+in+the+British+Labour+Party%2C+1951%E2%80%931964&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-1-349-00258-0&rft.aulast=Haseler&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattersley1987" class="citation book cs1">Hattersley, Roy (1987). Choose Freedom: The Future of Democratic Socialism. Harmondsworth, England: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010494-3"><bdi>978-0-14-010494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choose+Freedom%3A+The+Future+of+Democratic+Socialism&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-14-010494-3&rft.aulast=Hattersley&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2007" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2007). Political Ideologies: An Introduction (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-52180-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-52180-3"><bdi>978-0-230-52180-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideologies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-52180-3&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2012" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2012). Political Ideologies: An Introduction (5th ed.). Basingstoke, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36725-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36725-8"><bdi>978-0-230-36725-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideologies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-36725-8&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinchmanMeyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Hinchman, Lewis P.; Meyer, Thomas (2007). The Theory of Social Democracy. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4113-3"><bdi>978-0-7456-4113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Social+Democracy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-4113-3&rft.aulast=Hinchman&rft.aufirst=Lewis+P.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinnfors2006" class="citation book cs1">Hinnfors, Jonas (2006). Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party. Critical Labour Movement Studies. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7362-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-7362-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinterpreting+Social+Democracy%3A+A+History+of+Stability+in+the+British+Labour+Party+and+Swedish+Social+Democratic+Party&rft.series=Critical+Labour+Movement+Studies&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7362-5&rft.aulast=Hinnfors&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHloušekKopecek2013" class="citation book cs1">Hloušek, Vít; Kopecek, Lubomír (2013). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9977-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-9977-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin%2C+Ideology+and+Transformation+of+Political+Parties%3A+East-Central+and+Western+Europe+Compared&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9977-0&rft.aulast=Hlou%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADt&rft.au=Kopecek%2C+Lubom%C3%ADr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefer2013" class="citation book cs1">Hoefer, Richard (2013). "Social Welfare Policy and Politics". In Colby, Ira C.; Dolmus, Catherine N.; Sowers, Karen M. (eds.). Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-17700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-17700-6"><bdi>978-1-118-17700-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Welfare+Policy+and+Politics&rft.btitle=Connecting+Social+Welfare+Policy+to+Fields+of+Practice&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-17700-6&rft.aulast=Hoefer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrys2018" class="citation book cs1">Humphrys, Elizabeth (8 October 2018). How Labour Built Neoliberalism: Australia's Accord, the Labour Movement and the Neoliberal Project. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38346-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38346-3"><bdi>978-90-04-38346-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Labour+Built+Neoliberalism%3A+Australia%27s+Accord%2C+the+Labour+Movement+and+the+Neoliberal+Project&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38346-3&rft.aulast=Humphrys&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImlay2018" class="citation book cs1">Imlay, Talbot C. (2018). The Practice of Socialist Internationalism: European Socialists and International Politics, 1914–1960. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964104-8"><bdi>978-0-19-964104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Socialist+Internationalism%3A+European+Socialists+and+International+Politics%2C+1914%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964104-8&rft.aulast=Imlay&rft.aufirst=Talbot+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonTansey2008" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Nigel; Tansey, Stephen D. (2008). Politics: The Basics (4th ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42244-4"><bdi>978-0-415-42244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%3A+The+Basics&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42244-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Tansey%2C+Stephen+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferys1994" class="citation book cs1">Jefferys, Kevin, ed. (1994). War and Reform: British Politics during the Second World War. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3970-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3970-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-3970-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Reform%3A+British+Politics+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3970-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatseliMiliosPelagidis2018" class="citation book cs1">Katseli, Louka T.; Milios, John; Pelagidis, Theodore, eds. (2018). Welfare State and Democracy in Crisis: Reforming the European Model. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-78839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-78839-7"><bdi>978-1-351-78839-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welfare+State+and+Democracy+in+Crisis%3A+Reforming+the+European+Model&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-78839-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall2011" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Diana (2011). Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-30550-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-30550-5"><bdi>978-1-111-30550-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+Our+Time%3A+The+Essentials&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-111-30550-5&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindersley2016" class="citation book cs1">Kindersley, Richard, ed. (2016). In Search of Eurocommunism. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16581-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16581-0"><bdi>978-1-349-16581-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Eurocommunism&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16581-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornaiYingi2009" class="citation book cs1">Kornai, János; Yingi, Qian, eds. (2009). Market and Socialism: In the Light of the Experiences of China and Vietnam. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-55354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-55354-5"><bdi>978-0-230-55354-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Market+and+Socialism%3A+In+the+Light+of+the+Experiences+of+China+and+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-55354-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwokRieger2013" class="citation book cs1">Kwok, Pui-lan; Rieger, Joerg (2013). 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London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-639-1"><bdi>978-1-85984-639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+Social+Democracy%3A+The+Great+Transformation%2C+1945+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-639-1&rft.aulast=Moschonas&rft.aufirst=Gerassimos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosse2018" class="citation book cs1">Mosse, George (2018). "Marxism". The Culture Of Western Europe: The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97252-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97252-2"><bdi>978-0-429-97252-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marxism&rft.btitle=The+Culture+Of+Western+Europe%3A+The+Nineteenth+And+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97252-2&rft.aulast=Mosse&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaarden2002" class="citation book cs1">Naarden, Bruno (2002) [1992]. 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Socialism: A Very Short Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280431-0"><bdi>978-0-19-280431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280431-0&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Reilly, David (2007). The New Progressive Dilemma: Australia and Tony Blair's Legacy. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62547-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62547-1"><bdi>978-0-230-62547-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Progressive+Dilemma%3A+Australia+and+Tony+Blair%27s+Legacy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62547-1&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalley2013" class="citation book cs1">Palley, Thomas I. (2013). From Financial Crisis to Stagnation: The Destruction of Shared Prosperity and the Role of Economics. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-61246-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-61246-4"><bdi>978-1-107-61246-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Financial+Crisis+to+Stagnation%3A+The+Destruction+of+Shared+Prosperity+and+the+Role+of+Economics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-61246-4&rft.aulast=Palley&rft.aufirst=Thomas+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaniPanic2011" class="citation book cs1">Pani, Mica; Panic, M. (2011). "Neoliberalism versus Social Democracy: Empirical Evidence". Globalization: A Threat to International Cooperation and Peace?. Springer. pp. 109–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30701-8"><bdi>978-0-230-30701-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neoliberalism+versus+Social+Democracy%3A+Empirical+Evidence&rft.btitle=Globalization%3A+A+Threat+to+International+Cooperation+and+Peace%3F&rft.pages=109-141&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-30701-8&rft.aulast=Pani&rft.aufirst=Mica&rft.au=Panic%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard1985" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Robert (6 December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticsocial0000unse_g3k8">The Press and the Decline of Democracy: Democratic Socialist Response in Public Policy</a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-015-0"><bdi>978-0-86598-015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+and+the+Decline+of+Democracy%3A+Democratic+Socialist+Response+in+Public+Policy&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1985-12-06&rft.isbn=978-0-86598-015-0&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocraticsocial0000unse_g3k8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierson2001" class="citation book cs1">Pierson, Christopher (2001). Hard Choices: Social Democracy in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, England; Oxford, England; Malden, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1985-9"><bdi>978-0-7456-1985-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Choices%3A+Social+Democracy+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England%3B+Oxford%2C+England%3B+Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1985-9&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaza2012" class="citation book cs1">Raza, Syed Ali (2012). 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A Future for Socialism. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-33946-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-33946-0"><bdi>978-0-674-33946-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+long+term+and+the+short+term&rft.btitle=A+Future+for+Socialism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-674-33946-0&rft.aulast=Roemer&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2006" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Flavio (2006). Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way. Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy. Vol. 75. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37858-1"><bdi>978-0-415-37858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinton+and+Blair%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+the+Third+Way&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Frontiers+of+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37858-1&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Flavio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2007" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Flavio (2007). Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way. Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy. Vol. 75. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18234-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18234-8"><bdi>978-0-262-18234-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Economics+in+a+Transforming+World+Economy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-18234-8&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=J.+Barkley+Jr.&rft.au=Rosser%2C+Marina+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothestein1998" class="citation book cs1">Rothestein, Bo (1998). Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State. 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New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-133008-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-133008-7"><bdi>978-0-06-133008-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22556726">22556726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+Socialism+and+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22556726&rft.isbn=978-0-06-133008-7&rft.aulast=Schumpeter&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2019" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Kathleen (2019). 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The Labour Party and the World, Volume 1: The Evolution of Labour's Foreign Policy, 1900–1951. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6745-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6745-7"><bdi>978-0-7190-6745-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labour+Party+and+the+World%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Evolution+of+Labour%27s+Foreign+Policy%2C+1900%E2%80%931951&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6745-7&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Rhiannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2001" class="citation book cs1">Walters, William (2001). "Governing Unemployment: Transforming "the Social"?". In Pavlich, George; Wickham, Gary (eds.). Rethinking Law, Society and Governance: Foucault's Bequest. Hart Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-293-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-293-8"><bdi>978-1-84113-293-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Governing+Unemployment%3A+Transforming+%22the+Social%22%3F&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Law%2C+Society+and+Governance%3A+Foucault%27s+Bequest&rft.pub=Hart+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84113-293-8&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisskopf1994" class="citation book cs1">Weisskopf, Thomas E. 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Sharpe</a>. pp. 297–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-465-0"><bdi>978-1-56324-465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Challenges+to+Market+Socialism%3A+A+Response+to+Critics&rft.btitle=Why+Market+Socialism%3F+Voices+from+Dissent&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pages=297-318&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-465-0&rft.aulast=Weisskopf&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyman2005" class="citation book cs1">Whyman, Philip (2005). Third Way Economics: Theory and Evaluation. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-51465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-51465-2"><bdi>978-0-230-51465-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Way+Economics%3A+Theory+and+Evaluation&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-230-51465-2&rft.aulast=Whyman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1985" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond (1985) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula0000will">Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society</a> (revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8"><bdi>978-0-19-520469-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035920683">1035920683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035920683&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520469-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeywordsvocabula0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintrop1983" class="citation book cs1">Wintrop, Norman (1983) [1982]. 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London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29561-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29561-2"><bdi>978-0-582-29561-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Socialism%3A+Socialist+Thought+from+the+1880s+to+the+1960s&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-582-29561-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conferences">Conferences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Conferences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2008" class="citation conference cs1">Berman, Sheri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195218/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf">Understanding Social Democracy</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers.html">What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Understanding+Social+Democracy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Minda+de+Gunzburg+Center+for+European+Studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~ces%2Fconferences%2Fleft%2Fleft_papers%2Fberman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocial_Democratic_Party_of_Germany2007" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (28 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Beschluesse/Grundsatzprogramme/hamburger_programm_englisch.pdf">Hamburg Programme. Principal guidelines of the Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (PDF). Federal Party Conference of the SPD. Hamburg: <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Hamburg+Programme.+Principal+guidelines+of+the+Social+Democratic+Party+of+Germany&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Social+Democratic+Party+of+Germany&rft.date=2007-10-28&rft.au=Social+Democratic+Party+of+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spd.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FBeschluesse%2FGrundsatzprogramme%2Fhamburger_programm_englisch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Encyclopedias">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltChambersGarrettKurian2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alt, James E.; Chambers, Simone; Garrett, Geoffrey; Kurian, George Thomas; Levi, Margaret; McClain, Paula D. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Political Science Set. <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933116-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933116-44-0"><bdi>978-1-933116-44-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science+Set&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-933116-44-0&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Simone&rft.au=Garrett%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Kurian%2C+George+Thomas&rft.au=Levi%2C+Margaret&rft.au=McClain%2C+Paula+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Badie" title="Bertrand Badie">Badie, Bertrand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Berg-Schlosser" title="Dirk Berg-Schlosser">Berg-Schlosser, Dirk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Morlino" title="Leonardo Morlino">Morlino, Leonardo</a>, eds. (2011). "Social Democracy". International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Vol. 8. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5963-6"><bdi>978-1-4129-5963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDochertyLamb2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter, eds. (2006). "Social democracy". Historical Dictionary of Socialism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. Vol. 73 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5560-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5560-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-5560-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Socialism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Religions%2C+Philosophies%2C+and+Movements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5560-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014" class="citation web cs1">Duignan, Brian; Kalsang Bhutia, Thinley; Mahajan, Deepti (17 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602003943/https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy">"Social democracy"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy">the original</a> on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.aulast=Duignan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Kalsang+Bhutia%2C+Thinley&rft.au=Mahajan%2C+Deepti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsocial-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurlaufLawrence2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Durlauf, Steven; Lawrence, Blume (2008). "Social Democracy". New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78676-5"><bdi>978-0-333-78676-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-333-78676-5&rft.aulast=Durlauf&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Blume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, R. J. Barry, ed. (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy. Vol. III. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14532-9"><bdi>978-0-415-14532-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+International+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14532-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lamb, Peter (2015). "Social democracy". Historical Dictionary of Socialism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5826-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-5826-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Socialism&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Religions%2C+Philosophies%2C+and+Movements&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5826-6&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lipset, Seymour Martin (1995). The Encyclopedia of Democracy. Vol. 4. Congressional Quarterly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87187-889-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87187-889-2"><bdi>978-0-87187-889-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87187-889-2&rft.aulast=Lipset&rft.aufirst=Seymour+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0415187133_8/page/826/">"Social Democracy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_Craig_(philosopher)" title="Edward Craig (philosopher)">Craig, Edward</a> (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 8. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 827–828. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18713-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18713-8"><bdi>978-0-415-18713-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=827-828&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18713-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0415187133_8%2Fpage%2F826%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, David (1998a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1">"Social Democracy"</a>. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-S057-1">10.4324/9780415249126-S057-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-S057-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fsocial-democracy%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Hara, Phillip (2003). "Social Democracy". Encyclopedia of Political Economy. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24187-8"><bdi>978-0-415-24187-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24187-8&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzer2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ritzer, George (2004). "Marxism". Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6546-9"><bdi>978-1-4522-6546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marxism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Social+Theory&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6546-9&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafra1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Safra, Jacob E. (1998). "Social democracy". The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Safra&rft.aufirst=Jacob+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweickart2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schweickart, David (2007). "Democratic Socialism". In Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1812-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-1812-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic+Socialism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Activism+and+Social+Justice&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-1812-1&rft.aulast=Schweickart&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stevens, Mark A. (2000). "Social democracy". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-017-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-017-4"><bdi>978-0-87779-017-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Collegiate+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-017-4&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsakalotos2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tsakalotos, Euclid (2001). "European Employment Policies: A New Social Democratic Model for Europe". In Arestis, Philip; Sawyer, Malcolm C. (eds.). The Economics of the Third Way: Experiences from Around the World. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 26–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843762836" title="Special:BookSources/9781843762836"><bdi>9781843762836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=European+Employment+Policies%3A+A+New+Social+Democratic+Model+for+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+the+Third+Way%3A+Experiences+from+Around+the+World&rft.pages=26-45&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781843762836&rft.aulast=Tsakalotos&rft.aufirst=Euclid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals">Journals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Altman, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x">"Collegiate Executives and Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Uruguay: Similar Institutions, Opposite Political Goals, Distinct Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Political_Science_Review" title="Swiss Political Science Review">Swiss Political Science Review</a>. 14 (3): 483–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x">10.1002/j.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Collegiate+Executives+and+Direct+Democracy+in+Switzerland+and+Uruguay%3A+Similar+Institutions%2C+Opposite+Political+Goals%2C+Distinct+Results&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-520&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fj.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardhanRoemer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bardhan, Pranab; Roemer, John E. 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Retrieved 26 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Defining+socialism%3A+What+it+means+and+how+it%27s+shaping+2020&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwhat-does-socialism-mean-and-how-is-it-shaping-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounge2017" class="citation news cs1">Younge, Gary (22 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/22/jeremy-corbyn-labour-anti-austerity-manifesto">"Jeremy Corbyn has defied his critics to become Labour's best hope of survival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Berlin. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reichstag+Speech+on+the+Law+for+Workers%27+Compensation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=1884-03-15&rft.aulast=Bismarck&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fsub_document.cfm%3Fdocument_id%3D1809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2015" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders, Bernie</a> (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/11/19/9762028/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism">Democratic Socialism in the United States</a> (Speech). Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. Retrieved 1 March 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Georgetown+University%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F11%2F19%2F9762028%2Fbernie-sanders-democratic-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites">Websites</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramowitz2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Abramowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=39">the original</a> on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aims+and+Tasks+of+Democratic+Socialism%3A+Declaration+of+the+Socialist+International&rft.pub=Socialist+International&rft.date=1951-07-03&rft.au=Socialist+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistinternational.org%2FviewArticle.cfm%3FArticleID%3D39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTransparency_International_2020_(table)" class="citation web cs1">Transparency International (23 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327160133/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019">"Corruption Perceptions Index 2019"</a>. Transparency International. 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Retrieved 10 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rear+Platform+and+Other+Informal+Remarks+in+New+York&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=1952-10-10&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublic-papers%2F289%2Frear-platform-and-other-informal-remarks-new-york&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVision_of_Humanity2019" class="citation web cs1">Vision of Humanity (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827155045/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf">"Global Peace Index 2019"</a> (PDF). Vision of Humanity. Institute for Economics & Peace. 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British Politics and Policy. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Politics+and+Policy&rft.atitle=There+is+no+left-wing+case+for+Brexit%3A+21st+century+socialism+requires+transnational+organization&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft.aulast=Ypi&rft.aufirst=Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fpoliticsandpolicy%2Fno-left-wing-case-for-brexit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Social democracy <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Social+democracy">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Social+democracy&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cronin, James E.; Ross, George W.; Shoch, James, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatsleftofleftd00unse">What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5079-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5079-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-5079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+Left+of+the+Left%3A+Democrats+and+Social+Democrats+in+Challenging+Times&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5079-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatsleftofleftd00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Draper, Theodore (1966). "The Historic Left". The Roots of American Communism. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3880-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-3880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historic+Left&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+American+Communism&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3880-1&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Häusermann, Silja; Kitschelt, Herbert, eds. (2024). Beyond Social Democracy: The Transformation of the Left in Emerging Knowledge Societies. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kenworthy, Lane (2014). Social Democratic America. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932251-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932251-0"><bdi>978-0-19-932251-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Democratic+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932251-0&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.aufirst=Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ashley (2008). The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7014-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7014-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-7014-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Social+Democracy%3A+Political+Consequences+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7014-8&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Thorsen, Dag Einar; Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabians.org.uk/utopia-sustained-the-nordic-model-of-social-democracy/">"Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utopia+Sustained%3A+The+Nordic+Model+of+Social+Democracy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fabian+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Thorsen&rft.aufirst=Dag+Einar&rft.au=Brandal%2C+Nik&rft.au=Bratberg%2C+%C3%98ivind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabians.org.uk%2Futopia-sustained-the-nordic-model-of-social-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Social democracy at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/social_democracy" class="extiw" title="wikt:social democracy">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Social democracy">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Social_democracy" class="extiw" title="q:Social democracy">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121254" class="extiw" title="d:Q121254">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551073">Social democracy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_democracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy" title="Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Social democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_democracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social democracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/75px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/113px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth" title="J. S. Woodsworth">Woodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this 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socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Categories</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">Socialism WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055695-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571880">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFArcher1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAspalter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociated_Press2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardhanRoemer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrett1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrientosPowell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarro2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBastowMartin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlau1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevan1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirchMacLeavySpringer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBismarck1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlair1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanc2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumeDurlauf2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoissoneault2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandalBratbergThorsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrivatiHeffernan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownMcLeanMcMillan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCNBC2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalossi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCammack2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCappelenFagerbergMjøsetSkarstein1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlssonLindgren1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChickering1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobham1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfeMiller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosland1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosland1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenitch1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDionneGaltson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDochertyLamb2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDongyoun2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurlaufLawrence2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDöring2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDølvikFløttenHippeJordfald2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatwellWright1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhns2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEly1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEskow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsping-Andersen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsping-Andersen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaiola2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuchtwanger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlavinPacekRadcliff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleet1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoley1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFosterTsakiroglou2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedenSargentStears2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrizell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGage2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambleWright1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeyKostaQuaisser1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolshan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGram2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayJohnsonWalker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoire2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryStuart2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroenkeHatch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHain1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHain2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaltiwanger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaseler1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattersley1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHead2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilbroner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinchmanMeyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinnfors2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHloušekKopecek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoefer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuges2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrys2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImlay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonTansey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferys1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatseliMiliosPelagidis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenworthy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimMiller2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindersley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornaiYingi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKvitrud2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwokRieger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKynaston2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafontaine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaidler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavelle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeibovich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkeMarks1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitz,_April_2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisSurender2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightfoot2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipset1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudlamSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarglinSchor1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarglinSchor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathersTaylorUpchurch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedearis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMegill1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerRutherford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoschonas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosse2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuldoon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaarden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Democratic_Party_of_Canada2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Democratic_Party_of_Canada2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hara2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Reilly2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOshinsky1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaniPanic2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatnaik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicard1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPost2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulantzas1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProkop2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPruitt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadcliff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaza2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepucci2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitzer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoemer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomano2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomano2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosserRosser2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothestein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacks2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafra1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuelsson1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargent2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorske1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumpeter1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweickart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen,_December_2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen,_November_2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSejersted2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Reid2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitaraman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocial_Democratic_Party_of_Germany2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocialist_International1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteger1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanHickel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunkara2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarnoff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economist2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economist2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economist2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Guardian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Heritage_Foundation2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906–11)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTicktin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTransparency_International_2020_(analysis)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTransparency_International_2020_(table)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsakalotos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTupy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeggel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVision_of_Humanity2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisskopf1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisskopf1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhyman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintrop1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYpi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁrnasonWittrock2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 146,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 29,\n [\"Corporatism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 9,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Marxism\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Party politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Progressivism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 8,\n [\"Refend\"] = 8,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 10,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 171,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 100,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Social democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Social democracy sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Toc limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Organized Labour portal\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","15.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","340","14.2"],["?","260","10.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","8.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","7.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.5"],["[others]","620","25.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-d948c7fb8-9mb6x","timestamp":"20241208163518","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Social democracy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_democracy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q121254","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q121254","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-14T17:13:55Z","dateModified":"2024-12-02T22:36:19Z","headline":"political ideology"}</script> </body> </html>