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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Film formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Common features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Design considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Single-lens reflex camera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkellensreflekskamera" title="Enkellensreflekskamera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Enkellensreflekskamera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="كاميرا عاكسة مفردة العدسة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاميرا عاكسة مفردة العدسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegelreflexkamera" title="Spiegelreflexkamera – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spiegelreflexkamera" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0mera_r%C3%A8flex_d%27un_objectiu" title="Càmera rèflex d'un objectiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càmera rèflex d'un objectiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrcadlovka" title="Zrcadlovka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zrcadlovka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spejlreflekskamera" title="Spejlreflekskamera – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spejlreflekskamera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegelreflexkamera" title="Spiegelreflexkamera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spiegelreflexkamera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peegelkaamera" title="Peegelkaamera – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peegelkaamera" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Μονοοπτική φωτογραφική μηχανή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μονοοπτική φωτογραφική μηχανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_r%C3%A9flex_de_%C3%BAnico_objetivo" title="Cámara réflex de único objetivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara réflex de único objetivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegula_fotilo" title="Spegula fotilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spegula fotilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دوربین تک‌لنزی بازتابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوربین تک‌لنزی بازتابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appareil_photographique_reflex_mono-objectif" title="Appareil photographique reflex mono-objectif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Appareil photographique reflex mono-objectif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceamara_frithchaithimh_aonlionsa" title="Ceamara frithchaithimh aonlionsa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceamara frithchaithimh aonlionsa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_r%C3%A9flex" title="Cámara réflex – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cámara réflex" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%95%88_%EB%B0%98%EC%82%AC%EC%8B%9D_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%9D%BC" title="일안 반사식 카메라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일안 반사식 카메라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednooki_zrcalni_fotoparat" title="Jednooki zrcalni fotoparat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jednooki zrcalni fotoparat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_pantul_lensa_tunggal" title="Kamera pantul lensa tunggal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamera pantul lensa tunggal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_a_obiettivo_singolo" title="Reflex a obiettivo singolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reflex a obiettivo singolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="מצלמת רפלקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצלמת רפלקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLR" title="DSLR – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="DSLR" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spogu%C4%BCkamera" title="Spoguļkamera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spoguļkamera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veidrodinis_fotoaparatas" title="Veidrodinis fotoaparatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veidrodinis fotoaparatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_refleks_kanta_tunggal" title="Kamera refleks kanta tunggal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kamera refleks kanta tunggal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegelreflexcamera" title="Spiegelreflexcamera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spiegelreflexcamera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%9C%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%95%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9" title="一眼レフカメラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一眼レフカメラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spailreflex-Kamera" title="Spailreflex-Kamera – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Spailreflex-Kamera" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speilreflekskamera" title="Speilreflekskamera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Speilreflekskamera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustrzanka_jednoobiektywowa" title="Lustrzanka jednoobiektywowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lustrzanka jednoobiektywowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mera_reflex_monobjetiva" title="Câmera reflex monobjetiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmera reflex monobjetiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Однообъективный зеркальный фотоаппарат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Однообъективный зеркальный фотоаппарат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrkadlovka" title="Zrkadlovka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zrkadlovka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrcalnorefleksni_fotoaparat" title="Zrcalnorefleksni fotoaparat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zrcalnorefleksni fotoaparat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Рефлексна камера са једним сочивом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рефлексна камера са једним сочивом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yksisilm%C3%A4inen_peiliheijastuskamera" title="Yksisilmäinen peiliheijastuskamera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yksisilmäinen peiliheijastuskamera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegelreflexkamera" title="Spegelreflexkamera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spegelreflexkamera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒற்றை வில்லை எதிர்வினைப் படக்கருவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒற்றை வில்லை எதிர்வினைப் படக்கருவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="ఎస్ ఎల్ ఆర్ కెమెరా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎస్ ఎల్ ఆర్ కెమెరా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="กล้องสะท้อนภาพเลนส์เดี่ยว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องสะท้อนภาพเลนส์เดี่ยว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex" title="Single-lens reflex – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Single-lens reflex" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Однооб'єктивна дзеркальна камера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Однооб'єктивна дзеркальна камера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84-%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سنگل-لینس ریفلیکس کیمرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنگل-لینس ریفلیکس کیمرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_%E1%BA%A3nh_ph%E1%BA%A3n_x%E1%BA%A1_%E1%BB%91ng_k%C3%ADnh_%C4%91%C6%A1n" title="Máy ảnh phản xạ ống kính đơn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy ảnh phản xạ ống kính đơn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Single-lens+reflex+camera%22">"Single-lens reflex camera"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Single-lens+reflex+camera%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Single-lens+reflex+camera%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Single-lens+reflex+camera%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Single-lens+reflex+camera%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Single-lens+reflex+camera%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exa_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Exa_camera.jpg/300px-Exa_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Exa_camera.jpg/450px-Exa_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Exa_camera.jpg/600px-Exa_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Ihagee Exa Single lens reflex</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contax-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Contax-s.jpg/250px-Contax-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Contax-s.jpg/375px-Contax-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Contax-s.jpg/500px-Contax-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Contax" title="Contax">Zeiss Ikon VEB Contax S</a>, manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, one of the two original <a href="/wiki/Pentaprism" title="Pentaprism">pentaprism</a> SLRs for eye-level viewing that went into production in 1949. The Italian <a href="/wiki/Rectaflex" title="Rectaflex">Rectaflex</a> offered its first production SLR, the series 1000, the same year.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>single-lens reflex camera</b> (<b>SLR</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> that typically uses a <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a> system (hence "reflex" from the mirror's reflection) that permits the <a href="/wiki/Photographer" title="Photographer">photographer</a> to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured. With <a href="/wiki/Twin_lens_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin lens reflex">twin lens reflex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinder cameras">rangefinder cameras</a>, the viewed image could be significantly different from the final image. When the shutter button is pressed on most SLRs, the mirror flips out of the light path, allowing light to pass through to the light receptor and the image to be captured. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="History of the single-lens reflex camera">History of the single-lens reflex camera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_SLR_Camera_cutaway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nikon_SLR_Camera_cutaway.jpg/220px-Nikon_SLR_Camera_cutaway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nikon_SLR_Camera_cutaway.jpg/330px-Nikon_SLR_Camera_cutaway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nikon_SLR_Camera_cutaway.jpg/440px-Nikon_SLR_Camera_cutaway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of SLR camera.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the development of SLR, all cameras with viewfinders had two optical light paths: one through the lens to the film, and another positioned above (<a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR or <i>twin-lens reflex</i></a>) or to the side (<a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a>). Because the viewfinder and the film lens cannot share the same optical path, the viewing lens is aimed to intersect with the film lens at a fixed point somewhere in front of the camera. This is not problematic for pictures taken at a middle or longer distance, but <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> causes framing errors in close-up shots. Moreover, it is not easy to focus the lens of a fast reflex camera when it is opened to wider <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">apertures</a> (such as in low light or while using low-speed film). </p><p>Most SLR cameras permit upright and laterally correct viewing through use of a <a href="/wiki/Pentaprism" title="Pentaprism">roof pentaprism</a> situated in the optical path between the reflex mirror and viewfinder. Light, which comes both horizontally and vertically inverted after passing through the lens, is reflected upwards by the reflex mirror, into the <a href="/wiki/Pentaprism" title="Pentaprism">pentaprism</a> where it is reflected twice to correct the inversions caused by the lens, and align the image with the <a href="/wiki/Viewfinder" title="Viewfinder">viewfinder</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a> is released, the mirror moves out of the light path, and the light shines directly onto the film (or in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">DSLR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> or <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> imaging sensor). Exceptions to the moving mirror system include the Canon Pellix and <a href="/wiki/Sony_SLT_camera" title="Sony SLT camera">Sony SLT cameras</a>, along with several special-purpose high-speed cameras (such as the Canon EOS-1N RS), whose mirror was a fixed <a href="/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beamsplitting</a> <a href="/wiki/Pellicle_mirror" title="Pellicle mirror">pellicle</a>. </p><p>Focus can be adjusted manually by the photographer or automatically by an <a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">autofocus</a> system. The viewfinder can include a matte <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focusing</a> screen located just above the mirror system to diffuse the light. This permits accurate viewing, composing and focusing, especially useful with interchangeable lenses. </p><p>Up until the 1990s, SLR was the most advanced photographic preview system available, but the recent development and refinement of digital imaging technology with an on-camera live LCD preview screen has overshadowed SLR's popularity. Nearly all inexpensive compact digital cameras now include an LCD preview screen allowing the photographer to see what the CCD is capturing. However, SLR is still popular in high-end and professional cameras because they are <a href="/wiki/System_camera" title="System camera">system cameras</a> with interchangeable parts, allowing customization. They also have far less <a href="/wiki/Shutter_lag" title="Shutter lag">shutter lag</a>, allowing photographs to be timed more precisely. Also the <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> resolution, <a href="/wiki/Contrast_ratio" title="Contrast ratio">contrast ratio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rate</a>, and color <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> of an LCD preview screen cannot compete with the clarity and shadow detail of a direct-viewed optical SLR viewfinder. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">Large format</a> SLR cameras were probably first marketed with the introduction of C.R. Smith's <i>Monocular Duplex</i> (U.S., 1884).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SLRs for smaller exposure formats were launched in the 1920s by several camera makers. The first <a href="/wiki/35_mm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="35 mm format">35 mm</a> SLR available to the mass market, Leica's PLOOT reflex housing along with a 200 mm f4.5 lens paired to a <a href="/wiki/35_mm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="35 mm format">35 mm</a> rangefinder camera body, debuted in 1935. The Soviet <i>Спорт</i> (“Sport”),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also a 24 mm by 36 mm image size, was prototyped in 1934 and went to market in 1937. K. Nüchterlein's <a href="/wiki/Kine_Exakta" title="Kine Exakta">Kine Exakta</a> (Germany, 1936) was the first integrated <a href="/wiki/35_mm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="35 mm format">35 mm</a> SLR to enter the market. Additional <a href="/wiki/Exakta" title="Exakta">Exakta</a> models, all with waist-level finders, were produced up to and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Another ancestor of the modern SLR camera was the Swiss-made <a href="/wiki/Alpa" title="Alpa">Alpa</a>, which was innovative, and influenced the later Japanese cameras. The first eye-level SLR viewfinder was patented in Hungary on August 23, 1943, by Jenő Dulovits, who then designed the first 35 mm camera with one, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duflex (page does not exist)">Duflex</a>, which used a system of mirrors to provide a laterally correct, upright image in the eye-level viewfinder. The Duflex, which went into serial production in 1948, was also the world's first SLR with an instant-return (a.k.a. autoreturn) mirror. </p><p>The first commercially produced SLR that employed a roof <a href="/wiki/Pentaprism" title="Pentaprism">pentaprism</a> was the Italian <a href="/wiki/Rectaflex" title="Rectaflex">Rectaflex</a> A.1000, shown in full working condition on Milan fair April 1948 and produced from September the same year, thus being on the market one year before the east German <a href="/wiki/Contax" title="Contax">Zeiss Ikon VEB Contax S</a>, announced on May 20, 1949, produced from September. </p><p>The Japanese adopted and further developed the SLR. In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Asahi</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Asahiflex" title="Asahiflex">Asahiflex</a> and in 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Asahiflex_IIB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahiflex IIB">Asahiflex IIB</a>. In 1957, the <a href="/wiki/Asahi_Pentax" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Pentax">Asahi Pentax</a> combined the fixed pentaprism and the right-hand thumb wind lever. <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Corporation">Nikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yashica" title="Yashica">Yashica</a> introduced their first SLRs in 1959 (the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F" title="Nikon F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_Canonflex" title="Canon Canonflex">Canonflex</a>, and Pentamatic, respectively). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_SLRs">Digital SLRs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digital SLRs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">Digital single-lens reflex camera</a></div> <p>Canon, Nikon and <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> have all developed digital SLR cameras (DSLRs) using the same lens mounts as on their respective film SLR cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konica Minolta did the same, and after having bought Konica Minolta's camera division in 2006. Sony continues using the Minolta AF lens mount in their DSLRs, including cameras built around <a href="/wiki/Sony_SLT_camera" title="Sony SLT camera">a semi-transparent fixed mirror</a>. Samsung builds DSLRs based on the <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> lens mount. <a href="/wiki/Olympus_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympus (company)">Olympus</a>, on the other hand, chose to create a new digital-only <a href="/wiki/Four_Thirds_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Thirds System">Four Thirds System</a> SLR standard, adopted later by Panasonic and Leica. </p><p>Contax came out with a DSLR model, the <a href="/wiki/Contax_N_Digital" title="Contax N Digital">Contax N-Digital</a>. This model was too late and too expensive to be competitive with other camera manufacturers. The Contax N-digital was the last Contax to use that maker's lens system, and the camera, while having impressive features such as a full-frame sensor, was expensive and lacked sufficient write-speed to the memory card for it to be seriously considered by some professional photographers. </p><p>The digital single-lens reflex camera have largely replaced film SLRs design in convenience, sales and popularity at the start of the 21st century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_components">Optical components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Optical components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R-DSC08774-WMC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/R-DSC08774-WMC.jpg/250px-R-DSC08774-WMC.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/R-DSC08774-WMC.jpg/375px-R-DSC08774-WMC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/R-DSC08774-WMC.jpg/500px-R-DSC08774-WMC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Focusing screen on Praktica Super TL1000</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLR_cross_section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SLR_cross_section.svg/250px-SLR_cross_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SLR_cross_section.svg/375px-SLR_cross_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SLR_cross_section.svg/500px-SLR_cross_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section view of SLR system: 1: Front-mount lens (four-element Tessar design) 2: Reflex mirror at 45-degree angle 3: Focal plane shutter 4: Film or sensor 5: <a href="/wiki/Focusing_screen" title="Focusing screen">Focusing screen</a> 6: Condenser lens 7: Optical glass pentaprism (or pentamirror) 8: Eyepiece (can have diopter correction ability)</figcaption></figure> <p>A cross-section (<i>or</i> 'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLR camera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly, is reflected by the mirror placed at a 45-degree angle, and is projected on the matte <a href="/wiki/Focusing_screen" title="Focusing screen">focusing screen</a>. Via a condensing lens and internal reflections in the roof pentaprism the image appears in the eyepiece. When an image is taken, the mirror moves upwards from its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter opens, and the image is projected onto the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">sensor</a> in exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen. </p><p>This feature distinguishes SLRs from other cameras as the photographer sees the image composed exactly as it will be captured on the film or <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">sensor</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLR_Pentaprism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SLR_Pentaprism.svg/250px-SLR_Pentaprism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SLR_Pentaprism.svg/375px-SLR_Pentaprism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SLR_Pentaprism.svg/500px-SLR_Pentaprism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>A perspective drawing showing how a roof pentaprism corrects a laterally reversed SLR image</figcaption></figure> <p>Most 35 mm SLRs use a roof <a href="/wiki/Pentaprism" title="Pentaprism">pentaprism</a> or penta-mirror to direct the light to the eyepiece, first used on the 1948 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duflex (page does not exist)">Duflex</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constructed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jen%C5%91_Dulovits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenő Dulovits (page does not exist)">Jenő Dulovits</a> and patented August 1943 (Hungary). With this camera also appeared the first <a href="/wiki/Instant-return_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant-return mirror">instant-return mirror</a>. The first Japanese pentaprism SLR was the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Miranda_T_(camera)" title="Miranda T (camera)">Miranda T</a>, followed by the Asahi Pentax, Minolta SR-2, Zunow, Nikon F and the <a href="/wiki/Yashica" title="Yashica">Yashica</a> Pentamatic. Some SLRs offered removable pentaprisms with optional viewfinder capabilities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Waist-level_finder" title="Waist-level finder">waist-level finder</a>, the interchangeable sports finders used on the Canon F1 and F1n; the <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> F, F2, F3, F4 and F5; and the Pentax LX. </p><p>Another prism design was the <a href="/wiki/Porro_prism" title="Porro prism">porro prism</a> system used in the <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Pen_F" title="Olympus Pen F">Olympus Pen F</a>, the Pen FT, the Pen FV half-frame 35 mm SLR cameras. This was later used on the <a href="/wiki/Olympus_E-300" title="Olympus E-300">Olympus EVOLT E-3x0</a> series, the <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> Digilux 3 and the <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-L1" title="Panasonic Lumix DMC-L1">Panasonic DMC-L1</a>. </p><p>A right-angle finder is available that slips onto the eyepiece of most SLRs and D-SLRs and allows viewing through a waist-level viewfinder. There is also a finder that provides EVF remote capability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shutter_mechanisms">Shutter mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shutter mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter (photography)</a></div> <p>Almost all contemporary SLRs use a <a href="/wiki/Focal-plane_shutter" title="Focal-plane shutter">focal-plane shutter</a> located in front of the film plane, which prevents the light from reaching the film even if the lens is removed, except when the shutter is actually released during the exposure. There are various designs for focal plane shutters. Early focal-plane shutters designed from the 1930s onwards usually consisted of two curtains that travelled horizontally across the film gate: an opening shutter curtain followed by a closing shutter curtain. During fast shutter speeds, the focal-plane shutter would form a 'slit' whereby the second shutter curtain was closely following the first opening shutter curtain to produce a narrow, vertical opening, with the shutter slit moving horizontally. The slit would get narrower as shutter speeds were increased. Initially these shutters were made from a cloth material (which was in later years often rubberised), but some manufacturers used other materials instead. Nippon Kōgaku (now <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Corporation">Nikon Corporation</a>), for example, used <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> foil shutters for several of their flagship SLR cameras, including the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F" title="Nikon F">Nikon F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F2" title="Nikon F2">F2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F3" title="Nikon F3">F3</a>. </p><p>Other focal-plane shutter designs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nidec_Copal_Corporation" title="Nidec Copal Corporation">Copal</a> Square, travelled vertically — the shorter travelling distance of 24 millimetres (as opposed to 36 mm horizontally) meant that minimum exposure and flash synchronisation times could be reduced. These shutters are usually manufactured from metal, and use the same moving-slit principle as horizontally travelling shutters. They differ, though, in usually being formed of several slats or blades, rather than single curtains as with horizontal designs, as there is rarely enough room above and below the frame for a one-piece shutter. Vertical shutters became very common in the 1980s (though <a href="/wiki/Konica" title="Konica">Konica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamiya" title="Mamiya">Mamiya</a>, and Copal first pioneered their use in the 1950s and 1960s, and are almost exclusively used for new cameras. Nikon used Copal-made vertical plane shutters in their Nikomat/Nikkormat -range, enabling x-sync speeds from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">30</span></span> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> while the only choice for focal plane shutters at that time was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">60</span></span>. Later, Nikon again pioneered the use of titanium for vertical shutters, using a special honeycomb pattern on the blades to reduce their weight and achieve world-record speeds in 1982 of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4000</span></span> second for non-sync shooting, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">250</span></span> with x-sync. Nowadays most such shutters are manufactured from cheaper aluminium (though some high-end cameras use materials such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fibre">carbon-fibre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>). </p><p>Another shutter system is the <a href="/wiki/Leaf_shutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shutter">leaf shutter</a>, whereby the shutter is constructed of diaphragm-like blades and can be situated either between the lens or behind the lens. If the shutter is part of a lens assembly some other mechanism is required to ensure that no light reaches the film between exposures. An example of a behind-the-lens leaf shutter is found in the 35 mm SLRs produced by <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, with their Retina Reflex camera line; Topcon, with their Auto 100; and Kowa with their SE-R and SET-R reflexes. A primary example of a medium-format SLR with a between-the-lens leaf shutter system would be <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a>, with their 500C, 500 cm, 500 EL-M (a motorized Hasselblad) and other models (producing a 6 cm square negative). Hasselblads use an auxiliary shutter blind situated behind the lens mount and the mirror system to prevent the fogging of film. Other medium-format SLRs also using leaf shutters include the now discontinued Zenza-Bronica camera system lines such as the Bronica ETRs, the ETRs'i (both producing a 6 × 4.5 cm. image), the SQ and the SQ-AI (producing a 6 × 6 cm image like the Hasselblad), and the Zenza-Bronica G system (6 × 7 cm). Certain Mamiya medium-format SLRs, discontinued camera systems such as the Kowa 6 and a few other camera models also used between-the-lens leaf shutters in their lens systems. Thus, any time a photographer purchased one of these lenses, that lens included a leaf shutter in its lens mount. Because leaf shutters synchronized electronic flash at all shutter speeds especially at fast shutter speeds of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">500</span></span> of a second or faster, cameras using leaf shutters were more desirable to studio photographers who used sophisticated studio electronic flash systems. Some manufacturers of medium-format <a href="/wiki/120_film" title="120 film">120 film</a> SLR cameras also made leaf-shutter lenses for their focal-plane-shutter models. Rollei made at least two such lenses for their Rolleiflex SL-66 medium format which was a focal-plane shutter SLR. Rollei later switched to a camera system of leaf-shutter design (e.g., the 6006 and 6008 reflexes) and their current medium-format SLRs are now all of the between-the-lens shutter design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_developments">Further developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflex_camera_(description).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Reflex_camera_%28description%29.svg/300px-Reflex_camera_%28description%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Reflex_camera_%28description%29.svg/450px-Reflex_camera_%28description%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Reflex_camera_%28description%29.svg/600px-Reflex_camera_%28description%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Parts</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the technology became widespread in the 1970s, SLRs have become the main photographic instrument used by dedicated amateur photographers and professionals. Some photographers of static subjects (such as architecture, landscape, and some commercial subjects), however, prefer <a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view cameras</a> because of the capability to control perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a triple-extension bellows 4" × 5" camera such as the Linhof SuperTechnika V, the photographer can correct certain distortions such as "keystoning", where the image 'lines' converge (i.e., photographing a building by pointing a typical camera upward to include the top of the building). <a href="/wiki/Perspective_correction_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective correction lens">Perspective correction lenses</a> are available in the 35 mm and medium formats to correct this distortion with film cameras, and it can also be corrected after the fact with photo software when using digital cameras. The photographer can also extend the bellows to its full length, tilt the front standard and perform photomacrography (commonly known as '<a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a>'), producing a sharp image with depth-of-field without stopping down the lens diaphragm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_formats">Film formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Film formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a></div> <p>Early SLRs were built for <a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large format</a> photography, but this film format has largely lost favor among professional photographers. SLR film-based cameras have been produced for most <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">film formats</a> as well as for digital formats. These film-based SLRs use the <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm format</a> as, this film format offers a variety of emulsions and film sensitivity speeds, usable image quality and a good market cost. 35 mm film comes in a variety of exposure lengths: 20 exposure, 24 exposure and 36 exposure rolls. <a href="/wiki/Medium_format_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium format (film)">Medium format</a> SLRs provide a higher-quality image with a negative that can be more easily retouched than the smaller 35 mm negative, when this capability is required. </p><p>A small number of SLRs were built for <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System">APS</a> such as the Canon IX series and the Nikon Pronea cameras. SLRs were also introduced for film formats as small as Kodak's <a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">110</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pentax_Auto_110" title="Pentax Auto 110">Pentax Auto 110</a>, which had interchangeable lenses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Narciss_camera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/White_Narciss_camera.JPG/300px-White_Narciss_camera.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/White_Narciss_camera.JPG/450px-White_Narciss_camera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/White_Narciss_camera.JPG/600px-White_Narciss_camera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>16 mm SLR Narciss camera</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Narciss_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Narciss camera">Narciss camera</a> is an all-metal 16 mm subminiature single lens reflex camera made by Russian optic firm Krasnogorsky Mekhanichesky Zavod (KMZ) Narciss (Soviet Union; Нарцисс) between 1961 and 1965. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_features">Common features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0378.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0378.jpg/220px-Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0378.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0378.jpg/330px-Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0378.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0378.jpg/440px-Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0378.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption>Cut-away of a <a href="/wiki/Minolta_XE" title="Minolta XE">Minolta XE</a> film-based SLR</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0377.jpg/220px-Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0377.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0377.jpg/330px-Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0377.jpg/440px-Cut-away_Minotla_SLR_IMG_0377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Other features found on many SLR cameras include <a href="/wiki/Through-the-lens_metering" title="Through-the-lens metering">through-the-lens (TTL) metering</a> and sophisticated flash control referred to as "dedicated electronic flash". In a dedicated system, once the dedicated electronic flash is inserted into the camera's hot shoe and turned on, there is then communication between camera and flash. The camera's synchronization speed is set, along with the aperture. Many camera models measure the light that reflects off of the film plane, which controls the flash duration of the electronic flash. This is denoted <a href="/wiki/Through-the-lens_metering#Through_the_lens_flash_metering" title="Through-the-lens metering">TTL flash metering</a>. </p><p>Some electronic flash units can send out several short bursts of light to aid the autofocus system or for wireless communication with off-camera flash units. A pre-flash is often used to determine the amount of light that is reflected from the subject, which sets the duration of the main flash at time of exposure. Some cameras also employ automatic fill-flash, where the flash light and the available light are balanced. While these capabilities are not unique to the SLR, manufacturers included them early on in the top models, whereas the best rangefinder cameras adopted such features later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_considerations">Design considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the advantages of SLR cameras derive from viewing and focusing the image through the attached lens. Most other types of cameras do not have this function; subjects are seen through a viewfinder that is near the lens, making the photographer's view different from that of the lens. SLR cameras provide photographers with precision; they provide a viewing image that will be exposed onto the negative exactly as it is seen through the lens. There is no <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> error, and exact focus can be confirmed by eye—especially in <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a> and when photographing using <a href="/wiki/Long_focus_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Long focus lens">long focus lenses</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> may be seen by stopping down to the attached lens <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a>, which is possible on most SLR cameras except for the least expensive models. Because of the SLR's versatility, most manufacturers have a vast range of lenses and accessories available for them. </p><p>Compared to most fixed-lens compact cameras, the most commonly used and inexpensive SLR lenses offer a wider aperture range and larger maximum aperture (typically <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.4</span></a> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.8</span> for a 50 mm lens). This allows photographs to be taken in lower light conditions without flash, and allows a narrower depth of field, which is useful for blurring the background behind the subject, making the subject more prominent. "Fast" lenses are commonly used in theater photography, portrait photography, surveillance photography, and all other photography requiring a large maximum aperture. </p><p>The variety of lenses also allows for the camera to be used and adapted in many different situations. This provides the photographer with considerably more control (i.e., how the image is viewed and framed) than would be the case with a view camera. In addition, some SLR lenses are manufactured with extremely long focal lengths, allowing a photographer to be a considerable distance away from the subject and yet still expose a sharp, focused image. This is particularly useful if the subject includes dangerous animals (e.g., wildlife); the subject prefers anonymity to being photographed; or else, the photographer's presence is unwanted (e.g., celebrity photography or surveillance photography). Practically all SLR and DSLR camera bodies can also be attached to telescopes and microscopes via an adapter tube to further enhance their imaging capabilities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentax_super_me_open_back.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pentax_super_me_open_back.gif/220px-Pentax_super_me_open_back.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pentax_super_me_open_back.gif/330px-Pentax_super_me_open_back.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pentax_super_me_open_back.gif/440px-Pentax_super_me_open_back.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>During an exposure, the viewfinder is blocked</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> In most cases, single-lens reflex cameras cannot be made as small or as light as other camera designs—such as <a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder cameras</a>, autofocus <a href="/wiki/Compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact camera">compact cameras</a> and digital cameras with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_viewfinder" title="Electronic viewfinder">electronic viewfinders</a> (EVF)—owing to the mirror box and pentaprism/pentamirror. The mirror box also prevents lenses with deeply recessed rear elements from being mounted close to the film or sensor unless the camera has a mirror lockup feature; this means that simple designs for <a href="/wiki/Wide_angle_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Wide angle lens">wide angle lenses</a> cannot be used. Instead, larger and more complex <a href="/wiki/Retrofocus" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrofocus">retrofocus</a> designs are required. </p><p>The SLR mirror 'blacks-out' the viewfinder image during the exposure. In addition, the movement of the reflex mirror takes time, limiting the maximum shooting speed. The mirror system can also cause noise and vibration. Partially reflective (pellicle) fixed mirrors avoid these problems and have been used in a very few designs including the <a href="/wiki/Canon_Pellix" title="Canon Pellix">Canon Pellix</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS-1N_RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EOS-1N RS">Canon EOS-1N RS</a>, but these designs introduce their own problems. These pellicle mirrors reduce the amount of light travelling to the film plane or sensor and also can distort the light passing through them, resulting in a less-sharp image. To avoid the noise and vibration, many professional cameras offer a <a href="/wiki/Mirror_lock-up" title="Mirror lock-up">mirror lock-up</a> feature, however, this feature totally disables the SLR's automatic focusing ability. Electronic viewfinders have the potential to give the 'viewing-experience' of a DSLR (through-the-lens viewing) without many of the disadvantages. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> have resurrected the pellicle mirror concept in their "<a href="/wiki/Single-lens_translucent_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-lens translucent camera">single-lens translucent</a>" (SLT) range of cameras. </p><p>SLRs vary widely in their construction and typically have bodies made of plastic or magnesium. Most manufacturers do not cite durability specifications, but some report shutter life expectancies for professional models. For instance, the Canon EOS 1Ds MkII is rated for 200,000 shutter cycles and the Nikon D3 is rated for 300,000 with its exotic carbon fiber/kevlar shutter. Because many SLRs have interchangeable lenses, there is a tendency for dust, sand and dirt to get into the main body of the camera through the mirror box when the lens is removed, thus dirtying or even jamming the mirror movement mechanism or the shutter curtain mechanism itself. In addition, these particles can also jam or otherwise hinder the focusing feature of a lens if they enter into the focusing helicoid. The problem of sensor cleaning has been somewhat reduced in <a href="/wiki/DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLRs</a> as some cameras have a built-in sensor cleaning unit. </p><p>The price of SLRs in general also tends to be somewhat higher than that of other types of cameras, owing to their internal complexity. This is compounded by the expense of additional components, such as flashes or lenses. The initial investment in equipment can be prohibitive enough to keep some casual photographers away from SLRs, although the market for used SLRs has become larger particularly as photographers migrate to digital systems. </p><p><br /> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv/1280px--Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="1280" height="720" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv/Pentax-K1000-shutter.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The digital single-lens reflex camera has largely replaced the film SLR for its convenience, sales, and popularity at the start of the 21st century. These cameras were the marketing favorite among advanced amateur and professional photographers through the first two decades of the 2000s. Around 2010, the mirrorless technology utilized in point and shoot cameras made the way to the interchangeable lens cameras and slowly replaced DSLR technology. </p><p>As of 2022, all the major camera brands (Except Pentax) ceased development and production of DSLRs and moved on to <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">mirrorless systems</a>. These systems offer multiple advantages to the photographer with regards to autofocus systems as well as the ability to update the lens technologies due to the reduced distance between the back of the lens and the sensor resulting from the removal of the mirror. </p><p>Film-based SLRs are still used by a niche market of enthusiasts and format lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Pentax" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Pentax">Asahi Pentax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenses_for_SLR_and_DSLR_cameras" title="Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras">Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle" title="Scheimpflug principle">Scheimpflug principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeiss_Ikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeiss Ikon">Zeiss Ikon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One was patented in 1861 (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sutton_(photographer)" title="Thomas Sutton (photographer)">Thomas Sutton</a>), but it is not clear if a second example was ever produced; Calvin Rae Smith's design of a Patent Monocular Duplex camera was advertised and sold. Spira, <i>The History of Photography,</i> 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" class="extiw" title="ru:Спорт (фотоаппарат)">A. O. Gelgar's <i>Sport</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBusch2014" class="citation book cs1">Busch, David D. (2014-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rixBBAAAQBAJ&q=Canon%2C+Nikon+and+Pentax+have+all+developed+digital+SLR+cameras+%28DSLRs%29+using+the+same+lens+mounts+as+on+their+respective+film+SLR+cameras.&pg=PA109"><i>Digital SLR Cameras and Photography For Dummies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97183-3"><bdi>978-1-118-97183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+SLR+Cameras+and+Photography+For+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97183-3&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrixBBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DCanon%252C%2BNikon%2Band%2BPentax%2Bhave%2Ball%2Bdeveloped%2Bdigital%2BSLR%2Bcameras%2B%2528DSLRs%2529%2Busing%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Blens%2Bmounts%2Bas%2Bon%2Btheir%2Brespective%2Bfilm%2BSLR%2Bcameras.%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle-lens+reflex+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bichkov.com/photopedia/index.php?title=SLR_Camera">"Article at Photopedia"</a>. Bichkov.com. 2008-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+at+Photopedia&rft.pub=Bichkov.com&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbichkov.com%2Fphotopedia%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSLR_Camera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle-lens+reflex+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal" class="citation web cs1">Tal, Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturephotographers.net/articles0703/gt0703-1.html">"Introduction to Large Format"</a>. <i>Nature Photographers Online Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Photographers+Online+Magazine&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Large+Format&rft.aulast=Tal&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturephotographers.net%2Farticles0703%2Fgt0703-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle-lens+reflex+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collider.com/film-camera-production-ended-arri-panavision-aaton/">"ARRI, Panavision, and Aaton Cease Production of Film Cameras; Will Focus Exclusively on Digital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collider_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collider (website)">Collider</a></i>. 12 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collider&rft.atitle=ARRI%2C+Panavision%2C+and+Aaton+Cease+Production+of+Film+Cameras%3B+Will+Focus+Exclusively+on+Digital&rft.date=2011-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollider.com%2Ffilm-camera-production-ended-arri-panavision-aaton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle-lens+reflex+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spira, S. F. <i>The History of Photography as Seen through the Spira Collection.</i> New York: Aperture, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89381-953-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89381-953-0">0-89381-953-0</a>.</li> <li>Antonetto, Marco: "Rectaflex – The Magic Reflex". Nassa Watch Gallery, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-87161-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-87161-01-1">88-87161-01-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SLR_cameras" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:SLR cameras">SLR cameras</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Photography in Malaysia's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/htmls/contax_history/history2.htm">Contax History, Part II</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991008124708/http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Andes/3256/innocams.html">'Innovative Cameras' by Massimo Bertacchi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sl66.rolleigraphy.eu/">Rolleiflex SL 66</a> (Rolleiflex SL 66 Medium Format Single Lens Reflex camera).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic 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