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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resource_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Water resource base</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_resource_base-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water resource base subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_resource_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_and_ground_water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_and_ground_water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Surface and ground water resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_and_ground_water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_capacity_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_capacity_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Storage capacity and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_capacity_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Water quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_resources_management_by_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resources_management_by_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Water resources management by sector</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_resources_management_by_sector-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water resources management by sector subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_resources_management_by_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Water supply and sanitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigation_and_drainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation_and_drainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Irrigation and drainage</span> 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>National legal framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_legal_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Institutional organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Government strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Users'_Commissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Users'_Commissions"> <div 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<span>Bulk water tariffs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulk_water_tariffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water-related_natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water-related_natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Water-related natural hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-related_natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_climate_change_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_climate_change_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Potential climate change impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_climate_change_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation in Brazil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Brazil" title="Irrigation in Brazil">Irrigation in Brazil</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">Water resources management in <span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Withdrawals by sector 2000/2001</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Domestic: 12%</li> <li>Agriculture: 80%</li> <li>Industry: 8%</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Renewable water resources</th><td class="infobox-data">8,233 km<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface water produced internally</th><td class="infobox-data">5,418 km<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,874 km<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Overlap shared by surface water and groundwater</th><td class="infobox-data">1,874 km<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Renewable water resources per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">43,028 m<sup>3</sup>/year</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wetland designated as <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> sites</th><td class="infobox-data">6.4 million ha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hydropower generation</th><td class="infobox-data">81%</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Integrated_water_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated water resources management">Water resources management</a> is a key element of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil's</a> strategy to promote <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable growth">sustainable growth</a> and a more equitable and inclusive society. Brazil's achievements over the past 70 years have been closely linked to the development of hydraulic infrastructure for hydroelectric power generation and just recently to the development of irrigation infrastructure, especially in the Northeast region. </p><p>Two challenges in water resources management stand out for their enormous social impacts: (i) unreliable access to water with a strong adverse impact on the living and health standards of the rural populations in the Northeast where two million households, most in extreme poverty, live, and (ii) <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> in and near large urban centers, which compromises poor populations' health, creates an environmental damage, and increases the cost of water treatment for downstream users. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_management_history_and_recent_development">Water management history and recent development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Water management history and recent development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in many other countries, <b>water resources management in Brazil</b> has historically relied upon heavy investment on hydraulic infrastructure. From building the first hydropower facility in 1901 until the mid-1970s, hydropower has been the main focus of water resources management. In 1934, after several modifications introduced to the first 1907 draft, the Water Code was approved. The Water Code was the first legislation for water resources management in Brazil, and was applied for more than 60 years.<sup id="cite_ref-IDB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Water Code ensured the free use of any water for basic life necessities and permitted everyone to use any public water while complying with administrative regulations. Some of its provisions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">polluter pays principle</a>, were introduced long before this principle became globally recognized as a good practice. </p><p>The intention of reforming Brazil's water resources management system began to shape during the 1970s when other water users challenged the priority given to hydropower. Different initiatives and institutions for water management were established by the Federal Government and states such as São Paulo and Ceara. The Constitutional reform of 1988 was the first step in the creation of a National Water Law, whose responsibility was given to the Federal Government. The reformed Constitution also established a distinction between federally controlled water, for rivers across state boundaries, and state-controlled water, for rivers and groundwater that remained completely within state boundaries. Based on this new responsibility, the states began to implement their own water resources management systems. São Paulo pioneered this process in 1991 (see <a href="/wiki/Water_management_in_the_Metropolitan_Region_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo">Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo</a>). Today 25 of Brazil's 26 states and the Federal District have adopted legislation to modernize water resource management (see <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">States of Brazil</a>). </p><p>After negotiating for six years, the Federal Government approved the 1997 National Water Law (No. 9433) aimed at incorporating modern water resources management principles and instruments into Brazil's water resources management system. A National Water Authority was created in 2000 aimed at implementing the National Water Law. Numerous local, regional, and national initiatives, public and private bodies, and technical, scientific, and professional associations also play a role in Brazil's water resources management system.<sup id="cite_ref-alto_tiete_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alto_tiete-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_resource_base">Water resource base</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Water resource base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_and_ground_water_resources">Surface and ground water resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Surface and ground water resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazil has always been considered a country rich in water. It is estimated that about 12% of the world's surface water resources are located in the country. In 2007, per capita water availability reached 43,027 m<sup>3</sup> per year, above the world average of 8,209 m<sup>3</sup> per capita in the same year. However, this impressive average masks an extremely uneven distribution of water resources among regions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazonfloden.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Amazonfloden.png/220px-Amazonfloden.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Amazonfloden.png/330px-Amazonfloden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Amazonfloden.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Amazon River basin</figcaption></figure> <p>The Amazon river basin alone, which covers 48% of the country's territory, accounts for 75% of Brazil's freshwater resources but has only 4% of its population. The most dramatic departure from abundance can be found in the Northeast region, which includes most of the country's semi-arid region. Accounting for 18% of Brazil's territory and about 28% of its population, the Northeast region has only 5% of the country's water resources and is subject to recurrent, severe droughts, harvest failures, and food shortages. With 73% of the country's population, 11% of its territory, and about 10% of its water resources, the Southeast is the heart of Brazil's industrial economy and also has the highest agricultural production<sup id="cite_ref-alto_tiete,_p.8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alto_tiete,_p.8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil has three river basins (the Amazon, Tocantins, and São Francisco), and two basin complexes, the Plata River which has three Brazilian sub-basins (Paraná, Upper Paraguay, and Uruguay), and the remaining rivers flowing into the Atlantic which are divided into several basins. The Amazon and the Tocantins-Araguaia basins in the north account for 56 percent of Brazil's total drainage area. The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>, the world's largest river in volume of water and second longest after the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, is navigable by ocean steamers as far as <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The São Francisco River is the largest river entirely within Brazil, flowing for over 1,609 km northward before it turns eastward into the Atlantic. The last 277 km of the lower river is navigable for ocean-going ships. The Paraná-Paraguay river system drains the southwestern portion of the state of Minas Gerais. Brazil's two southernmost states partially drain into the Uruguay River which flows into the Plata River. The inflow of the Amazon to Brazil is 1.9 BCM per year, so that the total surface water resources in the country reach, on average, 8.2 BCM per year<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Basin Name </th> <th>Surface Area (1000 km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Precipitation (mm/year) </th> <th>Evapotranspiration (mm/year) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Amazon Basin </td> <td>3935 </td> <td>8735.7 </td> <td>4918.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tocantins-Araguaia </td> <td>757 </td> <td>1256.6 </td> <td>884.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North and Northeast </td> <td>1029 </td> <td>1533.0 </td> <td>1239.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>San Francisco </td> <td>634 </td> <td>580.7 </td> <td>490.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>East Atlantic </td> <td>634 </td> <td>321.0 </td> <td>246.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parana-Paraguay </td> <td>1245 </td> <td>2139.9 </td> <td>1656.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uruguay </td> <td>178 </td> <td>278.9 </td> <td>148.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast Atlantic </td> <td>224 </td> <td>312.3 </td> <td>176.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>TOTAL </td> <td>8547 </td> <td>15158.1 </td> <td>9761.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Source</i>: FAO </p><p>The volume of stored groundwater in Brazil less than 1,000 m deep and with good quality for human uses is estimated at 112,000 km<sup>3</sup>, with highly variable extraction rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brazil, groundwater is used in rural areas for domestic water supply and irrigation on a moderate scale. Estimates indicate that approximately 300,000 wells are being used, and over 10,000 more are drilled every year. On a large scale, groundwater is beginning to be used in areas where the surface water sources are scarce, where they are heavily used, or where their use is problematic due to heavy water pollution (Central and Southern Brazil). <sup id="cite_ref-UNstats_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNstats-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_capacity_and_infrastructure">Storage capacity and infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Storage capacity and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The varies by regions. The northeastern state of <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, with 7,227 dams, has a cumulative maximum storage capacity of 11 billion cubic meters. However, losses from surface <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> are equivalent to a large part of the annual inflow to the reservoirs due to arid climate conditions and shallow reservoirs<sup id="cite_ref-New_Ceara_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Ceara-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Amazon River is extremely wide for most of its length, so most of the dams are located on its tributaries. The <a href="/wiki/Tucurui_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucurui dam">Tucurui dam</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Tocantins_River" title="Tocantins River">Tocantins River</a> in the Northeastern region, has a capacity of 110 BCM and a generating capacity of 8,000 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-WCD_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_quality">Water quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Water quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewage is a major cause of water pollution in Brazil, a major problem that undermines quality of life, health, and economic development in large metropolitan areas and has a disproportionate impact on the poor in the slums surrounding Brazil's largest cities. According to the 2000 National Survey of Sanitary Conditions (PNSB), less than 10% of the wastewater produced in urban areas is treated. The 2000 PNSB was the latest survey of water supply for human consumption and wastewater collection and treatment conducted nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-UNstats_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNstats-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water quality management is also undertaken by the states, although the quality of their water monitoring systems and surveys varies widely. In 2006, only nine Brazilian states had water quality monitoring systems that were rated as excellent or very good; five had good or fair systems; and thirteen had weak systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Executive_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Executive-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southeastern State of São Paulo, with a monitoring system considered very good, registered in its latest study high microbiological indexes indicative of pollution from domestic sewage both upstream and downstream in the Bairro da Serra River and even higher rated from two its main tributary streams.<sup id="cite_ref-Iporanga_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iporanga-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_resources_management_by_sector">Water resources management by sector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Water resources management by sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Water supply and sanitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation in Brazil</a></div> <p>Domestic consumption accounts for 21% of water withdrawals in Brazil. The <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">water and sanitation sector</a> in Brazil has proved to be resilient and resourceful, despite tremendous challenges and persistent inequalities in the sector. Much has been achieved in the past decades, including a sustained improvement in efficiency and access. Access to improved <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> increased from 93 % in 1990 to 90% in 2004, and access to improved <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> increased from 71% to 75%.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigation_and_drainage">Irrigation and drainage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Irrigation and drainage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Brazil" title="Irrigation in Brazil">Irrigation in Brazil</a></div> <p>About 61% of all water withdrawal in Brazil is used for irrigation, which is lower than the average water withdrawal for irrigation in Latin America, 71%. The irrigated area in 1998 was 2.8 million ha, which represents 5.7% of the cultivated area. The irrigation potential of Brazil is estimated at 29.3 million ha, including only areas where irrigation can be developed and excluding areas of high ecological value in the northern region (Amazonas and Tocantins basins). The Ineffective irrigation has generated salinization and drainage problems in 15,000 ha, mostly in the northeast (of a total irrigated area of 736,000 hectares), jeopardizing these lands' productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydropower">Hydropower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hydropower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_Itaipu_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Panoramic_view_of_Itaipu_Dam.jpg/800px-Panoramic_view_of_Itaipu_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Panoramic_view_of_Itaipu_Dam.jpg/1200px-Panoramic_view_of_Itaipu_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Panoramic_view_of_Itaipu_Dam.jpg/1600px-Panoramic_view_of_Itaipu_Dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7502" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of the <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a>, with the spillways (closed at the time of the photo) on the left</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Brazil" title="Electricity sector in Brazil">Electricity sector in Brazil</a></div> <p>Access to electricity has increased from fewer than 500 kilowatt hours (kW·h) per capita in 1970 to more than 2,000 kW·h per capita in 2000. These results have been achieved mainly through the development of hydropower, which currently accounts for 81% of Brazil's installed capacity (69 gigawatts out of a total of 79). <sup id="cite_ref-Azevedo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azevedo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil also has the largest <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a> in operation in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipú Dam</a> which was built from 1975 to 1991, in a joint development on the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>. Its 18 generating units add up to a total production capacity of 12,600 MW (megawatts) and a reliable output of 75 million MWh a year, providing 25% of the energy supply in Brazil and 78% in Paraguay (in 1995).<sup id="cite_ref-Itapu_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itapu-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_ecosystems">Aquatic ecosystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aquatic ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazil has more freshwater fish species than any other country on earth, with the world's largest river basin, the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a>, and the world's largest tropical floodplain, the <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a>. In the Amazon River alone, there are an estimated 2,000 species of fish, more than all in North America. <sup id="cite_ref-Nature_Conservancy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_Conservancy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow-billed_Spoonbill_at_Perth_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yellow-billed_Spoonbill_at_Perth_Zoo.jpg/220px-Yellow-billed_Spoonbill_at_Perth_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yellow-billed_Spoonbill_at_Perth_Zoo.jpg/330px-Yellow-billed_Spoonbill_at_Perth_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yellow-billed_Spoonbill_at_Perth_Zoo.jpg/440px-Yellow-billed_Spoonbill_at_Perth_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_spoonbill" title="Yellow-billed spoonbill">Yellow-billed spoonbill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Pantanal covers at least 140,000 square kilometers of land, over four times the size of the Florida Everglades in North America. There are an estimated 700 species of birds, including <a href="/wiki/Spoonbill" title="Spoonbill">spoonbills</a>, and 26 species of <a href="/wiki/Parrots" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrots">parrots</a>, including the endangered <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_macaw" title="Hyacinth macaw">hyacinth macaw</a>. The Pantanal is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a>, the world's largest rodent. Fish thrive in this wetland environment (over 260 species have been noted). Illegal poaching, deforestation, overfishing, pollution from human sewage, agricultural pesticides, and metal pollutants are taking an increasing environmental toll on the area. <sup id="cite_ref-Universe_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universe-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Brazil had identified <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetlands_of_international_importance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance">nine sites</a> that fulfill criteria for wetlands of international importance according to the Ramsar Convention, seven of which are mainland wetlands. They include three National Parks: one in the Pantanal (Parque Nacional do Pantanal Mato-Grossense); one in the Araguaia (Parque Nacional do Araguaia); and one in the Peixe Lagoon (Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe); two Environmental Protection Areas in the State of Maranhão (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81rea_de_Prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ambiental_da_Baixada_Maranhense" class="mw-redirect" title="Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baixada Maranhense">Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baixada Maranhense</a> and the Área de Proteção Ambiental das Reentrâncias Maranhenses); a Private Wetlands Reserve in the Pantanal (Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural SESC Pantanal); and the <a href="/wiki/Mamirau%C3%A1_Sustainable_Development_Reserve" title="Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve">Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve</a> (Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá). <sup id="cite_ref-Executive_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Executive-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the Government of Brazil approved its first Freshwater Management Plan, assuring that aquatic biodiversity will be an important aspect of freshwater planning for the entire country. With this plan, Brazil's Government explicitly made biodiversity a part of the decision-making process for the use of the country's freshwater resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_Conservancy_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_Conservancy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_institutional_framework">Legal and institutional framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legal and institutional framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_legal_framework">International legal framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International legal framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazil has signed numerous treaties with neighboring countries, aimed at promoting sustainable use of shared water resources. The Treaty of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de la Plata">Rio de la Plata</a> entered into force in 1977 and is working as a political interconnection among the countries of the Southern Cone (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>). Its main objectives are the sustainable use of water resources; regional development with preservation of flora and fauna; physical, fluvial, and terrestrial integration; and promotion of greater knowledge of the basin, its resources and potential. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty</a> (TCA) was signed in 1978 by Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and entered into force for Brazil in 1980. The basic scope of the TCA is to promote the harmonious development of the Amazon, in order to allow an equitable distribution of the benefits, to improve the quality of life of its peoples, and to achieve the full incorporation of their <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> territories in their respective domestic economies. </p><p>Other treaties include: (i) the Cooperation Agreement for the Use of Natural Resources and Development of the Quaraí River Basin; and (ii) the Treaty for the Use of Shared Natural Resources of the Bordering Stretches of the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_River" title="Uruguay River">Uruguay River</a> and its tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Pepiri-Gua%C3%A7%C3%BA_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepiri-Guaçú River">Pepiri-Guaçú River</a>, between Brazil and Argentina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_legal_framework">National legal framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National legal framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <td><div role="img" class="floatleft noresize" style="width: 400px; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg/400px-Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg/600px-Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg/800px-Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="687" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:28px"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean"><i style="color: #333366;">Atlantic<br />Ocean</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean"><i style="color: #333366;">Pacific<br />Ocean</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:272.4px"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:286.8px"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:301.2px"><a href="/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil" title="Central-West Region, Brazil">Central-West</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:315.6px"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:330px"><a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:124px"><a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)"><span style="color: black;">Acre</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:80px"><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)"><span style="color: black;">Amazonas</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:80px"><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará"><span style="color: black;">Pará</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:102px; top:24px"><a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima"><span style="color: black;">Roraima</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:30px"><a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá"><span style="color: black;">Amapá</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:148px"><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia"><span style="color: black;">Rondônia</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:212px; top:136px"><a href="/wiki/Tocantins_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocantins (state)"><span style="color: black;">Tocantins</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:238px; top:92px"><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão"><span style="color: black;">Maranhão</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia"><span style="color: black;">Bahia</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí"><span style="color: black;">Piauí</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:84px"><a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará"><span style="color: black;">Ceará</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:84px"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte"><span style="color: black;">Rio Grande<br />do Norte</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:108px"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba"><span style="color: black;">Paraíba</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:302px; top:120px"><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco"><span style="color: black;">Pernambuco</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas"><span style="color: black;">Alagoas</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:322px; top:144px"><a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe"><span style="color: black;">Sergipe</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:146px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso"><span style="color: black;">Mato Grosso</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:224px"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul"><span style="color: black;">Mato Grosso<br />do Sul</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)"><span style="color: black;">Federal<br />District</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:202px; top:196px"><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás"><span style="color: black;">Goiás</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:234px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais"><span style="color: black;">Minas Gerais</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:202px; top:240px"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)"><span style="color: black;">São Paulo</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)"><span style="color: black;">Rio de Janeiro</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:224px"><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo"><span style="color: black;">Espírito Santo</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:264px"><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)"><span style="color: black;">Paraná</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:198px; top:284px"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)"><span style="color: black;">Santa Catarina</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:166px; top:304px"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul"><span style="color: black;">Rio Grande<br />do Sul</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:82px; top:312px"><i><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Argentina</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:82px; top:196px"><i><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Bolivia</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:252px"><i><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Chile</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:20px"><i><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Colombia</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:4px"><i><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">French Guiana</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:134px; top:20px"><i><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Guyana</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:126px; top:248px"><i><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Paraguay</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:164px"><i><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Peru</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:154px; top:12px"><i><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Suriname</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:152px; top:336px"><i><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Uruguay</span></a></i></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:4px"><i><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Venezuela</span></a></i></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 1988 Constitution established a distinction between federally controlled water, for rivers, lakes, and lagoons across state boundaries (article 20), and state-controlled water, for rivers and groundwater that remain completely within state boundaries (article 26). This definition of state-controlled water complicates the effective management of some of the country's important rivers since the main stem of a federally controlled river cannot be effectively managed without controlling water resource development on the state-controlled tributaries of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After negotiating for six years, Congress adopted a National Water Law, No. 9433 (NWL) in January 1997 that incorporates most modern water resources management principles and instruments. The NWP states that water is a public good and a limited natural resource with an economic value; in situations of scarcity the priority use of water is for human and animal consumption; water resources management should always assure the multiple use of waters; the river basin is the territorial unit for water management; and management of water resources should be decentralized and participatory. In July 2000, Federal Law No. 9984 established the National Water Authority (Autoridade Nacional da Agua - ANA) with the mandate to implement the national water policy and establish criteria for granting of water usage rights and pricing mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal framework is completed with several water resources management laws created by the states starting in 1991. Although implemented at different times in the last 20 years, most of these state laws are structurally very similar among themselves and with National Water Law No. 9433. </p><p><b>State water resources management Law</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Law No. </th> <th>Enactment date </th></tr> <tr> <td>São Paulo </td> <td>7,663 </td> <td>December 1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ceara </td> <td>11,996 </td> <td>July 1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Para </td> <td>5,793 </td> <td>January 1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Santa Catarina </td> <td>9,748 </td> <td>November 1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acre </td> <td>1,117 </td> <td>January 1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minas Gerais </td> <td>11,504 </td> <td>June 1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rio Grande do Sul </td> <td>10,530 </td> <td>December 1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahia </td> <td>6,855 </td> <td>May 1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rio Grande do Norte </td> <td>6,908 </td> <td>July 1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraiba </td> <td>6,308 </td> <td>July 1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td>9,433 </td> <td>January 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pernambuco </td> <td>11,426 </td> <td>January 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goias </td> <td>13,123 </td> <td>July 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sergipe </td> <td>3,870 </td> <td>September 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mato Grosso </td> <td>6,945 </td> <td>November 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alagoas </td> <td>5,965 </td> <td>November 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maranhao </td> <td>7,052 </td> <td>December 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Espirito Santo </td> <td>5,818 </td> <td>December 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rio de Janeiro </td> <td>3,239 </td> <td>August 1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parana </td> <td>12,726 </td> <td>November 1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Piaui </td> <td>5,165 </td> <td>August 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Distrito Federal </td> <td>2,725 </td> <td>June 2001 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><i>Source</i>: MMA, 2001 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_organization">Institutional organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Institutional organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Water Resources Management System is a combination of organized public organizations, private entities, and civil society representatives which make the implementations of the water resources management instruments possible, in accordance with the principles established in the law. The institutional framework consists of the following: </p><p>The <b>National Council on Water Resources</b> (NCWR) is the highest organization in the system's hierarchy. It aims at promoting the integration of water resources planning at the national, regional, and state levels and between user sectors. The NCWR consists of representatives of the Federal Government ministries as well as representatives designated by the State Councils on Water Resources and representatives of water users and civil organizations concerned with water resources management. The Chairman of the National Water Resources Council is the Minister of the Environment. </p><p>The <b>National Water Authority</b> (Autoridade Nacional da Agua – ANA) is in charge of implementing the National Plan for Water Resources formulated by the NCWR. ANA consists of ten functional superintendencies with implementing and administrative functions headed by a president and four directors. ANA is under the Ministry of the Environment but has administrative and financial independence. </p><p>The <b>River Basin Committees</b> (RBC) are connected organizations that bring together stakeholders to discuss and decide on their own problems with the objective of protecting water resources in the river basin region. Under Brazilian law, they do not have legal status. RBCs include representatives of the Federal Government, the states, or the Federal District in which they are located (even if only partially), the municipalities, the water users and the water resources civil organizations that have a demonstrated record of action in the basin. The number of representatives from each sector mentioned, as well as the criteria for their appointments, are defined in the regulations of the Committees. </p><p>The <b>River Basin Water Agencies</b> act as the executive secretariats of the River Basin Committees. Although there is a close relationship between the committees and the agencies, the latter are very different from the former. The main difference is in their nature and organization: while the Committees act as what is called in Brazil "water parliaments," the Water Agencies operate more like executive organizations. </p><p>The <b>Water Resources Civil Organizations</b> (CWO) should be represented on the National Water Resources Council and should participate in the decision-making process. CWOs can be any of the following: (i) inter-municipal consortia, (ii) river basin associations, (iii) regional, local, or sectoral associations of water users, (iv) technical, academic, and research organizations, and (v) nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).<sup id="cite_ref-Garrido_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrido-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_strategy">Government strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Water Resources Policy was approved by Federal Law No. 9433/97. The National Water Resources Policy can be divided into three main sections: </p> <ul><li>Sector Principles. These are: (i) the river basin is the territorial unit for the implementation of the National Water Resources Policy; (ii) management of water resources should allow for multiple uses of water; (iii) water is a limited resource with economic value; (iv) the management of water resources should be decentralized and should involve participation by the government, the users, and the community; and (v) when there is a shortage of water, priority is given to human consumption and watering of animals.</li> <li>Management Instruments affecting water users directly, such as water permits and water tariffs, and decision-making, such as water resources planning at the river basin, state, or national level, water resources information system and classification of bodies of water according to main uses.</li> <li>The institutional framework for the operation of the principles and implementation of the instruments, including: (i) National Water Resources Council, (ii) the water resources councils of the states and the Federal District, (iii) the river basin committees, (iv) the government agencies with functions related to water, and (v) the river basin water agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrido_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrido-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition, Brazil's Government is undertaking a number of water resources management initiatives such as PROAGUA and PRODES. <b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurua.ana.gov.br/proagua/">PROAGUA</a> </b> (Programa Nacional de Desenvolvimiento dos Recursos Hidricos - Federal Water Resources Management Project) aims at bettering the population's quality of life, especially that of the poor, by combining integrated water resources management with expansion and optimization of hydraulic infrastructure, promoting rational integrated and sustainable use and participatory management of water resources in Brazil. <b> <a href="/wiki/PRODES" title="PRODES">PRODES</a> </b> (Programa Despoluição de Bacias Hidrográficas or Basin Restoration Program) is an innovative program by the Brazilian Federal Government to finance <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a> plants while providing financial incentives to properly operate and maintain the plants. It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Output-based_aid" title="Output-based aid">Output-based aid</a>, as opposed to financing programs targeted only at inputs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Users'_Commissions"><span id="Users.27_Commissions"></span>Users' Commissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Users' Commissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More recently, the advent of river basin or sub-basin commissions has changed the terms of the debate over the "ideal scale" of water services provision.<sup id="cite_ref-Barraque_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barraque-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The creation of Users’ Commissions, such as COGERH (created in 1993) in the <a href="/wiki/Jaguaribe_River" title="Jaguaribe River">Lower Jaguaribe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banabui%C3%BA" title="Banabuiú">Banabuiú</a>, and a (short-lived) similar organization in <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Cear%C3%A1" title="List of municipalities in Ceará">Curú</a>, have served the overlapping goals of public participation, decentralization, and transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lemos and de Oliveira, such Users' Commissions have effectively mobilized "multidisciplinary" teams of experts—including sociologists, geographers, agronomists, and engineers—"not as organizers but as facilitators," for more participatory decision-making processes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river basin committees represent a "new decision-making" arena which has begun to challenge the " =closed and technocratic" bureaucracy that Brazil inherited from its pre-democratic past. <sup id="cite_ref-Amaral_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amaral-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, COGERH's recommendation to reduce water consumption voluntarily came as a shock to the traditional water policy-making establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Piracicaba" title="Piracicaba">Piracicaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capivari" title="Capivari">Capivari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jundia%C3%AD" title="Jundiaí">Jundiaí</a> River Basin Committee (created by Law No. 7663/1991, formalized by November 1993) pioneered a shared decision-making model between users and state and local officials, which has been used as a model by several other committees in the state of São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-Amaral_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amaral-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_management_at_the_river_basin_level_–_The_Alto_Tietê_river_basin"><span id="Water_management_at_the_river_basin_level_.E2.80.93_The_Alto_Tiet.C3.AA_river_basin"></span>Water management at the river basin level – The Alto Tietê river basin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Water management at the river basin level – The Alto Tietê river basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_Tiet%C3%AA_Barra_Bonita_150606_REFON.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rio_Tiet%C3%AA_Barra_Bonita_150606_REFON.jpg/220px-Rio_Tiet%C3%AA_Barra_Bonita_150606_REFON.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rio_Tiet%C3%AA_Barra_Bonita_150606_REFON.jpg/330px-Rio_Tiet%C3%AA_Barra_Bonita_150606_REFON.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rio_Tiet%C3%AA_Barra_Bonita_150606_REFON.jpg/440px-Rio_Tiet%C3%AA_Barra_Bonita_150606_REFON.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tiet%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tietê">Rio Tietê</a></figcaption></figure> <p>See also:<a href="/wiki/Water_management_in_the_Metropolitan_Region_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo">Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo</a><br /> Unlike the semi-arid region which has had a long history of federal intervention, water management practices in the State of São Paulo have historically been a local affair, even for the federal waters crossing it. The <a href="/wiki/Tiet%C3%AA_River" title="Tietê River">Tietê River</a> —<a href="/wiki/The_State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="The State of São Paulo">the State of São Paulo</a>'s largest river— runs 1,100 km from its eastern source in the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo Metropolitan Region</a> to the western border of the state where it joins the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>, which then runs southward toward the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de la Plata">Rio de la Plata</a> estuary between <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. The area covered by the Alto Tietê basin is almost coterminous with the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. With a drainage area of 5,985 km<sup>2</sup> (2.4% of the state's territory), the basin encompasses 35 of the 39 municipalities and 99.5% of the population of Greater São Paulo. </p><p>In 1991, Law 7.663 was enacted calling for the creation of the Alto-Tietê Basin Committee. However this committee was only formally established in November 1994, a result of a deliberate effort by the state técnicos (technical staff) to mobilize the municipal government and, especially, civil society. Its functions include setting guidelines and approving river basin plans; proposing pricing criteria and values for bulk water pricing and a program for allocating proceeds derived from such water charges; integrating the decision-making and programs of water-related institutions working in the basin; and other responsibilities. The 48 seats of the committee's assembly are divided equally among representatives of three sectors: municipal government, state government agencies (including public water users), and organized civil society groups (including those representing private water users). Local issues are decided in the five sub-committees created after 1997. Although the Alto-Tietê Committee created its basin agency in 2001, it is little more than a symbolic organization, while the state water management agency remains the committee's executive arm in charge of technical and administrative support. </p><p>As elsewhere in São Paulo, fully working basin institutions have yet to be created in the Alto Tietê Basin, mostly because the financial vitality of these bodies remains very limited. All in all, the Alto Tietê management system can be characterized as reasonably advanced, even though the rhythm of implementation has been much slower than the initial process of approving the water law and creating the basin committees.<sup id="cite_ref-alto_tiete_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alto_tiete-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulk_water_tariffs">Bulk water tariffs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bulk water tariffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, no water fees were charged for the use of water for irrigation or for water supply in Brazil. In the hydroelectric subsector, a royalty fee (based on a percentage of the revenues collected by power companies) is paid to those states and municipalities where hydroelectric infrastructure and facilities are located. Water users in urban centers pay for the treatment and distribution of water and the collection of sewage, whereas farmers in public irrigation projects pay a tariff for the O&M of the projects. </p><p>The establishment of bulk water tariffs is currently one of the most emphasized <a href="/wiki/Water_pricing" title="Water pricing">pricing mechanisms</a> in Brazil. However, the actual implementation of bulk water supply tariffs varies by state. For example, in the State of Ceara, prices for industrial users are 60 times higher than those for municipal users, who in turn pay as much as 10 times as that paid by agricultural users. <sup id="cite_ref-Bulk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Bulk water pricing structure in Ceara</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Current prices (US$/1,000 m<sup>3</sup>) </th> <th>Estimated annual revenue (US$ million) </th> <th>Proposed Prices (US$/1,000m3) </th> <th>Estimated Annual Revenue (US$ million) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Industrial </td> <td>545.50 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>663.60 </td> <td>121.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Municipal </td> <td>9.10 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>11.10 </td> <td>304.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irrigation, aquaculture, and others </td> <td>-- </td> <td>150 </td> <td>12.20 </td> <td>185.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>554.60 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>686.9 </td> <td>619.27 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Source</i>: World Bank, 1999 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water-related_natural_hazards">Water-related natural hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Water-related natural hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Droughts</b> In the Northeast of Brazil droughts are a cyclical phenomenon occurring every 10 to 12 years, and some of them are very severe. The region has an annual average rainfall ranging from 400 to 800 mm, and an average water availability per person ranging from 1,320 to 1,781 m<sup>3</sup> (the world's average was 8,209 m<sup>3</sup> in 2007). The effects of droughts on the local, mostly poor, population are devastating.<sup id="cite_ref-Proaguasemiarido_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proaguasemiarido-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Droughts are also frequent in the South, home of most of Brazil's industry, where the latest drought in 2000 culminated in a national energy crisis. (See <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Brazil" title="Electricity sector in Brazil">Electricity sector in Brazil</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-alto_tiete,_p.38-42_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alto_tiete,_p.38-42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Floods</b> Along the Amazon River there is a complex mosaic of fluvial forms, including channels, active sandbars, islands, levees, scroll-dominated plains, and abandoned belts highly prone to floods in the summer months.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrological variability and rapidly growing urban areas have caused new environmental problems in Brazilian cities, such as inundations in non-planned river basins. One of the causes of flood impacts is that public funds (national, state, or municipal) have barely introduced wise proactive policies to follow up rapidly growing urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_II_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood_II-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_climate_change_impacts">Potential climate change impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Potential climate change impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg/220px-Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg/330px-Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg/440px-Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest threatens many species of tree frogs, which are very sensitive to environmental changes (pictured: <a href="/wiki/Phyllomedusa_bicolor" title="Phyllomedusa bicolor">giant leaf frog</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil's Government considers that, despite many studies, there is still much uncertainty about the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">consequences of climate change</a> and its links to worsening critical events.<sup id="cite_ref-Executive_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Executive-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Technical Summary of the Fourth Assessment Report of the UNFCC, reflecting a consensus view, indicates a potential <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon forest</a> loss of between 20 and 80% as a result of climate impacts induced by a temperature increase in the basin of between 2.0 and 3.0 degrees Celsius. The IPCC is also indicating a likelihood of major biodiversity extinctions as a consequence. Specifically, according to the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Simulator" title="Earth Simulator">Earth Simulator</a>, temperature increases and disruption in precipitation cycles (up to a 90% reduction by the end of the century) could seriously hamper the workings of the Amazon as a forest ecosystem, reducing its capacity to retain carbon, increasing its soil temperature, and eventually forcing the Amazon through a gradual process of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savannization (page does not exist)">savannization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-etc_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etc-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These predictions were reinforced in 2005, when large sections of southwestern Amazonia experienced one of the most intense droughts of the last hundred years. The drought severely affected human population along the main channel of the Amazon River and its western and southwestern tributaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_cooperation">External cooperation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> is contributing US$1.2 million to assess the prospects and identification of the implications of Amazon dieback induced by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> (overall, called "<a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>") as well as assessing the long-term options that would be required to maintain the integrity of the basin. The World Bank is also collaborating with Brazil's Government on two projects for integrated water resources management in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P089929">Rio Grande do Norte</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P006449">Ceara</a>. The World Bank also contributed US$198 million to the Federal Water Resources Management Project, PROAGUA, in 1998. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a> has contributed technically and financially to the development of Brazil's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iadb.org/projects/Project.cfm?project=BR-T1015&Language=English">National Water Plan</a>. The National Water Plan aims at assuring water quality, quantity, and availability needed for Brazil's sustainable development. The IDB has also contributed to the governments of states such as Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul in the preparation of a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iadb.org/projects/Project.cfm?project=BR-T1018&Language=English">Master Plan</a> for the Sustainable Development of the Region of the Upper Rio Uruguay Watershed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Brazil" title="Electricity sector in Brazil">Electricity sector in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Brazil" title="Irrigation in Brazil">Irrigation in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Brazilian_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Brazilian drought">2015 Brazilian drought</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IDB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IDB_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDivision_de_Medioambiente2005" class="citation web cs1">Division de Medioambiente (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=964968">"Buenas Practicas para la Creación, Mejoramiento y Operación Sostenible de Organismos y Organizaciones de Cuenca"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span>. Inter-American Development Bank. pp. 17–19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Water+Resource+Policy+in+the+Nineties&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Instituto+Cultural+Minerva&rft.date=1996&rft.au=do+Amaral&rft.au=Helena+Kerr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.media.gwu.edu%2F~ibi%2Fminerva%2FFall1996%2FHelena.Kerr.Amaral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+management+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemos and de Oliveira 2005: 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulk-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulk_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsad,_Musa1999" class="citation web cs1">Asad, Musa; et al. 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Agencia Nacional de Aguas. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proagua+Semi-Arido%3A+Achievements+and+Results&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Agencia+Nacional+de+Aguas&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Agencia+Nacional+de+Aguas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurua.ana.gov.br%2Fproagua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+management+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alto_tiete,_p.38-42-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alto_tiete,_p.38-42_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formiga Johnson <i>et al.</i> (June 2005), <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 38-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatrubesse_E.M.Franzinelli_E.2002" class="citation web cs1">Latrubesse E.M. & Franzinelli E. (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldbankdc.library.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/0169555x/2002/00000044/00000003/art00177">"The Holocene alluvial plain of the middle Amazon River, Brazil"</a>. Elsevier. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holocene+alluvial+plain+of+the+middle+Amazon+River%2C+Brazil&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2002-05&rft.au=Latrubesse+E.M.&rft.au=Franzinelli+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldbankdc.library.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fels%2F0169555x%2F2002%2F00000044%2F00000003%2Fart00177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+management+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood_II-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_II_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraciosa,_M_Cn.d." class="citation web cs1">Graciosa, M C (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm06/fm06-sessions/fm06_H44A.html">"Urban Flood Risk Insurance Models as a Strategy for Proactive Water Management Policies"</a>. University of São Paulo. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+Flood+Risk+Insurance+Models+as+a+Strategy+for+Proactive+Water+Management+Policies&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.au=Graciosa%2C+M+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fmeetings%2Ffm06%2Ffm06-sessions%2Ffm06_H44A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+management+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etc-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etc_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergara,_Walter2007" class="citation web cs1">Vergara, Walter; et al. (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/SDWP_Future_Climate.pdf">"Visualizing Future Climate in Latin America: Results from the Application of the Earth Simulator"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Bank. pp. 1, 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visualizing+Future+Climate+in+Latin+America%3A+Results+from+the+Application+of+the+Earth+Simulator&rft.pages=1%2C+13&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2007-11&rft.au=Vergara%2C+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTLAC%2FResources%2FSDWP_Future_Climate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+management+in+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Lemos, Maria Carmen, and de Oliveira, João Lúcio Farias. 2005. "Water Reform across the State/Society Divide: The Case of Ceará, Brazil." <i>Water Resources Development</i>, <b>21</b>(1): 133-147</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Brazil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurua.ana.gov.br/proagua/">PROAGUA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ana.gov.br/">Agencia Nacional de Aguas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report/">The World Bank's strategy, work and associated publications on water resources including a Brazil 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issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></small></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water_resources_management_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_topic" title="Template:Latin America and the Caribbean topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_topic" title="Template talk:Latin America and the Caribbean topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin America and the Caribbean topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water_resources_management_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Latin America and the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Water resources management in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Aruba (page does not exist)"><i>Aruba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Curaçao (page does not exist)"><i>Curaçao</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Water resources management in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources management in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Jamaica" title="Water resources management in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)"><i>Puerto Rico</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)"><i>Sint Maarten</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Latin_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin America and the Caribbean"><img alt="Latin America and the Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map-Latin_America.svg/70px-Map-Latin_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map-Latin_America.svg/105px-Map-Latin_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map-Latin_America.svg/140px-Map-Latin_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Belize" title="Water resources management in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Costa_Rica" title="Water resources management in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_El_Salvador" title="Water resources management in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Guatemala" title="Water resources management in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Honduras" title="Water resources management in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Nicaragua" title="Water resources management in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Middle_America_(Americas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Middle America (Americas) (page does not exist)">Middle America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Mexico" title="Water resources management in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Argentina" title="Water resources management in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Bolivia" title="Water resources management in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Chile" title="Water resources management in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Colombia" title="Water resources management in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in French Guiana (page does not exist)"><i>French Guiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Paraguay (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Peru" title="Water resources management in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Uruguay" title="Water resources management in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_management_in_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water resources management in Venezuela (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> not included.<span class="nowrap">    </span><i>Semi-autonomous territories are in italics.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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