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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asomtavruli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asomtavruli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Asomtavruli</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asomtavruli-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Asomtavruli</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asomtavruli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Form_of_Asomtavruli_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_of_Asomtavruli_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Form of Asomtavruli letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_of_Asomtavruli_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asomtavruli_illumination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asomtavruli_illumination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asomtavruli illumination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asomtavruli_illumination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handwriting_of_Asomtavruli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handwriting_of_Asomtavruli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Handwriting of Asomtavruli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handwriting_of_Asomtavruli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuskhuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuskhuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Nuskhuri</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nuskhuri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Nuskhuri</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nuskhuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Form_of_Nuskhuri_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_of_Nuskhuri_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Form of Nuskhuri letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_of_Nuskhuri_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handwriting_of_Nuskhuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handwriting_of_Nuskhuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Handwriting of Nuskhuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handwriting_of_Nuskhuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Asomtavruli_and_Nuskhuri_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Asomtavruli_and_Nuskhuri_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use of <i>Asomtavruli</i> and <i>Nuskhuri</i> today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Asomtavruli_and_Nuskhuri_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mkhedruli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mkhedruli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><i>Mkhedruli</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mkhedruli-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Mkhedruli</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mkhedruli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Form_of_Mkhedruli_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_of_Mkhedruli_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Form of Mkhedruli letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_of_Mkhedruli_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Georgian_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Georgian_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Modern Georgian alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Georgian_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters_removed_from_the_Georgian_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_removed_from_the_Georgian_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Letters removed from the Georgian alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_removed_from_the_Georgian_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters_added_to_other_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_added_to_other_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Letters added to other alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_added_to_other_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handwriting_of_Mkhedruli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handwriting_of_Mkhedruli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Handwriting of Mkhedruli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handwriting_of_Mkhedruli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Similar letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligatures,_abbreviations_and_calligraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligatures,_abbreviations_and_calligraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ligatures, abbreviations and calligraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligatures,_abbreviations_and_calligraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typefaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typefaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Typefaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typefaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_for_other_non-Kartvelian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_for_other_non-Kartvelian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Use for other non-Kartvelian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_for_other_non-Kartvelian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Computing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Blocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Unicode_encodings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Unicode_encodings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Non-Unicode encodings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Unicode_encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_layouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_layouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Keyboard layouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_layouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_Asomtavruli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_Asomtavruli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Gallery of Asomtavruli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_Asomtavruli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_Nuskhuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_Nuskhuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Gallery of Nuskhuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_Nuskhuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_Mkhedruli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_Mkhedruli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Gallery of Mkhedruli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_Mkhedruli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgian scripts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8D_%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Хъырцэ тхыпкъылъэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъырцэ тхыпкъылъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiese_skrifte" title="Georgiese skrifte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Georgiese skrifte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisca_st%C3%A6fr%C7%A3wa" title="Georgisca stæfrǣwa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Georgisca stæfrǣwa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%AD%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Ақырҭуа алфавит – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ақырҭуа алфавит" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نظم الكتابة الجورجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظم الكتابة الجورجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Վրացերէն Այբուբէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վրացերէն Այբուբէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_xeorxanu" title="Alfabetu xeorxanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu xeorxanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B8" title="Гуржи хъвай-хъвагӀи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гуржи хъвай-хъвагӀи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BC_qrafikas%C4%B1" title="Gürcü qrafikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gürcü qrafikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Грузин яҙыуы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грузин яҙыуы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Грузінскае пісьмо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грузінскае пісьмо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Грузинска писменост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грузинска писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherennego%C3%B9_jorjiek" title="Lizherennegoù jorjiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherennegoù jorjiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_georgi%C3%A0" title="Alfabet georgià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet georgià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Грузин çырăвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грузин çырăвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruz%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_p%C3%ADsma" title="Gruzínská písma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gruzínská písma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_wyddor_Georgeg" title="Yr wyddor Georgeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr wyddor Georgeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiske_alfabeter" title="Georgiske alfabeter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georgiske alfabeter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisches_Alphabet" title="Georgisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georgisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Γεωργιανές γραφές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωργιανές γραφές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_georgiano" title="Alfabeto georgiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto georgiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartvela_alfabeto" title="Kartvela alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartvela alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiar_alfabeto" title="Georgiar alfabeto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georgiar alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="خط گرجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط گرجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_g%C3%A9orgien" title="Alphabet géorgien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet géorgien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aib%C3%ADtr%C3%AD_Seoirseacha" title="Aibítrí Seoirseacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aibítrí Seoirseacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetos_xeorxianos" title="Alfabetos xeorxianos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabetos xeorxianos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="조지아 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지아 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Վրացերենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վրացերենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzijska_pisma" title="Gruzijska pisma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gruzijska pisma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Georgia" title="Alfabet Georgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Georgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гуырдзиаг алфавит – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гуырдзиаг алфавит" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%C3%ADsk_skrifletur" title="Georgísk skrifletur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Georgísk skrifletur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_georgiani" title="Alfabeti georgiani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeti georgiani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99" title="אלפבית גאורגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית גאורגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქართული დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქართული დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Грузин жазулары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грузин жазулары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf%C3%BBb%C3%AAy_gurc%C3%AE" title="Elfûbêy gurcî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elfûbêy gurcî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedaria_Georgiana" title="Abecedaria Georgiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abecedaria Georgiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruz%C4%ABnu_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Gruzīnu alfabēts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gruzīnu alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzin%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Gruzinų raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gruzinų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_cartuli" title="Alfabeta cartuli – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta cartuli" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BAz_%C3%ADr%C3%A1sok" title="Grúz írások – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grúz írások" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грузиска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грузиска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ജോർജിയൻ ലിപികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജിയൻ ലിപികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ქორთული ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქორთული ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara-aksara_Georgia" title="Aksara-aksara Georgia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aksara-aksara Georgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Грузинонь алфавитсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Грузинонь алфавитсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisch_alfabet" title="Georgisch alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georgisch alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="グルジア文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルジア文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуьржийн абат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гуьржийн абат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisk_skraft" title="Georgisk skraft – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Georgisk skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_georgiske_alfabetet" title="Det georgiske alfabetet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det georgiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_georgiske_alfabetet" title="Det georgiske alfabetet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det georgiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzin_yozuvi" title="Gruzin yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gruzin yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisma_gruzi%C5%84skie" title="Pisma gruzińskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pisma gruzińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_georgiano" title="Alfabeto georgiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto georgiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_georgian" title="Alfabetul georgian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul georgian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Грузинское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грузинское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Грузин суруга-бичигэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грузин суруга-бичигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrimi_gjeorgjian" title="Shkrimi gjeorgjian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrimi gjeorgjian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfabbetu_giorgianu" title="Arfabbetu giorgianu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arfabbetu giorgianu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" title="Georgian alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Georgian alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzinska_abeceda" title="Gruzinska abeceda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gruzinska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8E%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ئەلفوبێی گورجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفوبێی گورجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Грузинско писмо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грузинско писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzijska_pisma" title="Gruzijska pisma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gruzijska pisma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgialaiset_kirjaimistot" title="Georgialaiset kirjaimistot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georgialaiset kirjaimistot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiska_alfabetet" title="Georgiska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georgiska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சோர்சிய எழுத்துக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோர்சிய எழுத்துக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อักษรจอร์เจีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรจอร์เจีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B7%D3%A3" title="Алифбои гурҷӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алифбои гурҷӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BC_alfabesi" title="Gürcü alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gürcü alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Грузинська писемність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грузинська писемність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Gruzia" title="Bảng chữ cái tiếng Gruzia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái tiếng Gruzia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafab_Grusiy%C3%A4nik" title="Lafab Grusiyänik – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lafab 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mkhedruli&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Three related alphabets used to write Georgian</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Georgian<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Damts%27erloba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Damts%27erloba.svg/300px-Damts%27erloba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Damts%27erloba.svg/450px-Damts%27erloba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Damts%27erloba.svg/600px-Damts%27erloba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="154" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><i>damts'erloba</i> ("script" in <a href="#Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">AD 430<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161428?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;">Uncertain, alphabetical order modelled on <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a><ul><li>Georgian</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Geor</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(240)</span>, Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli) – Georgian (Mkhedruli) <br /> <code>Geok, 241</code> – Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Georgian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_(Unicode_block)" title="Georgian (Unicode block)">U+10A0–U+10FF Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Supplement" title="Georgian Supplement">U+2D00–U+2D2F Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Extended" title="Georgian Extended">U+1C90–U+1CBF Extended</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top: 1px #aaa solid; padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barakoni2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Barakoni2.jpg/300px-Barakoni2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Barakoni2.jpg/450px-Barakoni2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Barakoni2.jpg/600px-Barakoni2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01205">01205</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2016 (11 session)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Georgian scripts</b> are the three <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> used to write the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian language</a>: <b><a href="#Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></b>, <b><a href="#Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></b> and <b><a href="#Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></b>. Although the systems differ in appearance, their <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> share the same names and alphabetical order and are written horizontally from <a href="/wiki/Writing_system#Directionality" title="Writing system">left to right</a>. Of the three scripts, Mkhedruli, once the civilian royal script of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> and mostly used for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charters</a>, is now the standard script for modern Georgian and its related <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>, whereas Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are used only by the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>, in ceremonial religious texts and <a href="/wiki/Iconography#Christian_iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Georgian scripts are unique in their appearance and their exact origin has never been established; however, in strictly structural terms, their <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a> largely corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, with the exception of letters denoting uniquely Georgian sounds, which are grouped at the end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanidze2000444_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanidze2000444-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lig1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lig1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally consisting of 38 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011329_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011329-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgian is presently written in a 33-letter alphabet, as five letters are obsolete. The number of Georgian letters used in other Kartvelian languages varies. <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a> uses 36: thirty-three that are current Georgian letters, one obsolete Georgian letter, and two additional letters specific to Mingrelian and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> uses the same 33 current Georgian letters as Mingrelian plus that same obsolete letter and a letter borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> for a total of 35. The fourth Kartvelian language, Svan, is not commonly written, but <a href="/wiki/Svan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Svan alphabet">when it is</a>, it uses Georgian letters as utilized in Mingrelian, with an additional obsolete Georgian letter and sometimes supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> for its many vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHüningVoglMoliner2012299_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHüningVoglMoliner2012299-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet" was granted the national status of <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Georgia">intangible cultural heritage</a> in Georgia in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-agenda.ge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agenda.ge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco.org_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preview">Preview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asomtavruli_Nuskhuri_Mkhedruli.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The three Georgian scripts: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri, and Mkhedruli."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Asomtavruli_Nuskhuri_Mkhedruli.svg/1500px-Asomtavruli_Nuskhuri_Mkhedruli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1500" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Asomtavruli_Nuskhuri_Mkhedruli.svg/2250px-Asomtavruli_Nuskhuri_Mkhedruli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Asomtavruli_Nuskhuri_Mkhedruli.svg/3000px-Asomtavruli_Nuskhuri_Mkhedruli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3455" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Asomtavruli_Nuskhuri_Mkhedruli.svg" title="File:Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli.svg"> </a></div>The three Georgian scripts: <i>Asomtavruli</i>, <i>Nuskhuri</i>, and <i>Mkhedruli</i>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_%E2%80%94_Jerusalem_II_Old_Georgian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Inscription_%E2%80%94_Jerusalem_II_Old_Georgian.jpg/220px-Inscription_%E2%80%94_Jerusalem_II_Old_Georgian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Inscription_%E2%80%94_Jerusalem_II_Old_Georgian.jpg/330px-Inscription_%E2%80%94_Jerusalem_II_Old_Georgian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Inscription_%E2%80%94_Jerusalem_II_Old_Georgian.jpg/440px-Inscription_%E2%80%94_Jerusalem_II_Old_Georgian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bir_el_Qutt_inscriptions" title="Bir el Qutt inscriptions">Bir el Qutt inscriptions</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430 AD</span>, <a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolnisi_Sioni_-_Georgian_inscription.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bolnisi_Sioni_-_Georgian_inscription.JPG/220px-Bolnisi_Sioni_-_Georgian_inscription.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bolnisi_Sioni_-_Georgian_inscription.JPG/330px-Bolnisi_Sioni_-_Georgian_inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bolnisi_Sioni_-_Georgian_inscription.JPG/440px-Bolnisi_Sioni_-_Georgian_inscription.JPG 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_inscriptions" title="Bolnisi inscriptions">Bolnisi inscriptions</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 494 AD</span>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Janashia_Museum_of_Georgia" title="Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia">Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The origin of the Georgian script is poorly known, and no full agreement exists among Georgian and foreign scholars as to its date of creation, who designed the script, and the main influences on that process. </p><p>The first attested version of the script is <i>Asomtavruli</i>, which dates back to the 5th century; the other scripts were formed in the following centuries. Most scholars link the creation of the Georgian script to the process of <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>), a core Georgian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alphabet was therefore most probably created between the conversion of Iberia under King <a href="/wiki/Mirian_III_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirian III of Iberia">Mirian III</a> (326 or 337) and the <a href="/wiki/Bir_el_Qutt_inscriptions" title="Bir el Qutt inscriptions">Bir el Qutt inscriptions</a> of 430.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2010230_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2010230-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first used for translation of the Bible and other Christian literature into <a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Georgian language">Georgian</a>, by monks in Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lig1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lig1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/wiki/Levan_Chilashvili" title="Levan Chilashvili">Levan Chilashvili</a>'s dating of fragmented <i>Asomtavruli</i> inscriptions, discovered by him at the ruined town of <a href="/wiki/Nekresi" title="Nekresi">Nekresi</a>, in Georgia's easternmost province of <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a>, in the 1980s, to the 1st or 2nd century has not been accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp200319_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp200319-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Georgian tradition first attested in the medieval chronicle <i>Lives of the Kings of Kartli</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Lig1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lig1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assigns a much earlier, pre-Christian origin to the Georgian alphabet, and names King <a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz I of Iberia">Pharnavaz I</a> (3rd century BC) as its inventor. This account is now considered legendary, and is rejected by scholarly consensus, as no archaeological confirmation has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-Lig1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lig1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp2010139_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2010139-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapp <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp200638_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp200638-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgian linguist <a href="/wiki/Tamaz_Gamkrelidze" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamaz Gamkrelidze">Tamaz Gamkrelidze</a> offers an alternative interpretation of the tradition, in the pre-Christian use of foreign scripts (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alloglottography" class="extiw" title="wikt:alloglottography">alloglottography</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a>) to write down Georgian texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemertelidze1999228-_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemertelidze1999228--15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another point of contention among scholars is the role played by <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian clerics</a> in that process. According to medieval Armenian sources and a number of scholars, <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a>, generally acknowledged as the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a>, also created the Georgian and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Albanian alphabet">Caucasian Albanian alphabets</a>. This tradition originates in the works of <a href="/wiki/Koryun" class="mw-redirect" title="Koryun">Koryun</a>, a fifth-century historian and biographer of Mashtots,<sup id="cite_ref-Mashtots_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mashtots-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been quoted by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Donald Rayfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_R._Russell" title="James R. Russell">James R. Russell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201319_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201319-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowersockBrownGrabar1999289_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersockBrownGrabar1999289-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has been rejected by Georgian scholarship and some Western scholars who judge the passage in Koryun unreliable or even a later interpolation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lig1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lig1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his study on the history of the invention of the Armenian alphabet and the life of Mashtots, the Armenian linguist <a href="/wiki/Hrachia_Acharian" title="Hrachia Acharian">Hrachia Acharian</a> strongly defended Koryun as a reliable source and rejected criticisms of his accounts on the invention of the Georgian script by Mashtots.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharian dated the invention to 408, four years after Mashtots created the Armenian alphabet (he dated the latter event to 404).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Western scholars quote Koryun's claims without taking a stance on its validity<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1996xxii–xxiii_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1996xxii–xxiii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp2003450_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2003450-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or concede that Armenian clerics, if not Mashtots himself, must have played a role in the creation of the Georgian script.<sup id="cite_ref-Lig1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lig1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp2010139_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2010139-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreppin1981449–456_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreppin1981449–456-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another controversy regards the main influences at play in the Georgian alphabet, as scholars have debated whether it was inspired more by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, or by Semitic alphabets such as <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemertelidze1999228-_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemertelidze1999228--15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent historiography focuses on greater similarities with the Greek alphabet than in the other Caucasian writing systems, most notably the order and numeric value of letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanidze2000444_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanidze2000444-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lig1_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lig1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have also suggested certain pre-Christian Georgian cultural symbols or clan markers as a possible inspiration for particular letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2012299_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2012299-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asomtavruli"><i>Asomtavruli</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asomtavruli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anbandidi_Gospel_%E2%80%94_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Anbandidi_Gospel_%E2%80%94_1.jpg/170px-Anbandidi_Gospel_%E2%80%94_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="470" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Anbandidi_Gospel_%E2%80%94_1.jpg/255px-Anbandidi_Gospel_%E2%80%94_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Anbandidi_Gospel_%E2%80%94_1.jpg/340px-Anbandidi_Gospel_%E2%80%94_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anbandidi_Gospel" title="Anbandidi Gospel">Anbandidi Gospel</a> in Asomtavruli, 9th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Asomtavruli</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ასომთავრული</span></span>, <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ႠႱႭႫႧႠႥႰႳႪႨ</span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Georgian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[asomtʰavɾuli]</a></span>) is the oldest Georgian script. The name <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">Asomtavruli</i></span> means "capital letters", from <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">aso</i></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ასო</span></span>) "letter" and <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">mtavari</i></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">მთავარი</span></span>) "principal/head". It is also known as <b>Mrgvlovani</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">მრგვლოვანი</span></span>) "rounded", from <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">mrgvali</i></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">მრგვალი</span></span>) "round", so named because of its round letter shapes. Despite its name, this "capital" script is <a href="/wiki/Unicase" title="Unicase">unicameral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1996367_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1996367-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest Asomtavruli inscriptions found so far date from the 5th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011177_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011177-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are <a href="/wiki/Bir_el_Qutt_inscriptions" title="Bir el Qutt inscriptions">Bir el Qutt</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_inscriptions" title="Bolnisi inscriptions">Bolnisi inscriptions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 9th century, Nuskhuri script started becoming dominant, and the role of Asomtavruli was reduced. However, <a href="/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">epigraphic</a> monuments of the 10th to 18th centuries continued to be written in Asomtavruli script. Asomtavruli in this later period became more decorative. In the majority of 9th-century Georgian manuscripts which were written in Nuskhuri script, Asomtavruli was used for titles and the first letters of chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some manuscripts written completely in Asomtavruli can be found until the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_of_Asomtavruli_letters">Form of Asomtavruli letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Form of Asomtavruli letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early Asomtavruli, the letters are of equal height. Georgian historian and philologist <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Ingorokva" title="Pavle Ingorokva">Pavle Ingorokva</a> believes that the direction of Asomtavruli, like that of Greek, was initially <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a>, though the direction of the earliest surviving texts is from left to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most Asomtavruli letters, straight lines are horizontal or vertical and meet at right angles. The only letter with <a href="/wiki/Acute_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute angle">acute angles</a> is <b>Ⴟ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Jani_(letter)" title="Jani (letter)"><i>jani</i></a>). There have been various attempts to explain this exception. Georgian linguist and art historian Helen Machavariani believes <i>jani</i> derives from a <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">monogram of Christ</a>, composed of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257034584">.mw-parser-output .script-khutsuri{font-family:"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","Kelvinch","Noto Sans Georgian","Noto Serif Georgian","Segoe WP","Segoe UI","Sylfaen",Quivira,"MPH 2B Damase"}</style><span class="script-khutsuri">Ⴈ</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ini_(Georgian_letter)" title="Ini (Georgian letter)">ini</a></i>) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">Ⴕ</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kani_(letter)" title="Kani (letter)">kani</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011121–122_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011121–122-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Georgian scholar Ramaz Pataridze, the cross-like shape of letter <i>jani</i> indicates the end of the alphabet, and has the same function as the similarly shaped <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">taw</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/20px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/30px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/40px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span>), <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a> (Χ), and <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these letters do not have that function in Phoenician, Greek, or Latin. </p> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Queen_Tamar_1200_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Coin_of_Queen_Tamar_1200_AD.png/130px-Coin_of_Queen_Tamar_1200_AD.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Coin_of_Queen_Tamar_1200_AD.png/195px-Coin_of_Queen_Tamar_1200_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Coin_of_Queen_Tamar_1200_AD.png/260px-Coin_of_Queen_Tamar_1200_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png/130px-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png" decoding="async" width="130" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png/195px-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png/260px-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2025" /></a></span><br /><small>Coins of Queen <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a> and King <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV of Georgia</a> minted using Asomtavruli script, 1200–1210 AD.</small></div> <p>From the 7th century, the forms of some letters began to change. The equal height of the letters was abandoned, with letters acquiring ascenders and descenders.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.2;width:30em;"> <caption>Asomtavruli letters </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴀ</span><br /><i>ani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴁ</span><br /><i>bani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴂ</span><br /><i>gani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴃ</span><br /><i>doni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴄ</span><br /><i>eni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴅ</span><br /><i>vini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴆ</span><br /><i>zeni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴡ</span><br /><i>he</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴇ</span><br /><i>tani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴈ</span><br /><i>ini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴉ</span><br /><i>kʼani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴊ</span><br /><i>lasi</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴋ</span><br /><i>mani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴌ</span><br /><i>nari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴢ</span><br /><i>hie</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴍ</span><br /><i>oni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴎ</span><br /><i>pʼari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴏ</span><br /><i>zhani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴐ</span><br /><i>rae</i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴑ</span><br /><i>sani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴒ</span><br /><i>tʼari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴣ</span><br /><i>vie</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">ႭჃ<br />Ⴓ</span><br /><i>uni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴔ</span><br /><i>pari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴕ</span><br /><i>kani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴖ</span><br /><i>ghani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴗ</span><br /><i>qʼari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴘ</span><br /><i>shini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴙ</span><br /><i>chini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴚ</span><br /><i>tsani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴛ</span><br /><i>dzili</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴜ</span><br /><i>ts'ili</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴝ</span><br /><i>ch'ari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴞ</span><br /><i>khani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴤ</span><br /><i>qari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴟ</span><br /><i>jani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴠ</span><br /><i>hae</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;">Ⴥ</span><br /><i>hoe</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asomtavruli_illumination">Asomtavruli illumination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asomtavruli illumination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nuskhuri manuscripts, Asomtavruli are used for titles and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated capital">illuminated capitals</a>. The latter were used at the beginnings of paragraphs which started new sections of text. In the early stages of the development of Nuskhuri texts, Asomtavruli letters were not elaborate and were distinguished principally by size and sometimes by being written in <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> ink. Later, from the 10th century, the letters were illuminated. The style of Asomtavruli capitals can be used to identify the era of a text. For example, in the Georgian manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> era, when the styles of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> influenced <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a>, capitals were illuminated with images of birds and other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%9B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%9B.png/110px-Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%9B.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%9B.png/165px-Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%9B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%9B.png/220px-Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%9B.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%97_(t).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%97_%28t%29.png/110px-Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%97_%28t%29.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Asomtavruli_letter_%E1%83%97_%28t%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="191" /></a></span><br /><small>Decorative Asomtavruli capital letters, <a href="/wiki/Mani_(letter)" title="Mani (letter)">Ⴋ</a> (m) and <a href="/wiki/Tani_(letter)" title="Tani (letter)">Ⴇ</a> (t), 12–13th century.</small></div> <p>From the 11th-century "limb-flowery", "limb-arrowy" and "limb-spotty" decorative forms of Asomtavruli are developed. The first two are found in 11th- and 12th-century monuments, whereas the third one is used until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Importance was attached also to the colour of the ink itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011120_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011120-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asomtavruli letter <a href="/wiki/%E1%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⴃ">Ⴃ</a> (<i>doni</i>) is often written with decoration effects of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011129_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011129-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Curly" decorative form of Asomtavruli is also used where the letters are wattled or intermingled on each other, or the smaller letters are written inside other letters. It was mostly used for the headlines of the manuscripts or the books, although there are complete inscriptions which were written in the Asomtavruli "Curly" form only.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><span class="anchor" id="Gospel_of_Matthew"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mokvis_saxareba_-_Mates_saxareba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mokvis_saxareba_-_Mates_saxareba.png/250px-Mokvis_saxareba_-_Mates_saxareba.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Mokvis_saxareba_-_Mates_saxareba.png 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="115" /></a></span><br /><small>The title of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> in Asomtavruli "Curly" decorative form.</small></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handwriting_of_Asomtavruli">Handwriting of Asomtavruli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Handwriting of Asomtavruli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the stroke direction of each Asomtavruli letter:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013105_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013105-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asomtavruli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asomtavruli.svg/500px-Asomtavruli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="436" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asomtavruli.svg/750px-Asomtavruli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asomtavruli.svg/1000px-Asomtavruli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuskhuri"><i>Nuskhuri</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nuskhuri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iviron_Collection_-_John_Tornikios_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iviron_Collection_-_John_Tornikios_1.jpg/170px-Iviron_Collection_-_John_Tornikios_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iviron_Collection_-_John_Tornikios_1.jpg/255px-Iviron_Collection_-_John_Tornikios_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iviron_Collection_-_John_Tornikios_1.jpg/340px-Iviron_Collection_-_John_Tornikios_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Nuskhuri of <a href="/wiki/John_Tornike" title="John Tornike">John Tornike</a> collection of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Iviron" title="Monastery of Iviron">Monastery of Iviron</a>, 10th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nuskhuri</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ნუსხური</span></span>, <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ⴌⴓⴑⴞⴓⴐⴈ</span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Georgian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[nusχuɾi]</a></span>) is the second Georgian script. The name <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">nuskhuri</i></span> comes from <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">nuskha</i></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ნუსხა</span></span>), meaning "inventory" or "schedule". Nuskhuri was soon augmented with Asomtavruli <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated capital">illuminated capitals</a> in religious manuscripts. The combination is called <b>Khutsuri</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ხუცური</span></span>, <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">Ⴞⴓⴚⴓⴐⴈ</span></span>; "clerical", from <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">khutsesi</i></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ხუცესი</span></span> "<a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">cleric</a>"), and it was principally used in <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nuskhuri first appeared in the 9th century as a graphic variant of Asomtavruli.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest inscription is found in the <a href="/wiki/Ateni_Sioni_Church" title="Ateni Sioni Church">Ateni Sioni Church</a> and dates to 835 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest surviving Nuskhuri manuscripts date to 864 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuskhuri becomes dominant over Asomtavruli from the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_of_Nuskhuri_letters">Form of Nuskhuri letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Form of Nuskhuri letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nuskhuri letters vary in height, with ascenders and descenders, and are slanted to the right. Letters have an angular shape, with a noticeable tendency to simplify the shapes they had in Asomtavruli. This enabled faster writing of manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asomtavruli_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asomtavruli_u.svg/40px-Asomtavruli_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asomtavruli_u.svg/60px-Asomtavruli_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asomtavruli_u.svg/80px-Asomtavruli_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> → <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuskhuri_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nuskhuri_o.svg/20px-Nuskhuri_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nuskhuri_o.svg/30px-Nuskhuri_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nuskhuri_o.svg/40px-Nuskhuri_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="126" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuskhuri_vie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nuskhuri_vie.svg/15px-Nuskhuri_vie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nuskhuri_vie.svg/23px-Nuskhuri_vie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nuskhuri_vie.svg/30px-Nuskhuri_vie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="315" /></a></span> → <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuskhuri_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nuskhuri_u.svg/22px-Nuskhuri_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nuskhuri_u.svg/33px-Nuskhuri_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nuskhuri_u.svg/44px-Nuskhuri_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="279" /></a></span><br /><small>Asomtavruli letters <a href="/wiki/Oni_(letter)" title="Oni (letter)">ⴍ</a> (<i>oni</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Vie_(letter)" title="Vie (letter)">ⴣ</a> (<i>vie</i>). A ligature of these letters produced a new letter in Nuskhuri, <a href="/wiki/Uni_(letter)" title="Uni (letter)">ⴓ</a> <i>uni</i>.</small></div> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Will_of_David_IV_B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Will_of_David_IV_B.svg/300px-Will_of_David_IV_B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Will_of_David_IV_B.svg/450px-Will_of_David_IV_B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Will_of_David_IV_B.svg/600px-Will_of_David_IV_B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="426" /></a></span><br /><small>A <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a> of King <a href="/wiki/David_IV" title="David IV">David IV</a> in Nuskhuri.</small></div> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.2;width:30em;" bgcolor="#ffffff;"> <caption>Nuskhuri letters </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴀ</span></span><br /><i>ani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴁ</span></span><br /><i>bani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴂ</span></span><br /><i>gani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴃ</span></span><br /><i>doni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴄ</span></span><br /><i>eni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴅ</span></span><br /><i>vini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴆ</span></span><br /><i>zeni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴡ</span></span><br /><i>he</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴇ</span></span><br /><i>tani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴈ</span></span><br /><i>ini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴉ</span></span><br /><i>kʼani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴊ</span></span><br /><i>lasi</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴋ</span></span><br /><i>mani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴌ</span></span><br /><i>nari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴢ</span></span><br /><i>hie</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴍ</span></span><br /><i>oni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴎ</span></span><br /><i>pʼari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴏ</span></span><br /><i>zhani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴐ</span></span><br /><i>rae</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴑ</span></span><br /><i>sani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴒ</span></span><br /><i>tʼari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴣ</span></span><br /><i>vie</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴍⴣ ⴓ</span></span><br /><i>uni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴔ</span></span><br /><i>pari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴕ</span></span><br /><i>kani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴖ</span></span><br /><i>ghani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴗ</span></span><br /><i>qʼari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴘ</span></span><br /><i>shini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴙ</span></span><br /><i>chini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴚ</span></span><br /><i>tsani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴛ</span></span><br /><i>dzili</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴜ</span></span><br /><i>tsʼili</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴝ</span></span><br /><i>chʼari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴞ</span></span><br /><i>khani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴤ</span></span><br /><i>qari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴟ</span></span><br /><i>jani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴠ</span></span><br /><i>hae</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:230%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴥ</span></span><br /><i>hoe</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><i>Note: Without proper font support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Nuskhuri letters.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handwriting_of_Nuskhuri">Handwriting of Nuskhuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Handwriting of Nuskhuri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the stroke direction of each Nuskhuri letter:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013107_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013107-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuskhuri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nuskhuri.svg/500px-Nuskhuri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nuskhuri.svg/750px-Nuskhuri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nuskhuri.svg/1000px-Nuskhuri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_Asomtavruli_and_Nuskhuri_today">Use of <i>Asomtavruli</i> and <i>Nuskhuri</i> today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Use of Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asomtavruli is used intensively in <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, murals, and exterior design, especially in stone engravings.<sup id="cite_ref-calligraphy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calligraphy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgian linguist <a href="/wiki/Akaki_Shanidze" title="Akaki Shanidze">Akaki Shanidze</a> made an attempt in the 1950s to introduce Asomtavruli into the Mkhedruli script as capital letters to begin sentences, as in the Latin script, but it did not catch on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillam2003249_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam2003249-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are officially used by the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a> alongside Mkhedruli. Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ilia_II_of_Georgia" title="Ilia II of Georgia">Ilia II of Georgia</a> called on people to use all three Georgian scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mkhedruli"><i>Mkhedruli</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mkhedruli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagrat_IV_royal_charter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bagrat_IV_royal_charter.jpg/240px-Bagrat_IV_royal_charter.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="477" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bagrat_IV_royal_charter.jpg/360px-Bagrat_IV_royal_charter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bagrat_IV_royal_charter.jpg/480px-Bagrat_IV_royal_charter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="4281" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal charter of King <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat IV of Georgia</a> in Mkhedruli, 11th century.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg/240px-%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="686" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg/360px-%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg/480px-%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="4274" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal charter of Queen <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a> in Mkhedruli, 12th century.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1712._%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1712._%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="558" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1712._%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg/360px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/1712._%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal charter of King <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_VI_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang VI of Kartli">Vakhtang VI of Kartli</a> in Mkhedruli, 1712 AD.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Mkhedruli</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">მხედრული</span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Georgian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[mχedɾuli]</a></span>) is the third and current Georgian script. Mkhedruli, literally meaning "<a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>", derives from <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">mkhedari</i></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">მხედარი</span></span>) meaning "<a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horseman</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakanishi199022_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakanishi199022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">cavalier</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGugushvili1937324_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGugushvili1937324-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mkhedruli is <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral script">bicameral</a>, with capital letters that are called Mkhedruli Mtavruli (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">მხედრული მთავრული</span></span>) or simply Mtavruli (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">მთავრული</span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Georgian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[mtʰavɾuli]</a></span>). Nowadays, Mkhedruli Mtavruli is only used in <a href="/wiki/All-caps" class="mw-redirect" title="All-caps">all-caps</a> text in titles or to emphasize a word, though in the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was occasionally used, as in Latin and Cyrillic scripts, to capitalize proper nouns or the first word of a sentence. Contemporary Georgian script does not recognize capital letters and their usage has become decorative.<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode_Mtavruli_proposal_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Mtavruli_proposal-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mkhedruli first appears in the 10th century. The oldest Mkhedruli inscription is found in <a href="/wiki/Ateni_Sioni_Church" title="Ateni Sioni Church">Ateni Sioni Church</a> dating back to 982 AD. The second oldest Mkhedruli-written text is found in the 11th-century royal charters of King <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat IV of Georgia</a>. Mkhedruli was mostly used then in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charters</a>, historical documents, manuscripts and inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mkhedruli was used for non-religious purposes only and represented the "civil", "royal" and "secular" script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatznerMiller2002118_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatznerMiller2002118-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers_Encyclopedia1901165_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers_Encyclopedia1901165-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mkhedruli became more and more dominant over the two other scripts, though Khutsuri (Nuskhuri with Asomtavruli) was used until the 19th century. Mkhedruli became the universal writing Georgian system outside of the Church in the 19th century with the establishment and development of printed Georgian fonts.<sup id="cite_ref-Putkaradze2006_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putkaradze2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_of_Mkhedruli_letters">Form of Mkhedruli letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Form of Mkhedruli letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mkhedruli inscriptions of the 10th and 11th centuries are characterized in rounding of angular shapes of Nuskhuri letters and making the complete outlines in all of its letters. Mkhedruli letters are written in the four-linear system, similar to Nuskhuri. Mkhedruli becomes more round and free in writing. It breaks the strict frame of the previous two alphabets, Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri. Mkhedruli letters begin to get coupled and more free calligraphy develops.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Excerpt_of_royal_charter_of_King_Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Excerpt_of_royal_charter_of_King_Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia.svg/450px-Excerpt_of_royal_charter_of_King_Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Excerpt_of_royal_charter_of_King_Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia.svg/675px-Excerpt_of_royal_charter_of_King_Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Excerpt_of_royal_charter_of_King_Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia.svg/900px-Excerpt_of_royal_charter_of_King_Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="208" /></a></span><br /> <p><small>Example of one of the oldest Mkhedruli-written texts found in the royal charter of King <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat IV of Georgia</a>, 11th century.</small><br /> </p> <small>"<a href="/wiki/Gurgen_of_Iberia" title="Gurgen of Iberia">Gurgen</a> : King : of Kings : great-grandfather : of mine : Bagrat <a href="/wiki/Curopalates" class="mw-redirect" title="Curopalates">Curopalates</a>"</small></div> <div class="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1187_%E1%83%AC..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1187_%E1%83%AC..png/200px-%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1187_%E1%83%AC..png" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1187_%E1%83%AC..png/300px-%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1187_%E1%83%AC..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1187_%E1%83%AC..png/400px-%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1187_%E1%83%AC..png 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <small><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coin</a> of Queen <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a> in Mkhedruli, 1187 AD.</small></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Georgian_alphabet">Modern Georgian alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern Georgian alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Georgian alphabet consists of 33 letters: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.2;width:30em;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Ani_(letter)" title="Ani (letter)">ა</a></span><br /><i>ani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Bani_(letter)" title="Bani (letter)">ბ</a></span><br /><i>bani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Gani_(letter)" title="Gani (letter)">გ</a></span><br /><i>gani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Doni_(letter)" title="Doni (letter)">დ</a></span><br /><i>doni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Eni_(letter)" title="Eni (letter)">ე</a></span><br /><i>eni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Vini_(letter)" title="Vini (letter)">ვ</a></span><br /><i>vini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Zeni_(letter)" title="Zeni (letter)">ზ</a></span><br /><i>zeni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Tani_(letter)" title="Tani (letter)">თ</a></span><br /><i>tani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Ini_(Georgian_letter)" title="Ini (Georgian letter)">ი</a></span><br /><i>ini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/K%27ani" title="K'ani">კ</a></span><br /><i>k'ani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Lasi_(letter)" title="Lasi (letter)">ლ</a></span><br /><i>lasi</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Mani_(letter)" title="Mani (letter)">მ</a></span><br /><i>mani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Nari_(letter)" title="Nari (letter)">ნ</a></span><br /><i>nari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Oni_(letter)" title="Oni (letter)">ო</a></span><br /><i>oni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/P%27ari" title="P'ari">პ</a></span><br /><i>p'ari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Zhani" title="Zhani">ჟ</a></span><br /><i>zhani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Rae_(letter)" title="Rae (letter)">რ</a></span><br /><i>rae</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Sani_(letter)" title="Sani (letter)">ს</a></span><br /><i>sani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/T%27ari" title="T'ari">ტ</a></span><br /><i>t'ari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Uni_(letter)" title="Uni (letter)">უ</a></span><br /><i>uni</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Pari_(letter)" title="Pari (letter)">ფ</a></span><br /><i>pari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Kani_(letter)" title="Kani (letter)">ქ</a></span><br /><i>kani</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Ghani_(letter)" title="Ghani (letter)">ღ</a></span><br /><i>ghani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Q%27ari" title="Q'ari">ყ</a></span><br /><i>q'ari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Shini" title="Shini">შ</a></span><br /><i>shini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Chini_(letter)" title="Chini (letter)">ჩ</a></span><br /><i>chini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Tsani" title="Tsani">ც</a></span><br /><i>tsani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Dzili" title="Dzili">ძ</a></span><br /><i>dzili</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Ts%27ili" title="Ts'ili">წ</a></span><br /><i>ts'ili</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ari" title="Ch'ari">ჭ</a></span><br /><i>ch'ari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Khani_(letter)" title="Khani (letter)">ხ</a></span><br /><i>khani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Jani_(letter)" title="Jani (letter)">ჯ</a></span><br /><i>jani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Hae_(letter)" title="Hae (letter)">ჰ</a></span><br /><i>hae</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_removed_from_the_Georgian_alphabet">Letters removed from the Georgian alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Letters removed from the Georgian alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Spreading_of_Literacy_among_Georgians" title="Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians">Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians</a>, founded by Prince <a href="/wiki/Ilia_Chavchavadze" title="Ilia Chavchavadze">Ilia Chavchavadze</a> in 1879, discarded five letters from the Georgian alphabet that had become redundant:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1996367_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1996367-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.2;width:25em;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/He_(Georgian_letter)" title="He (Georgian letter)">ჱ</a></span><br /><i>he</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Ie_(letter)" title="Ie (letter)">ჲ</a></span><br /><i>hie</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Vie_(letter)" title="Vie (letter)">ჳ</a></span><br /><i>vie</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Khari_(letter)" title="Khari (letter)">ჴ</a></span><br /><i>qari</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(letter)" title="Hoe (letter)">ჵ</a></span><br /><i>hoe</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჱ</span> (<i>he</i>) /eɪ/ (like the ay in pay), Svan /eː/ (like the e in egg in some <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a> accents), sometimes called "<i>ei</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanidze197318_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanidze197318-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "<i>e-merve</i>" ("eighth <i>e</i>"),<sup id="cite_ref-obsol_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsol-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was equivalent to ეჲ <i>ey</i>, as in ქრისტჱ ~ ქრისტეჲ <i>kristʼey</i> 'Christ'.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჲ</span> (<i>hie</i>) /je/ (like the word "yeah"), but also called <i>yota</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-obsol_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsol-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appeared instead of ი (<i>ini</i>) after a vowel, but came to have the same pronunciation as ი (<i>ini</i>) and was replaced by it. Thus, ქრისტჱ ~ ქრისტეჲ <i>kristʼey</i> "Christ" is now written ქრისტე <i>kristʼe</i>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჳ</span> (<i>vie</i>) /uɪ/ (like a cluster of the oo in too and the i in ill), Svan /w/ (like the w in water)<sup id="cite_ref-obsol_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsol-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came to be pronounced the same as ვი <i>vi</i> and was replaced by that sequence, as in სხჳსი > სხვისი <i>skhvisi</i> "others'".</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჴ</span> (<i>qari</i>, <i>hari</i>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q⁽ʰ⁾/</span> (like the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Qof</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-obsol_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsol-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came to be pronounced the same as ხ (<i>khani</i>), and was replaced by it. e.g. ჴელმწიფე <i>qelmtsʼipe</i> became ხელმწიფე <i>khelmtsʼipe</i> "sovereign".</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჵ</span> (<i>hoe</i>) /oː/ (somewhat like the American o in go)<sup id="cite_ref-obsol_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsol-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used for the <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a> <i>hoi!</i> and is now spelled ჰოი. Also used in <a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a> for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>/</span> sound.</li></ul> <p>All but ჵ (<i>hoe</i>) continue to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Svan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Svan alphabet">Svan alphabet</a>; ჲ (<i>hie</i>) is used in the <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian alphabet">Mingrelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laz_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laz alphabet">Laz</a> alphabets as well, for the y-sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span>. Several others were used for <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> in the short time they were written in Mkhedruli script. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_added_to_other_alphabets">Letters added to other alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Letters added to other alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mkhedruli has been adapted to languages besides Georgian. Some of these alphabets retained letters obsolete in Georgian, while others acquired additional letters: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.2;width:20em;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ჶ">ჶ</a></span><br /><i>fi</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ჷ">ჷ</a></span><br /><i>shva</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ჸ">ჸ</a></span><br /><i>elifi</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ჹ">ჹ</a></span><br /><i>turned gani</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ჺ">ჺ</a></span><br /><i>aini</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჼ">ჼ</a></span><br /><i>modifier letter nar</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჽ">ჽ</a></span><br /><i>aen</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჾ">ჾ</a></span><br /><i>hard sign</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"><span style="font-size:240%;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჿ">ჿ</a></span><br /><i>labial sign</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჶ</span> (<i>fi</i> "<a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">phi</a>") is used in <a href="/wiki/Laz_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laz alphabet">Laz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Svan alphabet">Svan</a>, and formerly in <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetian alphabet">Ossetian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazian alphabet">Abkhazian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It derives from the Greek letter Φ (<i>phi</i>).</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჷ</span> (<i>shva</i> "<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>"), also called <i>yn</i>, is used for the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound in <a href="/wiki/Svan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Svan alphabet">Svan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian alphabet">Mingrelian</a>, and formerly in Ossetian and Abkhazian.<sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჸ</span> (<i>elifi</i> "<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">alif</a>") is used in for the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> in Svan and Mingrelian.<sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a reversed <span class="nowrap">⟨ყ⟩</span> (<i>q'ari</i>).</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჹ</span> (<i>turned gani</i>) was once used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>]</span> in evangelical literature in <a href="/wiki/Dagestanian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestanian languages">Dagestanian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჼ</span> (<i>modifier nar</i>) is used in <a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a>. It <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalizes</a> the preceding vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-omni_Bats_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omni_Bats-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჺ</span> (<i>aini</i> "<a href="/wiki/Ain_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain (letter)">ain</a>") is occasionally used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It derives from the Arabic letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ع</span></span>⟩</span> (<i>ʿayn</i>)</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჽ</span> (<i>aen</i>) was used in the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian language</a> when it was written in the Georgian script. It was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-omni_Osse_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omni_Osse-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჾ</span> (<i>hard sign</i>) was used in Abkhaz for <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarization</a> of the preceding consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-N3775_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3775-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჿ</span> (<i>labial sign</i>) was used in Abkhaz for <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> of the preceding consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-N3775_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3775-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handwriting_of_Mkhedruli">Handwriting of Mkhedruli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Handwriting of Mkhedruli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the stroke order and direction of each Mkhedruli letter:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAronson199021–25_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson199021–25-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoliniCholokashvili1629_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoliniCholokashvili1629-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013110_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013110-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mkhedruli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mkhedruli.svg/750px-Mkhedruli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mkhedruli.svg/1125px-Mkhedruli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mkhedruli.svg/1500px-Mkhedruli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><span style="font-size:170%;">ზ</span>, <span style="font-size:170%;">ო</span>, and <span style="font-size:170%;">ხ</span> (<i>zeni, oni, khani</i>) are almost always written without the small tick at the end, while the handwritten form of <span style="font-size:170%;">ჯ</span> (<i>jani</i>) often uses a vertical line, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%AF_(other_form).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E1%83%AF_%28other_form%29.png/14px-%E1%83%AF_%28other_form%29.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E1%83%AF_%28other_form%29.png/21px-%E1%83%AF_%28other_form%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E1%83%AF_%28other_form%29.png/28px-%E1%83%AF_%28other_form%29.png 2x" data-file-width="61" data-file-height="102" /></a></span> (sometimes with a taller ascender, or with a diagonal cross bar); even when it is written at a diagonal, the cross-bar is generally shorter than in print. </p> <ul><li>Only four letters are <a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a>, with neither <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascenders</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Descender_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descender (typography)">descenders</a>: ა, თ, ი, ო.</li> <li>Thirteen have ascenders, like b or d in English: ბ, ზ, მ, ნ, პ, რ, ს, შ, ჩ, ძ, წ, ხ, ჰ</li> <li>An equal number have descenders, like p or q in English: გ, დ, ე, ვ, კ, ლ, ჟ, ტ, უ, ფ, ღ, ყ, ც</li> <li>Three letters have both ascenders and descenders, like <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">þ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>: ქ, ჭ, and (in handwriting) ჯ. წ sometimes has both ascender and descender in handwriting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variation">Variation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shota_Rustaveli_Ave._50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Shota_Rustaveli_Ave._50.jpg/220px-Shota_Rustaveli_Ave._50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Shota_Rustaveli_Ave._50.jpg/330px-Shota_Rustaveli_Ave._50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Shota_Rustaveli_Ave._50.jpg/440px-Shota_Rustaveli_Ave._50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Stylistic variation of letters რ and ლ on a <a href="/wiki/Street_name_sign" title="Street name sign">street name sign</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rustaveli_Avenue" title="Rustaveli Avenue">Rustaveli Avenue</a>, showing variations in the name <a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Rustaveli</a>, with <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><span style="color: red;">რ</span>უსთავე<span style="color: red;">ლ</span>ის</span></span> resembling <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><span style="color: red;">ɦ</span>უსთავე<span style="color: red;">ჺ</span>ის</span></span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_car_in_Tbilisi_(78).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Police_car_in_Tbilisi_%2878%29.jpg/220px-Police_car_in_Tbilisi_%2878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Police_car_in_Tbilisi_%2878%29.jpg/330px-Police_car_in_Tbilisi_%2878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Police_car_in_Tbilisi_%2878%29.jpg/440px-Police_car_in_Tbilisi_%2878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">Mtavruli</i></span>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/All-caps" class="mw-redirect" title="All-caps">all-caps</a> text, on a Georgian <a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">police car</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is individual and stylistic variation in many of the letters. For example, the top circle of <span style="font-size:170%;">ზ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">zeni</i></span>) and the top stroke of <span style="font-size:170%;">რ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">rae</i></span>) may go in the other direction than shown in the chart (that is, counter-clockwise starting at 3 o'clock, and upwards – see the external-link section for videos of people writing). </p><p>Other common variants: </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:170%;">გ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">gani</i></span>) may be written like <span style="font-size:170%;">ვ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">vini</i></span>) with a closed loop at the bottom.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">დ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">doni</i></span>) is frequently written with a simple loop at top, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doni_(other_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Doni_%28other_form%29.svg/15px-Doni_%28other_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Doni_%28other_form%29.svg/23px-Doni_%28other_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Doni_%28other_form%29.svg/30px-Doni_%28other_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="113" /></a></span>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">კ</span>, <span style="font-size:170%;">ც</span>, and <span style="font-size:170%;">ძ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">k'ani</i></span>, <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">tsani</i></span>, <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">dzili</i></span>) are generally written with straight, vertical lines at the top, so that for example <span style="font-size:170%;">ც</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">tsani</i></span>) resembles a U with a dimple in the right side.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ლ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">lasi</i></span>) is frequently written with a single arc, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lasi_(other_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lasi_%28other_form%29.svg/15px-Lasi_%28other_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lasi_%28other_form%29.svg/23px-Lasi_%28other_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lasi_%28other_form%29.svg/30px-Lasi_%28other_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="125" /></a></span>, a little like a Greek <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a> symbol ⟨ϱ⟩. Even when all three are written, they're generally not all the same size, as they are in print, but rather riding on one wide arc like two dimples in it.</li> <li>Rarely, <span style="font-size:170%;">ო</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">oni</i></span>) is written as a <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angle</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oni_(other_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Oni_%28other_form%29.svg/10px-Oni_%28other_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Oni_%28other_form%29.svg/15px-Oni_%28other_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Oni_%28other_form%29.svg/20px-Oni_%28other_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="62" /></a></span>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">რ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">rae</i></span>) is frequently written with one arc, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rae_(other_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rae_%28other_form%29.svg/10px-Rae_%28other_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rae_%28other_form%29.svg/15px-Rae_%28other_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rae_%28other_form%29.svg/20px-Rae_%28other_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="59" data-file-height="100" /></a></span>, like a Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ტ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">t'ari</i></span>) often has a small circle with a tail hanging into the bowl, rather than two small circles as in print, or as an O with a straight vertical line intersecting the top. It may also be rotated a bit clockwise, with the small circles further to the right and not as close to the top.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">წ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">ts'ili</i></span>) is generally written with a round bowl at the bottom, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ts%27ili_(other_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ts%27ili_%28other_form%29.svg/12px-Ts%27ili_%28other_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ts%27ili_%28other_form%29.svg/18px-Ts%27ili_%28other_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ts%27ili_%28other_form%29.svg/24px-Ts%27ili_%28other_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="132" /></a></span>. Another variation features a triangular bowl.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჭ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">ch'ari</i></span>) may be written without the hook at the top, and often with a completely straight vertical line.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჱ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">he</i></span>) may be written without the loop, like a conflation of ს and ჰ.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ჯ</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">jani</i></span>) is sometimes written so that it looks like a hooked version of the Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨X⟩</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Similar_letters">Similar letters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Similar letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several letters are similar and may be confused at first, especially in handwriting. </p> <ul><li>For <span style="font-size:170%;">ვ</span> (<i>vini</i>) and <span style="font-size:170%;">კ</span> (<i>k'ani</i>), the critical difference is whether the top is a full arc or a (more-or-less) vertical line.</li> <li>For <span style="font-size:170%;">ვ</span> (<i>vini</i>) and <span style="font-size:170%;">გ</span> (<i>gani</i>), it is whether the bottom is an open curve or closed (a loop). The same is true of <span style="font-size:170%;">უ</span> (<i>uni</i>) and <span style="font-size:170%;">შ</span> (<i>shini</i>); in handwriting, the tops may look the same. Similarly <span style="font-size:170%;">ს</span> (<i>sani</i>) and <span style="font-size:170%;">ხ</span> (<i>khani</i>).</li> <li>For <span style="font-size:170%;">კ</span> (<i>k'ani</i>) and <span style="font-size:170%;">პ</span> (<i>p'ari</i>), the crucial difference is whether the letter is written below or above x-height, and whether it's written top-down or bottom-up.</li> <li><span style="font-size:170%;">ძ</span> (<i>dzili</i>) is written with a vertical top.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligatures,_abbreviations_and_calligraphy"><span id="Ligatures.2C_abbreviations_and_calligraphy"></span>Ligatures, abbreviations and calligraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ligatures, abbreviations and calligraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calligraphy" title="Category:Calligraphy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KeitenAijin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/150px-KeitenAijin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/225px-KeitenAijin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/300px-KeitenAijin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By script</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_calligraphy" title="Turkish calligraphy">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calligraphy" title="Tibetan calligraphy">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_calligraphy" title="Serbian calligraphy">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyaz_(Cyrillic_calligraphy)" title="Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)">Vyaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calligraphy" title="Vietnamese calligraphy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calligraphy" title="Mongolian calligraphy">Mongolian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>Asomtavruli is often highly stylized and writers readily formed <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>, intertwined letters, and placed letters within letters or other such <a href="/wiki/Monograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Monograms">monograms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ani-Doni_Asomtavruli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ani-Doni_Asomtavruli.svg/50px-Ani-Doni_Asomtavruli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ani-Doni_Asomtavruli.svg/75px-Ani-Doni_Asomtavruli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ani-Doni_Asomtavruli.svg/100px-Ani-Doni_Asomtavruli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="87" /></a></span><br /> <small>A ligature of the Asomtavruli letters Ⴃ Ⴀ (და, da) "and"</small></div> <p>Nuskhuri, like Asomtavruli, is also often highly stylized. Writers readily formed <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> and abbreviations for <i><a href="/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra">nomina sacra</a></i>, including diacritics called <i>karagma</i>, which resemble <i><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titla</a></i>. Because writing materials such as <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> were scarce and therefore precious, abbreviating was a practical measure widespread in <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> by the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanidze2003_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanidze2003-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romeli_Nuskhuri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Romeli_Nuskhuri.svg/60px-Romeli_Nuskhuri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Romeli_Nuskhuri.svg/90px-Romeli_Nuskhuri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Romeli_Nuskhuri.svg/120px-Romeli_Nuskhuri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="61" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><br /> <small>A Nuskhuri abbreviation of რომელი (romeli) "which"</small></div> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iesou_Krist%27e_Nuskhuri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iesou_Krist%27e_Nuskhuri.svg/90px-Iesou_Krist%27e_Nuskhuri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iesou_Krist%27e_Nuskhuri.svg/135px-Iesou_Krist%27e_Nuskhuri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iesou_Krist%27e_Nuskhuri.svg/180px-Iesou_Krist%27e_Nuskhuri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="80" /></a></span><br /> <small>A Nuskhuri abbreviation of იესუ ქრისტე (iesu kriste) "Jesus Christ"</small></div> <p>Mkhedruli, in the 11th to 17th centuries also came to employ digraphs to the point that they were obligatory, requiring adherence to a complex system.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ani_Mkhedruli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ani_Mkhedruli.svg/40px-Ani_Mkhedruli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ani_Mkhedruli.svg/60px-Ani_Mkhedruli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ani_Mkhedruli.svg/80px-Ani_Mkhedruli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="385" /></a></span><br /> <small>A Mkhedruli ligature of და (da) "and"</small></div> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garsevan_Chavchavadze_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Garsevan_Chavchavadze_signature.svg/300px-Garsevan_Chavchavadze_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Garsevan_Chavchavadze_signature.svg/450px-Garsevan_Chavchavadze_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Garsevan_Chavchavadze_signature.svg/600px-Garsevan_Chavchavadze_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archil_of_Imereti_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Archil_of_Imereti_signature.svg/400px-Archil_of_Imereti_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Archil_of_Imereti_signature.svg/600px-Archil_of_Imereti_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Archil_of_Imereti_signature.svg/800px-Archil_of_Imereti_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="633" /></a></span><br /> <small>Mkhedruli calligraphy of Prince <a href="/wiki/Garsevan_Chavchavadze" title="Garsevan Chavchavadze">Garsevan Chavchavadze</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Archil_of_Imereti" title="Archil of Imereti">Archil of Imereti</a></small></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typefaces">Typefaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Typefaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgian scripts come in only a single <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="There are many Georgian typefaces; is this supposed to mean there is no italic form? (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though word processors can apply automatic ("fake")<sup id="cite_ref-Simonson2005_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonson2005-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bold_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Bold type">bold</a> formatting to Georgian text. Traditionally, Asomtavruli was used for chapter or section titles, where Latin script might use bold or italic type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri punctuation, various combinations of dots were used as <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">word dividers</a> and to separate phrases, clauses, and paragraphs. In monumental inscriptions and manuscripts of 5th to 10th centuries, these were written as dashes, like −, = and =−. In the 10th century, clusters of one (·), two (:), three (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:჻">჻</a>) and six (჻჻) dots (later sometimes small circles) were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_Mtsire" title="Ephrem Mtsire">Ephrem Mtsire</a> to indicate increasing breaks in the text. One dot indicated a "minor stop" (presumably a simple word break), two dots marked or separated "special words", three dots for a "bigger stop" (such as the <a href="/wiki/Appositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Appositive">appositive</a> name and title "the sovereign Alexander", below, or <a href="#Gospel_of_Matthew">the title of the Gospel of Matthew</a>, above), and six dots were to indicate the end of the sentence. Starting in the 11th century, marks resembling the apostrophe and comma came into use. An apostrophe was used to mark an interrogative word, and a comma appeared at the end of an interrogative sentence. From the 12th century on, these were replaced with the semicolon (the <a href="/wiki/Greek_question_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek question mark">Greek question mark</a>). In the 18th century, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Anton_I_of_Georgia" title="Anton I of Georgia">Anton I of Georgia</a> reformed the system again, with commas, single dots, and double dots used to mark "complete", "incomplete", and "final" sentences, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part, Georgian today uses the punctuation as in international usage of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillam2003252_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam2003252-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_II_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alexander_II_signature.svg/180px-Alexander_II_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alexander_II_signature.svg/270px-Alexander_II_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alexander_II_signature.svg/360px-Alexander_II_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <small>Signature of King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Kakheti" title="Alexander II of Kakheti">Alexander II of Kakheti</a>, with the divider <span class="nowrap">⟨჻⟩</span><br />ჴლმწიფე ჻ ალექსანდრე<br />"The sovereign Alexander"</small></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation,_2010-10-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg/250px-Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg/375px-Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg/500px-Wikipedia_puzzle_globe_on_the_wall_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2010-10-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3563" data-file-height="2373" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Georgian letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ვ⟩</span> is on the <a href="/wiki/Logo_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Logo of Wikipedia">Wikipedia logo</a> (lower left).</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0873_-_Kaukasus_2014_-_Georgien_-_Batumi_(17349857412).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/0873_-_Kaukasus_2014_-_Georgien_-_Batumi_%2817349857412%29.jpg/250px-0873_-_Kaukasus_2014_-_Georgien_-_Batumi_%2817349857412%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/0873_-_Kaukasus_2014_-_Georgien_-_Batumi_%2817349857412%29.jpg/375px-0873_-_Kaukasus_2014_-_Georgien_-_Batumi_%2817349857412%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/0873_-_Kaukasus_2014_-_Georgien_-_Batumi_%2817349857412%29.jpg/500px-0873_-_Kaukasus_2014_-_Georgien_-_Batumi_%2817349857412%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_Tower" title="Alphabetic Tower">Alphabetic Tower</a> seen on panorama of Georgia's port city of <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>This table lists the three scripts in parallel columns, including the letters that are now obsolete in all alphabets (shown with a blue background), obsolete in Georgian but still used in other alphabets (green background), or additional letters in languages other than Georgian (pink background). The "national" transliteration is the system used by the Georgian government, whereas "Laz" is the <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Latin Laz alphabet</a> used in Turkey. The table also shows the traditional numeric values of the letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAronson199030–31_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAronson199030–31-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" align="center">Letters </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a><br />(mkhedruli) </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="4" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Transcriptions</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Numeric<br />value </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>asomtavruli</small></th> <th><small>nuskhuri</small></th> <th><small>mkhedruli</small></th> <th><small>mtavruli</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_national_system_of_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian national system of romanization">National</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/ISO_9984" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9984">ISO 9984</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laz alphabet">Laz</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴀ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴀ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:ა">ა</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ა</td> <td>U+10D0</td> <td>ani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span>, Svan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a,<span class="wrap"> </span>æ/</span></td> <td>A a</td> <td>A a</td> <td>A a</td> <td>A a</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴁ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴁ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:ბ">ბ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ბ</td> <td>U+10D1</td> <td>bani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span></td> <td>B b</td> <td>B b</td> <td>B b</td> <td>B b</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴂ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴂ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:გ">გ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Გ</td> <td>U+10D2</td> <td>gani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span></td> <td>G g</td> <td>G g</td> <td>G g</td> <td>G g</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴃ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴃ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:დ">დ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Დ</td> <td>U+10D3</td> <td>doni</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span></td> <td>D d</td> <td>D d</td> <td>D d</td> <td>D d</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴄ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴄ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:ე">ე</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ე</td> <td>U+10D4</td> <td>eni</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span></td> <td>E e</td> <td>E e</td> <td>E e</td> <td>E e</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴅ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴅ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:ვ">ვ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ვ</td> <td>U+10D5</td> <td>vini</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span></td> <td>V v</td> <td>V v</td> <td>V v</td> <td>V v</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴆ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴆ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:ზ">ზ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ზ</td> <td>U+10D6</td> <td>zeni</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span></td> <td>Z z</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd">Ⴡ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴡ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჱ">ჱ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd">Ჱ</td> <td>U+10F1</td> <td>he</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span>, Svan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>Ē ē</td> <td>Ey ey</td> <td>—</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴇ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴇ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:თ">თ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Თ</td> <td>U+10D7</td> <td>tani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t⁽ʰ⁾</a>/</span></td> <td>T t</td> <td>Tʼ tʼ</td> <td>Tʼ tʼ</td> <td>T t</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴈ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴈ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:ი">ი</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ი</td> <td>U+10D8</td> <td>ini</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span></td> <td>I i</td> <td>I i</td> <td>I i</td> <td>I i</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴉ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴉ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:კ">კ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Კ</td> <td>U+10D9</td> <td>kʼani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>/</span></td> <td>Kʼ kʼ</td> <td>K k</td> <td>K k</td> <td>Ǩ ǩ</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴊ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴊ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:ლ">ლ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ლ</td> <td>U+10DA</td> <td>lasi</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span></td> <td>L l</td> <td>L l</td> <td>L l</td> <td>L l</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴋ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴋ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:მ">მ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Მ</td> <td>U+10DB</td> <td>mani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span></td> <td>M m</td> <td>M m</td> <td>M m</td> <td>M m</td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴌ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴌ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:ნ">ნ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ნ</td> <td>U+10DC</td> <td>nari</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span></td> <td>N n</td> <td>N n</td> <td>N n</td> <td>N n</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd">Ⴢ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴢ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჲ">ჲ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd">Ჲ</td> <td>U+10F2</td> <td>hie</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span>, Mingrelian, Laz, & Svan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>J j</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴍ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴍ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:ო">ო</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ო</td> <td>U+10DD</td> <td>oni</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span>, Svan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>œ/</span></td> <td>O o</td> <td>O o</td> <td>O o</td> <td>O o</td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴎ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴎ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:პ">პ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Პ</td> <td>U+10DE</td> <td>pʼari</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>/</span></td> <td>Pʼ pʼ</td> <td>P p</td> <td>P p</td> <td>P̌ p̌</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴏ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴏ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჟ">ჟ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ჟ</td> <td>U+10DF</td> <td>zhani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span></td> <td>Zh zh</td> <td>Ž ž</td> <td>Zh zh</td> <td>J j</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴐ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴐ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:რ">რ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Რ</td> <td>U+10E0</td> <td>rae</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span></td> <td>R r</td> <td>R r</td> <td>R r</td> <td>R r</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴑ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴑ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ს">ს</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ს</td> <td>U+10E1</td> <td>sani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span></td> <td>S s</td> <td>S s</td> <td>S s</td> <td>S s</td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴒ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴒ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:ტ">ტ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ტ</td> <td>U+10E2</td> <td>tʼari</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>/</span></td> <td>Tʼ tʼ</td> <td>T t</td> <td>T t</td> <td>Ť t͏̌</td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd">Ⴣ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴣ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჳ">ჳ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd">Ჳ</td> <td>U+10F3</td> <td>vie</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɪ/</span>, Svan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>W w</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>400<sup id="cite_ref-400sam_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400sam-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴓ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴓ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:უ">უ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Უ</td> <td>U+10E3</td> <td>uni</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span>, Svan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u,<span class="wrap"> </span>y/</span></td> <td>U u</td> <td>U u</td> <td>U u</td> <td>U u</td> <td>400<sup id="cite_ref-400sam_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400sam-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ffdddd">Ⴧ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ffdddd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴧ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ffdddd"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჷ">ჷ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ffdddd">Ჷ</td> <td>U+10F7</td> <td>yn, schva</td> <td>Mingrelian & Svan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴔ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴔ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:ფ">ფ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ფ</td> <td>U+10E4</td> <td>pari</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p⁽ʰ⁾</a>/</span></td> <td>P p</td> <td>Pʼ pʼ</td> <td>Pʼ pʼ</td> <td>P p</td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴕ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴕ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:ქ">ქ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ქ</td> <td>U+10E5</td> <td>kani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k⁽ʰ⁾</a>/</span></td> <td>K k</td> <td>Kʼ kʼ</td> <td>Kʼ kʼ</td> <td>K k</td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴖ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴖ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:ღ">ღ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ღ</td> <td>U+10E6</td> <td>ghani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span></td> <td>Gh gh</td> <td>Ḡ ḡ</td> <td>Gh gh</td> <td>Ğ ğ</td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴗ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴗ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:ყ">ყ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ყ</td> <td>U+10E7</td> <td>qʼari</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a>/</span></td> <td>Qʼ qʼ</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center" bgcolor="#ffdddd">—</td> <td style="text-align:center" bgcolor="#ffdddd">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ffdddd"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჸ">ჸ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ffdddd">Ჸ</td> <td>U+10F8</td> <td>elif</td> <td>Mingrelian & Svan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴘ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴘ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:შ">შ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Შ</td> <td>U+10E8</td> <td>shini</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td>Sh sh</td> <td>Š š</td> <td>Sh sh</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴙ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴙ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჩ">ჩ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ჩ</td> <td>U+10E9</td> <td>chini</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ⁽ʰ⁾</a>/</span></td> <td>Ch ch</td> <td>Čʼ čʼ</td> <td>Chʼ chʼ</td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴚ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴚ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:ც">ც</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ც</td> <td>U+10EA</td> <td>tsani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts⁽ʰ⁾</a>/</span></td> <td>Ts ts</td> <td>Cʼ cʼ</td> <td>Tsʼ tsʼ</td> <td>Ʒ ʒ</td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴛ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴛ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:ძ">ძ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ძ</td> <td>U+10EB</td> <td>dzili</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/</span></td> <td>Dz dz</td> <td>J j</td> <td>Dz dz</td> <td>Ž ž</td> <td>3000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴜ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴜ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:წ">წ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Წ</td> <td>U+10EC</td> <td>tsʼili</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a>/</span></td> <td>Tsʼ tsʼ</td> <td>C c</td> <td>Ts ts</td> <td>Ǯ ǯ</td> <td>4000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴝ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴝ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჭ">ჭ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ჭ</td> <td>U+10ED</td> <td>chʼari</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a>/</span></td> <td>Chʼ chʼ</td> <td>Č č</td> <td>Ch ch</td> <td>Ç̌ ç̌</td> <td>5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴞ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴞ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ხ">ხ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ხ</td> <td>U+10EE</td> <td>khani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span></td> <td>Kh kh</td> <td>X x</td> <td>Kh kh</td> <td>X x</td> <td>6000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd">Ⴤ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴤ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჴ">ჴ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddffdd">Ჴ</td> <td>U+10F4</td> <td>qari, hari</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q⁽ʰ⁾</a>/</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>H̱ ẖ</td> <td>qʼ</td> <td>—</td> <td>7000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴟ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴟ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჯ">ჯ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ჯ</td> <td>U+10EF</td> <td>jani</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</span></td> <td>J j</td> <td>J̌ ǰ</td> <td>J j</td> <td>C c</td> <td>8000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;">Ⴠ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴠ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჰ">ჰ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%">Ჰ</td> <td>U+10F0</td> <td>hae</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></td> <td>H h</td> <td>H h</td> <td>H h</td> <td>H h</td> <td>9000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">Ⴥ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴥ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჵ">ჵ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">Ჵ</td> <td>U+10F5</td> <td>hoe</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/</span>, Bats <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦ/</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>Ō ō</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>10000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center" bgcolor="#ffdddd">—</td> <td style="text-align:center" bgcolor="#ffdddd">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ffdddd"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჶ">ჶ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ffdddd">Ჶ</td> <td>U+10F6</td> <td>fi</td> <td>Laz <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>F f</td> <td>—</td> <td>F f</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჹ">ჹ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">Ჹ</td> <td>U+10F9</td> <td>turned gani</td> <td>Dagestanian languages <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>/</span> in evangelical literature<sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჺ">ჺ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">Ჺ</td> <td>U+10FA</td> <td>aini</td> <td>Bats <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჼ">ჼ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td>U+10FC</td> <td>modifier nar</td> <td>Bats <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a>/</span> <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> of preceding vowel<sup id="cite_ref-omni_Bats_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omni_Bats-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">Ⴭ</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴭ</span></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჽ">ჽ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">Ჽ</td> <td>U+10FD</td> <td>aen<sup id="cite_ref-N3775_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3775-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Ossetian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-omni_Osse_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omni_Osse-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჾ">ჾ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">Ჾ</td> <td>U+10FE</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">hard sign</a><sup id="cite_ref-N3775_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3775-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Abkhaz <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarization</a> of preceding consonant<sup id="cite_ref-N3775_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3775-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">—</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჿ">ჿ</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#ddddff">Ჿ</td> <td>U+10FF</td> <td>labial sign<sup id="cite_ref-N3775_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3775-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Abkhaz <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> of preceding consonant<sup id="cite_ref-N3775_63-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N3775-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_for_other_non-Kartvelian_languages">Use for other non-Kartvelian languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Use for other non-Kartvelian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg/220px-Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Xussar-irystony-foklor_ka.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption>Ossetian text written in Mkhedruli script, from a book on Ossetian folklore published in South Ossetia in 1940. The non-Georgian letters ჶ [<i>f</i>] and ჷ [<i>ə</i>] can be seen.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg/97px-Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg/146px-Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg/194px-Image_Avar_Kreuz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="417" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Avarian_Cross_Daghestan_Khunzeti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Old_Avarian_Cross_Daghestan_Khunzeti.jpg/87px-Old_Avarian_Cross_Daghestan_Khunzeti.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Old_Avarian_Cross_Daghestan_Khunzeti.jpg/131px-Old_Avarian_Cross_Daghestan_Khunzeti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Old_Avarian_Cross_Daghestan_Khunzeti.jpg/174px-Old_Avarian_Cross_Daghestan_Khunzeti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Old Avar crosses with <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> inscriptions in Asomtavruli script.</div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> until the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009104_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2009104-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> until the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> (historically), later replaced in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-refMuratpapşualfabe_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refMuratpapşualfabe-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a> (historically), later replaced in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> (historically), later replaced in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> (historically), later replaced in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>; a Turkish Gospel, dictionary, poems, medical book dating from the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010144–145_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010144–145-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>; the 18th-century Persian translation of the Arabic Gospel is kept at the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Tbilisi" title="Armenians in Tbilisi">Armenian community in Tbilisi</a>, the Georgian script was occasionally used for writing Armenian in the 18th and 19th centuries, and some samples of this kind of texts are kept at the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Center_of_Manuscripts" title="Georgian National Center of Manuscripts">Georgian National Center of Manuscripts</a> in Tbilisi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010137_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010137-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>; in the collections of the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi there are also a few short poems in the Russian language written in Georgian script dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>; used by <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azeris</a> in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a>; the Georgian script was used for writing North Caucasian and Dagestani languages in connection with Georgian missionary activities in the areas starting in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010137–138_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010137–138-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing">Computing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghani_Mkhedruli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ghani_Mkhedruli.svg/117px-Ghani_Mkhedruli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ghani_Mkhedruli.svg/176px-Ghani_Mkhedruli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ghani_Mkhedruli.svg/234px-Ghani_Mkhedruli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>The Georgian letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:ღ">ღ</a>⟩</span> (<i>ghani</i>) is often used as a love or <a href="/wiki/Heart_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart (symbol)">heart symbol</a> online.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mkhedruli_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mkhedruli_l.svg/117px-Mkhedruli_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mkhedruli_l.svg/176px-Mkhedruli_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mkhedruli_l.svg/234px-Mkhedruli_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption> The Georgian letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:ლ">ლ</a>⟩</span> (<i>lasi</i>) is sometimes used as a hand or fist in <a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">emoticons</a> ( ex: ლ(╹◡╹ლ) ). </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Georgian script was included in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. In creating the Georgian Unicode block, important roles were played by German <a href="/wiki/Jost_Gippert" title="Jost Gippert">Jost Gippert</a>, a linguist of <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_studies" title="Kartvelian studies">Kartvelian studies</a>, and American-Irish linguist and script-encoder <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael Everson</a>, who created the Georgian Unicode for the <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant contributions were also made by Anton Dumbadze and Irakli Garibashvili<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (not to be mistaken with the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Garibashvili" title="Irakli Garibashvili">Irakli Garibashvili</a>). </p><p>Georgian <i>Mkhedruli</i> script received an official status for being Georgia's <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">internationalized domain name</a> script for (<a href="/wiki/.ge" title=".ge">.გე</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mtavruli letters were added in Unicode version 11.0 in June 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are capital letters with similar letterforms to Mkhedruli, but with <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descenders</a> shifted above the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a>, with a wider central oval, and with the top slightly higher than the <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascender</a> height.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this addition, font creators included Mtavruli in various ways. Some fonts came in pairs, of which one had lowercase letters and the other uppercase; some Unicode fonts placed Mtavruli letterforms in the Asomtavruli range (U+10A0-U+10CF) or in the <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Use Area">Private Use Area</a>, and some ASCII-based ones mapped them to the ASCII capital letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode_Mtavruli_proposal_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_Mtavruli_proposal-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blocks">Blocks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Blocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_(Unicode_block)" title="Georgian (Unicode block)">Georgian (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Supplement" title="Georgian Supplement">Georgian Supplement (Unicode block)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Extended" title="Georgian Extended">Georgian Extended (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Georgian characters are found in three Unicode blocks. The first block (U+10A0–U+10FF) is simply called Georgian. Mkhedruli (modern Georgian) occupies the U+10D0–U+10FF range (shown in the bottom half of the first table below) and Asomtavruli occupies the U+10A0–U+10CF range (shown in the top half of the same table). The second block is the Georgian Supplement (U+2D00–U+2D2F), and it contains Nuskhuri.<sup id="cite_ref-addit_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-addit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mtavruli capitals are included in the Georgian Extended block (U+1C90–U+1CBF). </p><p>Mtavruli is defined as the upper case, but not <a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">title case</a>, of Mkhedruli, and Asomtavruli as the upper case and title case of Nuskhuri.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Georgian_(Unicode_block)" title="Georgian (Unicode block)">Georgian</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10A0_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U10A0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10A0_grey"><a href="#endnote_U10A0_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10A0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10Ax </td> <td title="U+10A0: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER AN">Ⴀ </td> <td title="U+10A1: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER BAN">Ⴁ </td> <td title="U+10A2: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER GAN">Ⴂ </td> <td title="U+10A3: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER DON">Ⴃ </td> <td title="U+10A4: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER EN">Ⴄ </td> <td title="U+10A5: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER VIN">Ⴅ </td> <td title="U+10A6: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER ZEN">Ⴆ </td> <td title="U+10A7: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER TAN">Ⴇ </td> <td title="U+10A8: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER IN">Ⴈ </td> <td title="U+10A9: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER KAN">Ⴉ </td> <td title="U+10AA: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER LAS">Ⴊ </td> <td title="U+10AB: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER MAN">Ⴋ </td> <td title="U+10AC: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER NAR">Ⴌ </td> <td title="U+10AD: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER ON">Ⴍ </td> <td title="U+10AE: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER PAR">Ⴎ </td> <td title="U+10AF: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER ZHAR">Ⴏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10Bx </td> <td title="U+10B0: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER RAE">Ⴐ </td> <td title="U+10B1: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER SAN">Ⴑ </td> <td title="U+10B2: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER TAR">Ⴒ </td> <td title="U+10B3: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER UN">Ⴓ </td> <td title="U+10B4: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER PHAR">Ⴔ </td> <td title="U+10B5: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER KHAR">Ⴕ </td> <td title="U+10B6: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER GHAN">Ⴖ </td> <td title="U+10B7: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER QAR">Ⴗ </td> <td title="U+10B8: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER SHIN">Ⴘ </td> <td title="U+10B9: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHIN">Ⴙ </td> <td title="U+10BA: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CAN">Ⴚ </td> <td title="U+10BB: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER JIL">Ⴛ </td> <td title="U+10BC: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CIL">Ⴜ </td> <td title="U+10BD: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHAR">Ⴝ </td> <td title="U+10BE: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER XAN">Ⴞ </td> <td title="U+10BF: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER JHAN">Ⴟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10Cx </td> <td title="U+10C0: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HAE">Ⴠ </td> <td title="U+10C1: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HE">Ⴡ </td> <td title="U+10C2: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HIE">Ⴢ </td> <td title="U+10C3: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER WE">Ⴣ </td> <td title="U+10C4: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HAR">Ⴤ </td> <td title="U+10C5: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HOE">Ⴥ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10C7: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER YN">Ⴧ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10CD: GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER AEN">Ⴭ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10Dx </td> <td title="U+10D0: GEORGIAN LETTER AN">ა </td> <td title="U+10D1: GEORGIAN LETTER BAN">ბ </td> <td title="U+10D2: GEORGIAN LETTER GAN">გ </td> <td title="U+10D3: GEORGIAN LETTER DON">დ </td> <td title="U+10D4: GEORGIAN LETTER EN">ე </td> <td title="U+10D5: GEORGIAN LETTER VIN">ვ </td> <td title="U+10D6: GEORGIAN LETTER ZEN">ზ </td> <td title="U+10D7: GEORGIAN LETTER TAN">თ </td> <td title="U+10D8: GEORGIAN LETTER IN">ი </td> <td title="U+10D9: GEORGIAN LETTER KAN">კ </td> <td title="U+10DA: GEORGIAN LETTER LAS">ლ </td> <td title="U+10DB: GEORGIAN LETTER MAN">მ </td> <td title="U+10DC: GEORGIAN LETTER NAR">ნ </td> <td title="U+10DD: GEORGIAN LETTER ON">ო </td> <td title="U+10DE: GEORGIAN LETTER PAR">პ </td> <td title="U+10DF: GEORGIAN LETTER ZHAR">ჟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10Ex </td> <td title="U+10E0: GEORGIAN LETTER RAE">რ </td> <td title="U+10E1: GEORGIAN LETTER SAN">ს </td> <td title="U+10E2: GEORGIAN LETTER TAR">ტ </td> <td title="U+10E3: GEORGIAN LETTER UN">უ </td> <td title="U+10E4: GEORGIAN LETTER PHAR">ფ </td> <td title="U+10E5: GEORGIAN LETTER KHAR">ქ </td> <td title="U+10E6: GEORGIAN LETTER GHAN">ღ </td> <td title="U+10E7: GEORGIAN LETTER QAR">ყ </td> <td title="U+10E8: GEORGIAN LETTER SHIN">შ </td> <td title="U+10E9: GEORGIAN LETTER CHIN">ჩ </td> <td title="U+10EA: GEORGIAN LETTER CAN">ც </td> <td title="U+10EB: GEORGIAN LETTER JIL">ძ </td> <td title="U+10EC: GEORGIAN LETTER CIL">წ </td> <td title="U+10ED: GEORGIAN LETTER CHAR">ჭ </td> <td title="U+10EE: GEORGIAN LETTER XAN">ხ </td> <td title="U+10EF: GEORGIAN LETTER JHAN">ჯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10Fx </td> <td title="U+10F0: GEORGIAN LETTER HAE">ჰ </td> <td title="U+10F1: GEORGIAN LETTER HE">ჱ </td> <td title="U+10F2: GEORGIAN LETTER HIE">ჲ </td> <td title="U+10F3: GEORGIAN LETTER WE">ჳ </td> <td title="U+10F4: GEORGIAN LETTER HAR">ჴ </td> <td title="U+10F5: GEORGIAN LETTER HOE">ჵ </td> <td title="U+10F6: GEORGIAN LETTER FI">ჶ </td> <td title="U+10F7: GEORGIAN LETTER YN">ჷ </td> <td title="U+10F8: GEORGIAN LETTER ELIFI">ჸ </td> <td title="U+10F9: GEORGIAN LETTER TURNED GAN">ჹ </td> <td title="U+10FA: GEORGIAN LETTER AIN">ჺ </td> <td title="U+10FB: GEORGIAN PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR">჻ </td> <td title="U+10FC: MODIFIER LETTER GEORGIAN NAR">ჼ </td> <td title="U+10FD: GEORGIAN LETTER AEN">ჽ </td> <td title="U+10FE: GEORGIAN LETTER HARD SIGN">ჾ </td> <td title="U+10FF: GEORGIAN LETTER LABIAL SIGN">ჿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10A0_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U10A0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10A0_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U10A0_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Supplement" title="Georgian Supplement">Georgian Supplement</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U2D00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U2D00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U2D00_grey"><a href="#endnote_U2D00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2D00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+2D0x </td> <td title="U+2D00: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER AN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴀ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D01: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER BAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴁ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D02: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER GAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴂ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D03: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER DON"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴃ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D04: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER EN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴄ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D05: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER VIN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴅ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D06: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER ZEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴆ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D07: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER TAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴇ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D08: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER IN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴈ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D09: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER KAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴉ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D0A: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER LAS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴊ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D0B: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER MAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴋ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D0C: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER NAR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴌ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D0D: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER ON"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴍ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D0E: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER PAR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴎ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D0F: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER ZHAR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+2D1x </td> <td title="U+2D10: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER RAE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴐ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D11: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER SAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴑ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D12: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER TAR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴒ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D13: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER UN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴓ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D14: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER PHAR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴔ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D15: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER KHAR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴕ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D16: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER GHAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴖ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D17: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER QAR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴗ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D18: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER SHIN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴘ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D19: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CHIN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴙ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D1A: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴚ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D1B: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER JIL"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴛ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D1C: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CIL"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴜ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D1D: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CHAR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴝ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D1E: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER XAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴞ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D1F: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER JHAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴟ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+2D2x </td> <td title="U+2D20: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HAE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴠ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D21: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴡ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D22: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HIE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴢ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D23: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER WE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴣ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D24: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HAR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴤ</span> </td> <td title="U+2D25: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HOE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴥ</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+2D27: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER YN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴧ</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+2D2D: GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER AEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257034584"><span class="script-khutsuri">ⴭ</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U2D00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U2D00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U2D00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U2D00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Extended" title="Georgian Extended">Georgian Extended</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1C90_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1C90_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1C90_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1C90_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1C90.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1C9x </td> <td title="U+1C90: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER AN">Ა </td> <td title="U+1C91: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER BAN">Ბ </td> <td title="U+1C92: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER GAN">Გ </td> <td title="U+1C93: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER DON">Დ </td> <td title="U+1C94: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER EN">Ე </td> <td title="U+1C95: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER VIN">Ვ </td> <td title="U+1C96: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ZEN">Ზ </td> <td title="U+1C97: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER TAN">Თ </td> <td title="U+1C98: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER IN">Ი </td> <td title="U+1C99: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER KAN">Კ </td> <td title="U+1C9A: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER LAS">Ლ </td> <td title="U+1C9B: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER MAN">Მ </td> <td title="U+1C9C: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER NAR">Ნ </td> <td title="U+1C9D: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ON">Ო </td> <td title="U+1C9E: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER PAR">Პ </td> <td title="U+1C9F: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ZHAR">Ჟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1CAx </td> <td title="U+1CA0: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER RAE">Რ </td> <td title="U+1CA1: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER SAN">Ს </td> <td title="U+1CA2: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER TAR">Ტ </td> <td title="U+1CA3: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER UN">Უ </td> <td title="U+1CA4: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER PHAR">Ფ </td> <td title="U+1CA5: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER KHAR">Ქ </td> <td title="U+1CA6: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER GHAN">Ღ </td> <td title="U+1CA7: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER QAR">Ყ </td> <td title="U+1CA8: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER SHIN">Შ </td> <td title="U+1CA9: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CHIN">Ჩ </td> <td title="U+1CAA: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CAN">Ც </td> <td title="U+1CAB: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER JIL">Ძ </td> <td title="U+1CAC: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CIL">Წ </td> <td title="U+1CAD: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CHAR">Ჭ </td> <td title="U+1CAE: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER XAN">Ხ </td> <td title="U+1CAF: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER JHAN">Ჯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1CBx </td> <td title="U+1CB0: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HAE">Ჰ </td> <td title="U+1CB1: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HE">Ჱ </td> <td title="U+1CB2: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HIE">Ჲ </td> <td title="U+1CB3: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER WE">Ჳ </td> <td title="U+1CB4: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HAR">Ჴ </td> <td title="U+1CB5: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HOE">Ჵ </td> <td title="U+1CB6: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER FI">Ჶ </td> <td title="U+1CB7: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER YN">Ჷ </td> <td title="U+1CB8: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ELIFI">Ჸ </td> <td title="U+1CB9: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER TURNED GAN">Ჹ </td> <td title="U+1CBA: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER AIN">Ჺ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1CBD: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER AEN">Ჽ </td> <td title="U+1CBE: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HARD SIGN">Ჾ </td> <td title="U+1CBF: GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER LABIAL SIGN">Ჿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1C90_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1C90_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1C90_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1C90_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Unicode_encodings">Non-Unicode encodings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Non-Unicode encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Mac OS Georgian</a> is an unofficial<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What makes an encoding "unofficial"? We don't normally note the "officialness" of a company's products or technologies. (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael Everson</a> for Georgian on <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">extended ASCII</a> encoding, using the 128 code points from 0x80 through 0xFF to represent the characters of the Asomtavruli and Mkhedruli scripts plus a number of widely-used symbols not included in 7-bit ASCII.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGeorgian_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGeorgian-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_layouts">Keyboard layouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Keyboard layouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_keyboard_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian keyboard layout">Georgian keyboard layout</a></div> <p>Below is the standard Georgian-language keyboard layout, the traditional layout of manual <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>. </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark_glyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation mark glyphs">“</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark_glyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation mark glyphs">„</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)">1</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">!</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)">2</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">?</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/3_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (number)">3</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">№</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)">4</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">§</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/5_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 (number)">5</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">%</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/6_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 (number)">6</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)">7</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">.</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/8_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 (number)">8</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/9_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 (number)">9</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)">0</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">/</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">-</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">_</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">+</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">=</a> </td> <td width="96" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;"> <big>←</big><br /> <sup><a href="/wiki/Backspace" title="Backspace">Backspace</a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black;"> <sub><a href="/wiki/Tab_key" title="Tab key">Tab key</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ღ">ღ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ჯ">ჯ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="უ">უ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%99" class="mw-redirect" title="კ">კ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ე">ე</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ჱ">ჱ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ნ">ნ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%92" class="mw-redirect" title="გ">გ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="შ">შ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="წ">წ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ზ">ზ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ხ">ხ</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ჴ">ჴ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ც">ც</a></span> </td> <td width="72" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><small><a href="/wiki/Parentheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Parentheses">)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Parentheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Parentheses">(</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="84" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;border-left:1px solid black"> <sub><a href="/wiki/Caps_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Caps lock">Caps lock</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ფ">ფ</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ჶ">ჶ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ძ">ძ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ვ">ვ</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ჳ">ჳ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%97" class="mw-redirect" title="თ">თ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ა">ა</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="პ">პ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="რ">რ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ო">ო</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ლ">ლ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%93" class="mw-redirect" title="დ">დ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ჟ">ჟ</a></span> </td> <td width="109" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid gainsboro"><sub><a href="/wiki/Enter_key" title="Enter key">Enter key</a></sub> <br /><big>↵</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="100" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;border-left:1px solid black"> <sub><a href="/wiki/Shift_key" title="Shift key">Shift key</a></sub><br /> ↑ </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ჭ">ჭ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ჩ">ჩ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ყ">ყ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ს">ს</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="მ">მ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ი">ი</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ჲ">ჲ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ტ">ტ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ქ">ქ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ბ">ბ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ჰ">ჰ</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ჵ">ჵ</a> </td> <td width="142" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"> <sub><a href="/wiki/Shift_key" title="Shift key">Shift key</a></sub><br /> ↑ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;border-left:1px solid black"><sub> <a href="/wiki/Control_key" title="Control key">Control key</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub><a href="/wiki/Windows_key" title="Windows key">Win key</a></sub> </td> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub> <a href="/wiki/Alt_key" title="Alt key">Alt key</a></sub> </td> <td width="290" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub><a href="/wiki/Space_bar" title="Space bar">Space bar</a></sub> </td> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub> <a href="/wiki/AltGr_key" title="AltGr key">AltGr key</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub><a href="/wiki/Windows_key" title="Windows key">Win key</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub><a href="/wiki/Menu_key" title="Menu key">Menu key</a></sub> </td> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;"><sub> <a href="/wiki/Control_key" title="Control key">Control key</a></sub> </td> <td width="1" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"> <br />  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gallery of Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli scripts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_of_Asomtavruli">Gallery of Asomtavruli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gallery of Asomtavruli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 320.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 318.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Asomtavruli of the 6th and 7th centuries"><img alt="Asomtavruli of the 6th and 7th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98.png/478px-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98.png" decoding="async" width="319" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98.png/717px-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98.png/957px-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98.png 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asomtavruli of the 6th and 7th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barakoni2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asomtavruli at Barakoni"><img alt="Asomtavruli at Barakoni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Barakoni2.jpg/400px-Barakoni2.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Barakoni2.jpg/600px-Barakoni2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Barakoni2.jpg/800px-Barakoni2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asomtavruli at <a href="/wiki/Barakoni" title="Barakoni">Barakoni</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 344.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 342.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doliskana_Sumbat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doliskana inscriptions in Asomtavruli"><img alt="Doliskana inscriptions in Asomtavruli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Doliskana_Sumbat.jpg/514px-Doliskana_Sumbat.jpg" decoding="async" width="343" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Doliskana_Sumbat.jpg/771px-Doliskana_Sumbat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Doliskana_Sumbat.jpg/1028px-Doliskana_Sumbat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="1469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Doliskana_inscriptions" title="Doliskana inscriptions">Doliskana inscriptions</a> in Asomtavruli</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 408.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 406.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishkhani_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asomtavruli inscription at Ishkhani"><img alt="Asomtavruli inscription at Ishkhani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ishkhani_inscription.jpg/610px-Ishkhani_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="407" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ishkhani_inscription.jpg/915px-Ishkhani_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ishkhani_inscription.jpg/1220px-Ishkhani_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asomtavruli inscription at <a href="/wiki/Ishkhani" title="Ishkhani">Ishkhani</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_of_Nikortsminda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asomtavruli inscription at Nikortsminda Cathedral"><img alt="Asomtavruli inscription at Nikortsminda Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inscription_of_Nikortsminda.jpg/376px-Inscription_of_Nikortsminda.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inscription_of_Nikortsminda.jpg/564px-Inscription_of_Nikortsminda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Inscription_of_Nikortsminda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asomtavruli inscription at <a href="/wiki/Nikortsminda_Cathedral" title="Nikortsminda Cathedral">Nikortsminda Cathedral</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_of_Nuskhuri">Gallery of Nuskhuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gallery of Nuskhuri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuskhuri of 8th to 10th centuries"><img alt="Nuskhuri of 8th to 10th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2.jpg/199px-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2.jpg/299px-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2.jpg/399px-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nuskhuri of 8th to 10th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jruchi_MSS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuskhuri of Jruchi Gospels, 13th century"><img alt="Nuskhuri of Jruchi Gospels, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jruchi_MSS.jpg/226px-Jruchi_MSS.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jruchi_MSS.jpg/339px-Jruchi_MSS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jruchi_MSS.jpg/452px-Jruchi_MSS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nuskhuri of Jruchi Gospels, 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuskhuri of the 11th century"><img alt="Nuskhuri of the 11th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.png/460px-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.png" decoding="async" width="307" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.png 1.5x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nuskhuri of the 11th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mokvi_Bible_(Page).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuskhuri of Mokvi"><img alt="Nuskhuri of Mokvi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mokvi_Bible_%28Page%29.jpg/245px-Mokvi_Bible_%28Page%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mokvi_Bible_%28Page%29.jpg/368px-Mokvi_Bible_%28Page%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mokvi_Bible_%28Page%29.jpg/490px-Mokvi_Bible_%28Page%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nuskhuri of <a href="/wiki/Mokvi_Gospels" title="Mokvi Gospels">Mokvi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 326.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 324.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_Manuscript_Iadgari_of_Mikael_Modrekili.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuskhuri Iadgari of Mikael Modrekili, 10th century"><img alt="Nuskhuri Iadgari of Mikael Modrekili, 10th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Georgian_Manuscript_Iadgari_of_Mikael_Modrekili.jpg/487px-Georgian_Manuscript_Iadgari_of_Mikael_Modrekili.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Georgian_Manuscript_Iadgari_of_Mikael_Modrekili.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nuskhuri <a href="/wiki/Iadgari_of_Mikael_Modrekili" title="Iadgari of Mikael Modrekili">Iadgari of Mikael Modrekili</a>, 10th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ioane_sineli,_klemaqsi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuskhuri by Nikrai, 12th century"><img alt="Nuskhuri by Nikrai, 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ioane_sineli%2C_klemaqsi.png/252px-Ioane_sineli%2C_klemaqsi.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ioane_sineli%2C_klemaqsi.png/378px-Ioane_sineli%2C_klemaqsi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ioane_sineli%2C_klemaqsi.png/504px-Ioane_sineli%2C_klemaqsi.png 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nuskhuri by <a href="/wiki/Nikrai" title="Nikrai">Nikrai</a>, 12th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_of_Mkhedruli">Gallery of Mkhedruli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gallery of Mkhedruli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagrat_VI_royal_decree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mkhedruli royal charter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia"><img alt="Mkhedruli royal charter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bagrat_VI_royal_decree.jpg/271px-Bagrat_VI_royal_decree.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bagrat_VI_royal_decree.jpg/406px-Bagrat_VI_royal_decree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bagrat_VI_royal_decree.jpg/542px-Bagrat_VI_royal_decree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mkhedruli royal charter of King <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat IV of Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1072_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_II-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mkhedruli royal charter of King George II of Georgia"><img alt="Mkhedruli royal charter of King George II of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1072_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_II-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg/218px-1072_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_II-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1072_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_II-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg/327px-1072_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_II-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1072_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_II-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg/435px-1072_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_II-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mkhedruli royal charter of King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia" title="George II of Georgia">George II of Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mkhedruli royal charter of King David IV of Georgia"><img alt="Mkhedruli royal charter of King David IV of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg/280px-%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg/420px-%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg/560px-%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_autograph_of_georgian_king_David_IV_aghmashenebeli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mkhedruli royal charter of King <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David IV of Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_III-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_1170_%E1%83%AC..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mkhedruli royal charter of King George III of Georgia"><img alt="Mkhedruli royal charter of King George III of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_III-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_1170_%E1%83%AC..jpg/196px-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_III-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_1170_%E1%83%AC..jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_III-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_1170_%E1%83%AC..jpg/294px-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_III-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_1170_%E1%83%AC..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_III-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_1170_%E1%83%AC..jpg/392px-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_III-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_1170_%E1%83%AC..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mkhedruli royal charter of King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III of Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1202_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98,_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mkhedruli royal charter of Queen Tamar of Georgia"><img alt="Mkhedruli royal charter of Queen Tamar of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1202_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%2C_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/1202_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%2C_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mkhedruli royal charter of Queen <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1222_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mkhedruli royal charter of King George IV of Georgia"><img alt="Mkhedruli royal charter of King George IV of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1222_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90.jpg/218px-1222_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1222_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90.jpg/327px-1222_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1222_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90.jpg/436px-1222_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98._%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mkhedruli royal charter of King <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV of Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_V_of_Georgia_charter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mkhedruli royal charter of King George V of Georgia"><img alt="Mkhedruli royal charter of King George V of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/George_V_of_Georgia_charter.jpg/300px-George_V_of_Georgia_charter.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/George_V_of_Georgia_charter.jpg/450px-George_V_of_Georgia_charter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/George_V_of_Georgia_charter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mkhedruli royal charter of King <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Georgia" title="George V of Georgia">George V of Georgia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oldest found Georgian inscription so far.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2024)">as of?</span></a></i>]</sup> Exact date of introduction is unclear.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-400sam-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-400sam_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-400sam_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ჳ and უ have the same numeric value (400)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-addit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-addit_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unicode Standard, V. 6.3. U10A0, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanidze2000444-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanidze2000444_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanidze2000444_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShanidze2000">Shanidze 2000</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lig1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lig1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lig1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lig1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lig1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lig1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lig1_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lig1_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeibt2011" class="citation web cs1">Seibt, Werner (8 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1355678">"The Creation of the Caucasian Alphabets as Phenomenon of Cultural History"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+the+Caucasian+Alphabets+as+Phenomenon+of+Cultural+History&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft.aulast=Seibt&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1355678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011329-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011329_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachavariani2011">Machavariani 2011</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHüningVoglMoliner2012299-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHüningVoglMoliner2012299_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHüningVoglMoliner2012">Hüning, Vogl & Moliner 2012</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agenda.ge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agenda.ge_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agenda.ge/news/31109/eng">"Georgian alphabet granted cultural heritage status"</a>. <i>Agenda.ge</i>. 10 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201015102/http://agenda.ge/news/31109/eng">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agenda.ge&rft.atitle=Georgian+alphabet+granted+cultural+heritage+status&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fnews%2F31109%2Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco.org-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco.org_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/living-culture-of-three-writing-systems-of-the-georgian-alphabet-01205">"Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet"</a>. <i>Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</i>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203175412/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/living-culture-of-three-writing-systems-of-the-georgian-alphabet-01205">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Representative+List+of+the+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+of+Humanity&rft.atitle=Living+culture+of+three+writing+systems+of+the+Georgian+alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Fen%2FRL%2Fliving-culture-of-three-writing-systems-of-the-georgian-alphabet-01205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt19954_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewitt1995">Hewitt 1995</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2010230-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2010230_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2010">West 2010</a>, p. 230: Archaeological work in the last decade has confirmed that a Georgian alphabet did exist very early in Georgia's history, with the first examples being dated from the <b>fifth century</b> C.E.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp200319-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp200319_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2003">Rapp 2003</a>, p. 19: footnote 43: "The date of the supposed grave marker is hopelessly circumstantial ... I cannot support Chilashvili's dubious hypothesis."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2013_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2013">Rayfield 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2010139-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp2010139_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp2010139_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2010">Rapp 2010</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp200638-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp200638_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2006">Rapp 2006</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemertelidze1999228--15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemertelidze1999228-_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemertelidze1999228-_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKemertelidze1999">Kemertelidze 1999</a>, pp. 228-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mashtots-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mashtots_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoryun1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koryun" class="mw-redirect" title="Koryun">Koryun</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianhouse.org/koryun/mashtots-en.html"><i>The life of Mashtots</i></a>. Translated by Norehad, Bedros. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114022/http://armenianhouse.org/koryun/mashtots-en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2018</span> – via armenianhouse.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Mashtots&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Koryun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianhouse.org%2Fkoryun%2Fmashtots-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201319-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201319_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2013">Rayfield 2013</a>, p. 19: "The Georgian alphabet seems unlikely to have a pre-Christian origin, for the major archaeological monument of the 1st century 4IX the bilingual Armazi gravestone commemorating Serafua, daughter of the Georgian viceroy of Mtskheta, is inscribed in Greek and Aramaic only. It has been believed, and not only in Armenia, that all the Caucasian alphabets — Armenian, Georgian and Caucaso-Albanian — were invented in the 4th century by the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots.<...> The Georgian chronicles The Life of Kartli – assert that a Georgian script was invented two centuries before Christ, an assertion unsupported by archaeology. There is a possibility that the Georgians, like many minor nations of the area, wrote in a foreign language — Persian, Aramaic, or Greek — and translated back as they read."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersockBrownGrabar1999289-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowersockBrownGrabar1999289_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowersockBrownGrabar1999">Bowersock, Brown & Grabar 1999</a>, p. 289: Alphabets. "Mastoc' was a charismatic visionary who accomplished his task at a time when Armenia stood in danger of losing both its national identity, through partition, and its newly acquired Christian faith, through Sassanian pressure and reversion to paganism. By preaching in Armenian, he was able to undermine and co-opt the discourse founded in native tradition, and to create a counterweight against both Byzantine and Syriac cultural hegemony in the church. Mastoc' also created the Georgian and Caucasian-Albanian alphabets, based on the Armenian model."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharian1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hrachia_Acharian" title="Hrachia Acharian">Acharian, Hrachia</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serials.flib.sci.am/Founders/Hayoc%20grer-%20Acharyan/book/index.html#page/185/mode/1up"><i>Հայոց գրերը</i></a> [<i>The Armenian Script</i>]. Հայագիտական հետազոտությունների մատենաշար (in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. p. 181. <bdi lang="hy">Կասկածել Կորյունի վրա՝ նշանակում է առհասարակ ուրանալ պատմությունը։</bdi> [To doubt Koryun['s account] means to deny history itself.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%81+%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.series=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Hayastan+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Acharian&rft.aufirst=Hrachia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fserials.flib.sci.am%2FFounders%2FHayoc%2520grer-%2520Acharyan%2Fbook%2Findex.html%23page%2F185%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharian1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hrachia_Acharian" title="Hrachia Acharian">Acharian, Hrachia</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haygirk.nla.am/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=7946"><i>Հայոց գրերը</i></a> [<i>The Armenian Script</i>]. Հայագիտական հետազոտությունների մատենաշար (in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serials.flib.sci.am/Founders/Hayoc%20grer-%20Acharyan/book/index.html#page/394/mode/2up">391</a>. <bdi lang="hy">408 ... հնարում է վրաց գրերը</bdi></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%81+%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.series=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Hayastan+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Acharian&rft.aufirst=Hrachia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaygirk.nla.am%2Fcgi-bin%2Fkoha%2Fopac-detail.pl%3Fbiblionumber%3D7946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1996xxii–xxiii-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1996xxii–xxiii_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1996">Thomson 1996</a>, pp. xxii–xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2003450-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp2003450_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2003">Rapp 2003</a>, p. 450: "There is also the claim advanced by Koriwn in his saintly biography of Mashtoc' (Mesrop) that the Georgian script had been invented at the direction of Mashtoc'. Yet it is within the realm of possibility that this tradition, repeated by many later Armenian historians, may not have been part of the original fifth-century text at all but added after 607. Significantly, all of the extant MSS containing The Life of Mashtoc* were copied centuries after the split. Consequently, scribal manipulation reflecting post-schism (especially anti-Georgian) attitudes potentially contaminates all MSS copied after that time. It is therefore conceivable, though not yet proven, that valuable information about Georgia transmitted by pre-schism Armenian texts was excised by later, post-schism individuals."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreppin1981449–456-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreppin1981449–456_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreppin1981">Greppin 1981</a>, pp. 449–456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2012299-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2012299_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2012">Haarmann 2012</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1996367-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1996367_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1996367_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniels1996">Daniels 1996</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011177-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011177_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachavariani2011">Machavariani 2011</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ქსე, ტ. 7, თბ., 1984, გვ. 651–652</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">შანიძე ა., ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია, ტ. 2, გვ. 454–455, თბ., 1977 წელი</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">კ. დანელია, ზ. სარჯველაძე, ქართული პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1997, გვ. 218–219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ე. მაჭავარიანი, მწიგნობრობაჲ ქართული, თბილისი, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">პ. ინგოროყვა, "შოთა რუსთაველი", "მნათობი", 1966, No. 3, გვ. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011121–122-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011121–122_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachavariani2011">Machavariani 2011</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">რ. პატარიძე, ქართული ასომთავრული, თბილისი, 1980, გვ. 151, 260–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, ქართული დამწერლობათა-მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1949, 185–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ე. მაჭავარიანი, ქართული ანბანი, თბილისი, 1977, გვ. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ელენე მაჭავარიანი, ენციკლოპედია "ქართული ენა", თბილისი, 2008, გვ. 403–404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ვ. სილოგავა, ენციკლოპედია "ქართული ენა", თბილისი, 2008, გვ. 269–271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, ქართული დამწერლობათა-მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1949, 124–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011120-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011120_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachavariani2011">Machavariani 2011</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011129-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachavariani2011129_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachavariani2011">Machavariani 2011</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, ქართული დამწერლობათა-მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1949, 127–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013105-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013105_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMchedlidze2013">Mchedlidze 2013</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">კ. დანელია, ზ. სარჯველაძე, ქართული პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1997, გვ. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">გ. აბრამიშვილი, ატენის სიონის უცნობი წარწერები, "მაცნე" (ისტ. და არქეოლოგ. სერია), 1976, No. c2, გვ. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">კ. დანელია, ზ. სარჯველაძე, ქართული პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1997, გვ. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ე. მაჭავარიანი, ქართული ანბანი, თბილისი, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013107-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMchedlidze2013107_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMchedlidze2013">Mchedlidze 2013</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calligraphy-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-calligraphy_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514143310/http://calligraphy-expo.com/eng/Personalities/Participants/Lasha_Kintsurashvili/Article.aspx?ItemID=54">"Lasha Kintsurashvili: About Georgian calligraphy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calligraphy-expo.com/eng/Personalities/Participants/Lasha_Kintsurashvili/Article.aspx?ItemID=54">the original</a> on 14 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lasha+Kintsurashvili%3A+About+Georgian+calligraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalligraphy-expo.com%2Feng%2FPersonalities%2FParticipants%2FLasha_Kintsurashvili%2FArticle.aspx%3FItemID%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam2003249-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillam2003249_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillam2003">Gillam 2003</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Georgian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saqinform.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1039:2010-10-11-11-41-17&catid=110:religia1&Itemid=514#axzz2pFKm92n7">ილია მეორე ერს ქართული ენის დაცვისკენ კიდევ ერთხელ მოუწოდებს</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083729/http://saqinform.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1039:2010-10-11-11-41-17&catid=110:religia1&Itemid=514#axzz2pFKm92n7">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> საქინფორმ.გე</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakanishi199022-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakanishi199022_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakanishi1990">Nakanishi 1990</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGugushvili1937324-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGugushvili1937324_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGugushvili1937">Gugushvili 1937</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode_Mtavruli_proposal-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_Mtavruli_proposal_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_Mtavruli_proposal_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonGujejianiRazmadze2016" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Gujejiani, Nika; Razmadze, Akaki (24 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16034-n4707-georgian.pdf">"Proposal for the addition of Georgian characters to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode Technical Committee Document Registry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911160814/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16034-n4707-georgian.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Bats+alphabet%2C+pronunciation+and+language&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft.aulast=Ager&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fbatsbi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omni_Osse-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omni_Osse_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omni_Osse_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAger2021" class="citation web cs1">Ager, Simon (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm">"Ossetian language, alphabet and pronunciation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Omniglot" title="Omniglot">Omniglot</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427181051/https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Г Магомедов p.150, Дагестанский гос. университет, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010144–145-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010144–145_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnwall2010">Enwall 2010</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010137-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010137_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnwall2010">Enwall 2010</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffen2013" class="citation book cs1">Steffen, James (31 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbDxAAAAQBAJ&dq=azerbaijani+in+georgian+script&pg=PA119"><i>The Cinema of Sergei Parajanov</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Pres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-29653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-29653-7"><bdi>978-0-299-29653-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+of+Sergei+Parajanov&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Pres&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0-299-29653-7&rft.aulast=Steffen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRbDxAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dazerbaijani%2Bin%2Bgeorgian%2Bscript%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010137–138-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnwall2010137–138_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnwall2010">Enwall 2010</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bpgfonts.wordpress.com/2009/01/31/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98/">უნიკოდში ქართულის ასახვის ისტორია (History of the Georgian Unicode)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309182256/http://bpgfonts.wordpress.com/2009/01/31/%e1%83%a3%e1%83%9c%e1%83%98%e1%83%99%e1%83%9d%e1%83%93%e1%83%a8%e1%83%98-%e1%83%a5%e1%83%90%e1%83%a0%e1%83%97%e1%83%a3%e1%83%9a%e1%83%98%e1%83%a1-%e1%83%90%e1%83%a1%e1%83%90%e1%83%ae%e1%83%95%e1%83%98/">Archived</a> 2014-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Georgian Unicode fonts by BPG-InfoTech</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/fonts.html">Font Contributors Acknowledgements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322185646/http://www.unicode.org/charts/fonts.html">Archived</a> 2018-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Unicode</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Georgian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rustavi2.com/ka/news/36915">საქართველოში საინტერნეტო მისამართები მხედრული ანბანით დაიწერება</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122090830/http://rustavi2.com/ka/news/36915">Archived</a> 2016-01-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Rustavi_2" title="Rustavi 2">Rustavi 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/">"Unicode 11.0.0"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 5 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180606184010/https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+11.0.0&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode11.0.0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpgfonts.wordpress.com/2016/02/24/mtavruli-for-perfection/">"Mtavruli for Perfect Bicameral Fonts"</a>. <i>BPG Georgian Fonts</i>. 24 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185734/https://bpgfonts.wordpress.com/2016/02/24/mtavruli-for-perfection/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BPG+Georgian+Fonts&rft.atitle=Mtavruli+for+Perfect+Bicameral+Fonts&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbpgfonts.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F02%2F24%2Fmtavruli-for-perfection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-11.0/U110-1C90.pdf">"The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 - U110-1C90.pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508184254/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-11.0/U110-1C90.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+11.0+-+U110-1C90.pdf&rft.pub=Unicode.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUnicode-11.0%2FU110-1C90.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonGujejianiVakhtangishviliRazmadze2017" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Gujejiani, Nika; Vakhtangishvili, Giorgi; Razmadze, Akaki (24 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17199-n4827-mtavruli.pdf">"Action plan for the complete representation of Mtavruli characters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode Technical Committee Document Registry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615001129/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17199-n4827-mtavruli.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode+Technical+Committee+Document+Registry&rft.atitle=Action+plan+for+the+complete+representation+of+Mtavruli+characters&rft.date=2017-06-24&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Gujejiani%2C+Nika&rft.au=Vakhtangishvili%2C+Giorgi&rft.au=Razmadze%2C+Akaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2017%2F17199-n4827-mtavruli.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch07.pdf">"7: Europe-I: Modern and Liturgical Scripts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Unicode Standard Version 11.0 – Core Specification</i>. Unicode Consortium. 5 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+Europe-I%3A+Modern+and+Liturgical+Scripts&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard+Version+11.0+%E2%80%93+Core+Specification&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode11.0.0%2Fch07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGeorgian-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacGeorgian_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2002" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael (20 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/mappings/mac/GEORGIAN.TXT">"Mac OS Georgian to Unicode table"</a>. <i>Evertype</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evertype&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+Georgian+to+Unicode+table&rft.date=2002-02-20&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fstandards%2Fmappings%2Fmac%2FGEORGIAN.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson1990" class="citation book cs1">Aronson, Howard Isaac (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RtkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Georgian: A Reading Grammar</i></a>. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-207-5"><bdi>978-0-89357-207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgian%3A+A+Reading+Grammar&rft.place=Columbus%2C+OH&rft.pub=Slavica+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-89357-207-5&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Howard+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RtkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowersockBrownGrabar1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glen_Warren_Bowersock" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Warren Bowersock">Bowersock, Glen Warren</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Robert_Lamont_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Robert Lamont Brown">Brown, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Grabar, Oleg</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA289"><i>Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-51173-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-51173-6"><bdi>978-0-674-51173-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Postclassical+World&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-51173-6&rft.aulast=Bowersock&rft.aufirst=Glen+Warren&rft.au=Brown%2C+Peter&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc788wWR_bLwC%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA367"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DospMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnwall2010" class="citation book cs1">Enwall, Joakim (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtW6cox7CIUC&pg=PA137">"Turkish texts in Georgian script: Sociolinguistic and ethno-linguistic aspects"</a>. In Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian (eds.). <i>Turcology in Mainz</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06113-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06113-1"><bdi>978-3-447-06113-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkish+texts+in+Georgian+script%3A+Sociolinguistic+and+ethno-linguistic+aspects&rft.btitle=Turcology+in+Mainz&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06113-1&rft.aulast=Enwall&rft.aufirst=Joakim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXtW6cox7CIUC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2009" class="citation book cs1">George, Julie A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ULFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104"><i>The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10232-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10232-3"><bdi>978-0-230-10232-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Ethnic+Separatism+in+Russia+and+Georgia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10232-3&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Julie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ULFAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillam2003" class="citation book cs1">Gillam, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wn5sXG8bEAcC"><i>Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard</i></a>. Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-70052-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-70052-7"><bdi>978-0-201-70052-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unicode+Demystified%3A+A+Practical+Programmer%27s+Guide+to+the+Encoding+Standard&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-201-70052-7&rft.aulast=Gillam&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwn5sXG8bEAcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreppin1981" class="citation journal cs1">Greppin, John A.C. (1981). 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In Matthias Hüning; Ulrike Vogl; Olivier Moliner (eds.). <i>Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0055-6"><bdi>978-90-272-0055-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Conflict+and+standardisation+in+the+Caucasus&rft.btitle=Standard+Languages+and+Multilingualism+in+European+History&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-272-0055-6&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZqBCTDxqcgC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1995" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, B. G. 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John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3802-3"><bdi>978-90-272-3802-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgian%3A+A+Structural+Reference+Grammar&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3802-3&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUBtUcqOF-AC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHüningVoglMoliner2012" class="citation book cs1">Hüning, Matthias; Vogl, Ulrike; Moliner, Olivier (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZqBCTDxqcgC&pg=PA299"><i>Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0055-6"><bdi>978-90-272-0055-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Languages+and+Multilingualism+in+European+History&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-272-0055-6&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCning&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Vogl%2C+Ulrike&rft.au=Moliner%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZqBCTDxqcgC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatznerMiller2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Katzner" title="Kenneth Katzner">Katzner, Kenneth</a>; Miller, Kirk (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm8LFegafGIC&pg=PA118"><i>The Languages of the World</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-53288-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-53288-9"><bdi>978-1-134-53288-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-53288-9&rft.aulast=Katzner&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Miller%2C+Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLm8LFegafGIC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemertelidze1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kemertelidze, Nino (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWdCAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA228">"The Origin of Kartuli (Georgian) Writing (Alphabet)"</a>. 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(June 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMchedlidze2013" class="citation book cs1">Mchedlidze, T. (2013). <i>The restored Georgian alphabet</i>. 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(June 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_Encyclopedia1901" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morfill, W. R. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/chamberssency05lond#page/164/mode/2up">"Georgia"</a>. <i>Chambers's encyclopaedia; a dictionary of universal knowledge</i>. Vol. 5 (New ed.). London: W. & R. 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Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1654-0"><bdi>978-0-8048-1654-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems+of+the+World&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-1654-0&rft.aulast=Nakanishi&rft.aufirst=Akira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXVCo7lwPZB0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaoliniCholokashvili1629" class="citation book cs1">Paolini, Stefano; <a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Cholokashvili" title="Nikoloz Cholokashvili">Cholokashvili, Nikoloz</a> (1629). <a href="/wiki/Dittionario_giorgiano_e_italiano" title="Dittionario giorgiano e italiano"><i>Dittionario giorgiano e italiano</i></a>. 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Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1318-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1318-9"><bdi>978-90-429-1318-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+medieval+Georgian+historiography%3A+early+texts+and+Eurasian+contexts&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1318-9&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHIwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2006" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, Stephen H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15210385">"Recovering the Pre-National Caucasian Landscape"</a>. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA139">"Georgian Christianity"</a>. In Parry, Ken (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-3361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Georgian+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWp9JA3aBvcC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Rayfield, Donald</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmBcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>The Literature of Georgia: A History</i></a>. RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1163-5"><bdi>978-0-7007-1163-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Georgia%3A+A+History&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1163-5&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmBcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanidze2000" class="citation book cs1">Shanidze, Mzekala (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqxnjTKaQvQC&pg=PA444">"Greek influence in Georgian linguistics"</a>. In Sylvain Auroux (ed.). <i>History of the Language Sciences / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften / Histoire des sciences du language</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019400-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019400-5"><bdi>978-3-11-019400-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+influence+in+Georgian+linguistics&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Language+Sciences+%2F+Geschichte+der+Sprachwissenschaften+%2F+Histoire+des+sciences+du+language&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019400-5&rft.aulast=Shanidze&rft.aufirst=Mzekala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqxnjTKaQvQC%26pg%3DPA444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanidze2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Akaki_Shanidze" title="Akaki Shanidze">Shanidze, Akaki</a> (2003). <i>ქართული ენა</i> [<i>The Georgian Language</i>] (in Georgian). <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1440-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1440-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-1440-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1440-6&rft.aulast=Shanidze&rft.aufirst=Akaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanidze1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akaki_Shanidze" title="Akaki Shanidze">Shanidze, Akaki</a> (1973). <i>The Basics of the Georgian language grammar</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basics+of+the+Georgian+language+grammar&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Shanidze&rft.aufirst=Akaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Robert W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mehoAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR22"><i>Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles : the Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian Adaptation</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826373-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826373-9"><bdi>978-0-19-826373-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rewriting+Caucasian+History%3A+The+Medieval+Armenian+Adaptation+of+the+Georgian+Chronicles+%3A+the+Original+Georgian+Texts+and+the+Armenian+Adaptation&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826373-9&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmehoAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2010" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA230"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ol><li>Barnaveli, T. <i>Inscriptions of Ateni Sioni</i> Tbilisi, 1977</li> <li>Gamkrelidze, T. <i>Writing system and the old Georgian script</i> Tbilisi, 1989</li> <li>Javakhishvili, I. <i>Georgian palaeography</i> Tbilisi, 1949</li> <li>Kilanawa, B. <i>Georgian script in the writing systems</i> Tbilisi, 1990</li> <li>Khurtsilava, B. The Georgian asomtavruli alphabet and its authors: Bakur and Gri Ormizd, Tbilisi, 2009</li> <li>Pataridze, R. <i>Georgian Asomtavruli</i> Tbilisi, 1980</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShostedChikovani2006" class="citation cs2">Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>36</b> (2): 255–264, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002659">10.1017/S0025100306002659</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Georgian&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-264&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002659&rft.aulast=Shosted&rft.aufirst=Ryan+K.&rft.au=Chikovani%2C+Vakhtang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_scripts&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georgian_scripts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Georgian scripts">Georgian scripts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/georgian2.htm">Gallery of Mkhedruli</a>, Omniglot page on Mkhedruli which shows some stylistic variations mentioned above</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3vILjL-QO4"><span class="plainlinks">Georgian alphabet animation</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Science_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia">Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia</a>. Gives the sound of each letter, illustrates several fonts, and shows the stroke order of each letter.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514143310/http://calligraphy-expo.com/eng/Personalities/Participants/Lasha_Kintsurashvili/Article.aspx?ItemID=54">Lasha Kintsurashvili</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407234557/http://calligraphy-expo.com/eng/Personalities/Participants/Levan_Chaganava/Biography.aspx?ItemID=98">Levan Chaganava</a>, submissions to the 2014 International Exhibition of Calligraphy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_georgian.pdf">Reference grammar of Georgian by Howard Aronson (SEELRC, Duke University)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10A0.pdf">"Unicode Code Chart (10A0–10FF) for Georgian scripts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Code+Chart+%2810A0%E2%80%9310FF%29+for+Georgian+scripts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU10A0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(105 KB)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Georgian.pdf">"Transliteration of Georgian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transliteration+of+Georgian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransliteration.eki.ee%2Fpdf%2FGeorgian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+scripts" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(105 KB)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgian_language" title="Template:Georgian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgian_language" title="Template talk:Georgian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screeve" title="Screeve">Screeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_conjugation" title="Georgian conjugation">Verb paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg/320px-%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_keyboard" title="Georgian keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Romanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_(Unicode_block)" title="Georgian (Unicode block)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Supplement" title="Georgian Supplement">Georgian Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Extended" title="Georgian Extended">Georgian Extended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Mac OS Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian_language" title="Proto-Kartvelian language">Proto-Kartvelian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Georgian%E2%80%93Zan_language" title="Proto-Georgian–Zan language">Proto-Georgian–Zan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjaran_dialect" title="Adjaran dialect">Adjaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ani_(letter)" title="Ani (letter)">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_(letter)" title="Bani (letter)">Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gani_(letter)" title="Gani (letter)">Gani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doni_(letter)" title="Doni (letter)">Doni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni_(letter)" title="Eni (letter)">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vini_(letter)" title="Vini (letter)">Vini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeni_(letter)" title="Zeni (letter)">Zeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(Georgian_letter)" title="He (Georgian letter)">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tani_(letter)" title="Tani (letter)">Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(Georgian_letter)" title="Ini (Georgian letter)">Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27ani" title="K'ani">K'ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasi_(letter)" title="Lasi (letter)">Lasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(letter)" title="Mani (letter)">Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari_(letter)" title="Nari (letter)">Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ie_(letter)" title="Ie (letter)">Ie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni_(letter)" title="Oni (letter)">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27ari" title="P'ari">P'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhani" title="Zhani">Zhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae_(letter)" title="Rae (letter)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_(letter)" title="Sani (letter)">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27ari" title="T'ari">T'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_(letter)" title="Vie (letter)">Vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_(letter)" title="Uni (letter)">Uni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_(letter)" title="Pari (letter)">Pari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kani_(letter)" title="Kani (letter)">Kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghani_(letter)" title="Ghani (letter)">Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%27ari" title="Q'ari">Q'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shini" title="Shini">Shini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chini_(letter)" title="Chini (letter)">Chini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsani" title="Tsani">Tsani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzili" title="Dzili">Dzili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%27ili" title="Ts'ili">Ts'ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ari" title="Ch'ari">Ch'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khani_(letter)" title="Khani (letter)">Khani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khari_(letter)" title="Khari (letter)">Khari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jani_(letter)" title="Jani (letter)">Jani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hae_(letter)" title="Hae (letter)">Hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(letter)" title="Hoe (letter)">Hoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi_(letter)" title="Fi (letter)">Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wikipedia" title="Georgian Wikipedia">Georgian Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/941066/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="gruzínské písmo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph744976&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000265762&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000265757&P_CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007466756005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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