CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "theguardian.newspapers.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e73dd180930406a',cH: 'SJJe7BaPS6uGkNdsNvaeBbadKty8Wfs6v8zhSp1B2Ak-1732393265-1.2.1.1-Ymf6DtA9253kklm7Mw0njUub37j68e12K2EqXkxp_4FcBnBKQ0piaaeDTIxSX1Gx',cUPMDTk: "\/?__cf_chl_tk=_9DYU99CakixtZFeX0YRm4R7IYtTvx96mhQfX_sf2zQ-1732393265-1.0.1.1-Lf4koxVW_yhU7j1nT2uobsDRI023n91Xv.LWK8RfcsQ",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732393265',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=_9DYU99CakixtZFeX0YRm4R7IYtTvx96mhQfX_sf2zQ-1732393265-1.0.1.1-Lf4koxVW_yhU7j1nT2uobsDRI023n91Xv.LWK8RfcsQ",md: "EDdqWo9jpz4qoftJXNkSgGjqTD5BaRCh6PbmU7AlQPA-1732393265-1.2.1.1-boWiMbwZn0SbxvlI8bSqQ8y7Ve58IQ3LiHTcQdrf29u_cUlmmxkACzZacHs45_luSWhiFLIw._6n3zKrQxA_4HpnFA5.rDheQMbhSgZlPz4ecSKCOSVNzcDmC3yWNP2b_KQnZbfPiLWLHFJMkqrCfmnMMA9fSW0dYKrnqKanS1wDCqPtuI.aSM._Lddb52srDUZ4k63uPTT49ojimL33ftZFsKs48YPZm0Hu6WXep9.Kra.eyLb0MZatznlxdrelQjoeOEvSOjkGtKXK4dOm6FaNSuY92bOx8DhtmDcYb0.2_Ip420EAC5h4qZaVRcJFgs9XimTDANM9Hekjezu4DJmLR_KNc7FiOx1NOgOFHDFaxbOSrajbs6DQ1jM5.U8McJQGWibbk7B7MaOsHBd3INhUhCxkev.hZPQ4kOIO7URoqlq.ELKvJF0_xMVSCv1EaekLoMlH_Nc01.xI015SWWL9Vp9zACujfYVcvUN7Hfau09ZogLnw7m22l_VBV8BPAq8hqB1HyK91N7D2VJWwx8N5Y3B.4h6qRFp_LiY_wve1_6XDBy6sEJi4IeA4cvQmZb._Q9vFseAeJMzEuPXthRqq4_p_pogu6g1Fg_jbFNIvdhdY3QuxUhqfoB5LexdChLHLnfZUwh6EJHLSmrNQhfl7WAWE4OB5r1Nl9SWCb8YE2U0H.s7MRdZE4Xa64uoJNbeBIm57Ul_nGjRZg7vLoBOyL0nhvDUhm8ZVRJBdOjq53LCT1vZH7SecsuRhPqSAcZf5SP44UEjnyQP5Ku3cPvG6uh8feY403ZwON6xGSjBarUHUNRPEFSgFlcEAfTWh7E5EnCQCZYeDWR7mRAQW6_6b2LI2ZE4SIDeEGGB3ipvAjIvxStRvB_Nf85_HUrckQuUpwfhyn0d9rPAECqKj8ZFpB8YYgwdpSXKq9WHesYkSHYTHawL1FHMGUu37ql5g_EDK6Ept5y_3ba5xsYjyO.PNFYhXPtzHlgz5fmCCGHdUE87SUTEL_lKsbvFeCf2CS2hy5dPr152AxSYkO37qZwXFF5i4Z8PvHkF1NR0REhapKUpH3k1ZMjXdbw09iUNEalgsVsAxuAc0Vo0QDi3D10exKxNSkC6RzXt8r5tXbvd05RfObl.dunjpm3bOfocOf3DNXEAe7zRaA5gwEhCZAmcAb4Lh5rudNiFU6Kznk9NUrf79C1iR_eJoDr1D6FG3ixFeppxOyV0SdNVc4Nivkqej8zkp5eyotykk7C2AuDbHEVhDpM2v.6WOeRD6HnfS6_xHjp9rvqfw6j0IhUpGmyWb9UMscpRrnyEPRkSQU1Z1b0IUaAN2iaQK9SvL4pTpHY.lO_UNEjIOOT5i6prJQSZy_S.jr3cAbdOtJYGCo14Tj6lfJupJWiciHtWiohcqwnSbsI_rwJtEfA78_JXKWohhej0MVDSpwloZisUzwn.WVIhN7OvNbbYYVXHgAm3lNGzY5ckTr9gvCbViCupDo_.sqpAS0V6RAsHp4_jllkb8nXZ2pPj_LnbQFoua8zIPDj1OVm_.IuJAmrAxKdbz4H44a71yaEN2Nmkl3abFf.pcDazMSvwSOvxQtU35SQua91ECEylZKBaF_s0uybffFDXDEkDZgkbAqxQ1aXZk45Ag8D._XXWdnKhhupqEteGkmaLWeBUqk6oLAfB7F.HzuvFVg_JhISRCDR8WZ9CRxSijyNukn8V5kF_grqBK72ypYOd1RonMu9GAwn5zg_qjyJTVgaGrsI8zCM9vAdiTNpE35elmyy3F9YPbHtm_uvJZcxSHA3NE4OAFsCZ419xIEjlMr6MnsCVhz3ULw4hMt27Jj5M3P9OVQhG_7M8O6WGwJA5aDvN86.TixBnWFFvcLxrZO4BhLgzE58PP1VLXbZO8PZ1Y460pg26mhxTjJrgN1fu4edBcYhWST_7RRWH0XmfEdJlohbuK7B75jqBb1UaXrB43nBjNaA54ZfrMwsVpp1o3_OBy.1CbqUjuEDjeYc1Ax48DXZhNwnvPx9DNjJuv2Lg3Cd2Y610XyUe65uirMP6aKMef5X81Zq_v7696P_vX3ew6c1WlsfGhTjE29HkcfWbvpcgk7BjQgbLmv8qPJmpqo8v7OWmZH5Ag1KPExygzH3nZiCsCNgrYWSB7CGHQhjndEUVXQG_TYTMkWMMxf4iy36soeK0HvIcMI7z03.UO3T8aW3hQEHiCJhxh3IS8RdTw.O3leJ2vcO8.HXCJybD3uxVUC2.fDE.nRdR2JoQ7HWTOX4reTo_L5VBmyMKVGiJd_YVAIZAnFyG6eLNUXQ0fv39oN9Os81mdfLIz84n9zixUKc2ojzEqblZgJ0x.tQYclusXLW1yR9WnyiGK4Xzh_WTqpjE4yKQkqw1cSERNA4OCmidSZ8R2AF0L12sTB6sdCkPSjwLy5sVM1L4IwfQ_kQ6gmzN96Xf9jskRHGUZX1GfmncZmvth.GwwIL4ztugd.mJisEwR.nXBANWlp3GAY00UW3780LXd.RyHb2GcbpYE3Jl9CGReSwEF8ywZqfBN.e0uWbpre_sCuL15osXkz4Bqupas.mbbOF4qNgbg5DJ5oz1y1hA7EzNmztCpNkfJLda2FzYlypbEVESxiHHeoY_XVXR2JoJMVP08wvXbsisRgHq6i9VFQVkj4tN4UvPkIbDxTnQRIsiITSc.N9HhTpCG37bmpTu1PAmq1Ow2it4xUQZTi1vE2h3gVvEKMK6nc4X3yahF7NnEvKVgQ2SpRn.7u7gHuoBh0VW_cL_z31iRKGhLF6kVPNj5mSbOCClJgpEd_XZsqW1FKWWbPAaUzGE2wuyUQ5.ZcbKXaEPlU4fVHf9JsmonW28_FxsRJq6Bpju7tpHFBb4sqqtgtq1lcbqat4cwmz47X_eYUQ",mdrd: "tv07C4brR8r..ZiCwIDunpw2fem4o12LS.Xp8bQwemg-1732393265-1.2.1.1-INvnPNFtjOVyMqi0uqF01rXwtd30qjHy7J_5xQPySSWfvm9nEvjqS7eP9t1ipYShJVl4vRnKUm.lw18QilwGBs8YZYL.kCPGnYHZ.JMgoHH93yGcBmj5A94IUD.nwqjeZ03IXQIFFwbsG.oLuS5gO.h774N44qtj57HHk4Cq1zBjz69_l4cx6W4.zJ8RBxPgyhk0yP1nkiQEq9i5Fp6OOP1XLNL0EJk.LL4PaStgZ.p27tovtr.Hly8Iee35QwqyLiaT9PGYliJEQv6v8oS9f1b6.oYBV8n83B36WdXzMYT6XSSr8O4O1bIzFWjmwq35dwPNG7XtuMZAVNFEtKoA6OGJza7MocaGUxnBGQkVCPeOXSOvUAGXmF98fwL1tjHE7OrEbMs4XHfnndof_gsvH15jaHKnvK3b4LzcQdkM8tE37LikSvW2kVGu4H0y1Ja6es4cLvumSlnENiImYDugevnRriq5fMVZ7G0r5wQr.YfKPxKaggUFSMAwwzKUSlZq9McDXMp4no0mqP1HVhivTBxN7cioPpt7W7Ry_tG4ttPMhiYGwNq1UKgF8X5GkctmjXTG0glYZ52.m.abyER.xPPyIT6xbrlrZFxJBwY6lNOJ7Q6iMC02iSW.RVT303vIf4YcgJybjiTQb6PuuP79W.Uj5yZ3DUs6zRsvO7dSLudJt1q8_OQFdqkszUq3pmpKK51FJEMkF7nQL.u2UjweP8yCNhFtSjGPZsjmwQq8FAX57sqoAoc15psTYTMmHU6wUVnK4EUpve3GTyu6T3DThZDnoH8b4j5DbfYO72Qu6.BaVXGzrCC.6wt9yYpc22NvdjMXIR4lYf1uRzooMfV0TI3Rahx4D7Ax174JxzRmQcRWhHmStEjeO7kIqPEI7RIr.PEy4fYvF_xWoVh7Yx7AJzWEkMX1fqd2HfQyrrC3bCsYnrhuE6IOWvtEiYPdUY5KOkEUx1pZZmB4Tv3BtOatyWUQeiJffAZaf_qQibXuARK5YCC0AvGCnw8_9PKekAf6R6K0RfdDNdtA3LBbuHxTwjPDNAZA1x4IU5DC6B2igHWDFRN3CaLyY71veEZZb_EIgmyeEOhIaX7k8otVXrRtVRVdKAp0N_BKHiZRU6RJdww0tiLK_1gdJjSJZXDgfIHLOy7yNdvnkKf_.4pFgLaP_2B_OP_Smv19l2AYugVRQDhGxlP3s4F5LuinMd23im2.Zq1sLM3NJ1ywAOkzaaAyXM4MIUSLgeL8QcFbUlIklnrJd0cWmF02.zmZxGdf4BYbDnRIB7FhVovxrvXbxMPgkQ8hC5canJhjNuf0xwPLWXpm5qEcn.pZjCFUshdcL9B.xvTYw_jWjrui8VVq3vOs31zBCQ1oWr2cq5_qAS19kGlTrZo4ANQMFza1ZUIDmScz_pd22f.JLuY6o7zjYjAjjVJlOTwU4lfZjZM0LnIxyBFMCTdKFOVTrYHf04D0W.uxurAjtEDWK02i4iiUPL4EgJgKQSATrjZ57kH8AzWHVO6uA8vA6DLy_jsoNXIV1vGPYVdwM01VouPWBqfAgZwF3dJMjXavsNGkztxff2zyD90ESWJOm2UdrASJYmnaXfltyyg3ph3L4VC5tnEAqIrnEvhh0XGJdUgxB0XnMmLKAfGgLO_xBMqxks0lRt2ybMWhPGuMYAD28ASZLIX5T3H.2zo9AHM7_WHriSRl09FLuKAHAqrpquYwkjM0oOO2JeMAf8cXylqPU4reKafLKL6gXVhNNC7OmKEYvrGKnvWqVhW1ud23hv8T4__9GN5kxiXjLpjAuUeD0i3vuuh3vC8GcEaNY8oRv4xLq9hWszdeNuAsbaSbg0lKMdrt5Qz45hrm6LhAUEkKlvBc4D_s6LariSIeT7OVKQiv76raweUoJWcMNRDKcsrcJXoyteVJcc94nAu8uHp9Rei245cX14iRx45Akiuf5C6M.mlWshO.ddaxh9VtlkqvlhgSpUw6yhDIZ9u3Nn.J9KCe1lJN.XD5nA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e73dd180930406a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=_9DYU99CakixtZFeX0YRm4R7IYtTvx96mhQfX_sf2zQ-1732393265-1.0.1.1-Lf4koxVW_yhU7j1nT2uobsDRI023n91Xv.LWK8RfcsQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>