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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="الآباء المؤسسون للاتحاد الأوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الآباء المؤسسون للاتحاد الأوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_fundadors_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Europea" title="Pares fundadors de la Unió Europea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pares fundadors de la Unió Europea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderv%C3%A4ter_der_Europ%C3%A4ischen_Union" title="Gründerväter der Europäischen Union – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gründerväter der Europäischen Union" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopa_Liidu_rajajad" title="Euroopa Liidu rajajad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euroopa Liidu rajajad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padres_fundadores_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Padres fundadores de la Unión Europea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Padres fundadores de la Unión Europea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8res_de_l%27Europe" title="Pères de l'Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pères de l'Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%9D%98_%EC%B0%BD%EB%A6%BD%EC%9E%90" title="유럽 연합의 창립자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 연합의 창립자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonderi_dil_Europana_Uniono" title="Fonderi dil Europana Uniono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fonderi dil Europana Uniono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapak_Pendiri_Uni_Eropa" title="Bapak Pendiri Uni Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bapak Pendiri Uni Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padri_fondatori_dell%27Unione_europea" title="Padri fondatori dell'Unione europea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Padri fondatori dell'Unione europea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="الآباء المؤسسين للاتحاد الاوروبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الآباء المؤسسين للاتحاد الاوروبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E3%81%AE%E7%88%B6" title="欧州連合の父 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州連合の父" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnleggerne_av_EU" title="Grunnleggerne av EU – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grunnleggerne av EU" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojcowie_integracji_europejskiej" title="Ojcowie integracji europejskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ojcowie integracji europejskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%86%D1%8B-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Отцы-основатели Европейского союза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отцы-основатели Европейского союза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeiska_unionens_pionj%C3%A4rer" title="Europeiska unionens pionjärer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europeiska unionens pionjärer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Батьки-засновники Європейського Союзу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Батьки-засновники Європейського Союзу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E4%B9%8B%E7%88%B6" title="歐盟之父 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐盟之父" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Category:History of the European Union">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the<br />European Union</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/120px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/180px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/240px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Pre-1948 ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">2004–present</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Organisation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1958–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1952–2002)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1958–1993)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1958–present)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community#European_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1993–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters">Justice and Home Affairs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1993–2003)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters">Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (2003–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> pillar</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1993–2009)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1954–2011)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1948–1954)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1951</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Commission" title="Hallstein Commission">Hallstein Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rey_Commission" title="Rey Commission">Rey Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malfatti_Commission" title="Malfatti Commission">Malfatti Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mansholt_Commission" title="Mansholt Commission">Mansholt Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1972</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ortoli_Commission" title="Ortoli Commission">Ortoli Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(EU)" title="Jenkins Commission (EU)">Jenkins Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thorn_Commission" title="Thorn Commission">Thorn Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delors_Commission" title="Delors Commission">Delors Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">Santer Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1994</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prodi_Commission" title="Prodi Commission">Prodi Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Juncker_Commission" title="Juncker Commission">Juncker Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Von der Leyen Commission</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2019</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History of the euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">History of defence integration</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">History of enlargement</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">List of presidents</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of founders</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:History of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:History of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>founding fathers of the European Union</b> are men who are considered to be major contributors to <a href="/wiki/European_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="European unity">European unity</a> and the development of what is now the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The number and list of the founding fathers of the EU varies depending on the source. In a publication from 2013 the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> listed 11 men. All but one (<a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> from the United Kingdom) were from the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">Inner Six</a> of the European Union. </p><p>Some sources list only a subset of the 11 men as founding fathers. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> lists 6 founding fathers as <i>builders of Europe</i>, including the Briton <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media outlet <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> presented a different constellation, it listed <a href="/wiki/Richard_Coudenhove-Kalergi" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a> as the 5 founding fathers of the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources have emphasized <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> of Italy and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> of France as the founding fathers from the <a href="/wiki/EU_three" title="EU three">three pioneers</a> countries of the European unification.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European Union listed 11 people as its founding fathers<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a publication from 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Picture </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004,_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/80px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> </td> <td>First chancellor of West Germany, Adenauer attempted to restore relations with France during his term in office between 1949 and 1963. He was instrumental in bringing about the 1963 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">Élysée Treaty</a> between the two countries. He signed a treaty of friendship with France. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Bech_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Joseph_Bech_%28detail%29.jpg/80px-Joseph_Bech_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Joseph_Bech_%28detail%29.jpg/120px-Joseph_Bech_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Joseph_Bech_%28detail%29.jpg/160px-Joseph_Bech_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="2634" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td>As Prime Minister of Luxembourg, Bech was actively involved in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux Customs Union</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>. Played an important role in preparing the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Messina_Conference" title="Messina Conference">Messina Conference</a> which paved the way for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> in 1958. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Beyen_1955_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Johan_Beyen_1955_%281%29.jpg/80px-Johan_Beyen_1955_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Johan_Beyen_1955_%281%29.jpg/120px-Johan_Beyen_1955_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Johan_Beyen_1955_%281%29.jpg/160px-Johan_Beyen_1955_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="715" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Beyen" title="Johan Beyen">Johan Beyen</a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>Dutch foreign minister and one of the principal architects of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Market">common market</a> after 1955. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_cph.3b12010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Winston_Churchill_cph.3b12010.jpg/80px-Winston_Churchill_cph.3b12010.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Winston_Churchill_cph.3b12010.jpg/120px-Winston_Churchill_cph.3b12010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Winston_Churchill_cph.3b12010.jpg/160px-Winston_Churchill_cph.3b12010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>British prime minister during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Churchill called for a "United States of Europe", organised democratically, to prevent future wars in Europe. He was a driving force behind the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/80px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/120px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/160px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="672" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>First prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a> and a skilled mediator creating rapprochement between European states, involved in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004665-0003,_Walter_Hallstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004665-0003%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg/80px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004665-0003%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004665-0003%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004665-0003%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004665-0003%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004665-0003%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> </td> <td>German academic and diplomat who served as the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s first president at the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and played a notable role in creating the <a href="/wiki/Common_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Common market">common market</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicco_Mansholt_1974_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sicco_Mansholt_1974_%281%29.jpg/80px-Sicco_Mansholt_1974_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sicco_Mansholt_1974_%281%29.jpg/120px-Sicco_Mansholt_1974_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sicco_Mansholt_1974_%281%29.jpg/160px-Sicco_Mansholt_1974_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicco_Mansholt" title="Sicco Mansholt">Sicco Mansholt</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>A farmer and member of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Resistance">Dutch Resistance</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> where he witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch famine of 1944">Dutch famine of 1944</a>, Mansholt's ideas on the need for European self-sufficiency in food formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Monnet_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jean_Monnet_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Jean_Monnet_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jean_Monnet_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Jean_Monnet_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jean_Monnet_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Jean_Monnet_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>A political and economic advisor, Monnet helped to create the <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> of 1950, a milestone Franco-German rapprochement after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, and promoted international industrial cooperation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453,_Robert_Schuman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg/80px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-2453%2C_Robert_Schuman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="795" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>As French foreign minister between 1948 and 1952, Schuman was responsible for the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a>) which agreed to place France and Germany's production of coal and steel under a single international authority, a key milestone towards the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>. Upon retiring the European Parliament bestowed him the title of Father of Europe<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-39998-0427,_Paul-Henri_Spaak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-39998-0427%2C_Paul-Henri_Spaak.jpg/80px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-39998-0427%2C_Paul-Henri_Spaak.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-39998-0427%2C_Paul-Henri_Spaak.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-39998-0427%2C_Paul-Henri_Spaak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-39998-0427%2C_Paul-Henri_Spaak.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-39998-0427%2C_Paul-Henri_Spaak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>A Belgian prime minister involved in the negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux Customs Union</a> in 1944 and later appointed to leading roles in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> in the 1950s and 1960s. He played an important role in creating the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> which led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altiero_Spinelli2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Altiero_Spinelli2.jpg/80px-Altiero_Spinelli2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Altiero_Spinelli2.jpg/120px-Altiero_Spinelli2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Altiero_Spinelli2.jpg/160px-Altiero_Spinelli2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>A left-wing and progressivist politician and convinced federalist, Spinelli was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and instrumental in the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Ventotene_Manifesto" title="Ventotene Manifesto">Ventotene Manifesto</a>. He remained an influential federalist and was author of the 1984 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinelli_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinelli Plan (page does not exist)">Spinelli Plan</a>, beginning a process which would culminate in the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other sources discuss fewer names.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relabeling_as_'EU_pioneers'_and_the_inclusion_of_women"><span id="Relabeling_as_.27EU_pioneers.27_and_the_inclusion_of_women"></span>Relabeling as 'EU pioneers' and the inclusion of women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relabeling as 'EU pioneers' and the inclusion of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commentators have pointed out that the founding fathers were all men. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ada Rossi (page does not exist)">Ada Rossi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Rossi" class="extiw" title="it:Ada Rossi">it</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Hirschmann" title="Ursula Hirschmann">Ursula Hirschmann</a> among other women, played a central role in the dissemination of the ideas of a federal Europe of <a href="/wiki/Ventotene_Manifesto" title="Ventotene Manifesto">Ventotene Manifesto</a>, their role remains largely unacknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A clause of equality between men and women has been introduced in the Treaty of Rome for economic reasons because of concerns of <a href="/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">dumping</a> by countries that used low paid women labour.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a new publication from 2021, the European Union listed 21 people labelled <i>EU pioneers</i>, in which 8 women names have been added to the list of the 11 founding fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who were added to the list of <i>EU pioneers</i>, including the 8 women, are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Picture </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Lindh_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Anna_Lindh_2002.jpg/80px-Anna_Lindh_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Anna_Lindh_2002.jpg/120px-Anna_Lindh_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Anna_Lindh_2002.jpg/160px-Anna_Lindh_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1625" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lindh" title="Anna Lindh">Anna Lindh</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>Minister of the Environment and of Foreign Affairs, member of Swedish parliament and cabinet member when Sweden headed the Council of the European Union who was killed in office. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg/80px-President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg/120px-President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg/160px-President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="2919" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterand" class="mw-redirect" title="François Mitterand">François Mitterand</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>Social democratic and longest-serving President of France during the end of the Cold War and the creation of the European Union. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmut_Kohl_(1996)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Helmut_Kohl_%281996%29_cropped.jpg/80px-Helmut_Kohl_%281996%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Helmut_Kohl_%281996%29_cropped.jpg/120px-Helmut_Kohl_%281996%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Helmut_Kohl_%281996%29_cropped.jpg/160px-Helmut_Kohl_%281996%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2898" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>Christian democratic politician and longest-serving head of government of Germany besides Bismarck who served as Chancellor of West Germany and of reunified Germany during the fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of the Cold War and the creation of the European Union. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Weiss_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Louise_Weiss_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="86" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louise_Weiss" title="Louise Weiss">Louise Weiss</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>Suffragette and Gaullist politician who served as MEP in the first elected European Parliament. The main Parliament building in Strasbourg bears her name. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klomp%C3%A9,_dr._Marga_A._M._-_SFA001011541.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Klomp%C3%A9%2C_dr._Marga_A._M._-_SFA001011541.jpg/80px-Klomp%C3%A9%2C_dr._Marga_A._M._-_SFA001011541.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Klomp%C3%A9%2C_dr._Marga_A._M._-_SFA001011541.jpg/120px-Klomp%C3%A9%2C_dr._Marga_A._M._-_SFA001011541.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Klomp%C3%A9%2C_dr._Marga_A._M._-_SFA001011541.jpg/160px-Klomp%C3%A9%2C_dr._Marga_A._M._-_SFA001011541.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="731" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marga_Klomp%C3%A9" title="Marga Klompé">Marga Klompé</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>Chemist and christian democratic politician who was the first female government minister in the Netherlands and also member of the European Coal and Steel Community Parliament. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melina_Mercouri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Melina_Mercouri.JPG/80px-Melina_Mercouri.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Melina_Mercouri.JPG/120px-Melina_Mercouri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Melina_Mercouri.JPG/160px-Melina_Mercouri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melina_Mercouri" title="Melina Mercouri">Melina Mercouri</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>Award-winning actress and social democratic politician who served as the Greek Minister of Culture and Sports, helped establish the European Capitals of Culture and won a special prize in the first edition of the Europe Theatre Prize. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Nicole_Fontaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Official_portrait_of_Nicole_Fontaine.jpg/80px-Official_portrait_of_Nicole_Fontaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Official_portrait_of_Nicole_Fontaine.jpg/120px-Official_portrait_of_Nicole_Fontaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Official_portrait_of_Nicole_Fontaine.jpg/160px-Official_portrait_of_Nicole_Fontaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3445" data-file-height="4615" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Fontaine" title="Nicole Fontaine">Nicole Fontaine</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>MEP for over 20 years and President of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2001. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilde_Iotti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nilde_Iotti.png/80px-Nilde_Iotti.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nilde_Iotti.png/120px-Nilde_Iotti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nilde_Iotti.png/160px-Nilde_Iotti.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="552" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>Communist politician, first woman and longest-serving president of the Italian Chamber of Deputies. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Simone_Veil_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Official_portrait_of_Simone_Veil_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Official_portrait_of_Simone_Veil_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Official_portrait_of_Simone_Veil_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Official_portrait_of_Simone_Veil_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Official_portrait_of_Simone_Veil_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Official_portrait_of_Simone_Veil_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="4733" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>French magistrate, Holocaust survivor, and politician who served as the first President of the elected European Parliament from 1979 to 1982. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursula_Hirschmann.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ursula_Hirschmann.jpeg/80px-Ursula_Hirschmann.jpeg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ursula_Hirschmann.jpeg/120px-Ursula_Hirschmann.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ursula_Hirschmann.jpeg/160px-Ursula_Hirschmann.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="192" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Hirschmann" title="Ursula Hirschmann">Ursula Hirschmann</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>Anti-fascist activist and an advocate of European federalism. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposals_and_Rome">Proposals and Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proposals and Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Count <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> (1894–1972) published the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Paneuropa">Paneuropa</a> manifesto in 1923 which set up the movement of that name. At the start of the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> (1886–1963), based on a plan by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> (1888–1979), called for a <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> in his "<a href="/wiki/Schuman_declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuman declaration">Schuman declaration</a>". Monnet went on to become the first President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">High Authority</a>. Schuman later served as President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and became notable for advancing <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following its creation, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> established the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>. Although not all the people who signed the treaty are known as founding fathers, a number are, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a> (1899–1972), who also worked on the treaty as well as the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> union and was the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other founding fathers who signed the treaty were <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1876–1967) of Germany<sup id="cite_ref-EU_AVS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_AVS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a> (1887–1975) of Luxembourg.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Others">Others</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further men who have been considered founding fathers are: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> (1805–1872) who founded the association "<a href="/wiki/Young_Europe" title="Young Europe">Young Europe</a>" in 1834 with the vision of a united continent;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> (1802–1885) who made a speech where he called for <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a> in 1849 at the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Congress" title="International Peace Congress">International Peace Congress</a> of Paris; <a href="/wiki/Milan_Hod%C5%BEa" title="Milan Hodža">Milan Hodža</a> (1878–1944) who was famous for his attempts to establish a democratic federation of Central European states (book: <i>Federation in central Europe, reflections and reminiscences</i>); <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> (1925–2023), who was a successful Commission President in the 1980s and 90s; <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Natali" title="Lorenzo Natali">Lorenzo Natali</a> (1922–1989); <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a> (1920–2016); <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a> (1924–2017), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Prime Minister">Portuguese Prime Minister</a> at the time Portugal acceded the EC and also a 'founding father of democratic Portugal';<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Pierre Werner</a> (1913–2002) a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Luxembourg">Prime Minister of Luxembourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EU_AVS_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_AVS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some have considered <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> as an influential force in developing the European Union. His <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">namesake plan to rebuild Europe</a> in the wake of World War II contributed more than $100 billion in today's<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> dollars to the Europeans, helping to feed Europeans, deliver steel to rebuild industries, provide coal to warm homes, and construct dams to help provide power. In doing so, the Marshall Plan encouraged the integration of European powers into the European Coal and Steel Community, the precursor to present-day European Union, by illustrating the effects of economic integration and the need for coordination. The potency of the Marshall Plan caused former German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> to remark in 1997 that "America should not forget that the development of the European Union is one of its greatest achievements. Without the Marshall Plan it perhaps would never have come to that."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819110032/https://www.coe.int/en/web/about-us/founding-fathers">"Founding fathers"</a>. <i>Council of Europe Portal</i>. 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/about-us/founding-fathers#{%227040945%22:%5b5%5d}">the original</a> on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span> – via Wayback Machine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe+Portal&rft.atitle=Founding+fathers&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fabout-us%2Ffounding-fathers%23%7B%25227040945%2522%3A%5B5%5D%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DW_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DW_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolters2007" class="citation news cs1">Wolters, Christiane (23 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/founding-fathers-europeans-behind-the-union/a-2397555">"Founding Fathers: Europeans Behind the Union"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819111121/https://www.dw.com/en/founding-fathers-europeans-behind-the-union/a-2397555">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Founding+Fathers%3A+Europeans+Behind+the+Union&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft.aulast=Wolters&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ffounding-fathers-europeans-behind-the-union%2Fa-2397555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLala2011" class="citation book cs1">Lala, R. M. (1 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WhrhCwAAQBAJ&q=De+gasperi,+monnet,+Adenauer+friends&pg=PT109"><i>In Search of Ethical Leadership</i></a>. Vision Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170949695" title="Special:BookSources/9788170949695"><bdi>9788170949695</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Ethical+Leadership&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft.isbn=9788170949695&rft.aulast=Lala&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWhrhCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DDe%2Bgasperi%2C%2Bmonnet%2C%2BAdenauer%2Bfriends%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105032350/https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/founding-fathers_en">"The Founding Fathers of the EU"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/founding-fathers_en">the original</a> on 2016-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Fathers+of+the+EU&rft.pub=European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Feuropean-union%2Fabout-eu%2Fhistory%2Ffounding-fathers_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublications_Office_of_the_European_Union2013" class="citation book cs1">Publications Office of the European Union (31 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/68bdd08f-bc32-4cf3-b714-fe6237052617"><i>The founding fathers of the EU</i></a>. Publications Office. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2775%2F98747">10.2775/98747</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789279286957" title="Special:BookSources/9789279286957"><bdi>9789279286957</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818210641/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/68bdd08f-bc32-4cf3-b714-fe6237052617">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span> – via Wayback Machine. <q>From resistance fighters to lawyers, the founding fathers were a diverse group of people who held the same ideals: a peaceful, united and prosperous Europe. This collection tells the story behind 11 of the EU's founding fathers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+founding+fathers+of+the+EU&rft.pub=Publications+Office&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2775%2F98747&rft.isbn=9789279286957&rft.au=Publications+Office+of+the+European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fop.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpublication-detail%2F-%2Fpublication%2F68bdd08f-bc32-4cf3-b714-fe6237052617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/eu-pioneers-robert-schuman_en.pdf">"Robert Schuman: the architect of the European integration project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Union. 26 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902192826/https://european-union.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/eu-pioneers-robert-schuman_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on Sep 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Schuman%3A+the+architect+of+the+European+integration+project&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-union.europa.eu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2021-06%2Feu-pioneers-robert-schuman_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmetsRyckewaer2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smets, Paul F.; Ryckewaer, Mathieu, eds. (2001). <i>Les pères de l'Europe: 50 ans après : perspectives sur l'engagement européen : actes du Colloque international des 19 et 20 mai 2000, Bruxelles, Palais d'Egmont Bibliothèque de la Fondation Paul-Henri Spaak</i> [<i>The Founding Fathers of Europe: 50 Years on: Perspectives on European Integration: Proceedings of the International Symposium on 19 and 20 May 2000, Brussels, Egmont Palace Library, Paul-Henri Spaak Foundation</i>] (in French). with the support and cooperation of the <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak_Foundation" title="Paul-Henri Spaak Foundation">Paul-Henri Spaak Foundation</a>. Emile Bruylant. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782802714439" title="Special:BookSources/9782802714439"><bdi>9782802714439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+p%C3%A8res+de+l%27Europe%3A+50+ans+apr%C3%A8s+%3A+perspectives+sur+l%27engagement+europ%C3%A9en+%3A+actes+du+Colloque+international+des+19+et+20+mai+2000%2C+Bruxelles%2C+Palais+d%27Egmont+Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+la+Fondation+Paul-Henri+Spaak&rft.pub=Emile+Bruylant&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782802714439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossuat2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bossuat, G. (2001). <i>Les Fondateurs de l'Europe Unie</i> [<i>The Founders of European Unity</i>] (in French). Belin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-270112962-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-270112962-4"><bdi>978-270112962-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Fondateurs+de+l%27Europe+Unie&rft.pub=Belin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-270112962-4&rft.aulast=Bossuat&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerri2023" class="citation news cs1">Ferri, Antonia (4 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/the-women-of-ventotene/">"Women of Ventotene"</a>. <i>Green European Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Women+of+Ventotene&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greeneuropeanjournal.eu%2Fthe-women-of-ventotene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2009" class="citation news cs1">Rankin, Jennifer (12 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/so-what-did-the-eu-ever-do-for-gender-equality/">"So what did the EU ever do for gender equality?"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=So+what+did+the+EU+ever+do+for+gender+equality%3F&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fso-what-did-the-eu-ever-do-for-gender-equality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Union2021" class="citation book cs1">European Union (30 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/history-eu/eu-pioneers_en"><i>EU pioneers</i></a>. Publications Office. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2775%2F57796">10.2775/57796</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789276107941" title="Special:BookSources/9789276107941"><bdi>9789276107941</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818212417/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9382341f-53e6-11ec-91ac-01aa75ed71a1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span> – via Wayback Machine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EU+pioneers&rft.pub=Publications+Office&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2775%2F57796&rft.isbn=9789276107941&rft.au=European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-union.europa.eu%2Fprinciples-countries-history%2Fhistory-eu%2Feu-pioneers_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU_AVS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU_AVS_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_AVS_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/photo/photo_archives_result_en.cfm?id=&mark=PRO,PERE">"European Audio Visual Service - Founding Fathers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Audio+Visual+Service+-+Founding+Fathers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Favservices%2Fphoto%2Fphoto_archives_result_en.cfm%3Fid%3D%26mark%3DPRO%2CPERE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont,_PatrickHirsh,_Mario2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dumont, Patrick; Hirsh, Mario (2003). "Luxembourg". <i>European Journal of Political Research</i>. <b>42</b> (7–8): 1021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0304-4130.2003.00129.x">10.1111/j.0304-4130.2003.00129.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Luxembourg&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=1021&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0304-4130.2003.00129.x&rft.au=Dumont%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Hirsh%2C+Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith,_Denis1994" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mazzini00mack_0"><i>Mazzini</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mazzini00mack_0/page/11">11–12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300058840" title="Special:BookSources/9780300058840"><bdi>9780300058840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mazzini&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780300058840&rft.au=Mack+Smith%2C+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmazzini00mack_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusa/The_Herald_News" class="citation web cs1">Lusa/The Herald News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.heraldnews.com/story/news/local/ojornal/2018/02/01/ex-president-m-rio-soares/15356987007/">"Ex-president Mário Soares 'one of fathers' of EU, says European Parliament VP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_News" title="The Herald News">The Herald News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ex-president+M%C3%A1rio+Soares+%27one+of+fathers%27+of+EU%2C+says+European+Parliament+VP&rft.pub=The+Herald+News&rft.au=Lusa%2FThe+Herald+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.heraldnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fojornal%2F2018%2F02%2F01%2Fex-president-m-rio-soares%2F15356987007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt, Helmut</a> (1997-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/1997/24/zukunft.txt.19970606.xml/komplettansicht">"Helmut Schmidt über den Marshallplan und die europäische Einheit: Mit voller Kraft ins nächste Jahrhundert"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>. <q>Und Amerika sollte nicht vergessen, daß die Entstehung der Europäischen Union eine seiner größten Leistungen ist. Ohne den Marshallplan wäre es vielleicht nie dazu gekommen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helmut+Schmidt+%C3%BCber+den+Marshallplan+und+die+europ%C3%A4ische+Einheit%3A+Mit+voller+Kraft+ins+n%C3%A4chste+Jahrhundert&rft.pub=Die+Zeit&rft.date=1997-06-06&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F1997%2F24%2Fzukunft.txt.19970606.xml%2Fkomplettansicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocker1997" class="citation web cs1">Blocker, Joel (1997-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html">"Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Witness the recent words of former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt: 'The United States ought not to forget that the emerging European Union is one of its greatest achievements: it would never have happened without the Marshall Plan.' [The "vielleicht" in the original quote is missing in this translation.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Europe%3A+How+The+Marshall+Plan+Took+Western+Europe+From+Ruins+To+Union&rft.date=1997-05-09&rft.aulast=Blocker&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1084818.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+fathers+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(first-level NUTS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />international-law<br />EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union"><i>Official Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax" title="European Union value added tax">VAT Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign <br />relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Current agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Europe" title="Telephone numbers in Europe">Telephone numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union-related_lists" title="Category:European Union-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_the_European_Union" title="List of books on the European Union">Books on the subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_directives" title="List of European Union directives">Directives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest cities by population within city limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_political_parties_in_Europe_by_pancontinental_organisation" title="Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation">National parties by affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">Presidents of the institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">Terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">Urban areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European Union">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union" title="Category:European Union">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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