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Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="مناخ ألبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناخ ألبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F_iqlimi" title="Dağ iqlimi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dağ iqlimi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Планински климат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планински климат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_de_muntanya" title="Clima de muntanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clima de muntanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αλπικό κλίμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλπικό κλίμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_alpino" title="Clima alpino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clima alpino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpa_klimato" title="Alpa klimato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alpa klimato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendialdeko_klima" title="Mendialdeko klima – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendialdeko klima" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="اقلیم آلپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقلیم آلپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climat_alpin" title="Climat alpin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Climat alpin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_de_monta%C3%B1a" title="Clima de montaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clima de montaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%82%B0_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84" title="고산 기후 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고산 기후" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin_Alpine" title="Yanayin Alpine – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yanayin Alpine" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Ցուրտ լեռնային կլիմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցուրտ լեռնային կլիմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planinska_klima" title="Planinska klima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Planinska klima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim_alpin" title="Iklim alpin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iklim alpin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_alpino" title="Clima alpino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clima alpino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אקלים אלפיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקלים אלפיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Альпілік белдеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альпілік белдеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тоо климаты – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тоо климаты" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_alpinum" title="Clima alpinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clima alpinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinis_klimatas" title="Alpinis klimatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alpinis klimatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegyvid%C3%A9ki_%C3%A9ghajlat" title="Hegyvidéki éghajlat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegyvidéki éghajlat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планинска клима – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Планинска клима" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim_alp" title="Iklim alp – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iklim alp" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooggebergteklimaat" title="Hooggebergteklimaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hooggebergteklimaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="लेकाली हावापानी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेकाली हावापानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99" title="高山気候 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高山気候" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpint_klima" title="Alpint klima – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alpint klima" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpint_klima" title="Alpint klima – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alpint klima" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_montanh%C3%B2l" title="Clima montanhòl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clima montanhòl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimat_g%C3%B3rski" title="Klimat górski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klimat górski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_alpino" title="Clima alpino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clima alpino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climat_alpin" title="Climat alpin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Climat alpin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Альпийский климат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альпийский климат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima_malore" title="Klima malore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klima malore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alpine climate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планинска клима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Планинска клима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planinska_klima" title="Planinska klima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Planinska klima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergsklimat" title="Bergsklimat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bergsklimat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அல்பைன் தட்பவெப்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்பைன் தட்பவெப்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F_iklimi" title="Dağ iklimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dağ iklimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Альпійський клімат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альпійський клімат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%DA%AF%D9%89%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%83%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ئېگىز تاغ كىلىماتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېگىز تاغ كىلىماتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_h%E1%BA%ADu_n%C3%BAi_cao" title="Khí hậu núi cao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the climate of the mountains named the "Alps", see <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Alps" title="Climate of the Alps">Climate of the Alps</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Mountain_CA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/White_Mountain_CA.JPG/220px-White_Mountain_CA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/White_Mountain_CA.JPG/330px-White_Mountain_CA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/White_Mountain_CA.JPG/440px-White_Mountain_CA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Peak" title="White Mountain Peak">White Mountain</a>, an alpine environment at 4,300 metres (14,000 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Alpine climate</b> is the typical <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> for elevations above the <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a>, where trees fail to grow due to cold. This climate is also referred to as a <b>mountain climate</b> or <b>highland climate</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_climate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are multiple definitions of alpine climate. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, the alpine and mountain climates are part of group <i>E</i>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar climate</a>, where no month has a mean <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> higher than 10 °C (50 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Holdridge_life_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Holdridge life zone">Holdridge life zone</a> system, there are two mountain climates which prevent tree growth : </p><p>a) the alpine climate, which occurs when the mean <a href="/wiki/Biotemperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotemperature">biotemperature</a> of a location is between 1.5 and 3 °C (34.7 and 37.4 °F). The alpine climate in Holdridge system is roughly equivalent to the warmest <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> climates (ET) in the Köppen system. </p><p>b) the alvar climate, the coldest mountain climate since the biotemperature is between 0 °C and 1.5 °C (biotemperature can never be below 0 °C). It corresponds more or less to the coldest tundra climates and to the <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">ice cap climates</a> (EF) as well. </p><p>Holdrige reasoned that plants net primary productivity ceases with plants becoming dormant at temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) and above 30 °C (86 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, he defined biotemperature as the mean of all temperatures but with all temperatures below freezing and above 30 °C adjusted to 0 °C; that is, the sum of temperatures not adjusted is divided by the number of all temperatures (including both adjusted and non-adjusted ones). </p><p>The variability of the alpine climate throughout the year depends on the latitude of the location. For tropical oceanic locations, such as the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, the temperature is roughly constant throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For mid-latitude locations, such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington_(New_Hampshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Washington (New Hampshire)">Mount Washington</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, the temperature varies seasonally, but never gets very warm.<sup id="cite_ref-NCDCtxt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCDCtxt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAAsun_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAsun-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_climate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>. Sunlight in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly 333 K (60 °C; 140 °F), and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.<sup id="cite_ref-goodywilson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodywilson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. This is known as an <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatic process</a>, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve. As the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic lapse rate">adiabatic lapse rate</a>, which is approximately 9.8 °C per kilometer (or 5.4 °F per 1000 feet) of altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-goodywilson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodywilson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of water in the atmosphere complicates the process of convection. Water vapor contains latent <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of vaporization">heat of vaporization</a>. As air rises and cools, it eventually becomes <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">saturated</a> and cannot hold its quantity of water vapor. The water vapor condenses (forming <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>), and releases heat, which changes the lapse rate from the <a href="/wiki/Dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry adiabatic lapse rate">dry adiabatic lapse rate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moist_adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moist adiabatic lapse rate">moist adiabatic lapse rate</a> (5.5 °C per kilometre or 3 °F per 1000 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual lapse rate, called the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental lapse rate">environmental lapse rate</a>, is not constant (it can fluctuate throughout the day or seasonally and also regionally), but a normal lapse rate is 5.5 °C per 1,000 m (3.57 °F per 1,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, moving up 100 metres (330 ft) on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometres (50 miles or 0.75° of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>) towards the pole.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors, such as proximity to <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, can drastically modify the climate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the altitude increases, the main form of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">winds</a> increase. The temperature continues to drop until the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a>, at 11,000 metres (36,000 ft), where it does not decrease further. This is higher than the highest <a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">summit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_climate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpine_climate_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alpine_climate_map.gif/330px-Alpine_climate_map.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alpine_climate_map.gif/500px-Alpine_climate_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alpine_climate_map.gif/960px-Alpine_climate_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Global map of alpine climate<sup id="cite_ref-Testolin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testolin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although this climate classification only covers a small portion of the Earth's surface, alpine climates are widely distributed. Mountainous areas that have alpine climate include:<sup id="cite_ref-Testolin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testolin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><b>Asia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Europe</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highlands">Scottish highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>South America</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>North America</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> in California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat Mountains</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Oceania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> of New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pico" title="Mount Pico">Mount Pico</a> in the Atlantic<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> in the Pacific<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treeline_elevation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Treeline_elevation.gif/220px-Treeline_elevation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Treeline_elevation.gif/330px-Treeline_elevation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Treeline_elevation.gif/440px-Treeline_elevation.gif 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Elevation of treeline by latitude<sup id="cite_ref-Testolin_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testolin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The lowest altitude of alpine climate varies dramatically by latitude. If alpine climate is defined by the tree line, then it occurs as low as 650 metres (2,130 ft) at 68°N in Sweden,<sup id="cite_ref-korner_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> in Tanzania, the tree line is at 3,950 metres (12,960 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-korner_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_climate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_plant" title="Alpine plant">Alpine plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Alps" title="Climate of the Alps">Climate of the Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alpine_climate_locations" title="List of alpine climate locations">List of alpine climate locations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_climate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKnightHess2000" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn">"Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/235"><i>Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation</i></a>. 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