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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_genres_and_subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_genres_and_subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples of genres and subgenres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_genres_and_subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pure_and_hybrid_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_and_hybrid_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pure and hybrid genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_and_hybrid_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audience_expectations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience_expectations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Audience expectations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audience_expectations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Categorization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_in_the_context_of_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_in_the_context_of_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Film in the context of history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_in_the_context_of_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Film genre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%81_%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="صنف أفلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صنف أفلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A9neru_cinematogr%C3%A1ficu" title="Xéneru cinematográficu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xéneru cinematográficu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="চলচ্চিত্রের প্রকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চলচ্চিত্রের প্রকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Жанры ігравога кіно – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жанры ігравога кіно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80" title="Филмов жанр – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филмов жанр" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmski_%C5%BEanrovi" title="Filmski žanrovi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filmski žanrovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A8nere_cinematogr%C3%A0fic" title="Gènere cinematogràfic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gènere cinematogràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmov%C3%BD_%C5%BE%C3%A1nr" title="Filmový žánr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filmový žánr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmgenre" title="Filmgenre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filmgenre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmgenre" title="Filmgenre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Filmgenre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nero_cinematogr%C3%A1fico" title="Género cinematográfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Género cinematográfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina_%C4%9Denro" title="Kina ĝenro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kina ĝenro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinema_genero" title="Zinema genero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zinema genero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="ژانر فیلم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژانر فیلم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_cin%C3%A9matographique" title="Genre cinématographique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Genre cinématographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%ED%99%94_%EC%9E%A5%EB%A5%B4" title="영화 장르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영화 장르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խաղարկային կինոյի ժանրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղարկային կինոյի ժանրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="श्रेणी:फिल्म शैली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्रेणी:फिल्म शैली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmski_%C5%BEanr" title="Filmski žanr – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filmski žanr" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_film" title="Genre film – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genre film" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genere_cinematografico" title="Genere cinematografico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genere cinematografico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סוגה קולנועית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוגה קולנועית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кино жанрлары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кино жанрлары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmu_%C5%BEanrs" title="Filmu žanrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filmu žanrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmo_%C5%BEanras" title="Filmo žanras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Filmo žanras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80" title="Филмски жанр – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филмски жанр" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87" title="ഫിലിം ജൻറേ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിലിം ജൻറേ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85" title="نوع فيلم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوع فيلم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmgenre" title="Filmgenre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filmgenre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AB" title="映画のジャンル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="映画のジャンル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ловзо кинон жанраш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ловзо кинон жанраш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_janri" title="Film janri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Film janri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatunek_filmowy" title="Gatunek filmowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gatunek filmowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAnero_cinematogr%C3%A1fico" title="Gênero cinematográfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gênero cinematográfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_cinematografic" title="Gen cinematografic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gen cinematografic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Жанры игрового кино – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жанры игрового кино" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="චිත‍්‍රපට වර්ගීකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිත‍්‍රපට වර්ගීකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmov%C3%BD_%C5%BE%C3%A1ner" title="Filmový žáner – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filmový žáner" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="چەشنی فیلم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەشنی فیلم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80" title="Филмски жанр – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филмски жанр" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmski_%C5%BEanr" title="Filmski žanr – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filmski žanr" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elokuvagenre" title="Elokuvagenre – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elokuvagenre" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmgenre" title="Filmgenre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filmgenre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="திரைப்பட வகைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரைப்பட வகைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кино жанрлары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кино жанрлары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเภทภาพยนตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเภทภาพยนตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_t%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Film türü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Film türü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80" title="Кіножанр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіножанр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="اصناف فلم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اصناف فلم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Classification of films based on similarities in narrative elements</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_genres#Film_and_television_genres" title="List of genres">List of genres § Film and television genres</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Film+genre%22">"Film genre"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Film+genre%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Film+genre%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Film+genre%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Film+genre%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Film+genre%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Clint_Eastwood_-_1960s.JPG/520px-Clint_Eastwood_-_1960s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western films</a> are those "set in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">American West</a> that embod[y] the spirit, the struggle and the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">new frontier</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pictured: <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Fistful_of_Dollars" title="A Fistful of Dollars">A Fistful of Dollars</a></i> (1964).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>film genre</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">stylistic or thematic category</a> for <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">motion pictures</a> based on similarities either in the <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative elements</a>, aesthetic approach, or the emotional response to the film.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing heavily from the theories of <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary-genre</a> <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a>, film genres are usually delineated by "conventions, <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">settings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">narratives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">characters</a> and actors".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One can also classify films by the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">theme/topic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a>, <a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Film_budgeting" title="Film budgeting">budget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These characteristics are most evident in <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre films</a>, which are "commercial feature films [that], through repetition and variation, tell familiar stories with familiar characters and familiar situations" in a given genre.<sup id="cite_ref-grant1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A film's genre will influence the use of <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> styles and techniques, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">flashbacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-key_lighting" title="Low-key lighting">low-key lighting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>; tight <a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">framing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror films</a>; or fonts that look like rough-<a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">hewn</a> logs for the titles of Western films.<sup id="cite_ref-grant11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, genres have associated <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film scoring</a> conventions, such as lush <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">string orchestras</a> for romantic <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> for <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grant11_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genre also affects how films are broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, advertised, and organized in <a href="/wiki/Video_rental_shop" title="Video rental shop">video rental stores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grant1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Williams_(actor)" title="Alan Williams (actor)">Alan Williams</a> distinguishes three main genre categories: <a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">narrative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">avant-garde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the proliferation of particular genres, <b>film subgenres</b> can also emerge: the <a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">legal drama</a>, for example, is a sub-genre of <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a> that includes courtroom- and trial-focused films. Subgenres are often a mixture of two separate genres; genres can also merge with seemingly unrelated ones to form <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_genre" title="Hybrid genre">hybrid genres</a>, where popular combinations include the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">romantic comedy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">action comedy film</a>. Broader examples include the <a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">docufiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a>, which merge the basic categories of <a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">fiction</a> and non-fiction (documentary).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genres are not fixed; they change and evolve over time, and some genres may largely disappear (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only does <i>genre</i> refer to a type of film or its category, a key role is also played by the expectations of an audience about a film, as well as institutional discourses that create generic structures.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Characteristics of particular genres are most evident in <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre films</a>, which are "commercial feature films [that], through repetition and variation, tell familiar stories with familiar characters and familiar situations" in a given genre.<sup id="cite_ref-grant1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing heavily from the theories of <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary-genre</a> <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a>, film genres are usually delineated by conventions, <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">narratives</a>, formats, characters, and actors, all of which can vary according to the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of standard or <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">"stock" characters</a>, those in <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>, for example, include the <a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">"hardboiled" detective</a>; while those in <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a>, stock characters include the <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">schoolmarm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">gunslinger</a>. Regarding actors, some may acquire a reputation linked to a single genre, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> (the Western) or <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some genres have been characterized or known to use particular <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">formats</a>, which refers to the way in which films are shot (e.g., <a href="/wiki/35_mm_movie_film" title="35 mm movie film">35 mm</a>, <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm</a> or <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8 mm</a>) or the manner of presentation (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">anamorphic widescreen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genres can also be classified by more inherent characteristics (usually implied in their names), such as settings, theme/topic, mood, target audience, or <a href="/wiki/Film_budgeting" title="Film budgeting">budget</a>/type of <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a> is the environment—including both time and <a href="/wiki/Location" title="Location">geographic location</a>—in which the story and action take place (e.g., present day or <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">historical period</a>; Earth or outer-space; urban or rural, etc.). Genres that are particularly concerned with this element include the <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">historical drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space-opera</a>, the names of which all denote particular settings.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">theme</a> or topic refers to the issues or concepts that the film revolves around; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">sports film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime film</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">mood</a> is the emotional tone of the film, as implied in the names of the <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a>, or '<a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">tearjerker</a>'.</li> <li>Genres informed by particular <a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience(s)</a> include <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">children's film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">teen film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">woman's film</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">chick flick</a>".</li> <li>Genres characterized by the type of <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">production</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">low-budget film</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a> (commercial) or <a href="/wiki/Amateur_film" title="Amateur film">amateur film</a> (noncommercial).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">Screenwriters</a>, in particular, often organize their stories by genre, focusing their attention on three specific aspects: atmosphere, character, and story.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A film's atmosphere includes costumes, <a href="/wiki/Prop" title="Prop">props</a>, locations, and the visceral experiences created for the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspects of character include <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">archetypes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock characters</a>, and the goals and motivations of the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">central characters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some story considerations for screenwriters, as they relate to genre, include theme, <a href="/wiki/Tent-pole_(entertainment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tent-pole (entertainment)">tent-pole</a> scenes, and how the rhythm of characters' perspective shift from scene to scene.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_genres_and_subgenres">Examples of genres and subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples of genres and subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Genres and subgenres </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Genre </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Subgenre(s) </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action film</a> </td> <td>Associated with particular types of spectacle (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chase_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase scene">chases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combat_in_film" title="Combat in film">combat</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a>: defined by stylized action sequences and themes such as duty, brotherhood, honour, redemption.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a>: focusing on the excitement and values of <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy film</a>: centered on the excitement and entertainment of espionage rather than political or psychological aspects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commando_(1985_film)" title="Commando (1985 film)">Commando</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hard" title="Die Hard">Die Hard</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Face/Off" title="Face/Off">Face/Off</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure film</a> </td> <td>Implies a narrative that is defined by a journey (often including some form of pursuit) and is usually located within a fantasy or exoticized setting. Typically, though not always, such stories include the <a href="/wiki/Quest_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest narrative">quest narrative</a>. The predominant emphasis on violence and fighting in action films is the typical difference between the two genres.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate film">Pirate film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai film</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Family_Robinson_(1960_film)" title="Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)">Swiss Family Robinson</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone" title="Romancing the Stone">Romancing the Stone</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(2007_film)" title="Stardust (2007 film)">Stardust</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Cruise_(film)" title="Jungle Cruise (film)">Jungle Cruise</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated film">Animated film</a> </td> <td>A film <i>medium</i> in which the film's images are primarily created by computer or hand and the characters are <a href="/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">voiced by actors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animation can incorporate any genre and subgenre. </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CGI_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="CGI animation">CGI animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live-action_animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-action animated film">Live-action animated film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop motion film">Stop motion film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional animation</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_%26_Gromit:_The_Curse_of_the_Were-Rabbit" title="Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit">Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy film</a> </td> <td>Defined by events that are primarily intended to make the audience laugh </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Action comedy film">Action comedy film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy comedy">Buddy comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_comedy_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark comedy film">Dark/black comedy film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Spoof_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoof film">spoof film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick film</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Safety_Last!" title="Safety Last!">Safety Last!</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot" title="Some Like It Hot">Some Like It Hot</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superbad" title="Superbad">Superbad</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> </td> <td>Focused on emotions and defined by conflict, often looking to reality rather than <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a>. </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_drama" title="Medical drama">Medical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_drama" title="Political drama">Political drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_drama" title="Psychological drama">Psychological drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen drama">Teen drama</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_(film)" title="The Grapes of Wrath (film)">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shawshank_Redemption" title="The Shawshank Redemption">The Shawshank Redemption</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Changeling_(film)" title="Changeling (film)">Changeling</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy film</a> </td> <td>Films defined by situations that transcend <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural laws</a> and/or by settings inside a <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">fictional universe</a>, with narratives that are often inspired by or involve human <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High/epic fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory">Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">Historical film</a> </td> <td>Films that either provide more-or-less accurate representations of historical accounts or depict fictional narratives placed inside an accurate depiction of a historical setting. </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopic">Biopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical epic">Historical epic</a></li> <li>Historical event</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_piece" class="mw-redirect" title="Period piece">Period piece</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1963_film)" title="Cleopatra (1963 film)">Cleopatra</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schindler%27s_List" title="Schindler's List">Schindler's List</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)" title="Gladiator (2000 film)">Gladiator</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Butler" title="The Butler">The Butler</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror film</a> </td> <td>Films that seek to elicit <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a> in the audience for entertainment purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster movie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampire films">Vampire films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Werewolf films">Werewolf films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">Zombie film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural horror">Supernatural horror</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist" title="The Exorcist">The Exorcist</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaun_of_the_Dead" title="Shaun of the Dead">Shaun of the Dead</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical film</a> </td> <td>A genre in which songs performed by the characters are interwoven into the narrative, sometimes accompanied by dancing. The songs usually advance the plot or develop the film's characters or may serve merely as breaks in the storyline, often as elaborate "production numbers". </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox musical</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain" title="Singin' in the Rain">Singin' in the Rain</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge!" title="Moulin Rouge!">Moulin Rouge!</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Noir film</a> </td> <td>A genre of stylish crime dramas particularly popular during the 1940s and '50s. They were often reflective of the American society and culture at the time. </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_noir" title="Horror noir">Horror-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech-noir</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letter_(1940_film)" title="The Letter (1940 film)">The Letter</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laura_(1944_film)" title="Laura (1944 film)">Laura</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film)" title="Chinatown (1974 film)">Chinatown</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Simple" title="Blood Simple">Blood Simple</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Porn film</a> </td> <td>Pornographic films are typically categorized as either <a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">softcore</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">hardcore pornography</a>. In general, softcore pornography is pornography that does not depict explicit <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">sexual penetration</a> or extreme <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual fetish">fetishism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It generally contains <a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_film" title="Nudity in film">nudity</a> or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations. Hardcore pornography is pornography that depicts penetration or extreme fetish acts, or both. It contains graphic sexual activity and visible penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_horror" title="Erotic horror">Erotic horror</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Green_Door" title="Behind the Green Door">Behind the Green Door</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_in_Miss_Jones" title="The Devil in Miss Jones">The Devil in Miss Jones</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romance film</a> </td> <td>Characterized by an emphasis on passion, emotion, and the affectionate romantic involvement of the main characters, with romantic love or the search for it typically being the primary focus.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">Historical romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li> <li>Romantic comedy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic thriller</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Harry_Met_Sally..." title="When Harry Met Sally...">When Harry Met Sally...</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(1990_film)" title="Ghost (1990 film)">Ghost</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction film</a> </td> <td>Films are defined by a combination of imaginative speculation and a scientific or technological premise, making use of the changes and trajectory of technology and science.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystopian_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian film">Dystopian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-apocalyptic_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-apocalyptic film">Post-apocalyptic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Steampunk films">Steampunk film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian fiction">Utopian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller film</a> </td> <td>Films that evoke excitement and <a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">suspense</a> in the audience. The suspense element found in most films' plots is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable, and is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political thriller</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/M_(1931_film)" title="M (1931 film)">M</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deliverance" title="Deliverance">Deliverance</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">Fight Club</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Runaway_Jury" title="Runaway Jury">Runaway Jury</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western film</a> </td> <td>A genre in which films are set in the <a href="/wiki/American_west" class="mw-redirect" title="American west">American West</a> during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic Western">Epic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_(1939_film)" title="Stagecoach (1939 film)">Stagecoach</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly" title="The Good, the Bad and the Ugly">The Good, the Bad and the Ugly</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/True_Grit_(1969_film)" title="True Grit (1969 film)">True Grit</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tombstone_(film)" title="Tombstone (film)">Tombstone</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">earliest days of cinema</a> in the 19th century the term "genre" (already in use in English with reference to works of art or literary production from at least 1770<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was used<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to organize films according to type.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bazin" title="André Bazin">André Bazin</a> was discussing the concept of "genre" by using the <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)#Film" title="Western (genre)">Western film</a> as an example; during this era, there was a debate over <a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">auteur theory</a> versus genre.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1960s the concept of genre became a significant part of <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">film theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film genres draw on genres from other forms; <a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western novels</a> existed before the Western film, and <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> pre-dated film musicals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perceived genre of a film can change over time; for example, in the 21st century <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)"><i>The Great Train Robbery</i></a> (1903) classes as a key early Western film, but when released, marketing promoted it "for its relation to the then-popular genres of the chase film, the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railroad</a> film and the crime film".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key reason that the early <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> industrial system from the 1920s to the 1950s favoured genre films is that in "Hollywood's industrial mode of production, genre movies are dependable products" to <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">market</a> to audiences – they were easy to produce and it was easy for audiences to understand a genre film.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s to 1950s, genre films had clear conventions and iconography, such as the heavy coats worn by gangsters in films like <a href="/wiki/Little_Caesar_(film)" title="Little Caesar (film)"><i>Little Caesar</i></a> (1931).<sup id="cite_ref-grant8_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conventions in genre films enable filmmakers to generate them in an industrial, assembly-line fashion, an approach which can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films" title="List of James Bond films">James Bond</a> spy-films, which all use a formula of "lots of action, fancy gadgets, beautiful woman and colourful villains", even though the actors, directors and screenwriters change.<sup id="cite_ref-grant8_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pure_and_hybrid_genres">Pure and hybrid genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pure and hybrid genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Films are rarely purely from one genre, which is in keeping with the cinema's diverse and derivative origins, it being a blend of "vaudeville, music-hall, theatre, photography" and novels.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American film historian <a href="/wiki/Janet_Staiger" title="Janet Staiger">Janet Staiger</a> states that the genre of a film can be defined in four ways. The "idealist method" judges films by predetermined standards. The "empirical method" identifies the genre of a film by comparing it to a list of films already deemed to fall within a certain genre. The <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> method uses common generic elements which are identified in advance. The "social conventions" method of identifying the genre of a film is based on the accepted cultural consensus within society.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Loop contends that <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> films are not pure genres because most Hollywood movies blend the love-oriented plot of the romance genre with other genres.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jim Colins claims that since the 1980s, Hollywood films have been influenced by the trend towards "ironic hybridization", in which directors combine elements from different genres, as with the Western/science fiction mix in <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_III" title="Back to the Future Part III">Back to the Future Part III</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many films cross into multiple genres. <a href="/wiki/Susan_Hayward" title="Susan Hayward">Susan Hayward</a> states that spy films often cross genre boundaries with thriller films.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some genre films take genre elements from one genre and place them into the conventions of a second genre, such as with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Band_Wagon" title="The Band Wagon">The Band Wagon</a></i> (1953), which adds <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> and detective film elements into "The Girl Hunt" ballet.<sup id="cite_ref-grant8_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s <a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a> era, there was so much parodying of genres that it can be hard to assign genres to some films from this era, such as <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a>' comedy-Western <i><a href="/wiki/Blazing_Saddles" title="Blazing Saddles">Blazing Saddles</a></i> (1974) or the private eye parody <i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(film)" title="The Long Goodbye (film)">The Long Goodbye</a></i> (1973).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other films from this era bend genres so much that it is challenging to put them in a genre category, such as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film)" title="Chinatown (1974 film)">Chinatown</a></i> (1974) and <a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Connection_(film)" title="The French Connection (film)">The French Connection</a></i> (1971).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stam" title="Robert Stam">Robert Stam</a> challenged whether genres really exist, or whether they are merely made up by critics. Stam has questioned whether "genres [are] really 'out there' in the world or are they really the construction of analysts?". As well, he has asked whether there is a "... finite taxonomy of genres or are they in principle infinite?" and whether genres are "...timeless essences ephemeral, time-bound entities? Are genres culture-bound or trans-cultural?". Stam has also asked whether genre analysis should aim at being descriptive or prescriptive. While some genres are based on story content (the <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war film</a>), other are borrowed from literature (<a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>) or from other media (the <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a>). Some are performer-based (<a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire_and_Ginger_Rogers" title="Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers">Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers</a> films) or budget-based (<a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbusters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">low-budget film</a>), while others are based on artistic status (the <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art film</a>), racial identity (<a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">race films</a>), location (the <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a>), or sexual orientation ("<a href="/wiki/New_Queer_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="New Queer Cinema">New Queer Cinema</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audience_expectations">Audience expectations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Audience expectations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many genres have built-in <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audiences</a> and corresponding publications that support them, such as magazines and websites. For example, horror films have a well-established fanbase that reads horror magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fangoria" title="Fangoria">Fangoria</a></i>. Films that are difficult to categorize into a genre are often less successful. As such, film genres are also useful in the areas of marketing, <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">film criticism</a> and the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a>. Hollywood story consultant <a href="/wiki/John_Truby" title="John Truby">John Truby</a> states that "...you have to know how to transcend the forms [genres] so you can give the audience a sense of originality and surprise".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriters</a> use genre as a means of determining what kind of plot or content to put into a screenplay. They may study films of specific genres to find examples. This is a way that some screenwriters are able to copy elements of successful movies and pass them off in a new <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">screenplay</a>. It is likely that such screenplays fall short in originality. As Truby says, "Writers know enough to write a genre script but they haven't twisted the story beats of that genre in such a way that it gives an original face to it".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cinema technologies are associated with genres. Huge widescreens helped Western films to create an expansive setting of the open plains and desert. Science fiction and fantasy films are associated with special effects, notably computer generated imagery (e.g., the Harry Potter films).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Williams" title="Eric R. Williams">Eric R. Williams</a> published a system for screenwriters to conceptualize narrative film genres based on audience expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was based upon the structure biologists use to analyze living beings. Williams wrote a companion book detailing his <a href="/wiki/Screenwriters_Taxonomy" title="Screenwriters Taxonomy">taxonomy</a>, which claims to be able to identify all feature length narrative films with seven categorizations: film type, super genre, macro-genre, micro-genre, voice, and pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categorization">Categorization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Categorization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg/180px-All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg/270px-All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg/360px-All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">anti-war movie</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Milestone" title="Lewis Milestone">Lewis Milestone</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)" title="All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)">All Quiet on the Western Front</a></i>, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Because genres are easier to recognize than to define, academics agree they cannot be identified in a rigid way.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, different countries and cultures define genres in different ways. A typical example are war movies. In <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, they are mostly related to ones with large U.S. involvement such as World wars and Vietnam, whereas in other countries, movies related to wars in other historical periods are considered <i>war movies</i>. </p><p>Film genres may appear to be readily categorizable from the setting of the film. Nevertheless, films with the same settings can be very different, due to the use of different themes or moods. For example, while both <i><a href="/wiki/Midway_(1976_film)" title="Midway (1976 film)">The Battle of Midway</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)" title="All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)">All Quiet on the Western Front</a></i> are set in a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wartime</a> context and might be classified as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war film</a> genre, the first examines the themes of honor, sacrifice, and valour, and the second is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">anti-war film</a> which emphasizes the pain and horror of war. While there is an argument that <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> movies could be deemed to be set in an urban setting, in cheap hotels and underworld bars, many classic noirs take place mainly in small towns, suburbia, rural areas, or on the open road.<sup id="cite_ref-google_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The editors of filmsite.org argue that animation, <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">pornographic film</a>, documentary film, <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> and so on are non-genre-based film categories.<sup id="cite_ref-filmsite_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmsite-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linda_Williams_(film_scholar)" title="Linda Williams (film scholar)">Linda Williams</a> argues that horror, melodrama, and pornography all fall into the category of "body genres" since they are each designed to elicit physical reactions on the part of viewers. Horror is designed to elicit spine-chilling, white-knuckled, eye-bulging terror; melodramas are designed to make viewers cry after seeing the misfortunes of the onscreen characters; and pornography is designed to elicit sexual arousal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach can be extended: comedies make people laugh, tear-jerkers make people cry, feel-good films lift people's spirits and inspiration films provide hope for viewers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Williams" title="Eric R. Williams">Eric R. Williams</a> (no relation to Linda Williams) argues that all narrative feature-length films can be categorized as one of eleven "super genres" (<a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">slice of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thriller</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams contends that labels such as <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a> are more broad than the category of super genre, and therefore fall into a category he calls "film type".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Williams explains that labels such as animation and musical are more specific to storytelling technique and therefore fall into his category of "voice".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, according to Williams, a film like <i><a href="/wiki/Blazing_Saddles" title="Blazing Saddles">Blazing Saddles</a></i> could be categorized as a <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a> (type) <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> (super-genre) <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a> (voice), while <i><a href="/wiki/Anomalisa" title="Anomalisa">Anomalisa</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a> (type) Slice of Life (super-genre) <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> (voice). Williams has created a seven-tiered categorization for narrative feature films called the <a href="/wiki/Screenwriters_Taxonomy" title="Screenwriters Taxonomy">Screenwriters Taxonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genre movie is a film that follows some or all of the conventions of a particular genre, whether or not it was intentional when the movie was produced.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_in_the_context_of_history">Film in the context of history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Film in the context of history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to understand the creation and context of each film genre, we must look at its popularity in the context of its place in history. For example, the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a> films have been called an attempt to "undermine the rise of Afro-American's Black consciousness movement" of that era.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In William Park's analysis of film noir, he states that we must view and interpret film for its message with the context of history within our minds; he states that this is how film can truly be understood by its audience.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Film_Noir?_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Film_Noir?-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film genres such as <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western film</a> reflect values of the time period. While film noir combines German expressionist filming strategies with post World War II ideals; Western films focused on the ideal of the early 20th century. Films such as the <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a> were created as a form of entertainment during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> allowing its viewers an escape during tough times. So when watching and analyzing film genres we must remember to remember its true intentions aside from its entertainment value. </p><p>Over time, a genre can change through stages: the classic genre era; the parody of the classics; the period where filmmakers deny that their films are part of a certain genre; and finally a critique of the entire genre.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pattern can be seen with the Western film. In the earliest, classic Westerns, there was a clear hero who protected society from lawless villains who lived in the wilderness and came into civilization to commit crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">revisionist Westerns</a> of the 1970s, the protagonist becomes an <a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">antihero</a> who lives in the wilderness to get away from a civilization that is depicted as corrupt, with the villains now integrated into society. Another example of a genre changing over time is the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">neo-noir</a> films in the early 2000s (<i><a href="/wiki/Mulholland_Drive_(film)" title="Mulholland Drive (film)">Mulholland Drive</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Wasn%27t_There_(2001_film)" title="The Man Who Wasn't There (2001 film)">The Man Who Wasn't There</a></i> (2001) and <i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_Heaven" title="Far from Heaven">Far from Heaven</a></i> (2002); are these film noir parodies, a repetition of noir genre tropes, or a re-examination of the noir genre?<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is also important to remember when looking at films in the future. As viewers watch a film they are conscious of societal influence with the film itself. In order to understand its true intentions, we must identify its intended audience and what narrative of our current society, as well as it comments to the past in relation with today's society. This enables viewers to understand the evolution of film genres as time and history morphs or views and ideals of the entertainment industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_motion_picture_terms" title="Glossary of motion picture terms">Glossary of motion picture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List of genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Literary genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Music genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Video game genre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/10top10/">"America's 10 Greatest Films in 10 Classic Genres"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-06</span></span>. <q>AFI defines 'western' as a genre of films set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle and the demise of the new frontier.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+10+Greatest+Films+in+10+Classic+Genres&rft.pub=American+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2F10top10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095818364">"film genres"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=film+genres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095818364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Keith_Grant" title="Barry Keith Grant">Grant, Barry Keith</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCQOwvI9vsAC"><i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology</i></a>. Short cuts. Vol. 33 (reprint ed.). London: Wallflower Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904764793" title="Special:BookSources/9781904764793"><bdi>9781904764793</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-13</span></span>. <q>[...] the various elements of genre films, including conventions, iconography, settings, narratives, characters and actors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Genre%3A+From+Iconography+to+Ideology&rft.place=London&rft.series=Short+cuts&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781904764793&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Barry+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCQOwvI9vsAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated185-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated185_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hayward, Susan. "Genre/Sub-genre" in <i>Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts</i> (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 185–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grant1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grant1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Grant, Barry Keith. <i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology</i>. Wallflower Press, 2007. p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grant11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grant11_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant11_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, Barry Keith. <i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology.</i> Wallflower Press, 2007. p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Williams, "Is a Radical Genre Criticism Possible?" Quarterly Review of Film Studies 9, no. 2 (Spring 1984): 121–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> and genre theory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, Barry Keith. <i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology.</i> Wallflower Press, 2007. p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, Barry Keith. <i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology.</i> Wallflower Press, 2007. p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Eric R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">"Episode 3: Movie Genre: It's Not What You Think"</a>. <i>How to View and Appreciate Great Movies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607194525/https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">Archived</a> from the original on Jun 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+to+View+and+Appreciate+Great+Movies&rft.atitle=Episode+3%3A+Movie+Genre%3A+It%27s+Not+What+You+Think&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fcourses%2Fhow-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Eric R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">"Episode 4: Genre Layers and Audience Expectations"</a>. <i>How to View and Appreciate Great Movies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607194525/https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">Archived</a> from the original on Jun 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+to+View+and+Appreciate+Great+Movies&rft.atitle=Episode+4%3A+Genre+Layers+and+Audience+Expectations&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fcourses%2Fhow-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Eric R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607194525/https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">"How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode 18: Knowing Characters from the Outside In)"</a>. <i>English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">the original</a> on Jun 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English&rft.atitle=How+to+View+and+Appreciate+Great+Movies+%28episode+18%3A+Knowing+Characters+from+the+Outside+In%29&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fcourses%2Fhow-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Eric R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">"Episode 5: Story Shape and Tension"</a>. <i>How to View and Appreciate Great Movies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607194525/https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">Archived</a> from the original on Jun 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+to+View+and+Appreciate+Great+Movies&rft.atitle=Episode+5%3A+Story+Shape+and+Tension&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fcourses%2Fhow-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/action-and-adventure-films#:~:text=Action%20is%20associated%20with%20a,in%20such%20films%20as%20King">"Action and Adventure Films | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Action+and+Adventure+Films+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farts%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Faction-and-adventure-films%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAction%2520is%2520associated%2520with%2520a%2Cin%2520such%2520films%2520as%2520King&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmsite.org/adventurefilms.html">"Adventure Films"</a>. <i>www.filmsite.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.filmsite.org&rft.atitle=Adventure+Films&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmsite.org%2Fadventurefilms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afi.com/afis-10-top-10/">"AFI's 10 TOP 10"</a>. <i>American Film Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Film+Institute&rft.atitle=AFI%27s+10+TOP+10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2Fafis-10-top-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225915/https://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/screenwriter/2011/09/02/what-is-a-horror-film/">"What is a horror film? | Screenwriter"</a>. <i>www.irishtimes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/screenwriter/2011/09/02/what-is-a-horror-film/">the original</a> on 2018-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irishtimes.com&rft.atitle=What+is+a+horror+film%3F+%7C+Screenwriter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fblogs%2Fscreenwriter%2F2011%2F09%2F02%2Fwhat-is-a-horror-film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amis-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amis_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmis2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis, Martin</a> (17 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4153718,00.html">"A rough trade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Guardian.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian.co.uk">Guardian.co.uk</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524071906/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/mar/17/society.martinamis1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian.co.uk&rft.atitle=A+rough+trade&rft.date=2001-03-17&rft.aulast=Amis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FArchive%2FArticle%2F0%2C4273%2C4153718%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/modern/20th-Century-Nudes.html">"P20th Century Nudes in Art"</a>. The Art History Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215175749/http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/modern/20th-Century-Nudes.html">Archived</a> from the original on Feb 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P20th+Century+Nudes+in+Art&rft.pub=The+Art+History+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthistoryarchive.com%2Farthistory%2Fmodern%2F20th-Century-Nudes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmsite.org/romancefilms.html">"Romance films"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Filmsite.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmsite.org">Filmsite.org</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Filmsite.org&rft.atitle=Romance+films&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmsite.org%2Fromancefilms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonigsberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Konigsberg, Ira (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36112196"><i>The complete film dictionary</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-10009-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-10009-9"><bdi>0-670-10009-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36112196">36112196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+film+dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36112196&rft.isbn=0-670-10009-9&rft.aulast=Konigsberg&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F36112196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_genre" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=genre">"genre"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=genre&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dgenre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward1996" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Susan (1996). "Genre/Sub-genre". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNb31TtSy4C"><i>Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts</i></a>. Routledge Key Guides (3 ed.). London: Routledge (published 2006). p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134208920" title="Special:BookSources/9781134208920"><bdi>9781134208920</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>As a term genre goes back to earliest cinema and was seen as a way of organizing films according to type. But it was not until the late 1960s that genre was introduced as a key concept into Anglo-Saxon film theory [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genre%2FSub-genre&rft.btitle=Cinema+Studies%3A+The+Key+Concepts&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Key+Guides&rft.pages=185&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781134208920&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFSNb31TtSy4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, Barry Keith. <i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology.</i> Wallflower Press, 2007. p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Keith_Grant" title="Barry Keith Grant">Grant, Barry Keith</a> (2007). "approaching film genre". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCQOwvI9vsAC"><i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology</i></a>. Short cuts. Vol. 33. London: Wallflower Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904764793" title="Special:BookSources/9781904764793"><bdi>9781904764793</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>[...] Neale notes that most histories of the western film begin with <i>The Great Train Robbery</i> (1903), but when released it was promoted not as a western but marketed for its relation to the then-popular genres of the chase film, the railroad film and the crime film; at that time, there was no recognised genre known as the western into which to categorise it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=approaching+film+genre&rft.btitle=Film+Genre%3A+From+Iconography+to+Ideology&rft.place=London&rft.series=Short+cuts&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781904764793&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Barry+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCQOwvI9vsAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, Barry Keith. <i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology.</i> Wallflower Press, 2007. p. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grant8-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grant8_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant8_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant8_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Grant, Barry Keith. <i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology.</i> Wallflower Press, 2007. p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2007" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Barry Keith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCQOwvI9vsAC"><i>Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology</i></a>. Wallflower Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904764793" title="Special:BookSources/9781904764793"><bdi>9781904764793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Genre%3A+From+Iconography+to+Ideology&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781904764793&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Barry+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCQOwvI9vsAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStam2000" class="citation book cs1">Stam, Robert (2000-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzRXmmpFgZEC"><i>Film Theory: An Anthology</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631206545" title="Special:BookSources/9780631206545"><bdi>9780631206545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Theory%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000-02-21&rft.isbn=9780631206545&rft.aulast=Stam&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmzRXmmpFgZEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruby" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Truby" title="John Truby">Truby, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.writersstore.com/whats-my-genre/">"What's My Genre?"</a>. <i>Writers Store</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Writers+Store&rft.atitle=What%27s+My+Genre%3F&rft.aulast=Truby&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.writersstore.com%2Fwhats-my-genre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard" class="citation news cs1">Ward, Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702182835/http://www.scriptmag.com/earticles/earticle.htm">"Interview: John Truby on Screenwriting and Breaking In"</a>. <i>Script Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scriptmag.com/earticles/earticle.htm">the original</a> on 2007-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Script+Magazine&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+John+Truby+on+Screenwriting+and+Breaking+In&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scriptmag.com%2Fearticles%2Fearticle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Eric_R.2017" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Eric R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/986993829"><i>Screen Adaptation: Beyond the Basics</i></a>. New York: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-66941-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-66941-0"><bdi>978-1-315-66941-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/986993829">986993829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screen+Adaptation%3A+Beyond+the+Basics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F986993829&rft.isbn=978-1-315-66941-0&rft.au=Williams%2C+Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F986993829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Eric R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993983488"><i>The Screenwriters Taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling</i></a>. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3"><bdi>978-1-315-10864-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993983488">993983488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Screenwriters+Taxonomy+%3A+a+roadmap+to+collaborative+storytelling&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge+Studies+in+Media+Theory+and+Practice&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993983488&rft.isbn=978-1-315-10864-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F993983488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonBordwell2012" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Kristin; Bordwell, David (2012-07-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUNBpwAACAAJ"><i>Film Art: An Introduction</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780073535104" title="Special:BookSources/9780073535104"><bdi>9780073535104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Art%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2012-07-06&rft.isbn=9780073535104&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft.au=Bordwell%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUNBpwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamster2000" class="citation book cs1">Lamster, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dxis1i4jxVwC"><i>Architecture and Film</i></a>. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568982076" title="Special:BookSources/9781568982076"><bdi>9781568982076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Film&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781568982076&rft.aulast=Lamster&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxis1i4jxVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmsite-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filmsite_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmsite.org/genres2.html">"Other Major Film Categories"</a>. filmsite.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Other+Major+Film+Categories&rft.pub=filmsite.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmsite.org%2Fgenres2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Linda (Summer 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fq.ucpress.edu/cgi/doi/10.2307/1212758">"Film Bodies: Gender, Genre, and Excess"</a>. <i>Film Quarterly</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 2–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1212758">10.2307/1212758</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1212758">1212758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Film+Bodies%3A+Gender%2C+Genre%2C+and+Excess&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-13&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1212758&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1212758%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffq.ucpress.edu%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F1212758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Eric R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">"How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode 24: Filmmaker's Voice and Audience Choice)"</a>. <i>English</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English&rft.atitle=How+to+View+and+Appreciate+Great+Movies+%28episode+24%3A+Filmmaker%27s+Voice+and+Audience+Choice%29&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fcourses%2Fhow-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNair2010" class="citation book cs1">McNair, Brian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbKuuBqBWg8C"><i>Journalists in Film: Heroes and Villains</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748634477" title="Special:BookSources/9780748634477"><bdi>9780748634477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalists+in+Film%3A+Heroes+and+Villains&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780748634477&rft.aulast=McNair&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRbKuuBqBWg8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+genre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_is_Film_Noir?-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-What_is_Film_Noir?_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Park W. What Is Film Noir? [e-book]. Lanham, Md: Bucknell University Press; 2011. Available from: eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 19, 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Altman, Rick (1999) <i>Film/Genre</i> London: British Film Institute <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851707174" title="Special:BookSources/9780851707174">9780851707174</a></li> <li>Friedman, Lester et al. <i>An Introduction to Film Genres</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-93019-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-93019-1">978-0-393-93019-1</a> 609p.</li> <li>Gehring, Wes D (1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric0000gehr"><i>Handbook of American Film Genres</i></a> New York: Greenwood Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313247156" title="Special:BookSources/9780313247156">9780313247156</a></li> <li>Grant, Barry Keith. <i>Film Genre Reader I, II & III</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986, 1995, 2003</li> <li>Kaminsky, Stuart M (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanfilmgenr00kami"><i>American Film Genres</i></a> Chicago: Nelson-Hall</li> <li>López, Daniel. <i>Films by Genre: 775 categories, styles, trends, and movements defined, with a filmography for each</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-780-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-780-8">0-89950-780-8</a> 495p.</li> <li>Moin, Raphaëlle (2009) <i>Cinema Genre</i> New York: John Wiley & Sons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405156509" title="Special:BookSources/9781405156509">9781405156509</a></li> <li>Solomon, Stanley J (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondformulaame0000solo"><i>Beyond Formula: American Film Genres</i></a> New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0155054007" title="Special:BookSources/0155054007">0155054007</a></li> <li>Summers, Howard. <i>The Guide To Movie Lists 2: Genres, Subjects and Themes</i>. Borehamwood: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Howard-Summers/e/B0774Y8K2W">Howcom Services</a>, 2018 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-982904-72-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-982904-72-2">978-1-982904-72-2</a> 418p.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_genre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/genre/">Genres of film</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/446108/full.html">Genres and Themes, BFI screenonline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.library.yale.edu/c.php?g=295800&p=1975072">Finding Books on Film Genres, Styles and Categories, Yale University Library</a></li> <li>"A Semantic/Syntactic Approach to Film Genre", by Rick Altman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/87944751/Altman-Semantic-Syntactic-Approach-to-Film-Genre">SCRIBD</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23910422/Semantic_Syntactic_approaches_to_Genre_Rick_Altman">academia.edu (PDF)</a><a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1225093">1225093</a></li> <li>"Review: Film/Genre by Rick Altman", by Leger Grindon. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1213754">1213754</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Films_by_genre" title="Template talk:Films by genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">genre</a> and themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_action_films" title="Lists of action films">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_films" title="List of martial arts films">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_films" title="List of mixed martial arts films">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_adventure_films" title="Lists of adventure films">Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pirate films">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film#Notable_films" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of animated feature films">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_avant-garde_films" title="Lists of avant-garde films">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biographical_films" title="List of biographical films">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blaxploitation_films" title="List of blaxploitation films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_films" title="List of children's films">Children's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_films" title="List of Christian films">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comedy_films" title="Lists of comedy films">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Parody_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Parody films">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_crime_films" title="Lists of crime films">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_films" title="List of documentary films">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drama_films" title="List of drama films">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_films" title="List of economics films">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_erotic_films" title="Lists of erotic films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">Sword and sorcery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiday horror">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vampire_films" title="List of vampire films">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="Lists of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_melodrama_films" title="List of melodrama films">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mockumentaries" title="List of mockumentaries">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monster_movies" title="List of monster movies">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant-monster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_films_by_year" title="List of musical films by year">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mystery_films" title="List of mystery films">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_noir_titles" title="List of film noir titles">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-noir_films" title="List of neo-noir films">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_films" title="List of religious films">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_films" title="List of romance films">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantic_comedy_films" title="List of romantic comedy films">Romantic comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satirical_films" title="List of satirical films">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap_appearances_in_media#Films" title="Body swap appearances in media">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_action_films" title="List of science fiction action films">Sci-fi action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_comedy_films" title="List of science fiction comedy films">Sci-fi comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Sci-fi horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_superhero_films" title="List of American superhero films">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction#Time_travel_in_films" title="List of time travel works of fiction">Time travel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film#Films" title="Spy film">Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_films" title="List of sports films">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teen_films" title="List of teen films">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_thriller_films" title="Lists of thriller films">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_erotic_thriller_films" title="List of erotic thriller films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_films_and_TV_specials" title="List of war films and TV specials">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Western_films" title="Lists of Western films">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Euro-Western_films" title="List of Euro-Western films">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaghetti_Westerns" title="List of spaghetti Westerns">Spaghetti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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