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Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chuck_E._Cheese's_Pizza_Time_Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalyst_Technologies_Venture_Capital_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalyst_Technologies_Venture_Capital_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Catalyst Technologies Venture Capital Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalyst_Technologies_Venture_Capital_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PlayNet/Aristo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PlayNet/Aristo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 PlayNet/Aristo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PlayNet/Aristo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-uWink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#uWink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 uWink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-uWink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atari,_SA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atari,_SA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Atari, SA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atari,_SA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modal_VR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modal_VR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Modal VR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modal_VR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Aging_Games,_LLC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Aging_Games,_LLC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Anti-Aging Games, LLC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Aging_Games,_LLC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BrainRush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BrainRush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 BrainRush </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BrainRush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Gaming_Technologies_Corp_(CSE_–_GGAM.U)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Gaming_Technologies_Corp_(CSE_–_GGAM.U)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Global Gaming Technologies Corp (CSE – GGAM.U) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Gaming_Technologies_Corp_(CSE_–_GGAM.U)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Other ventures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Media appearances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Accolades </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accolades-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Accolades subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planned_biographical_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_biographical_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Planned biographical film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_biographical_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDC_Pioneer_Award_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDC_Pioneer_Award_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 GDC Pioneer Award controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDC_Pioneer_Award_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nolan Bushnell</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84" title="نولان بوشنل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نولان بوشنل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bu%C5%9Fnell" title="Nolan Buşnell – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nolan Buşnell" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84" title="نولان باشنل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نولان باشنل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Нолан Бушнел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нолан Бушнел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84" title="نولان باشنل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نولان باشنل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%86%80%EB%9F%B0_%EB%B6%80%EC%8A%88%EB%84%90" title="놀런 부슈널 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="놀런 부슈널" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Նոլան Բուշնել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոլան Բուշնել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Нолан Бушнелл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нолан Бушнелл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="നോലാൻ ബുഷ്നെൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോലാൻ ബുഷ്നെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84" title="نولان بوشنل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نولان بوشنل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%B2" title="နိုလန် ဘွတ်သျှနဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုလန် ဘွတ်သျှနဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="ノーラン・ブッシュネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーラン・ブッシュネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бушнелл, Нолан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бушнелл, Нолан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bu%C5%A1nel" title="Nolan Bušnel – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nolan Bušnel" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Нолан Бушнелл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нолан Бушнелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nolan Bushnell" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94" title="诺兰·布什内尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诺兰·布什内尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%AE%8A%E5%85%A7%E7%88%BE" title="諾蘭·布殊內爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諾蘭·布殊內爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94" title="诺兰·布什内尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺兰·布什内尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335039#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Nolan Bushnell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolan_Bushnell_2013_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nolan_Bushnell_2013_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nolan_Bushnell_2013_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nolan_Bushnell_2013_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nolan_Bushnell_2013_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nolan_Bushnell_2013_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nolan_Bushnell_2013_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1537" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Bushnell in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Nolan Kay Bushnell</div> (1943-02-05) February 5, 1943 (age 81) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Clearfield,_Utah" title="Clearfield, Utah">Clearfield, Utah</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Business School">Stanford Business School</a><a href="#cite_note-cal-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-anti-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-cmu-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Co-founding <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a> Creator & founder of <a href="/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese" title="Chuck E. Cheese">Chuck E. Cheese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">Video Game Hall of Fame <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Association">Consumer Electronics Association</a> Hall of Fame</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">Computer software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> Chuck E. Cheese</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Nolan Kay Bushnell (born February 5, 1943) is an American businessman and electrical engineer. He established <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese" title="Chuck E. Cheese">Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre</a> chain. He has been inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Walk_of_Game" title="Walk of Game">Video Game Hall of Fame</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Association">Consumer Electronics Association</a> Hall of Fame, received the <a href="/wiki/BAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA">BAFTA</a> Fellowship and the Nations Restaurant News "Innovator of the Year" award, and was named one of <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>'s "50 Men Who Changed America". He has started more than 20 companies and is one of the founding fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">video game industry</a>. He is on the board of Anti-Aging Games. In 2012, he founded an educational software company called Brainrush,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> that is using <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> technology in educational software. He is credited with <a href="/wiki/Bushnell%27s_Law" title="Bushnell's Law">Bushnell's Law</a>, an aphorism about games that are "easy to learn and difficult to master" being rewarding.<a href="#cite_note-ianbogost-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Bushnell was born in 1943 in <a href="/wiki/Clearfield,_Utah" title="Clearfield, Utah">Clearfield, Utah</a>, in a middle-class family who were members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-inc_bushnell_1984-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metro1999-7">[7]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/Davis_High_School_(Utah)" title="Davis High School (Utah)">Davis High School</a> in the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Kaysville,_Utah" title="Kaysville, Utah">Kaysville, Utah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Bushnell enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University" title="Utah State University">Utah State University</a> in 1961 to study engineering and then later business. In 1964, he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_College_of_Engineering" title="University of Utah College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a>, where he graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ataridep1-9">[9]</a> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Alpha" title="Pi Kappa Alpha">Pi Kappa Alpha</a> <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NGen23-10">[10]</a> He was one of many <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> students of the 1960s who played the historic <a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a> game on <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> mainframe computers.<a href="#cite_note-NGen23-10">[10]</a> He married his first wife, Paula Rochelle Nielson, in 1966 and had two daughters; in 1969, they moved to California.<a href="#cite_note-rise_and_fall_chp2-11">[11]</a> They divorced in 1975, just prior to Warner Communication's purchase of Atari.<a href="#cite_note-rise_and_fall_chp6-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-atari_fun_chp5-13">[13]</a> Around the end of 1977, he married Nancy Nino, with whom he had six children.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> He also used his profit from selling Atari to Warner to purchase the former mansion of coffee magnate <a href="/wiki/J._A._Folger" title="J. A. Folger">James Folger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_California" title="Woodside, California">Woodside, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rise_and_fall_chp7-15">[15]</a> Although he was a <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saint">Latter-day Saint</a> in his youth,<a href="#cite_note-rise_and_fall_chp2-11">[11]</a> by the time of his first divorce he had forgone the teachings often being called a "lapsed Mormon".<a href="#cite_note-Metro1999-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-inc_bushnell_1984-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He said that he stopped practicing the faith after he got into a debate over the interpretation of the Bible with a professor at the University of Utah's <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Religion" title="Institute of Religion">Institute of Religion</a> while in college.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career_and_Syzygy">Early career and Syzygy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career and Syzygy">edit</a>]</div> Bushnell worked at <a href="/wiki/Lagoon_Amusement_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagoon Amusement Park">Lagoon Amusement Park</a> for many years while attending college. He was made manager of the games department two seasons after starting.<a href="#cite_note-ataridep1-9">[9]</a> While working there, he became familiar with arcade <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-mechanical games">electro-mechanical games</a>, watching customers play and helping to maintain the machinery while learning how it worked, developing his understanding of how the game business operates. He was also interested in the <a href="/wiki/Midway_Games" title="Midway Games">Midway</a> <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade games</a>, where theme park customers would have to use skill and luck to ultimately achieve the goal and win the prize. He liked the concept of getting people curious about the game and from there getting them to pay the fee in order to play.<a href="#cite_note-NGen23-10">[10]</a> While in college, he worked for several employers, including <a href="/wiki/Litton_Industries" title="Litton Industries">Litton Guidance and Control Systems</a>, Hadley Ltd, and the industrial engineering department at the U of U. For several summers, he built his own advertising company, Campus Company, which produced blotters for four universities and sold advertising space around a calendar of events. He also sold copies of <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ataridep1-9">[9]</a> After graduating, Bushnell had moved to California from Utah with the hopes of being hired by <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>, but the company was not in the routine practice of hiring fresh college graduates. Instead, Bushnell got a job as an electrical engineer with <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rise_and_fall_chp2-11">[11]</a> At Ampex, he met fellow employee <a href="/wiki/Ted_Dabney" title="Ted Dabney">Ted Dabney</a> and found they had common interests. Bushnell shared his ideas of creating pizza parlors filled with electronic games with Dabney, and took Dabney to the computing labs at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> to show him Spacewar.<a href="#cite_note-edge-18">[18]</a> In 1969, Bushnell and Dabney formed Syzygy with the intention of producing a Spacewar clone known as <a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a>. Dabney built the prototype and Bushnell shopped it around, looking for a manufacturer. They made an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Nutting_Associates" title="Nutting Associates">Nutting Associates</a>, a maker of coin-op trivia and shooting games, that produced a fiberglass cabinet for the unit that included a coin-slot mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-arcadehistory-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-moby-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-computerspace-21">[21]</a> Computer Space was a commercial failure, though sales exceeded $3 million.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Bushnell felt that Nutting Associates had not marketed the game well,<a href="#cite_note-NGen23-10">[10]</a> and decided that his next game would be licensed to a bigger manufacturer. Bushnell also knew that the next game they developed would need to be simpler and not require users to read instructions on the cabinet, since their target audience would likely be drunken bar patrons.<a href="#cite_note-rise_and_fall_chp2-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atari,_Inc.">Atari, Inc.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Atari, Inc.">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/220px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/330px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/440px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a> provided the inspiration for Bushnell's successful <a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1972, Bushnell and Dabney set off on their own, and learned that the name "Syzygy" was in use; Bushnell has said at different times that it was in use by a candle company owned by a <a href="/wiki/Mendocino,_California" title="Mendocino, California">Mendocino</a> hippie commune<a href="#cite_note-doteaters-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-videgamenet-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-SteveKent-25">[25]</a> and by a roofing company.<a href="#cite_note-moby-20">[20]</a> They instead incorporated under the name Atari, a reference to a check-like position in the game <a href="/wiki/Go_(board_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Go (board game)">Go</a> (which Bushnell has called his "favorite game of all time"<a href="#cite_note-favoritegame-26">[26]</a>). They rented their first office on Scott Boulevard in <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a>, contracted with <a href="/wiki/Bally_Manufacturing" title="Bally Manufacturing">Bally Manufacturing</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">driving game</a>, and hired their second employee, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Allan_Alcorn" title="Allan Alcorn">Allan Alcorn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NGen23-10">[10]</a> Bushnell originally wanted to develop a game similar to <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Coin" title="Chicago Coin">Chicago Coin</a>'s Speedway, which at the time was the biggest-selling <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game" title="Electro-mechanical game">electro-mechanical game</a> at his arcade.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> After Bushnell attended a <a href="/wiki/Burlingame,_California" title="Burlingame, California">Burlingame, California</a> demonstration of the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>, he gave the task of making the Magnavox tennis game into a coin-op version to Alcorn as a test project. He told Alcorn that he was making the game for General Electric, in order to motivate him, but in actuality he planned to simply dispose of the game.<a href="#cite_note-NGen23-10">[10]</a> Alcorn incorporated many of his own improvements into the game design, such as the ball speeding up the longer the game went on, and <a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a> was born. Pong proved to be very popular; Atari released a large number of Pong-based <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video games</a> over the next few years as the mainstay of the company. After the release of Pong, Bushnell and Dabney had a falling-out: Dabney felt he was being pushed to the side by Bushnell,<a href="#cite_note-dabneyinterview-28">[28]</a> while Bushnell felt Dabney was holding back the company from larger financial success.<a href="#cite_note-atari_fun_chp3-29">[29]</a> Bushnell purchased Dabney's share of Atari for $250,000 in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-atari_fun_chp3-29">[29]</a> To get more arcade games to market and bypass exclusivity limitations that coin-op game distributors had set, Bushnell discreetly had his neighbor Joe Keenan establish <a href="/wiki/Kee_Games" title="Kee Games">Kee Games</a> in 1973 to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">near-copies</a> of Atari's games.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Even with Kee's output, Atari had difficulty meeting demand for arcade games, and by 1974 Atari was facing financial hardships in part due to the competition in the arcade game market. Bushnell opted to merge Kee Games into Atari in September 1974 just ahead of the release of <a href="/wiki/Tank_(video_game)" title="Tank (video game)">Tank</a>, a wholly original arcade game from Kee. Tank was an arcade success and helped bolster Atari's finances. Keenan became president of Atari and managed its operations while Bushnell retained his CEO role.<a href="#cite_note-atari_fun_intermission_pains-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg/220px-Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg/330px-Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg/440px-Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3940" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> would go on to revolutionize the home gaming market, but Bushnell was forced out of Atari not long after its release.</figcaption></figure> With the company financially stable, Atari entered the consumer electronics market, with its home Pong consoles first released in 1975. Atari continued to make variants of its existing arcade games for dedicated home consoles until 1977.<a href="#cite_note-Gamesutra-Pong-32">[32]</a> During this period, former Atari employees <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> had approached Bushnell about investing in their home computer system, the <a href="/wiki/Apple_I" title="Apple I">Apple I</a>, that was built from borrowed parts from Atari and with technical support from Atari employees.<a href="#cite_note-pcb-33">[33]</a> They initially offered the design to Bushnell and Atari, but Bushnell wanted Atari to focus on arcade and home consoles. Later in 1975, Jobs offered Bushnell a chance for one-third equity stake in their budding company <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, for $50,000; Bushnell remarked in hindsight, "I was so smart, I said no. It's kind of fun to think about that, when I'm not crying."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Bushnell also established the first <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Time_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizza Time Theatre">Pizza Time Theatre</a> in San Jose in 1977 as a means for Atari to stock its arcade games.<a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_history_atari-35">[35]</a> As Atari faced more competition in both arcade and home consoles from 1975 onward, Bushnell recognized that the costs in developing both types of systems with only limited shelf life were too high, and directed Atari's engineers at <a href="/wiki/Cyan_Engineering" title="Cyan Engineering">Cyan Engineering</a> towards a programmable home console.<a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_history_atari-35">[35]</a> This console eventually was released in 1977 as the <a href="/wiki/Atari_Video_Computer_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari Video Computer System">Atari Video Computer System</a> or Atari VCS and later known as the Atari 2600. However, before Atari had completed its design, the <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Channel_F" title="Fairchild Channel F">Fairchild Channel F</a>, the first home console to use <a href="/wiki/Game_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Game cartridge">game cartridges</a>, was released in November 1976. Bushnell realized they needed to speed up the Atari VCS's development. After initially considering become a <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">public company</a>, he instead sought a buyer. <a href="/wiki/Warner_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Communications">Warner Communications</a>, looking to boost their own failing media properties, agreed to acquire Atari for $28 million, with Bushnell personally receiving US$15 million, in November 1976.<a href="#cite_note-inc_bushnell_1984-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-NGen4-36">[36]</a> Warner provided a large investment into the Atari VCS to allow it to be completed early the next year and released in September 1977.<a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_history_atari-35">[35]</a> The first year of Atari VCS sales were modest and limited by Atari's own supply. While many of initial games were arcade conversions of Atari arcade games, the second wave of games in 1983 were more abstract and difficult to promote. Warner placed <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kassar" title="Ray Kassar">Ray Kassar</a>, a former vice president of <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Industries" title="Burlington Industries">Burlington Industries</a>, to help with Atari's marketing.<a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_history_atari_2-37">[37]</a> Kassar created successful advertising and marketing throughout 1978, positioning the Atari VCS for a larger sales period at the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_history_atari_2-37">[37]</a> However, Bushnell had concerns on Kassar's plans and feared they had produced too many units to be sold, and at a board meeting with Warner near the end of the year, reiterated this position. Bushnell recommended that funds be used in R&D for developing a new, technologically superior console, as he feared rising competition would make the aging tech specs of the VCS obsolete. Bushnell's concerns never materialized as a combination of Kassar's marketing and the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a> at the arcade drove Atari VCS sales. Both Warner Communications and Bushnell commonly recognized he was no longer a good leader for the company, removing him as CEO and Chairman in early 1979. Warner offered Bushnell the opportunity to stay as a director and creative consultant, but Bushnell refused. Before leaving, Bushnell negotiated the rights to Pizza Time Theatre from Atari for $500,000. Keenan replaced Bushnell but left a few months later, with Kassar being named as Atari's CEO by mid-1979.<a href="#cite_note-atari_fun_chp7-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chuck_E._Cheese's_Pizza_Time_Theatre">Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese" title="Chuck E. Cheese">Chuck E. Cheese</a></div> In 1977, while at Atari, Bushnell purchased Pizza Time Theatre back from Warner Communications. It had been created by Bushnell, originally as a place where kids could go and eat <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a> and play <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, which would therefore function as a distribution channel for Atari games. Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre also had <a href="/wiki/Animatronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animatronic">animatronic</a> animals that played music as entertainment. It is known that Bushnell had always wanted to work for Walt Disney, but was continually turned down for employment when he was first starting out after graduation; Chuck E. Cheese was his homage to Disney and the technology developed there. In 1981 Bushnell turned over day-to-day food operations of Chuck E. Cheese's to a newly hired restaurant executive and focused on <a href="/wiki/Catalyst_Technologies" title="Catalyst Technologies">Catalyst Technologies</a>. Through 1981 and 1982, Bushnell concentrated on PTT subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/Sente_Technologies" title="Sente Technologies">Sente Technologies</a> and Kadabrascope. Sente was a reentry into the coin-operated game business. Arcade cabinets would have a proprietary system with a cartridge slot so operators could refresh their games without having to buy whole new cabinets.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Kadabrascope was an early attempt at computer assisted animation. In 1983 as the restaurants started to lose money, Sente, though profitable, was sold to Bally for $3.9 million and Kadabrascope was sold to <a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a> which became the beginnings of what became <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>. During this time Bushnell was using large loans on his Pizza Time stock to fund Catalyst. By the end of 1983, Chuck E. Cheese was having serious financial problems. President and long-time friend Joe Keenan resigned that fall. Nolan tried to step back in, blaming the money problems on over-expansion, too much tweaking of the formula and saturation in local markets by the management team. He resigned in February 1984, when the board of directors rejected his proposed changes, and Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theater (now named after its famous rat mascot) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in March of 1984.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/ShowBiz_Pizza_Place" title="ShowBiz Pizza Place">ShowBiz Pizza Place</a>, a competing Pizza/Arcade family restaurant, then purchased Pizza Time Theatre in May 1985 and assumed its debt. The newly formed company, ShowBiz Pizza Time, Inc., operated restaurants under both brands before unifying all locations under the Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza brand by 1993. Today over 560 locations of this restaurant are in business. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalyst_Technologies_Venture_Capital_Group">Catalyst Technologies Venture Capital Group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catalyst Technologies Venture Capital Group">edit</a>]</div> Bushnell founded <a href="/wiki/Catalyst_Technologies" title="Catalyst Technologies">Catalyst Technologies</a>, one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Business_incubator" title="Business incubator">business incubators</a>. The Catalyst Group companies numbered in the double digits and included <a href="/wiki/Topo_(robot)" title="Topo (robot)">Androbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etak" title="Etak">Etak</a>, Cumma, and Axlon. Axlon launched many consumer and consumer electronic products successfully, most notably <a href="/wiki/AG_Bear" title="AG Bear">AG Bear</a>, a bear that mumbled/echoed a child's words back to him/her. In the late 1980s, Axlon managed the development of two new games for the Atari 2600, most likely as part of a marketing attempt to revive sales of the system, already more than a decade old. This included Motorodeo, a <a href="/wiki/Monster_truck" title="Monster truck">monster truck</a>-themed games that was one of the last games developed for the Atari 2600 system, being released in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Weiss-41">[41]</a> The company was largely sold to <a href="/wiki/Hasbro" title="Hasbro">Hasbro</a>. Etak, founded in 1984, was the first company to digitize the maps of the world, as part of the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">automotive navigation system</a>; the maps ultimately provided the backbone for <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapquest.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapquest.com">mapquest.com</a>, and other navigation systems; it was sold to <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a> in the 1980s. In May 2000 the company, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>, became a wholly owned subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Tele_Atlas" title="Tele Atlas">Tele Atlas</a>. While many of the ideas eventually led to current-day innovations, most of Catalyst's companies eventually failed due to a lack of underlying technology available in the 1980s to sustain these high-tech innovations. For example, Catalyst's companies included CinemaVision, which attempted to develop high-definition television. Cumma attempted to distribute video games using special vending machines that would write the game onto discs on demand. ByVideo developed an early online shopping experience using kiosks and Laser Discs that allowed shoppers to virtually purchase products that would then be delivered later.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PlayNet/Aristo">PlayNet/Aristo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: PlayNet/Aristo">edit</a>]</div> After a failed bid to purchase <a href="/wiki/Atari_Games" title="Atari Games">Atari Games</a> in 1996, the company which carried on Atari's arcade legacy,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Nolan Bushnell became senior consultant to the small game developer Aristo International<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> after it bought Borta, Inc., where he was chairman.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Aristo's CEO and chairman was <a href="/wiki/Mouli_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouli Cohen">Mouli Cohen</a>. In association with Aristo, Bushnell spearheaded TeamNet, a line of multiplayer-only arcade machines targeted towards adults, which allowed teams of up to four players to compete either locally or remotely via internet.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Aristo was later renamed PlayNet. Borta Inc. Developed video games that included versions of <a href="/wiki/Urban_Strike" title="Urban Strike">Urban Strike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Strike" title="Jungle Strike">Jungle Strike</a> along with online Sports Games. Aristo developed two main products: a touchscreen interface bar-top/arcade system that would also provide internet access, phone calls, and online networked tournaments;<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and a digital jukebox, capable of storing thousands of songs and downloading new releases.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> By late 1997 the company was facing financial troubles and was planning to withdraw the units it had released in the field and relaunch the line with improvements to the credit card swipe system and internet connections.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The company died shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> burst with its prototype machines still in development in 1997. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="uWink">uWink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: uWink">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UWink" title="UWink">uWink</a></div> Before BrainRush, Bushnell's most recent company was <a href="/wiki/UWink" title="UWink">uWink</a>, a company that evolved out of an early project called In10City (pronounced 'Intensity') which was a concept of an entertainment complex and dining experience. uWink was started by Bushnell and his business adviser Loni Reeder, who also designed the original logo for the company. The company has gone through several failed iterations including a touch-screen kiosk design, a company to run cash and prize awards as part of their uWin concept and also an online Entertainment Systems network.<a href="#cite_note-uWinkWeb-50">[50]</a> After nearly 7 years and over $24 million in investor funding, the touchscreen kiosks/bartop model was closed amid complaints of unpaid prizes and lack of maintaining service agreements with locations to keep the kiosk/bartop units in working condition. The latest iteration (announced in 2005) is a new interactive entertainment restaurant called the uWink Media Bistro, whose concept builds off his Chuck E. Cheese venture and previous 1988–1989 venture Bots Inc., which developed similar systems of customer-side point-of-sale touch-screen terminals in addition to autonomous <a href="/wiki/Pizza_delivery" title="Pizza delivery">pizza delivery</a> robots for <a href="/wiki/Little_Caesars_Pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Caesars Pizza">Little Caesars Pizza</a>. The plan was for guests to order their food and drinks using screens at each table, on which they may also play games with each other and watch movie trailers and short videos. The multiplayer network type video games that allowed table to table interaction or even with table group play never materialized. Guests often spotted the OSX based machine being constantly re-booted in order to play much simpler casual video games. Another factor that possibly led to the failure of the restaurants was the placement of the restaurants. The Woodland Hills location was on the second floor of a suburban shopping mall and the Hollywood location practically hidden with minimal visibility on a higher level of a shopping center complex. The first Bistro opened in <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Hills,_Los_Angeles" title="Woodland Hills, Los Angeles">Woodland Hills, California</a> on October 16, 2006. A second in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> was established, and in 2008 the company opened a third Southern California restaurant and one in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holbrook-51">[51]</a> All the restaurants have since closed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atari,_SA">Atari, SA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Atari, SA">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atari,_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari, SA">Atari, SA</a></div> On April 19, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Atari_SA" title="Atari SA">Atari SA</a>, the owner of the Atari brand and its home legacy since 2001, announced that Nolan Bushnell would join the company's board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> It marked his de facto return to Atari after more than 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modal_VR">Modal VR</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modal VR">edit</a>]</div> Bushnell is also one of the founders of Modal VR,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> a company that develops a portable large-scale VR system for enterprises to train e.g., security forces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Aging_Games,_LLC">Anti-Aging Games, LLC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anti-Aging Games, LLC">edit</a>]</div> Nolan is on the advisory board of Anti-AgingGames.com and was a co-founder of the company,<a href="#cite_note-anti2-55">[55]</a> featuring online memory, concentration, and focus games for healthy people over 35.<a href="#cite_note-anti-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BrainRush">BrainRush</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: BrainRush">edit</a>]</div> BrainRush is a company that uses video game technology in <a href="/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">educational software</a> where he is Founder, CEO and chairman. The company was venture capital funded in 2012. It is based on the idea that many curriculum lessons can be turned into mini-games. Developers can take any body of knowledge from English language arts to foreign language, geography, multiplication table or chemistry tables, to parts of the human body and gamify the experience. BrainRush calls their underlying technology "Adaptive Practice." They have also developed an open-authoring system allowing users to quickly create games in different topic areas. Between 2010 and 2012, BrainRush ran a test in Spanish language vocabulary learning with over 2200 teachers and 80,000 students across the country and got an increase in learning speed of between 8–10 times traditional learning.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] BrainRush rolled out the full platform in the fall of 2013. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Gaming_Technologies_Corp_(CSE_–_GGAM.U)">Global Gaming Technologies Corp (CSE – GGAM.U)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Global Gaming Technologies Corp (CSE – GGAM.U)">edit</a>]</div> On March 6, 2019, Nolan was appointed CEO and Chairman of publicly traded company Global Gaming Technologies Corp.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_ventures">Other ventures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other ventures">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 1981, Bushnell created the TimberTech Computer Camp in <a href="/wiki/Scotts_Valley,_California" title="Scotts Valley, California">Scotts Valley, California</a>.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charley_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Charley_2017.jpg/220px-Charley_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Charley_2017.jpg/330px-Charley_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Charley_2017.jpg/440px-Charley_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Nolan Bushnell's 67ft boat Charley (<a href="/wiki/Ron_Holland" title="Ron Holland">Ron Holland</a> design, 1983)</figcaption></figure>In 1982, Bushnell commissioned Charley, a 67-foot racing yacht designed by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Holland" title="Ron Holland">Ron Holland</a>. Charley went on to win <a href="/wiki/Line_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Line honours">Line honours</a> in the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Transpacific_Yacht_Race" title="Transpacific Yacht Race">TransPacific Yacht Race</a>.</li> <li>In 1983, Bushnell introduced the first "Androbot" TOPO. It was shown at the First Annual Consumer Robotics Show in Albuquerque, NM.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>In 1984, Bushnell purchased the arcade game company Videa and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Sente_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sente Games">Sente Games</a>. Among the games developed by the company before it closed in 1987 included the hockey video game <a href="/wiki/Hat_Trick_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat Trick (arcade game)">Hat Trick</a>.</li> <li>In 1991, Bushnell endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a> <a href="/wiki/CDTV" title="CDTV">CDTV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NGen4-36">[36]</a> a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>-based version of the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> 500 computer repackaged for the consumer electronics market.</li> <li>In Summer 1995 Bushnell announced a new line of amusement centers called E2000, which would be similar to Chuck E. Cheese's, but based on a video game theme.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> However, an unrelated multimillion-dollar lawsuit filed against Bushnell by <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a> prompted most of E2000's investors to back out, leaving him unable to fund the project.<a href="#cite_note-Metro1999-7">[7]</a></li> <li>In June 1999, Bushnell joined the board of directors of Wave Systems Corp.</li> <li>In 2005, he served as a judge on the <a href="/wiki/USA_Network" title="USA Network">USA Network</a> <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality series</a> Made in the USA.</li> <li>In 2007, Bushnell joined the board of <a href="/wiki/NeoEdge_Networks" title="NeoEdge Networks">NeoEdge Networks</a> as chairman.</li> <li>In 2007, Bushnell joined the advisory board of GAMEWAGER.<a href="#cite_note-VentureBeat-59">[59]</a></li> <li>In 2008, Bushnell became a member of AirPatrol Corporation's board of directors.</li> <li>In 2009, Bushnell announced his intention to move into the game-education market with a venture called Snap. He also announced that he would make an appearance at SGC, a gaming convention organized by <a href="/wiki/ScrewAttack" class="mw-redirect" title="ScrewAttack">ScrewAttack</a>.</li> <li>In May 2016, Bushnell joined the board of directors of MGT Capital Investments. <a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a>, proposed Executive Chairman and chief executive officer of MGT Capital, stated, "Nolan is one of the brightest minds in cyber technology. In his career, he has founded more than 20 high tech companies, giving him unprecedented knowledge of the tech industry. As a director, he will help MGT identify and cultivate the necessary strategic partnerships to position the company as the world leader in cyber security."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>In January 2017, Bushnell joined the board of directors of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perronerobotics.com">Perrone Robotics</a>, a maker of robotics software platforms for autonomous vehicles and mobile robots.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>In March 2021, Bushnell co-founded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moxy.io">Moxy.io</a>, a blockchain powered esport competition, tournament, and event platform.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_appearances">Media appearances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media appearances">edit</a>]</div> Bushnell was featured in the documentary film <a href="/wiki/Something_Ventured_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Something Ventured (film)">Something Ventured</a> about venture capital development,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Atari:_Game_Over" title="Atari: Game Over">Atari: Game Over</a>, which documented the unearthing of the <a href="/wiki/Atari_video_game_burial" title="Atari video game burial">Atari video game burial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> He was also featured in animated TV show Code Monkeys in Episode 3 of Season 1. For the 50th anniversary of Atari, Bushnell was interviewed by then-current Atari CEO Wade Rosen for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_50" title="Atari 50">Atari 50</a> video game where he discussed his history with the company and its relevance in the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accolades">Accolades</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Accolades">edit</a>]</div> Bushnell is considered to be the "father of electronic gaming" due to his contributions in establishing the arcade game market and creation of Atari.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> There had been debate between whether Bushnell or <a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph H. Baer</a>, who is credited with creating the first home video game console, should be considered the father of video games, which had led to some bad blood between the two inventors. However, the industry recognized that Baer should be considered the father of home video gaming, while Bushnell is credited with innovating the arcade game.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Video_Games_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="British Academy Video Games Awards">British Academy Video Games Awards</a> on March 10, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a> awarded the Academy Fellowship to Bushnell in recognition of his outstanding achievement as a founding father of the video games industry.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_biographical_film">Planned biographical film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Planned biographical film">edit</a>]</div> Since 2008, there has been interest to a <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biographical film</a> about Bushnell's life. While Bushnell had been approached by others to make such a film and turned these offers down, he accepted an offer made by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> in June 2008 with a script by Craig Sherman and Brian Hecker, with <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> envisioned to star as Bushnell.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> While news of the film was quiet over the next ten years, in March 2018, film financing company Vision Tree was working to start an <a href="/wiki/Initial_coin_offering" title="Initial coin offering">initial coin offering</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> to raise up to US$40 million for the film, which was set to be produced by DiCaprio's studio <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way_Productions" title="Appian Way Productions">Appian Way Productions</a>, Vision Tree, and Avery Productions.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDC_Pioneer_Award_controversy">GDC Pioneer Award controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: GDC Pioneer Award controversy">edit</a>]</div> In January 2018, the Advisory Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Awards" title="Game Developers Choice Awards">Game Developers Choice Awards</a> announced that Bushnell would receive the Pioneer Award at the March ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference" title="Game Developers Conference">Game Developers Conference</a> (GDC), crediting his role at Atari.<a href="#cite_note-GDC2018-73">[73]</a> That day, several people through social media, including <a href="/wiki/Brianna_Wu" title="Brianna Wu">Brianna Wu</a>, claimed Bushnell fostered a toxic work environment at Atari for women that became the foundation for the then-future video game industry, based on several documented interviews and accounts of Atari at the time of the 1970s and 1980s; a notable example was of Bushnell holding board meetings in a <a href="/wiki/Hot_tub" title="Hot tub">hot tub</a> and invited female secretaries to join them. Wu and others asserted that while Bushnell had done much for the industry, recognizing him with this type of award during the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement">#MeToo movement</a> was sending the wrong message.<a href="#cite_note-glixel_pioneer-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-kotaku_female_atari-75">[75]</a> Wu stated, "Nolan Bushnell deserves to be honored, but this is not the right time for it. It's easy to draw a line between the culture he created at Atari and the structural sexism women in tech face today."<a href="#cite_note-vb_gdc-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a> "#NotNolan" was shared by those with similar complaints about the GDC's choice.<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_female_atari-75">[75]</a> The following day, the Advisory Committee reconsidered the selection of Bushnell for the award<a href="#cite_note-glixel_pioneer-74">[74]</a> and announced the Pioneer Award would not be awarded, and instead it would be used that year to "honor the pioneering and unheard voices of the past".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> GDC further stated that they believed their selections "should reflect the values of today's game industry".<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_female_atari-75">[75]</a> Bushnell released a statement agreeing with the committee's decision:<a href="#cite_note-Crecente-78">[78]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I applaud the GDC for ensuring that their institution reflects what is right, specifically with regards to how people should be treated in the workplace. And if that means an award is the price I have to pay personally so the whole industry may be more aware and sensitive to these issues, I applaud that, too. If my personal actions or the actions of anyone who ever worked with me offended or caused pain to anyone at our companies, then I apologize without reservation.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>@NolanBushnell, Twitter, January 31, 2018<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crecente-78">[78]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In a later statement to <a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a>, Bushnell cautioned that "exploring these kinds of issues through a finite, 40-year-old prism [does not offer] a productive reflection of our company", and referred to feedback from his former employees.<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_female_atari-75">[75]</a> Kotaku spoke to a dozen female former Atari employees, some whom had already spoken out on social media. All who agreed that while the company's 1970s and 1980s workplace was influenced by the broader <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual Revolution</a>, the allegations made against Bushnell were exaggerated or false, and that the culture was one that they all freely participated in.<a href="#cite_note-vb_gdc-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-kotaku_female_atari-75">[75]</a> Some of the more notable female employees of Atari spoke further of the situation at the company and Bushnell during the 1970s: <ul><li>Elaine Shirley, who worked at Atari during the Bushnell years, said, "Those were the times. He [Nolan Bushnell] hit on women and they hit on him. If the #MeToo movement was active when Atari was alive, I think half our company would be charged. To my knowledge, no one ever did anything they did not want to do."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>Loni Reeder, who was responsible for communications, security, and facilities at Atari and later cofounded uWink with Bushnell, stated, "I was treated fairly and paid well. I have fellow Atari women friends who also know Nolan. None of us were offended by him."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Reeder further stated of the workplace at Atari, "I take great offense of people coming in today and saying we were oppressed...We had a united and cohesive environment. That was what the ’70s were about. It wasn't like we all got together to have an orgy."<a href="#cite_note-vb_bushnell_gdc_controversy-83">[83]</a></li> <li>Carol Kantor, the first games user researcher and who led an all-female games user research team at Atari,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> said, "I know there are people out there who are accused and really were guilty of sexual harassment. But not Nolan. It wasn't in his character. I certainly stand up for the Nolan that I knew. He certainly didn't hold his power over people."<a href="#cite_note-vb_bushnell_gdc_controversy-83">[83]</a></li></ul> The women interviewed by Kotaku generally considered the attack and decision related to Bushnell's award as unfair, and expressed anger at those that had raised the issue with the committee.<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_female_atari-75">[75]</a> Some stated that those who accused Bushnell of sexism did not take into consideration the culture of the time, and there was a clear and distinct difference between the sexualized occurrences at Atari in the 1970s, and the real harassment and threats faced by women in the current #MeToo movement.<a href="#cite_note-vb_bushnell_gdc_controversy-83">[83]</a> The situation has led to discussion of how the Atari workplace may have influenced the current video game industry. Kotaku observed that the percentage of females in the video game industry has declined since 1991 to as low as 15% as of 2016, which is difficult to attribute, but suggested may be tied to a portion of women that would not be able to withstand the type of workplace of the 1980s Atari.<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_female_atari-75">[75]</a> In an <a href="/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial">editorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Takahashi" title="Dean Takahashi">Dean Takahashi</a> suggested the current environment within the video game industry was more heavily influenced by Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft, which took drastically different approaches to workplace culture.<a href="#cite_note-vb_gdc-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cal-1"><a href="#cite_ref-cal_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cal-entertainment.com/portfoliotype/nolan-bushnell-2/">"Nolan Bushnell"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nolan+Bushnell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcal-entertainment.com%2Fportfoliotype%2Fnolan-bushnell-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anti-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anti_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anti_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911042100/http://www.anti-aginggames.com/team.html">"Our Team"</a>. 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Prima Publishing. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+History+Of+Video+Games&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Prima+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-favoritegame-26"><a href="#cite_ref-favoritegame_26-0">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/cR9yJNf6R7Y">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103032149/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cR9yJNf6R7Y">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cR9yJNf6R7Y">Video interview with Go as his favorite game</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+interview+with+Go+as+his+favorite+game&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcR9yJNf6R7Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushnellWeaver2017" class="citation news cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bushnell, Nolan</a>; Weaver, Christopher (November 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/media/NMAH/NMAH-AC1498_Transcript_NolanBushnell.pdf#page=37">"Nolan Bushnell: Transcript of an interview conducted by Christopher Weaver"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Lemelson_Center_for_the_Study_of_Invention_and_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation">Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. p. 33. 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Sygyzy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985597405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0985597405"><bdi>978-0985597405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7&rft.btitle=Atari+Inc%3A+Business+is+Fun&rft.pub=Sygyzy+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0985597405&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Marty&rft.au=Vendel%2C+Curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showbizpizza.com/info/documents/ptt/ptt_gamesexaminer-sente.pdf">"The Games Examiner – "Sente Technologies" Feature"</a> (PDF). 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Replay Magazine. Retrieved February 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Replay+Magazine&rft.atitle=Proposed+Bushnell+Award+Creates+%23MeToo+Firestorm&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Minter&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.replaymag.com%2Fproposed-bushnell-award-creates-metoo-firestorm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudureau2018" class="citation web cs1">Audureau, William (February 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2018/02/01/metoo-le-fondateur-d-atari-approuve-l-annulation-de-sa-recompense_5250551_4408996.html">"#MeToo: The founder of Atari "approves" the cancellation of his reward"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=%23MeToo%3A+The+founder+of+Atari+%22approves%22+the+cancellation+of+his+reward&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft.aulast=Audureau&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fpixels%2Farticle%2F2018%2F02%2F01%2Fmetoo-le-fondateur-d-atari-approuve-l-annulation-de-sa-recompense_5250551_4408996.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeder2018" class="citation web cs1">Reeder, Loni (January 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/lonireeder/status/958922473101078529">"Loni Reeder – "I worked there""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loni+Reeder+%E2%80%93+%22I+worked+there%22&rft.pub=Twitter&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Reeder&rft.aufirst=Loni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Flonireeder%2Fstatus%2F958922473101078529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vb_bushnell_gdc_controversy-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vb_bushnell_gdc_controversy_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vb_bushnell_gdc_controversy_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vb_bushnell_gdc_controversy_83-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahasi2018" class="citation web cs1">Takahasi, Dean (March 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/09/the-deanbeat-ataris-groundbreaking-women-speak-across-the-decades/">"The DeanBeat: Atari's groundbreaking women speak across the decades"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venture_Beat" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture Beat">Venture Beat</a>. Retrieved September 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Venture+Beat&rft.atitle=The+DeanBeat%3A+Atari%27s+groundbreaking+women+speak+across+the+decades&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft.aulast=Takahasi&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2018%2F03%2F09%2Fthe-deanbeat-ataris-groundbreaking-women-speak-across-the-decades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormanKirakowski2018" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Kent L.; Kirakowski, Jurek (2018). The Wiley handbook of human computer interaction set. Norman, Kent L. (First ed.). Hoboken, NJ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118976005" title="Special:BookSources/9781118976005"><bdi>9781118976005</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004376487">1004376487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+handbook+of+human+computer+interaction+set&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004376487&rft.isbn=9781118976005&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Kent+L.&rft.au=Kirakowski%2C+Jurek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun, by Curt Vendel, Marty Goldberg (2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0985597402" title="Special:BookSources/0985597402">0985597402</a></li> <li>Zap: The Rise and Fall of Atari, by Scott Cohen (1984), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7388-6883-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7388-6883-3">0-7388-6883-3</a></li> <li>Gaming 101: A Contemporary History of PC and Video Games, by George Jones (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55622-080-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55622-080-4">1-55622-080-4</a></li> <li>The Ultimate History of Video Games: From Pong to Pokémon—The Story Behind the Craze That Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, by Steven L. Kent (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4">0-7615-3643-4</a></li> <li>High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games, by Rusel DeMaria, Johnny L. Wilson (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-223172-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-223172-6">0-07-223172-6</a></li> <li>The First Quarter: A 25-year History of Video Games, by Steven L. Kent (2000). Bothell, WA: BWD Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780970475503" title="Special:BookSources/9780970475503">9780970475503</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45849134">45849134</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nolan_Bushnell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nolan_Bushnell" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520083655/http://www.bafta.org/learning/webcasts/nolan-bushnell,727,BA.html">Nolan Bushnell: A Life in Video Games</a>, filmed <a href="/wiki/BAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA">BAFTA</a> event</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercextra.com/listen/index.php?id=241">San Jose Mercury News Podcast Interview</a> with Bushnell</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetalkgames.com/WTG5.mp3">Podcast Interview</a> Nolan Bushnell on "We Talk Games." [Timecode, 00:38:05].</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedoteaters.com/?bitstory=article-3">The Dot Eaters entry</a> on Bushnell and Atari</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424175550/http://www.thetech.org/revolutionaries/bushnell/i_a.html">An interview</a> with Bushnell</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofgooglevideo.com/video.php?video=272">Discovery Channel Interview</a> with Bushnell</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gigaom.com/2007/11/24/father-of-videogames-joins-latest-ad-driven-game-network/10739/">gigaom.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921091013/http://gigaom.com/2007/11/24/father-of-videogames-joins-latest-ad-driven-game-network/10739/">Archived</a> September 21, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Bushnell and NeoEdge Networks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113190147/http://newlearning.blip.tv/file/1905445/">Nolan Bushnell Keynote Address</a> at Game Based Learning 2009, London, March 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebusinessmakers.com/episodes/shows/2007/december/episode-132/nolan-bushnell-atari-inc.html">An interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911155023/http://www.thebusinessmakers.com/episodes/shows/2007/december/episode-132/nolan-bushnell-atari-inc.html">Archived</a> September 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> with Bushnell on The BusinessMakers Show</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407022345/http://quotes.nobosh.com/nolan-bushnell-quotes/quotations/">quotes.nobosh.com</a> Nolan Bushnell Quotes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twit.tv/show/triangulation/60">Nolan Bushnell with Leo Laporte on TWiT -Triangulation No.60 </a>(video and audio – Wed July 11, 2012 – duration 87 minutes)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspiredinsider.com/nolan-bushnell-one-question-inspires/">Nolan Bushnell with Dr. Jeremy Weisz on InspiredInsider -Bushnell Opens up about Low Times and Proud Moments</a>(video and audio duration 12 minutes)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313043650/http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/national-public-radio/how-i-built-this/e/atari-chuck-e-cheeses-nolan-bushnell-49269472">"How I Built This / Atari & Chuck E. Cheese's: Nolan Bushnell"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/national-public-radio/how-i-built-this/e/atari-chuck-e-cheeses-nolan-bushnell-49269472">the original</a> on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+I+Built+This+%2F+Atari+%26+Chuck+E.+Cheese%27s%3A+Nolan+Bushnell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stitcher.com%2Fpodcast%2Fnational-public-radio%2Fhow-i-built-this%2Fe%2Fatari-chuck-e-cheeses-nolan-bushnell-49269472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANolan+Bushnell" class="Z3988"> (audio interview)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611120837/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/mgt-appoints-nolan-bushnell-board-130000055.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20160611120837/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/mgt-appoints-nolan-bushnell-board-130000055.html</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ffcc66;">Business positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Start</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">CEO of Atari, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia#Warner_Communications_(1972–1990)" title="WarnerMedia">(A Warner Communications Company)</a> 1976–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kassar" title="Ray Kassar">Ray Kassar</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_history_of_video_games" title="Template:Early history of video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_history_of_video_games" title="Template talk:Early history of video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_history_of_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early history of video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_history_of_video_games_(1947-1971)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">Early history of video games</a> (1947-1971)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog and lightbulb games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube_amusement_device" title="Cathode-ray tube amusement device">Cathode-ray tube amusement device</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_the_Brain" title="Bertie the Brain">Bertie the Brain</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(computer)" title="Nimrod (computer)">Nimrod</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmonette" title="Carmonette">Carmonette</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutspiel" title="Hutspiel">Hutspiel</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_for_Two" title="Tennis for Two">Tennis for Two</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess#History_2" title="Computer chess">Early Chess programs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turochamp" title="Turochamp">Turochamp</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_chess" title="Los Alamos chess">Los Alamos Chess</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotok-McCarthy" title="Kotok-McCarthy">Kotok-McCarthy</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Hack" title="Mac Hack">Mac Hack</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaissa" title="Kaissa">Kaissa</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cray_Blitz" title="Cray Blitz">Blitz</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_(Northwestern_University)" title="Chess (Northwestern University)">Chess</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_mainframe_games" title="Early mainframe games">Early mainframe games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OXO_(video_game)" title="OXO (video game)">OXO</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marienbad_(video_game)" title="Marienbad (video game)">Marienbad</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sumerian_Game" title="The Sumerian Game">The Sumerian Game</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamurabi_(video_game)" title="Hamurabi (video game)">Hamurabi</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Travel_(video_game)" title="Space Travel (video game)">Space Travel</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(1971_video_game)" title="Star Trek (1971 video game)">Star Trek</a> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First arcade games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Game" title="Galaxy Game">Galaxy Game</a> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Addis" title="Mabel Addis">Mabel Addis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Ahl" title="David H. Ahl">David Ahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Makepeace_Bennett" title="John Makepeace Bennett">John Makepeace Bennett</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nolan Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Champernowne" class="mw-redirect" title="David Champernowne">David Champernowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Dabney" title="Ted Dabney">Ted Dabney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Douglas" title="Sandy Douglas">Sandy Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Goldsmith_Jr." title="Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.">Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Higinbotham" title="William Higinbotham">William Higinbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kates" title="Josef Kates">Josef Kates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335039#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335039#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335039#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000000088154X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34679292">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1555443/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRGjRvx8Dg8gpFg78DMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr00014211">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144533407">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144533407">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001171817">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2015884315&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5391829">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071134557">Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/45/1305">DBLP</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d1d2a7b6-7bac-43f1-9c8b-ffb26da7605e">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rw30rm">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BAFTA_Fellowship_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BDB76B"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BAFTA_Academy_Fellowship_Award" title="Template:BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BAFTA_Academy_Fellowship_Award" title="Template talk:BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BAFTA_Academy_Fellowship_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BAFTA_Fellowship_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Fellowship" title="BAFTA Fellowship">BAFTA Fellowship Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">1971–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Young" title="Freddie Young">Freddie Young</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Wyndham_Goldie" title="Grace Wyndham Goldie">Grace Wyndham Goldie</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Forman" title="Denis Forman">Denis Forman</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Grade" title="Lew Grade">Lew Grade</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Wheldon" title="Huw Wheldon">Huw Wheldon</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a> & <a href="/wiki/Emeric_Pressburger" title="Emeric Pressburger">Emeric Pressburger</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Greene" title="Hugh Greene">Hugh Greene</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Isaacs" title="Jeremy Isaacs">Jeremy Isaacs</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fox_(television_executive)" title="Paul Fox (television executive)">Paul Fox</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Malle" title="Louis Malle">Louis Malle</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Plowright" title="David Plowright">David Plowright</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Samuelson" title="Sydney Samuelson">Sydney Samuelson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Young_(film_educator)" title="Colin Young (film educator)">Colin Young</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grade" title="Michael Grade">Michael Grade</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Neame" title="Ronald Neame">Ronald Neame</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Smith" title="Maggie Smith">Maggie Smith</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Bochco" title="Steven Bochco">Steven Bochco</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Christie" title="Julie Christie">Julie Christie</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Morris" title="Oswald Morris">Oswald Morris</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rose_(songwriter)" title="David Rose (songwriter)">David Rose</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cotton" title="Bill Cotton">Bill Cotton</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Morecambe" title="Eric Morecambe">Eric Morecambe</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Wise" title="Ernie Wise">Ernie Wise</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bazalgette" title="Peter Bazalgette">Peter Bazalgette</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Finney" title="Albert Finney">Albert Finney</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thaw" title="John Thaw">John Thaw</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Ivory_Productions" title="Merchant Ivory Productions">Merchant Ivory Productions</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davies_(writer)" title="Andrew Davies (writer)">Andrew Davies</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mills" title="John Mills">John Mills</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jason" title="David Jason">David Jason</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boorman" title="John Boorman">John Boorman</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Graef" title="Roger Graef">Roger Graef</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)" title="John Barry (composer)">John Barry</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Puttnam" title="David Puttnam">David Puttnam</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_V._Coates" title="Anne V. Coates">Anne V. Coates</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Curtis" title="Richard Curtis">Richard Curtis</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Wright_(game_designer)" title="Will Wright (game designer)">Will Wright</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Forsyth" title="Bruce Forsyth">Bruce Forsyth</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_French" title="Dawn French">Dawn French</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Saunders" title="Jennifer Saunders">Jennifer Saunders</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a> (2009)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nolan Bushnell</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a 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