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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Rwanda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="اقتصاد رواندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد رواندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_de_Ruanda" title="Economia de Ruanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaft_Ruandas" title="Wirtschaft Ruandas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirtschaft Ruandas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_Ruanda" title="Economía de Ruanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_du_Rwanda" title="Économie du Rwanda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie du Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_Ruanda" title="Economía de Ruanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Economía de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EC%99%84%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="르완다의 경제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르완다의 경제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռուանդայի տնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուանդայի տնտեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomio_di_Ruanda" title="Ekonomio di Ruanda – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekonomio di Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubucuruzi_mu_Rwanda" title="Ubucuruzi mu Rwanda – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubucuruzi mu Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toekaren%27_i_Roanda" title="Toekaren' i Roanda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Toekaren' i Roanda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88" title="ルワンダの経済 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルワンダの経済" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_de_Rwanda" title="Economia de Rwanda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Economia de Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodarka_Rwandy" title="Gospodarka Rwandy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gospodarka Rwandy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_de_Ruanda" title="Economia de Ruanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_Rwandei" title="Economia Rwandei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Economia Rwandei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Экономика Руанды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономика Руанды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%97%BA%E9%81%94%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="盧旺達經濟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盧旺達經濟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q966227#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Economy+of+Rwanda%22">"Economy of Rwanda"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Economy+of+Rwanda%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Economy+of+Rwanda%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Economy+of+Rwanda%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Economy+of+Rwanda%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Economy+of+Rwanda%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of <span class="country-name">Rwanda</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kigali2018Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kigali2018Cropped.jpg/220px-Kigali2018Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kigali2018Cropped.jpg/330px-Kigali2018Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kigali2018Cropped.jpg/440px-Kigali2018Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</a> (RWF, FRw)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">calendar year</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Trade organisations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="African Continental Free Trade Agreement">AfCFTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECCAS" class="mw-redirect" title="ECCAS">ECCAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">EAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/COMESA" class="mw-redirect" title="COMESA">COMESA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Country group</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Least Developed</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_Developed_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Developed Countries">Low-income economy</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12,374,397 (2019 proj.)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $13.150 billion (nominal; 2023 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO-202304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $41.89 billion (PPP; 2023 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO-202304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">139th (nominal, 2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">129th (PPP, 2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP growth</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>8.6% (2018) 9.5% (2019e)</li> <li>-3.4% (2020e) 10.9% (2021e)</li> <li>6.8% (2022e) 6.2% (2031e) <sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO-202304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $970 (nominal, 2023 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO-202304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $3,099 (PPP, 2023.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO-202304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita rank</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">167th (nominal, 2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">165th (PPP, 2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP by sector</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">agriculture</a>: 30.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">industry</a>: 17.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a>: 51.5% (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.9% (2020 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-2020/01_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020/01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Population below <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>39.1% (2015 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>55.5% on less than $1.90/day (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient"><span class="wrap">Gini coefficient</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">43.7 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkorange">medium</span> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.534 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">165th</a>)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.402 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">IHDI</a> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labour force</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6,374,891 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 48.3% employment rate (Q1, 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-LFSRW_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LFSRW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labour force by occupation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">agriculture</a>: 75.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">industry</a>: 6.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a>: 18% (2012 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unemployment</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13.1% (Q1, 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-LFSRW_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LFSRW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main industries</div></th><td class="infobox-data">cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">External</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exports</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1.05 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Export goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data">coffee, tea, hides, tin ore</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main export partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> 38.3%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> 15.1%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> 9.9%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> 9.5%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> 4.9%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> 4.5%</li> <li>(2017)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Imports</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1.922 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Import goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data">foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main import partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 20.4%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> 11%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> 7.2%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> 7.1%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> 5.3%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> 5.1%</li> <li>(2017)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">FDI</a> stock</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2.378 billion (31 December 2017 est.)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Abroad: $113.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)"><span class="wrap">Current account</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> −$622 million (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Gross <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt"><span class="wrap">external debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $3.258 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Public finances</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_debt" title="List of countries by government debt"><span class="wrap">Government debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 40.5% of GDP (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance"><span class="wrap">Budget balance</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−4.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenues</th><td class="infobox-data">1.943 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">2.337 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Economic aid</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>recipient</i>: $285 Million (2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves"><span class="wrap">Foreign reserves</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $997.6 million (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightblue;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding:0.2em;"> <i>All values, unless otherwise stated, are in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> The <b>economy of Rwanda</b> has undergone rapid industrialisation due to a successful governmental policy. It has a mixed economy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early-2000s, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> has witnessed an economic boom, which improved the living standards of many Rwandans. The President of Rwanda, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a>, has noted his ambition to make Rwanda the "<a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industrial sector is growing, contributing 16% of GDP in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-MINAGRI_Annual_Report_2018-2019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MINAGRI_Annual_Report_2018-2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History of Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Rwanda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Rwanda.png/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Rwanda.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Rwanda.png/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Rwanda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Rwanda.png/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Rwanda.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Estimated development of real GDP per capita in Rwanda, since 1950</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_civil_war_and_genocide">Before the civil war and genocide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before the civil war and genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s and 1970s, Rwanda's prudent financial policies, coupled with generous external aid and relatively favorable terms of trade, resulted in sustained growth in per capita income and low inflation rates. However, when world coffee prices fell sharply in the 1980s, growth became erratic. </p><p>Compared to an annual GDP growth rate of 6.5% from 1973 to 1980, growth slowed to an average of 2.9% a year from 1980 through 1985 and was stagnant from 1986 to 1990. The crisis peaked in 1990 when the first measures of an IMF <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> program were carried out. While the program was not fully implemented before the war, key measures such as two large devaluations and the removal of official prices were enacted. The consequences on salaries and purchasing power were rapid and dramatic. This crisis particularly affected the educated elite, most of whom were employed in civil service or state-owned enterprises. </p><p>During the 5 years of <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">civil war</a> that culminated in the 1994 genocide, GDP declined in 3 out of 5 years, posting a rapid decline at more than 40% in 1994, the year of the genocide. The 9% increase in real GDP for 1995, the first postwar year, signalled the resurgence of economic activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_genocide">After the genocide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After the genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">1994 genocide</a> destroyed Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made significant progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy. In June 1998, Rwanda signed an <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Structural_Adjustment_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility">Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility</a> with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Rwanda has also embarked upon an ambitious privatization program with the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. </p><p>In the immediate postwar period—mid-1994 through 1995—emergency humanitarian assistance of more than $307.4 million was largely directed to relief efforts in Rwanda and in the refugee camps in neighboring countries where Rwandans fled during the war. In 1996, humanitarian relief aid began to shift to reconstruction and <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development assistance</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, the World Bank, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Development_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Development Programme">UN Development Programme</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Development_Fund" title="European Development Fund">European Development Fund</a> will continue to account for the substantial aid. Rehabilitation of government infrastructure, in particular the justice system, was an international priority, as well as the continued repair and expansion of infrastructure, health facilities, and schools. </p><p>After the Rwandan Genocide, the Tutsi-led government began a major program to improve the country's economy and reduce its dependence on subsistence farming. The failing economy had been a major factor behind the genocide, as was overpopulation and the resulting competition for scarce farmland and other resources. The government focused primarily on building up its manufacturing and service industries and eliminating barriers to trade and development. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voa_murdock_rwanda_farming_musangwa_300_oct2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Voa_murdock_rwanda_farming_musangwa_300_oct2011.jpg/220px-Voa_murdock_rwanda_farming_musangwa_300_oct2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Voa_murdock_rwanda_farming_musangwa_300_oct2011.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>A coffee farmer in Rwanda.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Government of Rwanda posted a 13% GDP growth rate in 1996 through improved collection of tax revenues, accelerated privatization of state enterprises to stop the drain on government resources, and continued improvement in export crop and food production. Tea plantations and factories continue to be rehabilitated, and coffee, always a smallholder's crop, is being more seriously rehabilitated and tended as the farmers' sense of security returns. </p><p>Coffee production of 14,578,560 tons in 2000 compares to a pre-civil war variation between 35,000 and 40,000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2002 tea became Rwanda's largest export, with export earnings from tea reaching US$18 million equating to 15,000 tons of dried tea. Rwanda's natural resources are limited. A small mineral industry provides about 5% of foreign exchange earnings. Concentrates exist of the heavy minerals <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a> (a primary source of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a> (used to manufacture electronic capacitors, used in consumer electronics products such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cell phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game systems">video game systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">computers</a>). </p><p>By mid-1997, up to 75% of the factories functioning before the war had returned to production, at an average of 75% of their capacity. Investments in the industrial sector continue to mostly be limited to the repair of existing industrial plants. Retail trade, devastated by the war, has revived quickly, with many new small businesses established by Rwandan returnees from <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. </p><p>Industry received little external assistance from the end of the war through 1995. Beginning in 1996–97, the government became increasingly active in helping the industrial sector to restore production through technical and financial assistance, including loan guarantees, economic liberalization, and the privatization of state-owned enterprises. In early 1998, the government set up a one-stop investment promotion center and implemented a new investment code that created an enabling environment for foreign and local investors. An autonomous revenue authority also has begun operation, improving collections and accountability.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cassiterite production peaked at 1,000 tonnes in 1990, but was under 700 tonnes in 2000. Recorded coltan production has soared from 147 tonnes in 1999 to 1,300 tonnes in 2001, and coltan was the country's biggest single export earner in 2001. At least part of the increase in production is because of new mines opening up in Rwanda. However it is true, as has frequently been observed, that the increase is also because of the fraudulent re-export of Congolese coltan. In addition to the well-publicised involvement in this trade of the Rwandan Defence Force (RDF), another important factor in the coltan re-export is that international dealers are under pressure not to buy from the DRC, thus increasing the incentive for DRC coltan to be re-exported as Rwanda's. Rwanda is also alleged to be trading in fraudulently exported gold and diamonds from the DRC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_economy_and_economic_prospects">Current economy and economic prospects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current economy and economic prospects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country entered a high period of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> in 2006, and the following year managed to register 8% economic growth, a record it has sustained since, turning it into one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. This sustained economic growth has succeeded in reducing <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and also reducing <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rates">fertility rates</a>, with growth between 2006 and 2011 reducing the percentage of the country's population living in poverty from 57% to 45%.The country's infrastructure has also grown rapidly, with connections to electricity going from 91,000 in 2006 to 215,000 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rwanda wants to achieve <a href="/wiki/Middle-income_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-income country">Middle Income Country</a> status by 2035 and <a href="/wiki/High-income_country" class="mw-redirect" title="High-income country">High-Income Country</a> status by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Existing foreign investment is concentrated in commercial establishments, mining, tea, coffee, and tourism. Minimum wage and social security regulations are in force, and the four prewar independent trade unions are back in operation. The largest union, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CESTRAR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CESTRAR (page does not exist)">CESTRAR</a>, was created as an organ of the government but became fully independent with the political reforms introduced by the 1991 constitution. </p><p>In 2016, Rwanda was ranked 42nd and second best country in Africa to do business in the Mara Foundation-The Ashish J Thakkar Global Entrepreneurship Index report.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a recent research in the UK-based political science journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_African_Political_Economy" title="Review of African Political Economy">Review of African Political Economy</a></i>, indicates that economic growth may be slower than what official figures suggest. Researchers stated that average consumption per household closely followed growth in GDP per capita from 2000 to 2005, but diverged afterwards when average consumption per household stagnated despite huge improvements in GDP per capita from 2005 to 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture_and_primary_resources">Agriculture and primary resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agriculture and primary resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Animal_Resources" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources">Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarabaCoffeeDryingRacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of four drying racks containing white coloured unroasted coffee beans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MarabaCoffeeDryingRacks.jpg/220px-MarabaCoffeeDryingRacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MarabaCoffeeDryingRacks.jpg/330px-MarabaCoffeeDryingRacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MarabaCoffeeDryingRacks.jpg/440px-MarabaCoffeeDryingRacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Coffee beans drying in <a href="/wiki/Maraba_coffee" title="Maraba coffee">Maraba</a>. Coffee is one of Rwanda's major cash crops.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_Of_Women_In_Agriculture,_Forestry_And_Fishing_Employment,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Share_Of_Women_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_Employment%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/220px-Share_Of_Women_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_Employment%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Share_Of_Women_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_Employment%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/330px-Share_Of_Women_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_Employment%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Share_Of_Women_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_Employment%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/440px-Share_Of_Women_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_Employment%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Rwanda has the tenth highest proportion of women working in agriculture, forestry and fishing in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rwanda produced in 2019:<sup id="cite_ref-Rwanda_production_in_2019,_by_FAO_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rwanda_production_in_2019,_by_FAO-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>2.6 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>;</li> <li>1.2 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>;</li> <li>1.1 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>;</li> <li>973 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>;</li> <li>484 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>;</li> <li>421 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>;</li> <li>256 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkin</a>;</li> <li>171 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>;</li> <li>159 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>;</li> <li>131 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>;</li> <li>114 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>;</li> <li>105 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>;</li> <li>36 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>;</li> <li>31 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>;</li> <li>29 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>;</li> <li>5.4 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>;</li></ul> <p>In addition to other productions of other agricultural products. Products such as bananas, pineapples, tea, coffee, and tobacco are high-value, export-oriented products.<sup id="cite_ref-Rwanda_production_in_2019,_by_FAO_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rwanda_production_in_2019,_by_FAO-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 agriculture accounted for 29% of the economy of Rwanda.<sup id="cite_ref-MINAGRI_Annual_Report_2018-2019_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MINAGRI_Annual_Report_2018-2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rwanda has long relied on coffee as a cash crop. The crash of coffee prices in 1989 caused a great decrease in purchasing power, and increased domestic tensions. </p><p>Rwanda's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 Genocide, with widespread loss of life, failure to maintain the infrastructure, looting, and neglect of important cash crops. This caused a large drop in GDP and destroyed the country's ability to attract private and external investment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy has since strengthened, with per-capita GDP (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>) estimated at <a href="/wiki/Geary-Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary-Khamis dollar">$</a>2,225 in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2019_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared with $416 in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2019_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_field_workers_in_rwanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tea_field_workers_in_rwanda.jpg/220px-Tea_field_workers_in_rwanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tea_field_workers_in_rwanda.jpg/330px-Tea_field_workers_in_rwanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tea_field_workers_in_rwanda.jpg/440px-Tea_field_workers_in_rwanda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Tea field workers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Major export markets include China, Germany, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy is managed by the central <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Rwanda" title="National Bank of Rwanda">National Bank of Rwanda</a> and the currency is the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</a>; in June 2010, the exchange rate was 588 francs to the United States dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENamata2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENamata2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rwanda joined the East African Community in 2007 and there were plans for a common <a href="/wiki/East_African_shilling_(new)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African shilling (new)">East African shilling</a>, which it had been hoped would be in place by 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelle2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have not yet reached fruition (2020). </p><p>Rwanda is a country of few natural resources,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(III)2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(III)2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the economy is based mostly on <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> by local farmers using simple tools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFAO_/_WFP1997_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFAO_/_WFP1997-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 90% of the working population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 42.0% of GDP in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-1980s, farm sizes and food production have been decreasing, due in part to the resettlement of displaced people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWRI2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWRI2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(I)2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(I)2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, and food imports are required.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crops grown in the country include coffee, tea, <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">pyrethrum</a>, bananas, beans, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and potatoes. Coffee and tea are the major cash crops for export, with the high altitudes, steep slopes and volcanic soils providing favourable conditions. Reliance on agricultural exports makes Rwanda vulnerable to shifts in their prices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWTO2004_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWTO2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agricultural animals raised in Rwanda include cows, goats, sheep, pigs, chicken, and rabbits, with geographical variation in the numbers of each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMINAGRI2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINAGRI2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production systems are mostly traditional, although there are a few intensive dairy farms around Kigali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMINAGRI2006_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINAGRI2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortages of land and water, insufficient and poor-quality feed, and regular disease epidemics with insufficient veterinary services are major constraints that restrict output. A "One Cow per Poor Family Programme" (Girinka), implemented in 2006, distributed 341,065 cows in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fishing takes place on the country's lakes, but stocks are very depleted, and live fish are being imported in an attempt to revive the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENamata2008_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENamata2008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining">Mining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Rwanda" title="Mining in Rwanda">Mining in Rwanda</a></div> <p>Rwanda's mining industry is an important contributor, generating US$93 million in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minerals mined include <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, gold, and <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a>, which is used in the manufacture of electronic and communication devices such as mobile phones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2009_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelawala2001_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelawala2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Lake Kivu</a> began in 1983, but to date has been used only by the <a href="/wiki/Bralirwa_Brewery" title="Bralirwa Brewery">Bralirwa Brewery</a>. </p><p>In 2019, the country was the 7th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 12th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_and_electrification">Energy and electrification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Energy and electrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Rwanda" title="List of power stations in Rwanda">List of power stations in Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Rwanda" title="Energy in Rwanda">Energy in Rwanda</a></div> <p>Rwanda has made tremendous strides in improving electrification in the 21st century. A great number of new areas has become electrified through an expansion of infrastructure. </p><p>Depletion of the forests will eventually pressure Rwandans to turn to fuel sources other than <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> for cooking and heating. Given the abundance of mountain streams and lakes, the potential for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> is substantial. Rwanda is exploiting these natural resources through joint hydroelectric projects with Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rwanda's manufacturing sector is dominated by the production of import substitutes for internal consumption. The larger enterprises produce beer, soft drinks, cigarettes, hoes, wheelbarrows, soap, mattresses, plastic pipe, roofing materials, and bottled water.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other products manufactured include agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, cement, plastic goods, textiles and cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism_and_services">Tourism and services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tourism and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rwanda" title="Tourism in Rwanda">Tourism in Rwanda</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorilla_mother_and_baby_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph depicting female adult gorilla with a baby on her shoulders, surrounded by green foliage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gorilla_mother_and_baby_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg/250px-Gorilla_mother_and_baby_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gorilla_mother_and_baby_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg/375px-Gorilla_mother_and_baby_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gorilla_mother_and_baby_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg/500px-Gorilla_mother_and_baby_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">Mountain gorillas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Volcanoes National Park">Volcanoes National Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rwanda's <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a> suffered during the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a> as banks reduced lending and foreign aid projects and investment were reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENantaba2010_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENantaba2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sector rebounded in 2010, becoming the country's largest sector by economic output and contributing 43.6% of the country's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key tertiary contributors include banking and finance, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, insurance, real estate, business services and public administration including education and health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENantaba2010_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENantaba2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rwanda" title="Tourism in Rwanda">Tourism</a> is one of the fastest-growing economic resources and became the country's leading foreign exchange earner in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirakwate2012_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirakwate2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the genocide's legacy, the country is increasingly perceived internationally as a safe destination;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20106_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20106-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Directorate of Immigration and Emigration recorded 405,801 people visiting the country between January and June 2011; 16% of these arrived from outside Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERDB_(III)2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERDB_(III)2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revenue from tourism was US$115,600,000 between January and June 2011; holidaymakers contributed 43% of this revenue, despite being only 9% of the numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERDB_(III)2011_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERDB_(III)2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rwanda is one of only two countries in which <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorillas</a> can be visited safely; gorilla tracking in the Volcanoes National Park attracts thousands of visitors per year, who are prepared to pay high prices for permits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20102_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20102-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other attractions include: Nyungwe Forest, home to chimpanzees, Ruwenzori colobus and other primates, the resorts of Lake Kivu, and Akagera, a small <a href="/wiki/Savanna_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Savanna reserve">savanna reserve</a> in the east of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERDB_(IV)_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERDB_(IV)-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rwanda's tourism is centred on the attractions of <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Volcanoes National Park">Volcanoes National Park</a> (PNV) with its six <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> and the protected population of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorillas</a> made famous by <a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a>. Additionally, tourism is drawn to central Africa's largest protected wetland <a href="/wiki/Akagera_National_Park" title="Akagera National Park">Akagera National Park</a>, with its populations of <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape buffalo">cape buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">elands</a>, and other big game animals. <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a>-related tourism has a potential to develop as well, especially in <a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyungwe National Park">Nyungwe National Park</a>, among the largest uncut forest reserves in Africa. Nyungwe National Park is home to over 300 species of birds. And a vast variety of wild life as well. </p><p>Several memorial sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> have begun to generate significant <a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">dark tourism</a>. For example, the Gisozi Genocide Memorial Site in the <a href="/wiki/Gasabo_District" title="Gasabo District">Gasabo District</a> of Kigali—the burial place of approximately 300,000 victims of the genocide—has a related genocide exhibition area and library and has plans to develop a teaching centre on the history of the genocide. Another major genocide-related memorial centre attracting tourists is the Murambi Genocide Memorial Site housed in the former <a href="/wiki/Murambi_Technical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Murambi Technical School">Murambi Technical School</a> where 45,000 people were murdered and 850 skeletons and mummified remains of the victims are on display. </p><p>Two other major memorial sites associated with the genocide are in <a href="/wiki/Kicukiro_District" title="Kicukiro District">Kicukiro District</a>: Rebero Genocide Memorial Site where 14,400 victims are buried and the Nyanza-Kicukiro Genocide Memorial Site where 5,000 victims were killed after <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> soldiers who serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> peacekeeping forces abandoned them. In <a href="/wiki/Kibungo_Province" title="Kibungo Province">Kibungo Province</a>, the site of the <a href="/wiki/Nyarubuye_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyarubuye Massacre">Nyarubuye Massacre</a> is home to the Nyarubuye Genocide Memorial Site where an estimated 20,000 victims were killed after seeking refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church and homes of the nuns and priest there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_statistics">Historical statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2023.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"> <tbody><tr style="font-weight:bold;"> <th>Year </th> <th>GDP <p>(in bn. US$ PPP) </p> </th> <th>GDP per capita <p>(in US$ PPP) </p> </th> <th>GDP <p>(in bn. US$ nominal) </p> </th> <th>GDP growth<br />(real) </th> <th>Inflation<br />(in Percent) </th> <th>Government debt<br />(Percentage of GDP) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">1980 </td> <td>2.11 </td> <td>453 </td> <td>1.49 </td> <td>−3.6 % </td> <td>7.2% </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">1985 </td> <td>3.66 </td> <td>643 </td> <td>2.20 </td> <td>5.5% </td> <td>−1.1 % </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">1990 </td> <td>3.96 </td> <td>614 </td> <td>2.95 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>4.2% </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">1995 </td> <td>2.96 </td> <td>541 </td> <td>1.47 </td> <td>24.5% </td> <td>56.0% </td> <td>120% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2000 </td> <td>5.00 </td> <td>667 </td> <td>2.05 </td> <td>8.4% </td> <td>3.9% </td> <td>103% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2005 </td> <td>8.28 </td> <td>938 </td> <td>2.94 </td> <td>9.4% </td> <td>9.1% </td> <td>67% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2006 </td> <td>9.32 </td> <td>1,036 </td> <td>3.32 </td> <td>9.2% </td> <td>8.8% </td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2007 </td> <td>10.30 </td> <td>1,120 </td> <td>4.07 </td> <td>7.6% </td> <td>9.1% </td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2008 </td> <td>11.68 </td> <td>1,229 </td> <td>5.18 </td> <td>11.2% </td> <td>15.4% </td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2009 </td> <td>12.50 </td> <td>1,289 </td> <td>5.68 </td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>10.3% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2010 </td> <td>13.58 </td> <td>1,356 </td> <td>6.12 </td> <td>7.3% </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2011 </td> <td>14.94 </td> <td>1,465 </td> <td>6.89 </td> <td>8.0% </td> <td>5.7% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2012 </td> <td>15.71 </td> <td>1,499 </td> <td>7.65 </td> <td>8.6% </td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2013 </td> <td>16.70 </td> <td>1,555 </td> <td>7.82 </td> <td>4.7% </td> <td>4.2% </td> <td>27% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2014 </td> <td>18.93 </td> <td>1,721 </td> <td>8.24 </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>29% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2015 </td> <td>20.53 </td> <td>1,823 </td> <td>8.55 </td> <td>8.9% </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2016 </td> <td>21.98 </td> <td>1,905 </td> <td>8.70 </td> <td>6.0% </td> <td>5.7% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">2017 </td> <td>23.67 </td> <td>2,004 </td> <td>9.25 </td> <td>3.9% </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td>26.30 </td> <td>2,176 </td> <td>9.64 </td> <td>8.5% </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td>29.31 </td> <td>2,369 </td> <td>10.35 </td> <td>9.5% </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td>28.69 </td> <td>2,265 </td> <td>10.17 </td> <td>−3.4 % </td> <td>7.7% </td> <td>66% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2021</b> </td> <td>33.24 </td> <td>2,566 </td> <td>11.05 </td> <td>10.9% </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>67% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2022</b> </td> <td>38.47 </td> <td>2,904 </td> <td>13.31 </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>13.9% </td> <td>61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2023</b> </td> <td>42.34 </td> <td>3,137 </td> <td>13.93 </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td>14.5% </td> <td>63% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Rwanda" title="Energy in Rwanda">Energy in Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Telecommunications in Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Rwanda" title="Transport in Rwanda">Transport in Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Africa">United Nations Economic Commission for Africa</a></li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy of Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIMF2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010203013/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2F+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweoselco.aspx%3Fg%3D2200%26sg%3DAll%2Bcountries%2B%252f%2BEmerging%2Bmarket%2Band%2Bdeveloping%2Beconomies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups">"World Bank Country and Lending Groups"</a>. <i>datahelpdesk.worldbank.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223324/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Country+and+Lending+Groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org%2Fknowledgebase%2Farticles%2F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/size-resident-population">"Size of the resident population"</a>. <i>statistics.gov.rw</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda" title="National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda">National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113143046/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/size-resident-population">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistics.gov.rw&rft.atitle=Size+of+the+resident+population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.rw%2Fpublication%2Fsize-resident-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO-202304-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO-202304_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RWA">"World Economic Outlook, April 2023"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook%2C+April+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FRWA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAWFRW-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFRW_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/">"The World Factbook"</a>. <i>CIA.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Frwanda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020/01-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020/01_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=5&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPGDP%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2020"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supportive+policies+prop+up+Rwanda+in+inaugural+global+entrepreneurship+index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fsection%2Farticle%2F2016-12-02%2F205881%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/africa/1050158/rwandas-economic-growth-miracle-may-be-a-mirage/">"Rwanda's growth miracle may be a mirage"</a>. 10 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118215703/https://qz.com/africa/1050158/rwandas-economic-growth-miracle-may-be-a-mirage/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwanda%27s+growth+miracle+may+be+a+mirage&rft.date=2017-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fafrica%2F1050158%2Frwandas-economic-growth-miracle-may-be-a-mirage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rwanda_production_in_2019,_by_FAO-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rwanda_production_in_2019,_by_FAO_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rwanda_production_in_2019,_by_FAO_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/">"Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170521/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwanda+production+in+2019%2C+by+FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2019-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2019_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA2019">CIA 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF2019-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2019_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIMF2019_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIMF2019">IMF 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENamata2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENamata2010_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNamata2010">Namata 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2008-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavelle2008_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavelle2008">Lavelle 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(III)2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(III)2012_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_State_(III)2012">Department of State (III) 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFAO_/_WFP1997-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFAO_/_WFP1997_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFAO_/_WFP1997">FAO / WFP 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWRI2006-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWRI2006_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWRI2006">WRI 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(I)2004-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(I)2004_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_State_(I)2004">Department of State (I) 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWTO2004-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWTO2004_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWTO2004">WTO 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINAGRI2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMINAGRI2006_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMINAGRI2006_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMINAGRI2006">MINAGRI 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNtirenganya2019" class="citation web cs1">Ntirenganya, Emmanuel (January 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/97-needy-families-benefit-girinka-programme">"97% of needy families benefit from 'Girinka' programme"</a>. <i>The New Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112107/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/97-needy-families-benefit-girinka-programme">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=97%25+of+needy+families+benefit+from+%27Girinka%27+programme&rft.date=2019-01-06&rft.aulast=Ntirenganya&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fnews%2F97-needy-families-benefit-girinka-programme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENamata2008-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENamata2008_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNamata2008">Namata 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2009_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2009_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukaaya2009">Mukaaya 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelawala2001-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelawala2001_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelawala2001">Delawala 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf">"USGS Tungsten Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141418/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Tungsten+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-tungsten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">"USGS Tin Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Tin+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-tin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globaltenders.com/">"Latest Global Tenders and Bids"</a>. <i>Global Tenders</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401092904/https://www.globaltenders.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Tenders&rft.atitle=Latest+Global+Tenders+and+Bids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaltenders.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENantaba2010-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENantaba2010_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENantaba2010_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNantaba2010">Nantaba 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirakwate2012-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirakwate2012_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirakwate2012">Birakwate 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20106-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20106_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsenSpenceley2010">Nielsen & Spenceley 2010</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERDB_(III)2011-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERDB_(III)2011_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERDB_(III)2011_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRDB_(III)2011">RDB (III) 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20102-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20102_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsenSpenceley2010">Nielsen & Spenceley 2010</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERDB_(IV)-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERDB_(IV)_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRDB_(IV)">RDB (IV)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. <i>IMF</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirakwate2012" class="citation news cs1">Birakwate, Bruno (2012-03-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130418052607/http://focus.rw/wp/2012/03/google-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism/">"Google Maps to promote Rwanda's tourism"</a>. <i>Rwanda Focus</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.rw/wp/2012/03/google-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism/">the original</a> on 2013-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rwanda+Focus&rft.atitle=Google+Maps+to+promote+Rwanda%27s+tourism&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.aulast=Birakwate&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocus.rw%2Fwp%2F2012%2F03%2Fgoogle-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelawala2001" class="citation news cs1">Delawala, Imtiyaz (7 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631&page=1">"What Is Coltan?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>. New York, N.Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153446/http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631&page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=What+Is+Coltan%3F&rft.date=2001-09-07&rft.aulast=Delawala&rft.aufirst=Imtiyaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FNightline%2Fstory%3Fid%3D128631%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_State_(I)2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm">"Background Note: Rwanda"</a>. <i>Background Notes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114124207/http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trade+policy+review%3A+Rwanda&rft.atitle=Continued+reforms+and+technical+assistance+should+help+Rwanda+in+its+efforts+to+achieve+a+dynamic+economy&rft.date=2004-09-30&rft.au=World+Trade+Organization+%28WTO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Ftpr_e%2Ftp236_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901213134/http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=215">Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting</a> Rwanda Human Conflict and Environmental Consequences (Video)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=646">Rwanda latest trade data on ITC Trade Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/RWA/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Rwanda</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Neil M. 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Social inequalities and contrasting development impacts in rural Rwanda"</a>. <i>Development Studies Research</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21665095.2018.1441039">10.1080/21665095.2018.1441039</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development+Studies+Research&rft.atitle=Leaving+no-one+behind%3F+Social+inequalities+and+contrasting+development+impacts+in+rural+Rwanda&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21665095.2018.1441039&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Neil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F21665095.2018.1441039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rwanda_topics" title="Template:Rwanda topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rwanda_topics" title="Template talk:Rwanda topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rwanda_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rwanda topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rwanda_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Rwanda-related_articles" title="Index of Rwanda-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rwandan_history" title="Timeline of Rwandan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Rwanda" title="List of kings of Rwanda">kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_residents_of_Rwanda" title="List of colonial residents of Rwanda">Colonial residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzagayura_famine" title="Ruzagayura famine">Ruzagayura famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_Gitarama" title="Coup of Gitarama">Coup of Gitarama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugesera_invasion" title="Bugesera invasion">Bugesera invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Initial events of the Rwandan genocide">Initial events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Rwanda" title="List of cities in Rwanda">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Rwanda" title="List of ecoregions in Rwanda">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Rwanda" title="List of lakes of Rwanda">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Rwanda" title="National parks of Rwanda">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Rwanda" title="List of volcanoes in Rwanda">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Rwanda" title="Wildlife of Rwanda">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda" title="Politics of Rwanda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda" title="Constitution of Rwanda">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rwanda" title="Elections in Rwanda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Rwanda" title="Foreign relations of Rwanda">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rwanda" title="Human rights in Rwanda">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Rwanda">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Rwanda" title="Law enforcement in Rwanda">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization_in_Rwanda" title="Decentralization in Rwanda">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rwanda" title="List of political parties in Rwanda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Rwanda" title="List of presidents of Rwanda">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Rwanda" title="Vice President of Rwanda">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rwanda" title="Prime Minister of Rwanda">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Rwanda" title="National Bank of Rwanda">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Rwanda" title="Mining in Rwanda">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Stock_Exchange" title="Rwanda Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rwanda" title="Tourism in Rwanda">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Rwanda" title="Transport in Rwanda">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Rwanda" title="Category:Society of Rwanda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Rwanda" title="Demographics of Rwanda">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Rwanda" title="Ethnic groups in Rwanda">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Rwanda" title="Gender equality in Rwanda">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Rwanda" title="Health in Rwanda">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Rwanda" title="Healthcare in Rwanda">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Rwanda" title="Human trafficking in Rwanda">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Rwanda" title="Prostitution in Rwanda">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Culture of Rwanda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rwanda" title="Flag of Rwanda">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_literature" title="Rwandan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Rwanda">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Rwanda" title="Public holidays in Rwanda">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Rwanda" title="Sport in Rwanda">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Rwanda" title="Outline of Rwanda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Rwanda-related_articles" title="Index of Rwanda-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rwanda" title="Category:Rwanda">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Comoros" title="Economy of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Economy of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eritrea" title="Economy of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ethiopia" title="Economy of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Economy of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia" title="Economy of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Sudan" title="Economy of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sudan" title="Economy of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somaliland" title="Economy of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mayotte" title="Economy of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Economy of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Helena" title="Economy of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial<br />Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".</li> <li>Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.</li></ol> <p><b><span 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