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Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Global prevalence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children_and_young_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_and_young_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Children and young adults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_and_young_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeless_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeless_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Homeless population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeless_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrants_and_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrants_and_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Immigrants and refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrants_and_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_religious_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_religious_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Cultural and religious considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_religious_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Occupations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Occupational therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mental_health_in_social_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health_in_social_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Mental health in social work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health_in_social_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_factors_and_causes_of_mental_health_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors_and_causes_of_mental_health_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Risk factors and causes of mental health problems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risk_factors_and_causes_of_mental_health_problems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Risk factors and causes of mental health problems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors_and_causes_of_mental_health_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Biological factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Demographic factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Environmental factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention_and_promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_and_promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention and promotion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention_and_promotion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention and promotion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention_and_promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Care_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Care_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Care navigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Care_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Pharmacotherapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Physical activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity_therapies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity_therapies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Activity therapies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activity_therapies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expressive_therapies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressive_therapies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Expressive therapies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressive_therapies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Psychotherapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-compassion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-compassion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Self-compassion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-compassion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social-emotional_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social-emotional_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 Social-emotional learning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-emotional_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.8 Meditation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lucid_Dreaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lucid_Dreaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.9 Lucid Dreaming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lucid_Dreaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_fitness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_fitness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.10 Mental fitness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_fitness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_counseling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_counseling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.11 Spiritual counseling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_counseling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_public_health_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_public_health_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Laws and public health policies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laws_and_public_health_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Laws and public health policies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_public_health_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mental health</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geestesgesondheid" title="Geestesgesondheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geestesgesondheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صحة نفسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحة نفسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոգեկան առողջութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հոգեկան առողջութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%BA_mental" title="Salú mental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Salú mental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मानसिक स्वास्थ्य – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मानसिक स्वास्थ्य" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixi_sa%C4%9Flaml%C4%B1q" title="Psixi sağlamlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Psixi sağlamlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মানসিক স্বাস্থ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানসিক স্বাস্থ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawigasan_jiwa" title="Kawigasan jiwa – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kawigasan jiwa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salud_sa_pag-iisip" title="Salud sa pag-iisip – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Salud sa pag-iisip" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Психично здраве – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Психично здраве" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalno_zdravlje" title="Mentalno zdravlje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mentalno zdravlje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salut_mental" title="Salut mental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salut mental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1evn%C3%AD_zdrav%C3%AD" title="Duševní zdraví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Duševní zdraví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iechyd_meddwl" title="Iechyd meddwl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iechyd meddwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychische_Gesundheit" title="Psychische Gesundheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Psychische Gesundheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaimne_tervis" title="Vaimne tervis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaimne tervis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ψυχική υγεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχική υγεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salud_mental" title="Salud mental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salud mental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa_sano" title="Mensa sano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mensa sano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osasun_mental" title="Osasun mental – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osasun mental" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بهداشت روانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بهداشت روانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%C3%A9_mentale" title="Santé mentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Santé mentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A1inte_mheabhrach" title="Sláinte mheabhrach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sláinte mheabhrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAde_mental" title="Saúde mental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saúde mental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95" title="정신건강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정신건강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոգեկան առողջություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգեկան առողջություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मानसिक स्वास्थ्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानसिक स्वास्थ्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalno_zdravlje" title="Mentalno zdravlje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mentalno zdravlje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesehatan_jiwa" title="Kesehatan jiwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesehatan jiwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andleg_heilsa" title="Andleg heilsa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andleg heilsa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute_mentale" title="Salute mentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salute mentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9" title="בריאות הנפש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריאות הנפש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮಾನಸಿಕ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನಸಿಕ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Психикалық денсаулық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Психикалық денсаулық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akomeye_mu_mutwe" title="Akomeye mu mutwe – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Akomeye mu mutwe" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afya_ya_akili" title="Afya ya akili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afya ya akili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salus_mentis" title="Salus mentis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Salus mentis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment%C3%A1lis_eg%C3%A9szs%C3%A9g" title="Mentális egészség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mentális egészség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Душевно здравје – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Душевно здравје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesihatan_mental" title="Kesihatan mental – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesihatan mental" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentale_gezondheid" title="Mentale gezondheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mentale gezondheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="メンタルヘルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メンタルヘルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykisk_helse" title="Psykisk helse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Psykisk helse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ମାନସିକ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାନସିକ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhiy_salomatlik" title="Ruhiy salomatlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruhiy salomatlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮਾਨਸਿਕ ਸਿਹਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਨਸਿਕ ਸਿਹਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdrowie_psychiczne" title="Zdrowie psychiczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zdrowie psychiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAde_mental" title="Saúde mental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saúde mental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Психическое здоровье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Психическое здоровье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मानसिकस्वास्थ्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मानसिकस्वास्थ्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%ABndeti_mendor" title="Shëndeti mendor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shëndeti mendor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="මානසික සෞඛ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මානසික සෞඛ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1evno_zdravje" title="Duševno zdravje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Duševno zdravje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ساخیی دەروون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساخیی دەروون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Ментално здравље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ментално здравље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalno_zdravlje" title="Mentalno zdravlje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mentalno zdravlje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielenterveys" title="Mielenterveys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mielenterveys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykisk_h%C3%A4lsa" title="Psykisk hälsa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psykisk hälsa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalusugang_pang-isipan" title="Kalusugang pang-isipan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalusugang pang-isipan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மன நலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மன நலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="สุขภาพจิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุขภาพจิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruh_sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Ruh sağlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruh sağlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F" title="Психічне здоров'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Психічне здоров'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="روھىي ساغلاملىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="روھىي ساغلاملىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%A9c_kh%E1%BB%8Fe_t%C3%A2m_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Sức khỏe tâm thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sức khỏe tâm thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupayan_han_panhunahuna" title="Kaupayan han panhunahuna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaupayan han panhunahuna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="精神健康 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="精神健康" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="心理健康 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心理健康" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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style="background:#fab9b9;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mental_health" title="Category:Mental health">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#fab9b9;;padding-top:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mental health</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_law" title="Mental health law">Mental health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fab9b9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> Treated by</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fab9b9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> Studied by</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fab9b9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_and_mental_health" title="Homelessness and mental health">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_and_mental_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration detention and mental health">Immigration detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_denial" title="Mental illness denial">Mental illness denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental health of refugees">Mental health of refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental health of veterans">Mental health of veterans</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fab9b9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mental_disorders" title="History of mental disorders">History of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mental_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mental healthcare">History of mental healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History of psychotherapy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fab9b9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Australia" title="Mental health in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_China" title="Mental health in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_India" title="Mental health in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Palestine" title="Mental health in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_South_Korea" title="Mental health in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental health in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental health of African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Asian_Americans" title="Mental health of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Filipino_Americans" title="Mental health of Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental health of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fab9b9;;border-top:1px #fefefe solid;"> Part of</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_health_sidebar" title="Template:Mental health sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_health_sidebar" title="Template talk:Mental health sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_health_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental health sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_Health_Advocate_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Community_Health_Advocate_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/150px-Community_Health_Advocate_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Community_Health_Advocate_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/225px-Community_Health_Advocate_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Community_Health_Advocate_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/300px-Community_Health_Advocate_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_public_health" title="Outline of public health">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Subfields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_public_health" title="Dental public health">Dental public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation (penology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li>World health (<a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a> - <a href="/wiki/International_health" title="International health">International health</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prevention</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_indicators" class="mw-redirect" title="Health indicators">Health indicators</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health-related_lists" title="Category:Public health-related lists">Lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">categories</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health_journals" title="Category:Public health journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">National public health agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/7px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/10px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/13px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health_sidebar" title="Template:Public health sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health_sidebar" title="Template talk:Public health sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mental health encompasses <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a>, influencing <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO)</a>, it is a "state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her abilities, can <a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">cope</a> with the normal <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stresses</a> of life, can <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">work</a> productively and fruitfully, and can contribute to his or her community".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It likewise determines how an individual handles <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal relationships</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Mental health includes subjective well-being, perceived <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, competence, intergenerational dependence, and <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a> of one's <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellectual</a> and emotional potential, among others.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-3">[3]</a> From the perspectives of <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holism</a>, mental health may include an individual's <a href="/wiki/Ability" title="Ability">ability</a> to enjoy life and to create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve <a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">psychological resilience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural differences</a>, personal philosophy, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines "mental health".<a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-5">[5]</a> Some early <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">signs</a> related to mental health difficulties are <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep irritation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lack of energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lack_of_appetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Lack of appetite">lack of appetite</a>, thinking of <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">harming oneself</a> or others, self-isolating (though <a href="/wiki/Introversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Introversion">introversion</a> and isolation aren't necessarily unhealthy), and frequently zoning out.<a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mental_disorders">Mental disorders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mental disorders">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></div> Mental health, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency of Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> is an individual's capacity to feel, think, and act in ways to achieve a better <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> while respecting personal, social, and cultural boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-Manwell_e007079-7">[7]</a> Impairment of any of these are risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, or mental illnesses,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> which are a component of mental health. In 2019, about 970 million people worldwide suffered from a mental disorder, with <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depression_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression disorder">depression</a> being the most common. The number of people suffering from mental disorders has risen significantly throughout the years.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Mental disorders are defined as health conditions that affect and alter cognitive functioning, emotional responses, and behavior associated with distress and/or impaired functioning.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> is the global standard used to <a href="/wiki/Diagnose" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnose">diagnose</a>, treat, research, and report various mental disorders.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> is used as the <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">classification system of mental disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Regier_92–98-14">[14]</a> Mental health is associated with a number of lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, stress, drug abuse, social connections and interactions.<a href="#cite_note-Regier_92–98-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Psychiatrists, psychologists, licensed professional clinical counselors, social workers, nurse practitioners, and family physicians can help manage mental illness with treatments such as therapy, counseling, and <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_mental_disorders" title="History of mental disorders">History of mental disorders</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_History">Early History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Csm_04_fidus-hygiene-kongress_01_ac668fa1b6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Csm_04_fidus-hygiene-kongress_01_ac668fa1b6.jpg/220px-Csm_04_fidus-hygiene-kongress_01_ac668fa1b6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Csm_04_fidus-hygiene-kongress_01_ac668fa1b6.jpg/330px-Csm_04_fidus-hygiene-kongress_01_ac668fa1b6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Csm_04_fidus-hygiene-kongress_01_ac668fa1b6.jpg/440px-Csm_04_fidus-hygiene-kongress_01_ac668fa1b6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Highly stylized poster for the <a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hygiene">Hygiene</a> Congress in Hamburg, 1912</figcaption></figure> In the mid-19th century, William Sweetser was the first to coin the term mental hygiene, which can be seen as the precursor to contemporary approaches to work on promoting positive mental health.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandell1995-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ray" title="Isaac Ray">Isaac Ray</a>, the fourth president<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> and one of its founders, further defined mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the mind against all incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its qualities, impair its energies, or derange its movements".<a href="#cite_note-Mandell1995-18">[18]</a> In American history, mentally ill patients were thought to be religiously punished. This response persisted through the 1700s, along with the inhumane confinement and stigmatization of such individuals.<a href="#cite_note-uniteforsight-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a> (1802–1887) was an important figure in the development of the "mental hygiene" movement. Dix was a school teacher who endeavored to help people with mental disorders and to expose the sub-standard conditions into which they were put.<a href="#cite_note-Barlow1-21">[21]</a> This became known as the "mental hygiene movement".<a href="#cite_note-Barlow1-21">[21]</a> Before this movement, it was not uncommon that people affected by mental illness would be considerably neglected, often left alone in deplorable conditions without sufficient clothing.<a href="#cite_note-Barlow1-21">[21]</a> From 1840 to 1880, she won the support of the federal government to set up over 30 state psychiatric hospitals; however, they were understaffed, under-resourced, and were accused of violating <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uniteforsight-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Emil Kraepelin</a> in 1896 developed the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a> of mental disorders which has dominated the field for nearly 80 years. Later, the proposed disease model of abnormality was subjected to analysis and considered normality to be relative to the physical, geographical and cultural aspects of the defining group.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Whittingham_Beers" title="Clifford Whittingham Beers">Clifford Beers</a> founded "Mental Health America – National Committee for Mental Hygiene", after publication of his accounts as a patient in several <a href="/wiki/Lunatic_asylums" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunatic asylums">lunatic asylums</a>, A Mind That Found Itself, in 1908<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CliffordBeersClinic-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_roots_of_the_concept_of_mental-25">[25]</a> and opened the first outpatient mental health <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">clinic</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-CliffordBeersClinic-24">[24]</a> The mental hygiene movement, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">social hygiene movement</a>, had at times been associated with advocating <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sterilisation_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterilisation (medicine)">sterilization</a> of those considered too mentally deficient to be assisted into productive work and contented family life.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the post-WWII years, references to mental hygiene were gradually replaced by the term 'mental health' due to its positive aspect that evolves from the treatment of illness to preventive and promotive areas of healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-The_roots_of_the_concept_of_mental-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deinstitutionalization_and_Transinstitutionalization">Deinstitutionalization and Transinstitutionalization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deinstitutionalization and Transinstitutionalization">edit</a>]</div> When US government-run hospitals were accused of violating human rights, advocates pushed for <a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinstitutionalization">deinstitutionalization</a>: the replacement of federal mental hospitals for <a href="/wiki/Community_mental_health_service" title="Community mental health service">community mental health services</a>. The closure of state-provisioned psychiatric hospitals was enforced by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_Mental_Health_Centers_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community Mental Health Centers Act (page does not exist)">Community Mental Health Centers Act</a> in 1963 that laid out terms in which only patients who posed an imminent danger to others or themselves could be admitted into state facilities.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This was seen as an improvement from previous conditions. However, there remains a debate on the conditions of these community resources. It has been proven that this transition was beneficial for many patients: there was an increase in overall satisfaction, a better quality of life, and more friendships between patients all at an affordable cost. This proved to be true only in the circumstance that treatment facilities had enough funding for staff and equipment as well as proper management.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, this idea is a polarizing issue. Critics of deinstitutionalization argue that poor living conditions prevailed, patients were lonely, and they did not acquire proper medical care in these treatment homes.<a href="#cite_note-Novella_2010-30">[30]</a> Additionally, patients that were moved from state psychiatric care to nursing and residential homes had deficits in crucial aspects of their treatment. Some cases result in the shift of care from health workers to patients' families, where they do not have the proper funding or medical expertise to give proper care.<a href="#cite_note-Novella_2010-30">[30]</a> On the other hand, patients that are treated in community mental health centers lack sufficient cancer testing, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccinations</a>, or otherwise regular medical check-ups.<a href="#cite_note-Novella_2010-30">[30]</a> Other critics of state deinstitutionalization argue that this was simply a transition to "<a href="/wiki/Transinstitutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Transinstitutionalization">transinstitutionalization</a>", or the idea that prisons and state-provisioned hospitals are interdependent. In other words, patients become inmates. This draws on the Penrose Hypothesis of 1939, which theorized that there was an inverse relationship between prisons' population size and the number of psychiatric hospital beds.<a href="#cite_note-Schildbach_2018-31">[31]</a> This means that populations that require psychiatric mental care will transition between institutions, which in this case, includes state psychiatric hospitals and criminal justice systems. Thus, a decrease in available psychiatric hospital beds occurred at the same time as an increase in inmates.<a href="#cite_note-Schildbach_2018-31">[31]</a> Although some are skeptical that this is due to other external factors, others will reason this conclusion to a lack of empathy for the mentally ill. There is no argument for the social stigmatization of those with mental illnesses, they have been widely marginalized and discriminated against in society.<a href="#cite_note-uniteforsight-20">[20]</a> In this source, researchers analyze how most compensation prisoners (detainees who are unable or unwilling to pay a fine for petty crimes) are unemployed, homeless, and with an extraordinarily high degree of mental illnesses and <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schildbach_2018-31">[31]</a> Compensation prisoners then lose prospective job opportunities, face social marginalization, and lack access to resocialization programs, which ultimately facilitate reoffending.<a href="#cite_note-Schildbach_2018-31">[31]</a> The research sheds light on how the mentally ill—and in this case, the poor—are further punished for certain circumstances that are beyond their control, and that this is a vicious cycle that repeats itself. Thus, prisons embody another state-provisioned mental hospital. Families of patients, advocates, and mental health professionals still call for increase in more well-structured community facilities and treatment programs with a higher quality of long-term inpatient resources and care. With this more structured environment, the United States will continue with more access to mental health care and an increase in the overall treatment of the mentally ill. However, there is still a lack of studies for mental health conditions (MHCs) to raise awareness, knowledge development, and attitudes toward seeking medical treatment for MHCs in Bangladesh. People in rural areas often seek treatment from the traditional healers and MHCs are sometimes considered a spiritual matter.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_mental_disorders" title="Prevalence of mental disorders">Prevalence of mental disorders</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Mental_illnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illnesses">Mental illnesses</a> are more common than <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>. As of 2021, over 22 percent of all Americans over the age of 18 meet the criteria for having a mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Evidence suggests that 970 million people worldwide have a mental disorder.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depression</a> ranks third among the top 10 leading causes of disease worldwide. By 2030, it is predicted to become the leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Over 700 thousand people commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> every year and around 14 million attempt it.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) report estimates the global cost of mental illness at nearly $2.5 trillion (two-thirds in indirect costs) in 2010, with a projected increase to over $6 trillion by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Evidence from the WHO suggests that nearly half of the world's population is affected by mental illness with an impact on their <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, relationships and ability to function in everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> An individual's emotional health can impact their physical health. Poor mental health can lead to problems such as the inability to make adequate decisions and <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richards_2010_247-39">[39]</a> Good mental health can improve life quality whereas poor mental health can worsen it. According to Richards, Campania, & Muse-Burke, "There is growing evidence that is showing emotional abilities are associated with pro-social behaviors such as stress management and physical health."<a href="#cite_note-Richards_2010_247-39">[39]</a> Their research also concluded that people who lack emotional expression are inclined to anti-social behaviors (e.g., substance use disorder and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use disorder</a>, physical fights, <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>), which reflects one's mental health and suppressed emotions.<a href="#cite_note-Richards_2010_247-39">[39]</a> Adults and children who face mental illness may experience <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>, which can exacerbate the issues.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_prevalence">Global prevalence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Global prevalence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_mental_health" title="Global mental health">Global mental health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Mental_health_by_country" title="Category:Mental health by country">Category:Mental health by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Continua_Model_Large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Two_Continua_Model_Large.png/220px-Two_Continua_Model_Large.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Two_Continua_Model_Large.png/330px-Two_Continua_Model_Large.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Two_Continua_Model_Large.png/440px-Two_Continua_Model_Large.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>The Two Continua Model of Mental Health and Mental Illness</figcaption></figure> Mental health can be seen as a <a href="/wiki/Continuum_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum (theory)">continuum</a>, where an individual's mental health may have many different possible <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">values</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keyes2002-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Mental wellness</a> is viewed as a positive attribute; this definition of mental health highlights <a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">emotional well-being</a>, the capacity to live a full and <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative</a> life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. Some discussions are formulated in terms of contentment or happiness.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving the mental wellness. <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a> is increasingly prominent in mental health. A <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> perspectives. There are also models as theoretical perspectives from <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WitmerSweeney-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-HattieMyersSweeney_p354364-44">[44]</a> The tripartite model of mental well-being<a href="#cite_note-Keyes2002-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45">[45]</a> views mental well-being as encompassing three components of emotional well-being, social well-being, and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological well-being">psychological well-being</a>. Emotional well-being is defined as having high levels of positive emotions, whereas social and psychological well-being are defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning in daily life. The model has received empirical support across cultures.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) is the most widely used scale to measure the tripartite model of mental well-being.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children_and_young_adults">Children and young adults</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Children and young adults">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Infant_mental_health" title="Infant mental health">Infant mental health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychopathology" title="Developmental psychopathology">Developmental psychopathology</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence" title="Depression in childhood and adolescence">Depression in childhood and adolescence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></div> As of 2019, about one in seven of the world's 10–19 year olds experienced a mental health disorder; about 165 million young people in total.<a href="#cite_note-www.who.int-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> A person's teenage years are a unique period where much crucial psychological development occurs, and is also a time of increased vulnerability to the development of adverse mental health conditions. More than half of mental health conditions start before a child reaches 20 years of age, with onset occurring in <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a> much more frequently than it does in early childhood or adulthood. Many such cases go undetected and untreated.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.who.int-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-2024Orben-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the United States alone, in 2021, at least roughly 17.5% of the population (ages 18 and older) were recorded as having a mental illness. The comparison between reports and statistics of mental health issues in newer generations (18–25 years old to 26–49 years old) and the older generation (50 years or older) signifies an increase in mental health issues as only 15% of the older generation reported a mental health issue whereas the newer generations reported 33.7% (18-25) and 28.1% (26-49).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The role of caregivers for youth with mental health needs is valuable, and caregivers benefit most when they have sufficient psychoeducation and peer support.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Depression is one of the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-www.who.int-51">[51]</a> Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death in 15-19-year-olds.<a href="#cite_note-www.who.int-51">[51]</a> Exposure to childhood trauma can cause mental health disorders and poor academic achievement.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Ignoring mental health conditions in adolescents can impact adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Kato_2015-59">[59]</a> 50% of preschool children show a natural reduction in behavioral problems. The remaining experience long-term consequences.<a href="#cite_note-Kato_2015-59">[59]</a> It impairs physical and mental health and limits opportunities to live fulfilling lives.<a href="#cite_note-Kato_2015-59">[59]</a> A result of depression during adolescence and adulthood may be substance abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Kato_2015-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merikangas_2009-60">[60]</a> The average age of onset is between 11 and 14 years for depressive disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Merikangas_2009-60">[60]</a> Only approximately 25% of children with behavioral problems refer to medical services.<a href="#cite_note-Kato_2015-59">[59]</a> The majority of children go untreated.<a href="#cite_note-Kato_2015-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homeless_population">Homeless population</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Homeless population">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_and_mental_health" title="Homelessness and mental health">Homelessness and mental health</a></div> Mental illness is thought to be highly prevalent among homeless populations, though access to proper diagnoses is limited. An article written by Lisa Goodman and her colleagues summarized Smith's research into PTSD in homeless single women and mothers in St. Louis, Missouri, which found that 53% of the respondents met diagnostic criteria, and which describes homelessness as a risk factor for mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_as_psychological_traum-61">[61]</a> At least two commonly reported symptoms of psychological trauma, social disaffiliation and learned helplessness are highly prevalent among homeless individuals and families.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang-62">[62]</a> While mental illness is prevalent, people infrequently receive appropriate care.<a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_as_psychological_traum-61">[61]</a> Case management linked to other services is an effective care approach for improving symptoms in people experiencing homelessness.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang-62">[62]</a> Case management reduced admission to hospitals, and it reduced substance use by those with substance abuse problems more than typical care.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigrants_and_refugees">Immigrants and refugees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Immigrants and refugees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental health of refugees">Mental health of refugees</a></div> States that produce refugees are sites of social upheaval, civil war, even genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-63">[63]</a> Most refugees experience trauma. It can be in the form of torture, sexual assault, family fragmentation, and death of loved ones.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sangalang_2019-64">[64]</a> Refugees and immigrants experience psycho<a href="/wiki/Social_stress" title="Social stress">social stressors</a> after resettlement.<a href="#cite_note-Bustamante_2017-65">[65]</a> These include discrimination, lack of economic stability, and social isolation causing emotional distress. For example, Not far into the 1900s, campaigns targeting Japanese immigrants were being formed that inhibited their ability to participate in U.S life, painting them as a threat to the American working-class. They were subject to prejudice and slandered by American media as well as anti-Japanese legislation being implemented.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sangalang_2019-64">[64]</a> For refugees family reunification can be one of the primary needs to improve quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-63">[63]</a> Post-migration trauma is a cause of depressive disorders and psychological distress for immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sangalang_2019-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bustamante_2017-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_and_religious_considerations">Cultural and religious considerations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultural and religious considerations">edit</a>]</div> Mental health is a socially constructed concept; different societies, groups, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> (both ethnic and national/regional), institutions, and professions have very different ways of conceptualizing its nature and causes, determining what is mentally healthy, and deciding what interventions, if any, are appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-Weare2000_p12-67">[67]</a> Thus, different professionals will have different cultural, class, political and religious backgrounds, which will impact the <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> applied during treatment. In the context of <a href="/wiki/Deaf_mental_health_care" title="Deaf mental health care">deaf mental health care</a>, it is necessary for professionals to have cultural competency of deaf and hard of hearing people and to understand how to properly rely on trained, qualified, and certified interpreters when working with <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">culturally Deaf</a> clients. Research has shown that there is <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigma</a> attached to mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Due to such stigma, individuals may resist labeling and may be driven to respond to mental health diagnoses with <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">denialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Family caregivers of individuals with mental disorders may also suffer discrimination or face stigma.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Addressing and eliminating the social stigma and <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_mental_disorders" title="Treatment of mental disorders">perceived stigma</a> attached to mental illness has been recognized as crucial to education and awareness surrounding mental health issues. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a> organized the campaign Changing Minds (1998–2003) to help reduce stigma,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> while in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, efforts by entities such as the <a href="/wiki/Born_This_Way_Foundation" title="Born This Way Foundation">Born This Way Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Manic_Monologues" title="The Manic Monologues">The Manic Monologues</a> specifically focus on removing the stigma surrounding mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-stigma-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-KQED-stigma-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_on_Mental_Illness" title="National Alliance on Mental Illness">National Alliance on Mental Illness</a> (NAMI) is a U.S. institution founded in 1979 to represent and advocate for those struggling with mental health issues. NAMI helps to educate about mental illnesses and health issues, while also working to eliminate stigma<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> attached to these disorders. Many <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_professional" title="Mental health professional">mental health professionals</a> are beginning to, or already understand, the importance of competency in religious diversity and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">lack thereof</a>. They are also partaking in cultural training to better understand which interventions work best for these different groups of people. The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> explicitly states that <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> must be respected. Education in <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> and religious matters is also required by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HandbookofPsychotherapyandReligousDiversity_p4-75">[75]</a> however, far less attention is paid to the damage that more rigid, fundamentalist faiths commonly practiced in the United States can cause.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Using this for this statement is akin to using an anti-vax site to claim that not enough attention is paid to "vaccination injury" (June 2022)">unreliable source?</a>] This theme has been widely politicized in 2018 such as with the creation of the Religious Liberty Task Force in July of that year.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Also, many providers and practitioners in the United States are only beginning to realize that the institution of mental healthcare lacks knowledge and competence of many non-Western cultures, leaving providers in the United States ill-equipped to treat patients from different cultures.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupations">Occupations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Occupations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_aviation" title="Mental health in aviation">Mental health in aviation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_therapy">Occupational therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Occupational therapy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapy</a> practitioners aim to improve and enable a client or group's participation in meaningful, everyday occupations.<a href="#cite_note-American_Occupational_Therapy_Association_2020-79">[79]</a> In this sense, occupation is defined as any activity that "occupies one's time". Examples of those activities include daily tasks (dressing, bathing, eating, house chores, driving, etc.), sleep and rest, education, work, play, leisure (hobbies), and social interactions. The OT profession offers a vast range of services for all stages of life in a myriad of practice settings, though the foundations of OT come from mental health. Community support for mental health through expert-moderated support groups can aid those who want to recover from mental illness or otherwise improve their emotional well-being.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> OT services focused on mental health can be provided to persons, groups, and populations <a href="#cite_note-American_Occupational_Therapy_Association_2020-79">[79]</a> across the lifespan and experiencing varying levels of mental health performance. For example, occupational therapy practitioners provide mental health services in school systems, military environments, hospitals, outpatient clinics, and inpatient mental health rehabilitation settings. Interventions or support can be provided directly through specific treatment interventions or indirectly by providing consultation to businesses, schools, or other larger groups to incorporate mental health strategies on a programmatic level. Even people who are mentally healthy can benefit from the health promotion and additional prevention strategies to reduce the impact of difficult situations. The interventions focus on positive functioning, sensory strategies, managing emotions, interpersonal relationships, sleep, community engagement, and other cognitive skills (i.e. visual-perceptual skills, attention, memory, arousal/energy management, etc.). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_health_in_social_work">Mental health in social work</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mental health in social work">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clinical_social_work" title="Clinical social work">Clinical social work</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a> in mental health, also called psychiatric social work, is a process where an individual in a setting is helped to attain freedom from overlapping internal and external problems (social and economic situations, family and other relationships, the physical and organizational environment, psychiatric symptoms, etc.). It aims for harmony, <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, self-actualization and personal adaptation across all systems. Psychiatric social workers are <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_professional" title="Mental health professional">mental health professionals</a> that can assist patients and their family members in coping with both mental health issues and various economic or social problems caused by mental illness or psychiatric dysfunctions and to attain improved mental health and well-being. They are vital members of the treatment teams in Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in hospitals. They are employed in both outpatient and inpatient settings of a hospital, nursing homes, state and local governments, substance use clinics, correctional facilities, health care services, private practice, etc.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the United States, social workers provide most of the mental health services. According to government sources, 60 percent of mental health professionals are <a href="/wiki/Clinical_social_work" title="Clinical social work">clinically trained social workers</a>, 10 percent are <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrists</a>, 23 percent are <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a>, and 5 percent are <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric nurse">psychiatric nurses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Mental health social workers in Japan have professional knowledge of health and welfare and skills essential for person's well-being. Their social work training enables them as a professional to carry out Consultation assistance for mental disabilities and their social reintegration; Consultation regarding the rehabilitation of the victims; Advice and guidance for post-discharge residence and re-employment after hospitalized care, for major life events in regular life, money and self-management and other relevant matters to equip them to adapt in daily life. Social workers provide individual home visits for mentally ill and do welfare services available, with specialized training a range of procedural services are coordinated for home, workplace and school. In an administrative relationship, Psychiatric social workers provides consultation, leadership, conflict management and work direction. Psychiatric social workers who provides assessment and psychosocial interventions function as a clinician, counselor and municipal staff of the health centers.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors_and_causes_of_mental_health_problems">Risk factors and causes of mental health problems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Risk factors and causes of mental health problems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders" title="Causes of mental disorders">Causes of mental disorders</a></div> There are many things that can contribute to mental health problems, including biological factors, genetic factors, life experiences (such as <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">abuse</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)" title="Family history (medicine)">family history</a> of mental health problems.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_factors">Biological factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biological factors">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">the National Institute of Health</a> Curriculum Supplement Series book, most scientists believe that changes in neurotransmitters can cause mental illnesses. In the section "The Biology of Mental Illnesses" the issue is explained in detail, "...there may be disruptions in the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, and norepinephrine in individuals who have schizophrenia". <a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_factors">Demographic factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographic factors">edit</a>]</div> Gender, age, ethnicity, life expectancy, longevity, population density, and community diversity are all demographic characteristics that can increase the risk and severity of mental disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet1-86">[86]</a> Existing evidence demonstrates that the <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">female gender is connected with</a> an elevated risk of depression at different phases of life, commencing in adolescence in different contexts.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Females, for example, have a higher risk of anxiety<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and eating disorders,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> whereas males have a higher chance of substance abuse and behavioral and developmental issues.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> This does not imply that women are less likely to suffer from developmental disorders such autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, or early-onset schizophrenia. Ethnicity and ethnic heterogeneity have also been identified as risk factors for the prevalence of mental disorders, with minority groups being at a higher risk due to discrimination and exclusion.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet1-86">[86]</a> Unemployment has been shown to hurt an individual's emotional well-being, <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, and more broadly their mental health. Increasing unemployment has been shown to have a significant impact on mental health, predominantly depressive disorders.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> This is an important consideration when reviewing the triggers for mental health disorders in any population survey.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> According to a 2009 meta-analysis by Paul and Moser, countries with high income inequality and poor unemployment protections experience worse mental health outcomes among the unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_prevalence_of_mental_illness_is_higher_in_more_unequal_rich_countries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_prevalence_of_mental_illness_is_higher_in_more_unequal_rich_countries.jpg/275px-The_prevalence_of_mental_illness_is_higher_in_more_unequal_rich_countries.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_prevalence_of_mental_illness_is_higher_in_more_unequal_rich_countries.jpg/413px-The_prevalence_of_mental_illness_is_higher_in_more_unequal_rich_countries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_prevalence_of_mental_illness_is_higher_in_more_unequal_rich_countries.jpg/550px-The_prevalence_of_mental_illness_is_higher_in_more_unequal_rich_countries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>The prevalence of mental illness is higher in more <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economically unequal</a> countries.</figcaption></figure>Emotional mental disorders are a leading cause of disabilities worldwide. Investigating the degree and severity of untreated emotional mental disorders throughout the world is a top priority of the <a href="/wiki/World_Mental_Health_survey_initiative" title="World Mental Health survey initiative">World Mental Health</a> (WMH) survey initiative,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> which was created in 1998 by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric">Neuropsychiatric</a> disorders are the leading causes of disability worldwide, accounting for 37% of all healthy life years lost through disease. These disorders are most destructive to low and middle-income countries due to their inability to provide their citizens with proper aid. Despite modern treatment and rehabilitation for emotional mental health disorders, "even economically advantaged societies have competing priorities and budgetary constraints". Unhappily married couples suffer 3–25 times the risk of developing clinical depression.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The World Mental Health survey initiative has suggested a plan for countries to redesign their mental health care systems to best allocate resources. "A first step is documentation of services being used and the extent and nature of unmet treatment needs. A second step could be to do a cross-national comparison of service use and unmet needs in countries with different mental health care systems. Such comparisons can help to uncover optimum financing, national policies, and delivery systems for mental health care."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">This quote needs a citation</a>] Knowledge of how to provide effective emotional mental health care has become imperative worldwide. Unfortunately, most countries have insufficient data to guide decisions, absent or competing visions for resources, and near-constant pressures to cut insurance and entitlements. WMH surveys were done in Africa (<a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, South Africa), the Americas (Colombia, Mexico, United States), Asia and the Pacific (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> in the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>), Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine), and the Middle East (Israel, Lebanon). Countries were classified with <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> criteria as <a href="/wiki/Low_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Low income">low-income</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>), lower-middle-income (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), higher middle-income (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>), and high-income. The coordinated surveys on emotional mental health disorders, their severity, and treatments were implemented in the aforementioned countries. These surveys assessed the frequency, types, and adequacy of mental health service use in 17 countries in which WMH surveys are complete. The WMH also examined unmet needs for treatment in strata defined by the seriousness of mental disorders. Their research showed that "the number of respondents using any 12-month mental health service was generally lower in developing than in developed countries, and the proportion receiving services tended to correspond to countries' percentages of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> spent on health care". "High levels of unmet need worldwide are not surprising, since WHO Project <a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS</a>' findings of much lower mental health expenditures than was suggested by the magnitude of burdens from mental illnesses. Generally, unmet needs in <a href="/wiki/Low-income" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-income">low-income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle-income" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-income">middle-income</a> countries might be attributable to these nations spending reduced amounts (usually <1%) of already diminished health budgets on mental health care, and they rely heavily on out-of-pocket spending by citizens who are ill-equipped for it". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inspired_by_%27Dementia_Friends%27_training_at_@mcrmuseum_last_week_(14650851663).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Inspired_by_%27Dementia_Friends%27_training_at_%40mcrmuseum_last_week_%2814650851663%29.jpg/220px-Inspired_by_%27Dementia_Friends%27_training_at_%40mcrmuseum_last_week_%2814650851663%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Inspired_by_%27Dementia_Friends%27_training_at_%40mcrmuseum_last_week_%2814650851663%29.jpg/330px-Inspired_by_%27Dementia_Friends%27_training_at_%40mcrmuseum_last_week_%2814650851663%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Inspired_by_%27Dementia_Friends%27_training_at_%40mcrmuseum_last_week_%2814650851663%29.jpg/440px-Inspired_by_%27Dementia_Friends%27_training_at_%40mcrmuseum_last_week_%2814650851663%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Dementia Friends training</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health" title="Centre for Addiction and Mental Health">Centre for Addiction and Mental Health</a> discusses how a certain amount of stress is a normal part of daily life. Small doses of stress help people meet deadlines, be prepared for presentations, be productive and arrive on time for important events. However, long-term stress can become harmful. When stress becomes overwhelming and prolonged, the risks for mental health problems and medical problems increase."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Also on that note, some studies have found language to deteriorate mental health and even harm humans.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The impact of a stressful environment has also been highlighted by different models. Mental health has often been understood from the lens of the <a href="/wiki/Diathesis%E2%80%93stress_model" title="Diathesis–stress model">vulnerability-stress model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In that context, stressful situations may contribute to a preexisting vulnerability to negative mental health outcomes being realized. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Differential_susceptibility" title="Differential susceptibility">differential susceptibility hypothesis</a> suggests that mental health outcomes are better explained by an increased sensitivity to the environment than by vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> For example, it was found that children scoring higher on observer-rated environmental sensitivity often derive more harm from low-quality parenting, but also more benefits from high-quality parenting than those children scoring lower on that measure.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Poverty">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Poverty#Mental_health" title="Poverty">Poverty § Mental health</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg/250px-Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg/375px-Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg/500px-Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>A Venezuelan eating from garbage during the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela">crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> A psychological study has been conducted by four scientists during inaugural Convention of Psychological Science. The results find that people who thrive with financial stability or fall under low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to perform worse cognitively due to external pressure imposed upon them. The research found that stressors such as low income, inadequate health care, discrimination, and exposure to criminal activities all <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders#Poverty" title="Causes of mental disorders">contribute to mental disorders</a>. This study also found that children exposed to poverty-stricken environments have slower cognitive thinking.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> It is seen that children perform better under the care of their parents and that children tend to adopt speaking language at a younger age. Since being in poverty from childhood is more harmful than it is for an adult, it is seen that children in poor households tend to fall behind in certain cognitive abilities compared to other average families.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> For a child to grow up emotionally healthy, the children under three need "A strong, reliable primary caregiver who provides consistent and unconditional love, guidance, and support. Safe, predictable, stable environments. Ten to 20 hours each week of harmonious, reciprocal interactions. This process, known as attunement, is most crucial during the first 6–24 months of infants' lives and helps them develop a wider range of healthy emotions, including gratitude, forgiveness, and empathy. Enrichment through personalized, increasingly complex activities".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In a 1996 survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner cities</a> said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> 51% of fifth graders from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> (median income for a household: $27,133) have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a household: $40,127).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Studies have shown that poverty changes the personalities of children who live in it. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Study" title="Great Smoky Mountains Study">Great Smoky Mountains Study</a> was a ten-year study that was able to demonstrate this. During the study, about one-quarter of the families saw a dramatic and unexpected increase in income. The study showed that among these children, instances of behavioral and emotional disorders decreased, and conscientiousness and agreeableness increased.<a href="#cite_note-Poverty_MyUser_The_Washington_Post_October_8_2015c-109">[109]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_factors">Environmental factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environmental factors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Effects of climate change on mental health</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_(49197319478).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg/220px-Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg/330px-Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg/440px-Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_%2849197319478%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Smoke in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (Australia) from <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">large bushfires</a> in 2019 affected some people's mental health in a direct way. The likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> is increased by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">effects of climate change on mental health</a> and wellbeing are being documented as the consequences of climate change become more tangible and impactful. This is especially the case for vulnerable populations and those with pre-existing serious <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health_clayton-110">[110]</a> There are three broad pathways by which these effects can take place: directly, indirectly or via awareness.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health_berry2-111">[111]</a> The direct pathway includes stress-related conditions caused by exposure to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events. These include <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD). Scientific studies have linked mental health to several climate-related exposures. These include heat, humidity, rainfall, drought, wildfires and floods.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health_Charlson-112">[112]</a> The indirect pathway can be disruption to economic and social activities. An example is when an area of farmland is less able to produce food.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health_Charlson-112">[112]</a> The third pathway can be of mere awareness of the climate change threat, even by individuals who are not otherwise affected by it.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health_berry2-111">[111]</a> This especially manifests in the form of anxiety over the quality of life for future generations.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> An additional aspect to consider is the detrimental impact climate change can have on green or blue natural spaces, which have been proven to have beneficial impact on mental health.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health_:7-115">[115]</a> Impacts of anthropogenic climate change, such as freshwater pollution or <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, degrade these landscapes and reduce public access to them.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Even when the green and blue spaces are intact, their accessibility is not equal across society, which is an issue of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Mental health outcomes have been measured by several different indicators. These include <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a> admissions, <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> rates. People with pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a>, migrants and refugees, and children and <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescents</a> are especially vulnerable. The emotional responses to the threat of climate change can include <a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">eco-anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">ecological grief</a> and eco-anger.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health_:4-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Such emotions can be rational responses to the degradation of the natural world and may lead to adaptive action.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health_Ojala-120">[120]</a> Assessing the exact mental health effects of climate change is difficult; increases in heat extremes pose risks to mental health which can manifest themselves in increased mental health-related hospital admissions and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicidality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health_:12-121">[121]</a>: 9 </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_and_promotion">Prevention and promotion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prevention and promotion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_mental_disorders" title="Prevention of mental disorders">Prevention of mental disorders</a></div> "The terms mental health promotion and prevention have often been confused. Promotion is defined as intervening to optimize positive mental health by addressing determinants of positive mental health (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Protective_factor" title="Protective factor">protective factors</a>) before a specific mental health problem has been identified, with the ultimate goal of improving the positive mental health of the population. Mental health prevention is defined as intervening to minimize mental health problems (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Risk_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk factors">risk factors</a>) by addressing determinants of mental health problems before a specific mental health problem has been identified in the individual, group, or population of focus with the ultimate goal of reducing the number of future mental health problems in the population."<a href="#cite_note-MHPPYouth-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In order to improve mental health, the root of the issue has to be resolved. "Prevention emphasizes the avoidance of risk factors; promotion aims to enhance an individual's ability to achieve a positive sense of <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, mastery, well-being, and social inclusion."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Mental health promotion attempts to increase protective factors and healthy behaviors that can help prevent the onset of a diagnosable mental disorder and reduce risk factors that can lead to the development of a mental disorder.<a href="#cite_note-MHPPYouth-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> is an example of an activity that calms one's entire body and nerves.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> According to a study on well-being by Richards, Campania, and Muse-Burke, "<a href="/wiki/Mindfulness_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindfulness (psychology)">mindfulness</a> is considered to be a purposeful state, it may be that those who practice it belief in its importance and value being mindful, so that valuing of self-care activities may influence the intentional component of mindfulness."<a href="#cite_note-Richards_2010_247-39">[39]</a> Akin to surgery, sometimes the body must be further damaged, before it can properly heal <a href="#cite_note-MHPPYouth2-126">[126]</a> Mental health is conventionally defined as a hybrid of the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">mental disorder</a> and the presence of well-being. Focus is increasing on <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders#Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">preventing mental disorders</a>. Prevention is beginning to appear in mental health strategies, including the 2004 WHO report "Prevention of Mental Disorders", the 2008 EU "Pact for Mental Health" and the 2011 US National Prevention Strategy.<a href="#cite_note-National_Prevention_Council_2011-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Some commentators have argued that a pragmatic and practical approach to mental disorder prevention at work would be to treat it the same way as physical injury prevention.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Prevention of a disorder at a young age may significantly decrease the chances that a child will have a disorder later in life, and shall be the most efficient and effective measure from a public health perspective.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Prevention may require the regular consultation of a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> for at least twice a year to detect any signs that reveal any mental health concerns. Additionally, social media is becoming a resource for prevention. In 2004, the Mental Health Services Act<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> began to fund marketing initiatives to educate the public on mental health. This California-based project is working to combat the negative perception with mental health and reduce the stigma associated with it. While social media can benefit mental health, it can also lead to deterioration if not managed properly.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Limiting social media intake is beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Studies report that patients in mental health care who can access and read their <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic Health Records</a> (EHR) or <a href="/wiki/OpenNotes" title="OpenNotes">Open Notes</a> online experience increased understanding of their mental health, feeling in control of their care, and enhanced trust in their clinicians. Patients' also reported feelings of greater validation, engagement, remembering their care plan, and acquiring a better awareness of potential <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a>, when reading their mental health notes. Other common experiences were that shared mental health notes enhance <a href="/wiki/Patient_empowerment" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient empowerment">patient empowerment</a> and augment <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">patient autonomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Furthermore, recent studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> is an effective way to draw attention to mental health issues. By collecting data from <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, researchers found that social media presence is heightened after an event relating to behavioral health occurs.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Researchers continue to find effective ways to use social media to bring more awareness to mental health issues through online campaigns in other sites such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Care_navigation">Care navigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Care navigation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_care_navigator" title="Mental health care navigator">Mental health care navigator</a></div> Mental health care navigation helps to guide patients and families through the fragmented, often confusing mental health industries. Care navigators work closely with patients and families through discussion and collaboration to provide information on best therapies as well as referrals to practitioners and facilities specializing in particular forms of emotional improvement. The difference between therapy and care navigation is that the care navigation process provides information and directs patients to therapy rather than providing therapy. Still, care navigators may offer diagnosis and treatment planning. Though many care navigators are also trained therapists and doctors. Care navigation is the link between the patient and the below therapies. A clear recognition that mental health requires medical intervention was demonstrated in a study by Kessler et al. of the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders from 1990 to 2003 in the United States. Despite the prevalence of mental health disorders remaining unchanged during this period, the number of patients seeking treatment for mental disorders increased threefold.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pharmacotherapy">Pharmacotherapy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pharmacotherapy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">Pharmacotherapy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">therapy</a> that uses pharmaceutical drugs. Pharmacotherapy is used in the treatment of mental illness through the use of <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, and the use of elements such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">lithium</a>. It can only be prescribed by a medical professional trained in the field of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_activity">Physical activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Physical activity">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Physical exercise</a> can improve mental and physical health. Playing sports, walking, cycling, or doing any form of physical activity trigger the production of various hormones, sometimes including endorphins, which can elevate a person's mood.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Studies have shown that in some cases, physical activity can have the same impact as antidepressants when treating depression and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Moreover, cessation of physical exercise may have adverse effects on some mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. This could lead to different negative outcomes such as obesity, skewed body image and many health risks associated with mental illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Exercise can improve mental health but it should not be used as an alternative to therapy.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activity_therapies">Activity therapies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Activity therapies">edit</a>]</div> Activity therapies also called recreation therapy and occupational therapy, promote healing through active engagement. An example of occupational therapy would be promoting an activity that improves daily life, such as self-care or improving hobbies.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Each of these therapies have proven to improve mental health and have resulted in healthier, happier individuals. In recent years, for example, coloring has been recognized as an activity that has been proven to significantly lower the levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety in many studies.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expressive_therapies">Expressive therapies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Expressive therapies">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Expressive_therapies" title="Expressive therapies">Expressive therapies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creative_arts_therapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative arts therapies">creative arts therapies</a> are a form of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> that involves the arts or artmaking. These therapies include <a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">art therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">music therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_therapy" title="Drama therapy">drama therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">dance therapy</a>, and poetry therapy. It has been proven that music therapy is an effective way of helping people with a mental health disorder.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Drama therapy is approved by NICE for the treatment of psychosis.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Psychotherapy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a> is the general term for the scientific based treatment of mental health issues based on modern medicine. It includes a number of schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">gestalt therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">psychedelic therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology" title="Transpersonal psychology">transpersonal psychology</a>/psychotherapy, and <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">dialectical behavioral therapy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Group_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Group therapy">Group therapy</a> involves any type of therapy that takes place in a setting involving multiple people. It can include <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">psychodynamic</a> groups, <a href="/wiki/Expressive_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressive therapy">expressive therapy</a> groups, <a href="/wiki/Support_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Support groups">support groups</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">Twelve-step program</a>), problem-solving and <a href="/wiki/Psychoeducation" title="Psychoeducation">psychoeducation</a> groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-compassion">Self-compassion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Self-compassion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-compassion" title="Self-compassion">Self-compassion</a></div> According to Neff, self-compassion consists of three main positive components and their negative counterparts: Self-Kindness versus Self-Judgment, Common Humanity versus Isolation and Mindfulness versus Over-Identification.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Furthermore, there is evidence from a study by Shin & Lin suggesting specific components of self-compassion can predict specific dimensions of positive mental health (emotional, social, and psychological well-being).<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social-emotional_learning">Social-emotional learning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Social-emotional learning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development#Social_emotional_learning_&_development_in_schools" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development § Social emotional learning & development in schools</a></div> The Collaborative for academic, social, emotional learning (CASEL) addresses five broad and interrelated areas of competence and highlights examples for each: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> A meta-analysis was done by Alexendru Boncu, Iuliana Costeau, & Mihaela Minulescu (2017) looking at <a href="/wiki/Social-emotional_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-emotional learning">social-emotional learning</a> (SEL) studies and the effects on emotional and behavior outcomes. They found a small but significant effect size (across the studies looked into) for externalized problems and social-emotional skills.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meditation">Meditation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Meditation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></div> The practice of mindfulness meditation has several potential mental health benefits, such as bringing about reductions in <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goyal-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galla-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khoury-158">[158]</a> Mindfulness <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> may also be effective in treating substance use disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Chiesa-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lucid_Dreaming">Lucid Dreaming</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Lucid Dreaming">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lucid_dreaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucid dreaming">Lucid dreaming</a> has been found to be associated with greater mental well-being. It also was not associated with poorer sleep quality nor with cognitive dissociation.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> There is also some evidence lucid dreaming therapy can help with nightmare reduction.<a href="#cite_note-Spoormaker_2006-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_fitness">Mental fitness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mental fitness">edit</a>]</div> Mental fitness is a mental health movement that encourages people to intentionally regulate and maintain their emotional wellbeing through friendship, regular human contact, and activities that include meditation, calming exercises, aerobic exercise, mindfulness, having a routine and maintaining adequate sleep. Mental fitness is intended to build resilience against every-day mental and potentially physical health challenges to prevent an escalation of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> This can help people, including older adults with health challenges, to more effectively cope with the escalation of those feelings if they occur.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiritual_counseling">Spiritual counseling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Spiritual counseling">edit</a>]</div> Spiritual counsellors meet with people in need to offer comfort and support and to help them gain a better understanding of their issues and develop a problem-solving relation with <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>. These types of counselors deliver care based on spiritual, psychological and theological principles.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_and_public_health_policies">Laws and public health policies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Laws and public health policies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_law" title="Mental health law">Mental health law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div> There are many factors that influence mental health including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental illness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> are ultimately the result of a combination of biology, environment, and access to and utilization of mental health treatment.</li> <li>Public health policies can influence access and utilization, which subsequently may improve mental health and help to progress the negative consequences of depression and its associated disability.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Emotional mental illnesses is a particular concern in the United States since the U.S. has the highest annual prevalence rates (26 percent) for mental illnesses among a comparison of 14 developing and developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> While approximately 80 percent of all people in the United States with a mental disorder eventually receive some form of treatment, on average persons do not access care until nearly a decade following the development of their illness, and less than one-third of people who seek help receive minimally adequate care.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The government offers everyone programs and services, but veterans receive the most help, there is certain eligibility criteria that has to be met.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Policies">Policies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Policies">edit</a>]</div> Mental health policies in the United States have experienced four major reforms: the American asylum movement led by <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a> in 1843; the mental hygiene movement inspired by <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Whittingham_Beers" title="Clifford Whittingham Beers">Clifford Beers</a> in 1908; the <a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinstitutionalization">deinstitutionalization</a> started by Action for Mental Health in 1961; and the community support movement called for by The CMCH Act Amendments of 1975.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Public_Health_Service-168">[168]</a> In 1843, <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a> submitted a Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts, describing the abusive treatment and horrible conditions received by the mentally ill patients in jails, cages, and almshouses. She revealed in her Memorial: "I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience...."<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Many asylums were built in that period, with high fences or walls separating the patients from other community members and strict rules regarding the entrance and exit. In 1866, a recommendation came to the New York State Legislature to establish a separate asylum for chronic mentally ill patients. Some hospitals placed the chronic patients into separate wings or wards, or different buildings.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In A Mind That Found Itself (1908) <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Whittingham_Beers" title="Clifford Whittingham Beers">Clifford Whittingham Beers</a> described the humiliating treatment he received and the deplorable conditions in the mental hospital.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> One year later, the National Committee for Mental Hygiene (NCMH) was founded by a small group of reform-minded scholars and scientists—including Beers himself—which marked the beginning of the "mental hygiene" movement. The movement emphasized the importance of childhood prevention. <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> catalyzed this idea with an additional emphasis on the impact of maladjustment, which convinced the hygienists that prevention was the only practical approach to handle mental health issues.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> However, prevention was not successful, especially for chronic illness; the condemnable conditions in the hospitals were even more prevalent, especially under the pressure of the increasing number of chronically ill and the influence of the depression.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Public_Health_Service-168">[168]</a> In 1961, the Joint Commission on Mental Health published a report called Action for Mental Health, whose goal was for community clinic care to take on the burden of prevention and early intervention of the mental illness, therefore to leave space in the hospitals for severe and chronic patients. The court started to rule in favor of the patients' will on whether they should be forced to treatment. By 1977, 650 community mental health centers were built to cover 43 percent of the population and serve 1.9 million individuals a year, and the lengths of treatment decreased from 6 months to only 23 days.<a href="#cite_note-Koyanagi_1991-173">[173]</a> However, issues still existed. Due to inflation, especially in the 1970s, the community nursing homes received less money to support the care and treatment provided. Fewer than half of the planned centers were created, and new methods did not fully replace the old approaches to carry out its full capacity of treating power.<a href="#cite_note-Koyanagi_1991-173">[173]</a> Besides, the community helping system was not fully established to support the patients' housing, vocational opportunities, income supports, and other benefits.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Public_Health_Service-168">[168]</a> Many patients returned to <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> and criminal justice institutions, and more became <a href="/wiki/Homeless" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeless">homeless</a>. The movement of deinstitutionalization was facing great challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Torrey_Book-174">[174]</a> After realizing that simply changing the location of mental health care from the state hospitals to nursing houses was insufficient to implement the idea of <a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinstitutionalization">deinstitutionalization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a> (NIMH) in 1975 created the Community Support Program (CSP) to provide funds for communities to set up a comprehensive mental health service and supports to help the mentally ill patients integrate successfully in the society. The program stressed the importance of other supports in addition to medical care, including housing, living expenses, employment, transportation, and education; and set up new national priority for people with serious mental disorders. In addition, the Congress enacted the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_Systems_Act_of_1980" title="Mental Health Systems Act of 1980">Mental Health Systems Act of 1980</a> to prioritize the service to the mentally ill and emphasize the expansion of services beyond just clinical care alone.<a href="#cite_note-Koyanagi_2007-175">[175]</a> Later in the 1980s, under the influence from the Congress and the Supreme Court, many programs started to help the patients regain their benefits. A new Medicaid service was also established to serve people who were diagnosed with a "chronic mental illness". People who were temporally hospitalized were also provided aid and care and a pre-release program was created to enable people to apply for reinstatement prior to discharge.<a href="#cite_note-Koyanagi_1991-173">[173]</a> Not until 1990, around 35 years after the start of the deinstitutionalization, did the first state hospital begin to close. The number of hospitals dropped from around 300 by over 40 in the 1990s, and finally a Report on Mental Health showed the efficacy of mental health treatment, giving a range of treatments available for patients to choose.<a href="#cite_note-Koyanagi_2007-175">[175]</a> However, several critics maintain that deinstitutionalization has, from a mental health point of view, been a thoroughgoing failure. The seriously mentally ill are either homeless, or in prison; in either case (especially the latter), they are getting little or no mental health care. This failure is attributed to a number of reasons over which there is some degree of contention, although there is general agreement that community support programs have been ineffective at best, due to a lack of funding.<a href="#cite_note-Torrey_Book-174">[174]</a> The 2011 National Prevention Strategy included mental and emotional well-being, with recommendations including better parenting and early intervention programs, which increase the likelihood of prevention programs being included in future US mental health policies.<a href="#cite_note-National_Prevention_Council_2011-127">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The NIMH is researching only suicide and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> prevention, but the National Prevention Strategy could lead to it focusing more broadly on longitudinal prevention studies.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] In 2013, United States Representative <a href="/wiki/Timothy_F._Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy F. Murphy">Tim Murphy</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/National_Helping_Families_in_Mental_Health_Crisis_Day" title="National Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Day">Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act, HR2646</a>. The bipartisan bill went through substantial revision and was reintroduced in 2015 by Murphy and Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Bernice_Johnson" title="Eddie Bernice Johnson">Eddie Bernice Johnson</a>. In November 2015, it passed the Health Subcommittee by an 18–12 vote.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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psychology">Abnormal psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_resilience" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional resilience">Emotional resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_environment" title="Mental environment">Mental environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_day" title="Mental health day">Mental health day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic">Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_first_aid" title="Mental health first aid">Mental health first aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_education" title="Mental health in education">Mental health in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_workplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental health in the workplace">Mental health in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Asian_Americans" title="Mental health of Asian Americans">Mental health of Asian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help_groups_for_mental_health" title="Self-help groups for mental health">Self-help groups for mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_awareness" title="Suicide awareness">Suicide awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepsychiatry" title="Telepsychiatry">Telemental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mental_Health_Day" title="World Mental Health Day">World Mental Health Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-16161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-16161-5"><bdi>978-0-471-16161-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Shadows%3A+Confronting+America%27s+Mental+Illness+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-16161-5&rft.aulast=Torrey&rft.aufirst=EF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780471161615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koyanagi_2007-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koyanagi_2007_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koyanagi_2007_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoyanagi2007" class="citation cs2">Koyanagi C (August 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129132652/https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7684.pdf">Learning From History: Deinstitutionalization of People with Mental Illness As Precursor to Long-Term Care Reform</a> (PDF), Menlo Park, CA: <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Family Foundation</a>, pp. 1–22, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7684.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-11-29, retrieved 2016-01-24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+From+History%3A+Deinstitutionalization+of+People+with+Mental+Illness+As+Precursor+to+Long-Term+Care+Reform&rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+CA&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Kaiser+Family+Foundation&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Koyanagi&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F01%2F7684.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705041918/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/prevention-of-mental-disorders/index.shtml">"Prevention of Mental Disorders"</a>. National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/prevention-of-mental-disorders/index.shtml">the original</a> on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=Prevention+of+Mental+Disorders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nimh.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Ftopics%2Fprevention-of-mental-disorders%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2016" class="citation web cs1">Murphy T (2016-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2646/all-actions">"Actions - H.R.2646 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act of 2016"</a>. www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=Actions+-+H.R.2646+-+114th+Congress+%282015-2016%29%3A+Helping+Families+in+Mental+Health+Crisis+Act+of+2016&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F114th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F2646%2Fall-actions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Sweetser%2C%20William%2C%201797-1875">Online Books by William Sweetser</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Mental health <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mental+health">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mental+health&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mental_health" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Mental health">Mental health</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mental_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mental health">Mental health</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health">Mental Health by WHO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html">The Public Health Agency of Canada</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emro.who.int/entity/mental-health/">"Mental health and substance abuse"</a>. WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO+Regional+Office+for+the+Eastern+Mediterranean&rft.atitle=Mental+health+and+substance+abuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emro.who.int%2Fentity%2Fmental-health%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+health" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nimh.nih.gov/">National Institute of Mental Health (United States)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/health/non_communicable_diseases/mental_health_en">Health-EU Portal</a> Mental Health in the EU</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Mentalhealth/index.htm">Mental Health Department of Health (United Kingdom)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development (<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychiatry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychiatry" title="Template:Psychiatry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychiatry" title="Template talk:Psychiatry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychiatry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychiatry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychiatry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subspecialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry" title="Child and adolescent psychiatry">Child and adolescent psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuropsychiatry" title="Cognitive neuropsychiatry">Cognitive neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">Developmental disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_psychiatry" title="Descriptive psychiatry">Descriptive psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_psychiatry" title="Geriatric psychiatry">Geriatric psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immuno-psychiatry" title="Immuno-psychiatry">Immuno-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_psychiatry" title="Liaison psychiatry">Liaison psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychiatry" title="Military psychiatry">Military psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_psychiatry" title="Nutritional psychiatry">Nutritional psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative medicine">Palliative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepsychiatry" title="Telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Psychiatry_and_Neurology" title="American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology">American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Neuropsychiatric_Association" title="American Neuropsychiatric Association">American Neuropsychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Psychiatric_Abuse" title="Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse">Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_of_Psychiatry" title="Chinese Society of Psychiatry">Chinese Society of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Psychiatry" title="Democratic Psychiatry">Democratic Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Psychiatric_Association" title="European Psychiatric Association">European Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_on_Psychiatry" title="Global Initiative on Psychiatry">Global Initiative on Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists">Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Psychiatric_Association_of_Russia" title="Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia">Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Psychiatric_Society" title="Indian Psychiatric Society">Indian Psychiatric Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Association" title="Philadelphia Association">Philadelphia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_and_New_Zealand_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists">Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Society_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Commission_to_Investigate_the_Use_of_Psychiatry_for_Political_Purposes" title="Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes">Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association" title="World Psychiatric Association">World Psychiatric Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_medicine" title="Behavioral medicine">Behavioral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_shock_therapy" title="Insulin shock therapy">Insulin shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentylenetetrazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychiatry" title="Philosophy of psychiatry">Philosophy of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology" title="Psychiatric epidemiology">Psychiatric epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_genetics" title="Psychiatric genetics">Psychiatric genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">Psychiatrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycho-oncology" title="Psycho-oncology">Psycho-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine">Psychosomatic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">Psychosurgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counseling_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counseling topics">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders" title="List of neurological conditions and disorders">Neurological conditions and disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications" title="List of psychiatric medications">Psychiatric medications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated" title="List of psychiatric medications by condition treated">by condition treated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists" title="List of psychiatrists">Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry" title="Portal:Psychiatry">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychiatry" title="Outline of psychiatry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health" title="Template talk:Public health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's t-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test">Z-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations, education and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1016339/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85083615">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570401">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119649&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058970&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562912705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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