Urban nature-based solutions for infectious disease in Nepal

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srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/sei2025-011-urbancanalbharatpur-sei-1800x770.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1025px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/sei2025-011-urbancanalbharatpur-sei-1024x685.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:550px)"><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/sei2025-011-urbancanalbharatpur-sei-550x883.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/sei2025-011-urbancanalbharatpur-sei-1800x770.webp?modtime=" alt="An open canal with water runs between a sidewalk lined with colorful storefronts and the street, with motorbikes parked nearby." class="c-immersive-header__banner-image" fetchpriority="high"></picture> <div class="c-immersive-header__top-content-wrapper"> <div class="c-immersive-header__top-content"> <div class="c-immersive-header__top-meta"> <small class="c-immersive-header__content-type"> SEI report </small> </div> <h1 class="c-immersive-header__title"> Exploring the potential of urban nature-based solutions to address infectious disease: a case study in Bharatpur, Nepal </h1> <a class="c-immersive-header__start-reading" href="#start-of-content"> Start reading <svg class="o-svg o-svg--arrow-bold "><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#arrow-bold"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-immersive-header__bottom"> <div class="c-immersive-header__bottom-content has-dark-background"> <div class="c-immersive-header__bottom-content-inner"> <small class="c-immersive-header__content-type">SEI report</small> <div class="c-immersive-header__content"> <h1 class="c-immersive-header__title">Exploring the potential of urban nature-based solutions to address infectious disease: a case study in Bharatpur, Nepal</h1> <div class="c-immersive-header__intro o-content-from-editor"> <p>Given knowledge gaps on nature-based solutions (NBS), infectious disease and urbanization, researchers sought to investigate the drivers of infectious disease in a developing city context, the differentiated hazards faced by different groups such as Indigenous and peri-urban communities, and the potential of NBS to reduce hazards while providing ecological and social co-benefits.</p> </div> <p class="c-immersive-header__meta"> <span class="c-immersive-header__inline-authors"> <a class="c-immersive-header__author c-immersive-header__author--link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/chloe-pottinger-glass/">Chloe Pottinger-Glass</a>, <a class="c-immersive-header__author c-immersive-header__author--link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/uttam-ghimire/">Uttam Ghimire</a>, <a class="c-immersive-header__author c-immersive-header__author--link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/ridhi-saluja/">Ridhi Saluja</a>, <a class="c-immersive-header__author c-immersive-header__author--link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/minh-tran/">Minh Tran</a>, <a class="c-immersive-header__author c-immersive-header__author--link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/jonathan-green/">Jonathan Green</a>, <a class="c-immersive-header__author c-immersive-header__author--link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/karina-barquet/">Karina Barquet</a> / </span> <span>Published on 25 February 2025</span> </p> <section class="c-single-header-meta c-single-header-meta--publication"> <div class="c-single-header-meta__inner o-container"> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block c-single-header-meta__block--download"> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block-content"> <div class="c-single-header-meta__download"> <a class="o-button o-button--transparent" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/urban-nbs-infectious-disease-bharatpur-nepal-sei2025-011.pdf" target="_blank"> Download </a> <span><strong>SEI report</strong> / PDF / 3 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block c-single-header-meta__block--citation"> <strong class="c-single-header-meta__block-heading">Citation</strong> <p class="c-single-header-meta__block-content">Pottinger-Glass, C., Ghimire, U., Dotel, S., Rai, A., Saluja, R., Tran, M., Green, J., & Barquet, K. (2025). <em>Exploring the potential of urban nature-based solutions to address infectious disease: a case study in Bharatpur, Nepal.</em> SEI report. Stockholm Environment Institute. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2025.011. </p> </div> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block c-single-header-meta__block--doi"> <strong class="c-single-header-meta__block-heading">DOI</strong> <p class="c-single-header-meta__block-content"><a href="https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2025.011" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2025.011</a></p> </div> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block c-single-header-meta__block--primary_partners"> <strong class="c-single-header-meta__block-heading">Partners</strong> <div class="c-single-header-meta__block-content c-single-header-meta__block-content--primary_partners"> <a class="o-partner" href="https://youthinnovationlab.org/" title="Youth Innovation Lab" target="_blank"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/youth-1-410x117.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/youth-1-410x117.webp?modtime=" alt="" class="o-partner__logo" loading="lazy"></picture> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="c-immersive-header__sidebar"> <div class="c-immersive-header__sidebar-inner"> <div class="c-immersive-header__image-credit"><p>Credit: SEI</p> </div> <div class="c-immersive-header__authors c-immersive-header__authors--2-col"> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--small c-person-card--simple"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/img-1581-e1712051689318-250x250.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/img-1581-e1712051689318-250x250.webp?modtime=" alt="Chloe Pottinger-Glass" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/chloe-pottinger-glass/"> Chloe Pottinger-Glass </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--small c-person-card--simple"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ghimire-uttam-1-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ghimire-uttam-1-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="Profile picture of Uttam Ghimire" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/uttam-ghimire/"> Uttam Ghimire </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--small c-person-card--simple"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/img-9018-250x250.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/img-9018-250x250.webp?modtime=" alt="Ridhi Saluja" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/ridhi-saluja/"> Ridhi Saluja </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--small c-person-card--simple"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/minh-tran-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/minh-tran-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="Profile picture of Minh Tran" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/minh-tran/"> Minh Tran </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--small c-person-card--simple"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/jon-green-high-resolution-250x250.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/jon-green-high-resolution-250x250.webp?modtime=" alt="" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/jonathan-green/"> Jonathan Green </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--small c-person-card--simple"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/karina-barquet-2-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/karina-barquet-2-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="Karina Barquet" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/karina-barquet/"> Karina Barquet </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </header> <a id="start-of-content"></a> <section class="c-key-messages o-section js-toc-content" lang="en"> <div class="c-key-messages__container o-container"> <div class="c-key-messages__wrapper"> <h2 class="c-key-messages__title">Key messages</h2> <ul class="c-key-messages__list"> <li class="c-key-messages__list-item"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--arrow-icon c-key-messages__icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#arrow-icon" /></svg> <p> In Bharatpur, Nepal, the project survey found one in five households had been affected in the past five years by the mosquito-borne disease dengue fever (18.4%). Skin infections were the second most reported infectious disease, affecting 11.5% of households. Proximity to garbage disposal sites was found to be associated with incidence of both dengue and skin infections, and lack of adequate sanitation and clean water is a hypothesized driver for skin infections. </p> </li> <li class="c-key-messages__list-item"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--arrow-icon c-key-messages__icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#arrow-icon" /></svg> <p> Nature-based solutions (NBS) have potential to reduce hazard from infectious disease through filtering water, mitigating flooding and reducing urban temperatures. Local actors participating in project workshops were particularly interested in applying green streets and rainwater harvesting in Bharatpur. </p> </li> <li class="c-key-messages__list-item"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--arrow-icon c-key-messages__icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#arrow-icon" /></svg> <p> Strengthening solid waste management is recommended as a priority action to reduce hazard from dengue, by increasing collection frequency and ensuring city-wide provision of municipal collection services. Improving piped water supply to peri-urban areas is recommended as a priority action to improve hygiene, reduce skin infections and address critical health inequities among vulnerable populations. </p> </li> <li class="c-key-messages__list-item"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--arrow-icon c-key-messages__icon"><use class="o-svg__use " xlink:href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/themes/sei/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v2.0#arrow-icon" /></svg> <p> The study emphasizes that to improve public health outcomes from infectious disease, NBS cannot substitute for basic urban infrastructure and services. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="c-download-publication o-section"> <div class="c-download-publication__container o-container"> <div class="c-download-publication__buttons"> <div class="c-download-publication__wrapper"> <a class="c-download-publication__button o-button" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/urban-nbs-infectious-disease-bharatpur-nepal-sei2025-011.pdf" target="_blank"> Download </a> <p class="c-download-publication__text"> <strong>SEI report</strong> / PDF / 3 MB </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="c-card-block c-card-block--people-list c-card-block--full-width o-section c-card-block--authors c-card-block--layout-3_per_row js-full-width"> <div class="o-container"> <div class="c-card-block__header"> <h2 class="c-card-block__title"> SEI authors </h2> </div> <div class="c-card-block__card-outer"> <div class="c-card-block__cards"> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/img-1581-e1712051689318-250x250.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/img-1581-e1712051689318-250x250.webp?modtime=" alt="Chloe Pottinger-Glass" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/chloe-pottinger-glass/"> Chloe Pottinger-Glass </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Research Fellow </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI Asia</p> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ghimire-uttam-1-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ghimire-uttam-1-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="Profile picture of Uttam Ghimire" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/uttam-ghimire/"> Uttam Ghimire </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Research Fellow </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI Asia</p> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/img-9018-250x250.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/img-9018-250x250.webp?modtime=" alt="Ridhi Saluja" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/ridhi-saluja/"> Ridhi Saluja </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Research Fellow </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI Asia</p> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/minh-tran-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/minh-tran-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="Profile picture of Minh Tran" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/minh-tran/"> Minh Tran </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Research Fellow </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI Asia</p> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/jon-green-high-resolution-250x250.webp?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/jon-green-high-resolution-250x250.webp?modtime=" alt="" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/jonathan-green/"> Jonathan Green </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Senior Research Fellow </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI York</p> </div> </div> <div class="c-person-card c-person-card--internal"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/karina-barquet-2-250x250.jpg?modtime=" media="(min-width:1px)"><img srcset="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/karina-barquet-2-250x250.jpg?modtime=" alt="Karina Barquet" class="c-person-card__image" loading="lazy"></picture> <div class="c-person-card__content"> <a class="c-person-card__link" href="https://www.sei.org/people/karina-barquet/"> Karina Barquet </a> <p class="c-person-card__job-title"> Team Leader: Water, Coasts and Ocean; Senior Research Fellow </p> <p class="c-person-card__centre">SEI Headquarters</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="c-meta o-section o-section--has-background"> <div class="c-meta__container o-container"> <div class="c-meta__container-inner"> <dl class="c-meta__inner"> <div class="c-meta__row c-meta__row--topics-and-subtopics"> <dt class="c-meta__label"> Topics and subtopics </dt> <dd class="c-meta__values"> <a class="c-meta__link" href="https://www.sei.org/topics/water/"><span class="c-meta__link-text">Water</span></a> <span 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